Vedic Mathematics

By

Dr M R Yadav

2019

Dr M R Yadav
Chapter-1 Vedic Mathematics

1.1 Introduction to Vedic Mathematics

India has played a great role in the development of Mathematics since Vedic
Period (1500 B.C.). Many Indian mathematicians have provided their
valuable contribution to the development of Mathematics. In this sequence,
Shri Bharati Krishan Tirthji Maharaj (1884-1960) is also well-known
mathematician. He was Shankaracharya of Goverdhan Math, Jaganathpuri.
His famous book ‘Vedic Mathematics’ is available with new approach of
learning Mathematics. Swami Bharati Krishan Tirthji rediscovered 16 Sutras
and 13 sub-sutras in Sanskrit and these sutras were published in his book
which was published in 1965. He developed Sutras to solve different problems
of Mathematics in easy and scientific way. The approach of solving problems
is quite different from the traditional methods. The methods of Vedic
Mathematics are very easy and interesting.
1.2
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Objectives of learning Vedic Mathematics
1. To develop interest of learner in Mathematic
2. To save the time of learner in solving problems of Mathematics
3. To develop the learner mind for new research
4. To develop the logical mind regarding solution of different Mathematical
problems
5. To develop the self-confidence of learner to face new problems.
6. To increase the calculating speed and ability of the learner
7. To develop integrity and memory of the learner.
1.3 Sixteen Sutras of Vedic Mathematics
SUTRA–1 By one more than the previous one.
SUTRA–2 All from 9 and the last from 10.
SUTRA–3 Vertically and Cross –Wise.
SUTRA–4 Transpose and Apply.
SUTRA–5 If the Samuchchayah is the same it is zero
SUTRA–6 If one is in ratio the other is zero.
SUTRA–7 By Addition and Subtraction
SUTRA–8 By the Completion or Non –Completion
SUTRA–9 Sequential Motion.
SUTRA–10 By the Deficiency
SUTRA–11 Specific and General
SUTRA–12 The Remainders by the Last Digit
SUTRA–13 Ultimate and Twice the Penultimate
SUTRA–14 By One Less than the One Before
SUTRA–15 The Product of the Sum
SUTRA–16 All the Multipliers
1.4 Multiplications using Sutra-‘One Less than the previous one’
Vedic Mathematics Sutra–14‘Ekanyunena Purvena’ relates to a very special type of
multiplication. In this process, the multiplier must consist of entirely of nines digits
number and the multiplicand may be any number. Let us take some examples to

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illustrate this process.
i) 12 × 99 = (12 – 1) / (99 – 11) = 1188.
ii) 152 × 999 = (152 – 1) / (999 – 151) = 151848.
iii) 3258 × 9999 = (3258 – 1) / (9999 – 3257) = 32576742.
iv) 641 × 9999 = (641 – 1) / (9999 – 640) = 6409359.
From the above examples, we observe that there are two parts of the product in this
type and 1 is subtracted from the multiplicand for left hand side of the answer and
result is subtracted from the number of nines for the right hand part of the answer.

1.5 Multiplication using Sutra ‘Vertically & Crosswise’

Vedic mathematics Sutra-3 “Urdhva Tiryagbhyam” is applicable to every number.
The Sutra ‘Urdhva Tiryagbhyam’ means vertically and cross wise. Using this sutra,
multiplication can be carried out from right hand side or left hand side. Let us take
some problems of multiplication to understand it better.
1.6 Two-Digit Numbers Multiplication
1.4
The multiplication of 2 digits numbers is carried out in 3 steps as in the following
steps:using Vedic Mathematics Sutras,
Example 1: Solve: ×
Solution: 1 2 1 2 1 2
× 1 3 ×1 3 × 1 3
1 × 1=1 1×3+1×2=5 2 × 3=6
Therefore result is 156
Step 1: Both the digits of 1st column from right hand side are multiplied i.e.
2×3=6.
Step 2: The addition of the cross multiplication is written and carry from 1st step is
added to this number if any i.e. 1 × 3 + 1 × 2 = 5.
Step 3: Third step is the vertical multiplication of ten’s place digits i.e. 1 × 1 = 1.
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1.7 Multiplication of three digits numbers

The multiplication of three digits can be obtained using the Sutra ‘Urdhva
Tiryagbhyam’ quickly and in single steps. The multiplication of three digits
number is done in five steps as we have shown in the following diagram:

1 2 3 2 1

Example2: Solve: ×
Solution:
Step 1: 4 1 2 Step 2: 4 1 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 × 3 = 6 3×1+2×2=7
Step 3: 4 1 2 Step 4: 4 1 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
4 × 3 + 1 × 2 + 1× 2 = 16 4×2+1×1=9

Step 5: 4 1 2
1 2 3
4×1=4
Therefore solution is 4 1 2
×1 2 3
4 9 1 6 7 6 or 50676
Example3: Solve: ×
Solution: 3 4 7 1 Step 1: 1 × 2 = 2
×5 1 2 2 Step 2: 7 × 2 + 2 × 1 = 16
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15/ 23/ 45/ 26/ 23/ 16/ 2 Step 3: 4 × 2 + 1 × 1 + 7 × 2 = 23
Or Step 4: 3 × 2 + 5 × 1 + 4 × 2 + 1 × 7 = 26
17778462 Step 5: 3 × 2 + 7 × 5 + 4 × 1 = 45
Step 6: 3 × 1 + 5 × 4 = 23
Step 7: 3 × 5 = 15
1.8 Multiplication by Sutra-Nikhilam
Vedic Mathematical Sutra ‘Nikhilam’ is very easy and simple. Using this sutra,
multiplication can be done in one or two steps. The complete name of the sutra is
‘Nikhilam Navatascaramam Dasatah which means “all from 9 and the last from 10”
The multiplication by ‘Nikhilam Sutra’ take less time and the result can be obtained
in straight in one line. In this case, both the numbers multiplicand and multiplier are
nearer to the base. The bases of numbers are taken as a certain power of ten. Using
this sutra numbers (multiplicand and multiplier) are taken above or below the base.
The difference between number and the base is called deviation. The deviation may
be positive or negative depending upon the greater or smaller numbers respectively.
Example4: Solve: 14 × 12
Solution: Number Deviation
14 +4
12 +2 Base = 10
(14 + 2) (4 × 2) = 8
Or
1 6 8

Step 1: Deviation of 14 is 4 and deviation of 12 is 2.

Step 2: Deviations are multiplied in the right part of the answer i.e.4 × 2 = 8.
Step 3: Deviation is cross-added for the left part of the answer
14 + 2 = 16 or 12 + 4 = 16.
Note: The base is 10. So the right part of the answer should be in 1 digit.
Example5: Solve: 985 × 970

985
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Solution: Numbers Deviations
–15
×970 –30 Base =1000

985 – 30 / (–15) × (–30)

=955450
1.9 Multiplication using Sutra-1 ‘One More than the Previous one ’
Multiplication using Sutra-Ekadhikena Purvena is specialized multiplication. In this
type of multiplication, we take such numbers in which whose one’s place digits sum
is 10, 100, 1000—etc. and digits in tens , hundreds and thousands places in the both
numbers (multiplicand and multiplier) are same i.e. 86×84

Example6: Solve 83× 87

Solution: Step1: 3 × 7 = 21, Step2: 9 (Ekadhikena of 8)× 8 = 72
Step3: 7221 Ans.
Example7: Solve 208 × 202
Solution Step1: 8 × 2 = 16, Step2: 21 × 20 = 420
Step 3: 42016 Ans.
Exercise 1.1
Solve the following questions using one less method
1. 586 × 999 2. 753 × 999 3. 6235×9999 4. 9127 × 9999
5. 678 × 999 6. 398 × 999 7. 3685×9999 8. 2370 × 9999

Solve the following questions using UrdhvaTiryag-bhyam

9. 51 × 63 10. 73 × 45 11. 627× 423 12. 127 × 564

13. 2041× 4175 14. 2274 × 8024 15. . 4418× 2716 16. 2370 × 6712

Solve the following questions using Sutra Nikhilam

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17. 105 × 108 18. 112 × 104 19. 94× 98 20. 126 ×

21.1013× 1021 22. 1031 × 1020 23. 991× 980 24. 970 × 995

Solve the following questions using Sutra-Ekadhikena Purvena

25. 52 × 58 26. 73 × 77 27. 62× 68 28. 112 × 118

29. 204× 206 30. 994 × 996 31. 904× 906 32. 5994 × 5996

Answer Key

1. 585414 2. 752247 3. 62343765 4. 91260873

5. 677322 6. 397602 7. 36846315 8. 23697630

9. 3213 10.3285 11. 265221 12. 71628

13. 8521175 14. 18246576 15. 11999288 16. 15907440

 17.11340 18. 11648 19. 9212 20. 13230

21. 1034273 22. 1051620 23. 971180 24. 965150

25. 3016 26. 5621 27. 4216 28. 13216

29. 42024 30. 990024 31. 819024 32. 35940024

1.10 Square using Sutra-‘Yavadunam’

The term ‘square’ means the number is multiplied itself. In our traditional
mathematics, we have one method to find the square. But in Vedic Mathematics,
solution related to solve problems of square can be obtained from many methods.
Hence it becomes interesting and inspiring. The students are interested in finding the
solution the results with the help of sutras of Vedic Mathematics. The students feel
very confident to obtain the results of squaring through the Vedic Sutra. Using this
sutra of squaring, we solve the problem with the help of the base. The bases of the

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numbers may be 10,100, 1000, 10000, ---------------- This sutra is very interesting
and useful to find the square. We can find square directly watching the number using
Sutra ‘Vilokanam’
Example8: Find the value of 962
Solution: 962 = (96 – 4) | (4)2
= 9216
Step (1) Deficit of 96 from in 100 is 100- 96 = 4
Step (2) Decrease 96 by deficit 4, we get 96 – 4 = 92
Step (3) Square of deficit we get is 16. Adjusting it on right side of 92 we get
9216.
Precautions
 If the no. of digits in the square of the deficit = no of zero s of the base,
the square is directly adjusted as above
  If the number of digits in the square of deviation is less that of zeros of
the base of the number, then zero is added for the compensation. If the
number of digits in the square of deviation is more than the base, then
extra digits are carried over to the right part of answer.
Example9: Find the square of 997
Solution: 9972 = (997-3) | 32
= 994 | 009
= 994009
Example10: Find the square of 1012
Solution 10122 = (1012 + 12) | 122 = 1024144
1.11 Squaring Using Duplex Method
Duplex of a number is the sum total of the double product of the equidistant digits
from its both sides. If a digit is not paired from both sides and remains alone, its
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square is added to the sum of double product of the remaining. Let us understand the
method of computing duplex of any number:
 Duplex of one digit D (3) = 32 = 9
 Duplex of two digits D (24) = 2 (2 × 4) = 2 (8) = 16
 Duplex of three digits D (324) = 2(3 × 4) + 22 = 24 + 4 = 28
 Duplex of four digits D (2347) = 2 (2 × 7) + 2 (3 × 4)
= 2 (14 + 12) = 52
 Duplex of five digits D (32407) = 2 (3 × 7 + 2 ×0)+ (4)2 = 42 + 16 =
58
1.12 Square of Numbers using Duplex
While squaring of two digits numbers, first duplex of one digit is being
computed, then duplex of two digits are calculated and then one digit of
number is computed as shown in the following examples:
Example11: Solve (78)2
Solution =D (7) | D (78) | D (8)
= 72 | 2 (7 × 8) | (8)2
= 49 | 112 | 64
= 49 | (112 + 6) | 4
= 49 | (112 + 6) | 4
= 49 | (118) | 4
= (49 + 11) | 84 = 6084
Example12: Solve (354)2
Solution: Dr M R Yadav
D (3) | D (35) | D (354) | D (54) | D (4)
= 32 | 2 (3 × 5) | 2 (3 × 4) + 52 | 2 (5 × 4) | (4)2
= 9 | 30 | 49 | 40 | 16
= 9 | 30 | 53 | 16
= 9 | 35 | 316
= 12 | 5316 = 125316
Exercise 1.2
Square the following numbers using Sutra-Vinculum
1. 93 2. 96 3. 995 4. 993

5. 987 6. 991 7. 988 8. 980

9. 1013 10. 1015 11. 1024 12. 112
13. 1020 14. 104 15. 1051 16.101
Square the following numbers using Duplex Method
17. 53 18. 81 19. 62 20. 43

21. 623 22. 715 23. 817 24. 633

25. 911 26. 861 27. 462 28. 571

Answer Key 1.2

1. 8649 2. 9216 3. 990025 4. 986049
5. 974169 6. 982081 7. 976144 8. 960400
9. 1026169 10. 1030225 11. 1048576 12. 14544
13. 1040400 14. 10816 15. 1104601 16. 10201
17. 2809 18. 6561 19. 3844 20. 1849
21. 388129 22. 511225 23 667489 24. 400689
25. 829911 26. 741321 27. 213444 28. 326041
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1.13 Cube using Nikhilam Method
Cubing using Nikhilam method is very easy and interesting to understand. In
this method, we take the numbers near the bases. The bases are 10, 100, 1000,
10000------etc.

Example13: Find the value of 14³

Solution: Deviation =14-10= 4

Step 1: = Number+2(deviation) =14+2(4) = 22

Step 2 = 3(deviation) 2 = 3 (4)² = 48

Step 3 = (deviation)3 = (4)³ = 64

= 22 | 48 | 64 = 22 | 54 | 4 =2744
Note: Since base is 10 in the above case. Hence the first and second digit from the
left side must be in one digit. If there are more digits in these steps, the remaining
digits must be carried over to the left side.

Example14: Find the value of 1008³

Solution: 1008³

= 1008+2(8) | 3(8)² | (8)³

= 1024 | 192 | 512

= 1024192512

Example15: Find the value of 96³

Solution: 96³

= 96+2(-4) | 3(-4)² | ( -4)³

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= 88 | 48 | (-64) = 884800-64 = 884736

1.14 Cubing using Sub-base Method

If the given number is not near the base, then select the sub base (multiple of
base near to the number) and apply according to the following steps.

Example16: Evaluate of 32³

Solution: Sub-base 30= 3×10 (3×base), ratio = 3

Step1: Cube of deviation i.e. (2)³ = 8

Step2: Thrice (ratio) of the three times the square of deviation i.e. 3×3× (2)² = 36

Step3: Square of ration× (Number + twice the deviation) = 3² (32+2(2)) = 324

= 3² (32+2(2)) | (3) (3) (2)²) | (2)³

 = 9 (36) | 36 | 8

= 324 | 36| 8 = 32768

Example17: Find the value of (196)³

Solution: Hence Sub-base = 2x100=200, ratio =2, deficit =196-200= -4

 (196)³

= (2)² (196+2(-4)) | 2 [3(-4)2 ] | (-4)³

= 4 (188) | 96 | (-64)

= 752 | 96 | (-64)

= 7529600-64 = 7529536

Exercise 1.3
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Cube the following numbers using Sutra-Yavadunam

1. 101 2. 105 3. 106 4. 104

5. 103 6. 995 7. 997 8. 993

9. 1010 10. 108 11. 1011 12. 112

Cube the following numbers using Sutra-Sub-base

13. 403 14. 503 15. 411 16. 709

17. 602 18. 704 19. 3007 20. 408

21. 609 22. 706 23. 907 24. 698

 Answer Key 1.3

1. 1030301 2. 1157625 3. 1191016 4. 1124864

5. 1092727 6. 985074875 7. 991026973 8. 979146657

9. 1030301000 10. 1259712 11. 1033364331 12. 1404928

13. 65450827 14. 127263527 15. 69426531 16. 356400829

17. 218167208 18. 348913664 19. 27189441343 20. 67917312

21. 225866529 22. 351895816 23. 746142643 24. 340068392

1.15 Square root using Sutra Vilokanam

We generally find the square root by factorization or division method. But we can
calculate the square root using Vedic Mathematics Sutras by observation. To
calculate the square root, observe the following rule:

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1.16 Table of Computing of One’s Place digit of Square Root
One’s Place digit of square 1 4 6 9

Unit digit of its square root 1 or 9 2 or 8 4 or 6 3 or 7

Example18: Find the value of 8464

Solution:

Step 1: Unit digit of 8464 is 4. Hence the unit digit of its square root will be

2 or 8.

Step 2: We have 84 in the second pair. To find the square for ten’s place

value, 9² < 84 <10² hence 9 is the greatest number whose square is

 not greater than 84.

Step 3: Hence adjust a 2 and 8 on right side of 9, we get two number 92 and

98 among which one will be required square root.

Step4: Now unique number 95 ending with 5 as it must digit lying between

two is 95 and its square is 95² = 9025. Hence 8464 = 92

Example19: Find the value of 25281

Solution:

Step1: Now as its unit digit is 1, the unit digit of its square root can be 1 or 9.

Step2: Now 15² > 252 < 16² but the smaller number will be selected between

15 and 16, so, we get 151 and 159 and one will be the square root of
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required number.

Step 3: The unique number with unit digit 5 between these two numbers

is 155 its square = ( 15×16) | 25 = 25281 is greater than 24025.

Hence greater number159 will be the square root of 25281.

Exercise 1.4

Calculate the square root of the following numbers:

1. 6724 2. 7396 3. 9216 4. 4096
5. 8836 6. 1156 7. 5776 8 2809

9. 6561 10. 4489 11. 784 12. 2116

 1.17 Cube root of a cube by Vilokanam
We know the traditional method of finding cube root of a number. We find
the prime factors of given number and make pairs of equal factors of three
prime numbers and select one number from each pair and then multiplying
them together. We can represent the given number as the cube of the product
of these selected factors. This is the traditional method of factorization to find
the cube root of a given number. Another method is to find the cube root by
division which is typical as well as tough also. In spite of applying any one of
these two, we shall discuss an easy method to find the cube root of a perfect
cube by Vedic Mathematics Sutra- Vilokanam
1.18 Table to select as one’s place digit in cube root:
Unit digit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
of Number
Unit digit 1 8 7 4 5 6 3 2 9
of its cube
root
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It can be remembered easily as follows

(1) If one’s place digit of the given cube is 1,4,5,6 or 9, the unit digit of its cube
root will be same.
(2) If one’s place digit of the given cube is 2,3,7, or 8 then the unit digit of the
cube root can be obtained by subtraction from 10

Example20: Find cube root of 12167

Solution: Set this number in two groups of three digits starting from left
hand side i.e. 12 167
Step1: Its unit digit is 7, so the unit digit of given cube number is
10 –7=3.
 Step2: Neglecting last there digits on the right side we get 12 and
8 < 12 < 27 mean 23< 12< 3³ Hence the smaller number will be
selected between 2 and 3. .
Step3: Adjusting above unit digit 3in its right side, we get 23 which
is required cube root.
Example21: Find cube root of 205379
Solution:
Step1: Unit digit of the cube is 9. So the unit digit of its cube root will
be 9
Step2: Neglecting last three digit from right side, remaining part is 205 &
125 < 205 < 216 means 5³< 205 <6³ and the smaller number will
be selected between 5 and 6.
Step3: Adjusting above, unit digit on its right part, we get 59 which is
the required cube root.

Exercise 1.5
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Calculate the cube root of the following numbers by using Sutra-
Vilokanam:

1. 79507 2. 238328 3. 300763 4. 753571

5. 39304 6. 373248 7. 571787 8. 85184

9. 243899 10.185193 11. 117649 12. 50653

13. 262144 14. 314432 15. 912673 16.389017

 Answer Key 1.5

1. 43 2. 62 3. 37 4. 91
5. 34 6. 32 7. 83 8. 44
9. 29 10. 57 11. 49 12. 37
13. 64 14. 68 15. 97 16. 73

1.19 Square & Square root of Algebraic Expression

We know how to calculate square in the arithmetic. But in the algebra, we also
calculate the square using identity. But the generally, the students use the identity
of square problems in two terms and three terms. But the question is that how to
calculate the square if there are four terms in the problems. In this case, students
will have to do multiplication of the algebraic expression itself. But in Vedic
Mathematics, there is a sutra of squaring of such expression. Using Vedic
Mathematics Sutra- Duplex, we can find the solution of such problem.
1.20 Squaring using Sutra-Duplex

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Using Sutra Duplex, each problem of squaring in algebraic expression can be solved
easily. Let us first discuss how to calculate duplex in the algebraic expression. After
practice of duplex, squaring of algebraic expressions will be introduced. The duplex
of the algebraic expressions can be done as follows;
Duplex of one term: Square of one term i.e.3x = 9x2
Duplex of two terms: Twice the multiplication of the two terms i.e. Duplex of
5x & 6x2= 2× � × � = �
Duplex of three terms: Sum of twice of product of extreme terms and square of
middle term i.e.5x, 6x,&10x = 2×(5x×10x) + (6x) 2 =
136x2
Note: Let us first do the practice of doing the duplex. After doing the practice of
duplex, we will be able to calculate the square using duplex.
Example22: Solve the following using duplex method: (5x + 7)2
Solution: There are three steps of doing square of this algebraic expression
Dup (5x) + Dup (5x&7) + Dup (7) = 25x2 + 70x + 49
Example23: Solve the following using duplex method: (5x +2y + 4z) 2
Solution: We calculate the square of the above expression in the following way:
Dup(5x)+Dup(5x&2y)+Dup(5x,2y&4z)+Dup(2y&4z)+Dup(4z)
25x2 + 20xy + 40xy + 4y2 + 16yz + 16z2
Or
25x2+ 4y2 + 16z2 + 20xy + 40xy + 16yz
1.21 Square Root of Algebraic Expressions
In this topic, we will compute the square root of perfect squared algebraic
expressions. We use duplex also in finding the square root of perfect squared
algebraic expressions. If there are two or three terms in the algebraic expression,
there will two terms in the square root. If there are five or six terms in the perfect
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squared algebraic expressions, there will three terms in the square root of the
algebraic expressions.
Example24: Find the square root of 4x2+12xy+9y2
Solution: In this problem, we need not apply the identity to find the square root of
the algebraic expression. There are two steps of finding the square root of the
algebraic expression.
Step1: Square root of 4x2 = 2x
Step2: Twice the first term of the square root first term which is called divisor and
divide the second the term of the question by this squared term. 12xy÷ � = 3y.
Hence square root of the algebraic expression is 2x+3y.
Note: If we want to check whether it is perfect squared number or not, we do
duplex of the second term of the square root and subtract it from the third term. If it
is zero, then it is perfect squared number. 9y2-9y2 = 0.
4x 4x2+12xy+9y2
2x + 3y
Example25: Find the square root of 4x4-12x3+33x2-36x+36
Solution: In this problem there are five terms. As a consequent, there will three
terms in this square root of this problem
Step1: The square root of 4x4 = 2x2
Step2: -12x3 ÷ (twice of 2x2 =4x2 is called divisor) = 3x
Step3: Duplex of the second quotient is subtracted from the third term of the
question and divided by the divisor (33x2 – 9x2) ÷ 4x2 = 6
4x2 4x4 -12x3 + 33x2 - 36x + 36
2x2 – 3x + 6
Hence the square root of the required algebraic expression is 2x2 – 3x + 6
Exercise 1.6
Compute square of the following expression using duplex method
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1. ( x+3y + 5z)2 2. (3x -2y + 5z)2 3. (4x + 6y -2z)2
4 (5x + 7y – z)2 5. (3m +6n -2p)2 6. (6x2 + 3x +4)2
Compute the square root of the following algebraic expressions:
7 16x2+24xy+9y2 8. 25y2+90yz+81z2
9. 64x2+176xy+121y2 10. 144x2+312xy+169y2
11 y4 – 4y3 + 14y2 – 20y + 25
12. 9x4 - 12x2y + 6x2z + 4y2 - 4yz + z2
Answer Key 1.7

1 x2 + 9y2 + 25z2 + 6xy + 30yz + 10xz

2. 9x2 + 4y2 + 25z2 -12xy- 20yz + 30xz
3. 16x2 + 49y2 + z2 48xy -24yz – 16xz
4. 25x2 +49y2 + z2 + 70xy - 14yz – 10xz
5. 9m2 + 36n2 + 4p2 +36mn -24np -12mp
 6. 24x4 + 9x2 + 16 + 36x3 +24x + 48x2
7 4x +3y 8. 5y + 9z 9. 8x + 11y 10. 12x + 13y

11. y2 – 2y + 5 12. 3x2 -2y + z

Chapter2 History of Vedic Mathematics

The source book of Vedic Mathematics of Swami Bharti Krishan Tirthji
Maharaj preserves is very helpful to enhance the teaching quality of mathematics.
Jagadguru or Guru Deva was born of highly learned and pious parents on March14,
1884. His father’s name was Shri P. Narasimha Shastri who was retired as a Deputy
Collector.
Jagadguru childhood name was Venkatraman. He was very brilliant student
since childhood and also got first position in all classes. He passed matriculation
from Madras University in January, 1889.
He was extra-ordinary proficient in Sanskrit and he was awarded with the title
of ‘Saraswati’ by the Madras Sanskrit Association in July, 1899 when he was 16
years old. After getting the first position in B.A. examination, Shri Guruji appeared
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in M.A. examination of American College of Sciences, Rochester, New York in
1903. At the age of 20, he passed M.A. examination in1904 in Sanskrit, Philosophy,
English, Mathematics, History and Science simultaneously.
He spent eight years in the deep study of advanced Vedanta Philosophy and
the practice of the Brahma Sadhna. He delivered a series of 16 lecturers on
Shankaracharya Philosophy at Shankar Institute of Philosophy, Amalner.
Jagadguru Shankaracharya Sri Madhu Sudan Tirthji of Goverdhan Math,
Puri was very much impressed with him and when the former was failing in health,
he requested Krishan Bharati Tirthji to succeed him on Goverdhan Math Gaddi.
Guruji accepted this responsibility with ease.
We know that there are four Vedas: Rig Veda, Sam Veda, and Yajur Veda
Athar Veda. Out of these Vedas, Athar Veda consists the knowledge of architecture
engineering and general mathematics. After doing the Sadhna of eight years, he
developed 16 Ganit Sutra and 13 Up-Sutras from Vedas.
 According to Jagadguru Bharti Tirthji Maharaj, Vedas are store house of all
knowledge that fulfills the needs of the man. He discovered the Ganita Sutras after
deep study of Vedas. He developed all Ganit Sutras by his intuitive revelation.
Swamiji had written 16 manuscripts and each manuscript has one Ganita
Sutra. But these Manuscripts were lost by one of his disciples. But Swamiji was not
disturbed at the loss of these manuscripts. So he wrote an introductory volume on
sixteen sutras in 1957. But for further work, his health did not allow him due to his
deterioration of his health; he disappeared into Mahasmadi in 1960.
However, the matter of Vedic Mathematics is insufficient due to the loss of
manuscripts composed by Jagadguru Swami Bharti Krishan Tirthji but this
deficiency can be made up by our continuous efforts by searching of Vedic
Mathematics.
Objectives of learning Vedic Mathematics
8. To increase one’s interest in mathematic
9. To save the time of students in solving problems

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10.To develop the students mind for new research
11.To develop the logical power in solving the formulas in different situations.
12.To develop the self-confidence of students to face new problems.
13.To increase the calculating speed and ability of the learners
14.To develop integrity and memory of the learners.
1.0 Vinculum Numbers
The vinculum numbers which by presentation contain both positive and negative
digits are called vinculum numbers.
1.1 Conversion of General numbers into Vinculum Numbers
We obtain vinculum numbers by converting the digits which are 5 and above 5
without changing the value of that number etc. 1 ̅ .
1.2 The Approach
In vinculum process, we reduce the bigger digits of any number into smaller
digits. This vinculum form of numbers is very useful in solving the problems. When
we convert general number into vinculum number, we use negative sign on the top
of the digit and this negative sign is called Rekhank.

1.3 The Working Rule of Vinculum

The conversion into vinculum numbers requires the first two Vedic
Mathematics Sutra-Nikhilam Navatascaramam Dasatah and Sutra-Ekadhikena
Purvena. This system is being explained in the following table
.
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Original no. Explanation Vinculum no.
9 10 – 1 1̅
8 10 – 2 1̅
99 100 – 1 10 ̅
98 100 – 2 10 ̅
997 1000 – 3 100 ̅
994 1000 – 6 100 ̅
99989 100000 – 11 1000 ̅ ̅

Example 1: Convert 37867 into vinculum form.

Solution: Sutra-Nikhilam Navatascaramam Dasatah means the last digit from and
the remaining digits from 9. To convert the original number into vinculum number,
the sutra “Sutra-Nikhilam Navatascaramam Dasatah” is used. Using this formula,
the last digit means ones place digit is subtracted from ten and the rest of the digits
which are greater than 5 are subtracted from 9. When subtraction is stopped, 1 is
added to the digit which is smaller than 5. The digits after subtraction is written with
bar. Here bar digits represent the negative digits. Let us understand this process by
taking few examples
10 – 7 = ̅
9–6= ̅
9–8= ̅
9–7= ̅
The Vinculum of the digits (7, 8, 6, and 7) by Nikhilam Sutra is ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ and
Ekadhikena of the previous digit 3 is 4.
Vinculum form of ‘37867’ is 4 ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ .
Example2: Convert 176721 into vinculum form.
Solution: Ones place digit is 21. These digit need not to be subtracted because
these are smaller than 5, the remaining digits 767 will be subtracted and the extreme
left digit of 767 is 7 which will be subtracted from 10 and the remaining digit will
be subtracted from 9
10 – 7 = ̅ Dr M R Yadav
9–6= ̅
9–7= ̅
The Vinculum of the digits (767) by Nikhilam Sutra is ̅ ̅ ̅ and Ekadhikena of the
previous digit 1 is 2.
Vinculum form of 176721= ̅ ̅ ̅
1.4 Normalization of Rekhank Digits:
Normalization of Rekhank digits is very interesting. It is done with the help of
Vedic Mathematics Sutra-“Nikhilam Navatascaramam Dasatah”. But only
difference is that 1 is subtracted which is less than 5 and no negative sign above the
digit from the extreme left digit using Vedic Mathematics Sutra−14 ‘Ekanyunena
Purvena’
Example3: Convert 2 ̅ ̅ into original number.
Solution: 200 – 13 = 187
Using Sutra Nikhilam, original number can be obtained. According to the Sutra,
one’s place digit (3) is subtracted from 10 and remaining digit (1) is subtracted from
9 and extreme left digit is reduced by using sutra ‘Ekanyunena Purvena’
Example 4: Convert 4 ̅ ̅ ̅ into original number.
Solution: 4000 – 342 = 3658
Using Sutra Nikhilam, original number can be obtained. According to the
Sutra one’s place digit (2) is subtracted from 10 and remaining digit (34) is
subtracted from 99 and extreme left digit is reduced by using sutra
Example5: Convert number ̅ ̅ ̅ into original form.
Solution: The negative right most digit 3 is subtracted from 10 and remaining
digits ̅ ̅ ̅ are subtracted from 9’s. The extreme left digit ‘4’ is reduced by1 using
sutra Ekanyunena Purvena
Therefore original number of ̅ ̅ ̅ = 37873

Dr M R Yadav Exercise 1
Convert into Vinculum Numbers.
1) 897 2) 659 3) 497 4) 584

5) 958 6) 886 7) 795 8) 668

9) 986 10) 777 10) 778 11) 889

Exercise 2
Convert the following into normal number.
1) ̅̅̅ 2) ̅̅̅ 3) ̅̅̅
4) ̅̅̅ 5) ̅̅̅ 6) ̅̅̅

7) ̅̅̅ 8) ̅̅̅ 9) ̅̅̅̅

10) ̅̅̅ 11) ̅̅̅ 12) ̅ ̅̅

13) ̅̅̅ 14) ̅̅̅ 15) ̅̅

2.1 Multiplication using Sutra-Ekadhikena

Multiplication using Sutra-Ekadhikena Purvena is specialized multiplication. In this

type of multiplication, we take such numbers in which whose one’s place digits sum
of multiplicand multiplier is 10, 100, 1000—etc. and digits in ten’s , hundred’s and
thousand’s places on the both numbers (multiplicand and multiplier) are same
i.e.86×84. The method of sum of one’s place (10) has been introduced in the
previous chapters. In this chapter, the product of such numbers will be discussed if
the sum of two three and four digits 100, 1000, 10000 will be there. Let us discus
with some examples here.
2.2 Multiplication using Sutras ‘Ekadhikena Purvena and Antyayordashakepi
By Vilokanam sutra, we observe that the sum of extreme two right digits of
multiplicand and multiplier numbers is 100 and the remaining digits are same. Using
this condition the sutras ‘Ekadhikena Purvena and Antyayordashakepi’ are applied.
Dr M R Yadav
There are two parts (left part/right part) of the product. In this case, in the right part
of the product, the number of digits in the product will be in 4 digits. There will be
product of the one more of remaining digits and itself.
Example6: Solve 383× 317
Solution: Step1: 83 × 7 = 1411
Step2: 4(Ekadhikena of 3)× 3= 12
Step3: 121411 Ans.
Example7: Solve 4098 × 4002
Solution Step1: 98 × 02 = 0196
Step2: 41 × 40 = 1640 Step 3: 16400196 Ans.
2.3 Product of numbers whose extreme last three digits is 1000
By Vilokanam sutra, we observe that the sum of extreme three right digits
numbers is 1000 and the remaining digits are same. Using this condition the sutras
‘Ekadhikena Purvena and Antyayordashakepi’ are applied. There are two parts (left
part/right part) of the product. In this case, in the right part of the product, the
number of digits in the product will be in 6 digits. There will be product of the one
more of remaining digits and itself.
Example8: Solve 39994 × 39006
Solution Step1: 994 × 6 = 005964
Step2: 40 × 41 = 1640
Step3: 1640005964 Ans.
2.4 Product of Numbers whose sum of extreme last three digits are 10000
By Vilokanam sutra, we observe that the sum of extreme four right digits numbers
is 10000 and the remaining digits are same. Using this condition this sutra
‘Ekadhikena Purvena’ is applied. There are two parts (left part/right part) of the
product. In this case, in the right part of the product, the number of digits in the

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product will be in 6 digits. There will be product of the one more of remaining digits
and itself.
Example9: Solve 506900 × 503100
Step1: 6900 × 3100 = 20390000
Step2: 51 × 50 = 2550
Step3: 255020390000 Ans.

Exercise 3
Solve the following problems
1 34× 36 2. 74×76 3. 81×89 4. 104×106
5. 193× 197 6. 294× 296 7. 202×208 8. 499×
9. 303×307 10. 592×598 11. 605×605 12. 706×704
 13. 304× 306 14. 393× 07 15. 802×898 16. 1084×1016
17. 1993× 1907 18. 295× 295 19. 2012×2088 20. 4099×
21. 3088×3012 22. 5099×5001 23. 6095×6005 24. 7086×7014

Answer Key
1. 1224 2. 5624 3. 7209 4. 11024 5. 38021
6. 87024 7. 42016 8. 245009 9. 93021 10. 354016
11. 366025 12. 497024 13. 93024 14. 120651 15. 720196
16. 1101364 17. 3800456 18.87025 19. 4201056 20. 16400099
21. 9301056 22. 25500099 23.36600475 24. 49701204
2.5 Sum of Product Using Sutra Ekadhikena Purvena
The sum of two or more product is very tedious and monotonous process. Using
traditional method firstly, we have to calculate the products separately. Then the sum
of product can be evaluated in writing the all products in vertically and horizontally.
Dr M R Yadav
But using sutra ‘Ekadhikena Purvena’ of Vedic mathematics is very simple and
interesting to apply for finding the sum of products. Using Vedic Mathematics
Sutras, we need not evaluate the product first and add them. The sum of product can
be evaluated in one or two steps. Let us understand the process of calculating the
sum of products
Example10: Calculate 76 × 74 + 62 × 68
Solution: Step1: 6 × 4 + 2 × 8 = 40
Step2: 8 × 7 + 7 × 6 = 98
Step3: 9840 Ans.
Example11: Calculate 33 × 37 + 46 × 44 + 21 × 29
Solution: Step1: 3 × 7 + 4 × 6 + 1 × 9 = 54
Step2: 4 × 3 + 5 × 4 + 3 × 2 = 38
Step3: 3854
3.1 Difference of Products
The difference of two or more product is very tedious and monotonous process.
Using traditional method firstly, we have to calculate the products separately. Then
the difference of product can be evaluated in writing the all products in vertically
and horizontally. But using sutra ‘Ekadhikena Purvena’ of Vedic mathematics it is
very simple and interesting to apply for finding the sum of products. Using Vedic
Mathematics Sutras, we need not evaluate the product first and calculate the
difference between them. The sum of product can be evaluated in one or two steps.
Let us understand the process of calculating the difference of products
Example12: Calculate 46 × 44 − 21 × 29
Solution: Step1: 6 × 4 − 1 × 9 = 15
Step2: 5 × 4 − 3 × 2 = 14
Step3: 1415Ans

Dr M R Yadav
Solve the following problems
Exercise4

1. 36 × 34 + 22 × 28 2. 31 × 39 + 12 × 18
3. 16 × 14 + 32 × 38 4. 24×26 + 23 × 27
5. 54 × 56 + 81 × 6. 83 × 87 + 64 × 66
7. 33×37 + 55 × 8. 84 × + 66×64
9. 43×47 + 42 × 10.33×37 + 41 ×
Solve the following problems
11. 63 × 67 - 13 × 17 12. 71 × 79 - 19 × 11
13. 47 × 43 - 18 × 12 14. 24×26 - 23 × 27
15. 54 × 56 - 22 × 16. 43 ×47 - 24 ×
17. 83×87 - 35 × 18. 74 × - 66×64
 Answer Key
1. 1480 2. 1425 3. 1440 4. 674 5. 10233 6. 11445
7 4246 8. 11448 9. 4037 10. 3230 11. 4000 12. 5400
13. 1805 14. 3 15. 2408 16. 1397 17. 5996 18. 1400
4.1 Sum of Products
In the sum of products of two digits, we apply the Vedic Mathematics
sutra-3 “Urdhvatiryagbhyam”. We know that there are three steps of two
digits multiplications. In the sum of products, first step of both the
problems is taken simultaneously and added both the results and same
process for second and third step as shown in the example
Example13: Solve 64 ×23 + 32 × 56
Solution: 64 + 32
× 23 × 56

Dr M R Yadav
27 54 24

= 3264 Ans

Step1: 3 ×4 + 2× 6 = 24

Step2: 6 ×3 + 4× 2 + 3 × 6 + 2× 5 = 54

Step3: 6× 2× + 3 × 5 = 27

Exercises 5
Solve the following problems:
1. 96×24+26×87 2. 52× 34+34×62
3. 42× 61+43× 5 4. 79× 52+12×87
5. 46× 35+56×23 6. 63× 27+61×47
7. 52×63+88×87 8. 56×52+63×77
9. 83× 24+44×34 10. 22×52+54×41

Answer Key
1. 4462 2. 3876 3. 3637 4. 5152 5. 2898 6. 4568
7. 10932 8. 7763 9. 3488 10 3358
4.1 Area of Triangle whose coordinates are given:

If we want to calculate the area of triangle whose coordinates A(4,1) B(5,3) and
C(7,3) are given, it can be calculated using Vedic Mathematics Sutras. Using this
sutra one coordinate is converted to origin. To do this conversion, the remaining
two coordinates are subtracted from this co-ordinates of the triangle. For this
provision, we select first coordinate A(4,1) and this coordinate is subtracted from
Dr M R Yadav
other two coordinates B(5,3) and C(7, 3). After subtraction, the resultant coordinates
are (1, 2) and (3, 2). Using these two coordinates, the area of this triangle can be
calculated as follows:

Area of triangle ABC:

1 2
1/2 3 2

= ½(6-2) = 2Ans
 Exercise 6
1. A(5, 4) B(5,-3) C(6,3) 2. A(3, -1) B(2,-4) C(7,5)
3. A(4, -5) B(7,-5) C(8,-2) 4. A(-6, -2) B(6,-2) C(4,2)
5. A(8, 1) B(10,-6) C(1,4) 6. A(9, 5) B(6, 7) C(-5,-2)

7. A(-4, -2) B(7,-9) C(-6, 2) 8. A(8, 0) B(0, 8) C(-6, -3)

9. A(-5, -4) B(-5,8) C(5,-1) 10. A(4, -5) B(-6, 4) C(8,-8)

Answer Key
1. 3.5 2. 9 3. 4.5 4. 24 5. 21.5 6. 24.5 7.15

8 44 9. 60 10. 3

5.1 Simultaneous Linear Equations in Two Variables

Introduction

The system of polynomial is called the linear if the variables have one power. A
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linear polynomial has no denominator in polynomial expressions and there is no
product of variables. A linear system of two equations with two variables is any
system that can be written in the form.

a1x+b1y= c1 a2x+b2y= c2
When solving two unknown variables, two equations are required. The solutions
are the values of the unknown variables which satisfy both the equations
simultaneously.

5.2 Methods of Solutions of Simultaneous Linear Equations

1. The Elimination Method

2. The Substitution Method
3. The crosswise Method
4. The Geometrical and Graphical Method
 5.3 Vedic Mathematics Methods

We have solved the simultaneous equations in two variables using all above
mentioned method in NCERT book of 10th class. Now in this chapter, we will
discuss the Vedic Mathematic way to solve these equations. Vedic Mathematics
Sutras ‘Paravartya Yojayet’ and ‘Urdhvatiryagbhyam’ are applied to solve the
equations. If both the sutras are applied, the solution of simultaneous linear
equation can be evaluated in one line easily. To find the value of two variables,
the method to evaluate denominator is common in both the cases. Here we
firstly explain the procedure to find the values of denominator of both variables.
Let us understand by solving some examples:

Example14. Solve 4x + 6y = 8 and 5x + 2y = 7,

To find the denominator, the coefficients of both the variables are taken firstly and
Vedic Mathematics Sutra ‘Urdhvatiryagbhyam’ is applied to calculate the
denominator

4 6
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Hence the denominator of x and y = 4 x 2 – 6 x 5 = -22

5 2

To evaluate the numerator of the variable x, we take coefficient of y and constant.

Then the Vedic Mathematics Sutra ‘Urdhvatiryagbhyam’ is applied

6 8

Hence the Numerator of x = - (6 x 7 – 8 x 2) = -26

2 7

To evaluate the numerator of the variable y, we take coefficient of x and constant.

Then the Vedic Mathematics Sutra ‘Urdhvatiryagbhyam’ and ‘Paravartya Yojayet’
are applied

4 8

Hence the Numerator of y = (4 x 7 – 8 x 5) = -12

 5 7
− −
x= y=
− −

Example15: Solve 2x + y = 5 & 3x + (-4) y = 2

Solution:

2 1

The denominator of x and y = 2 x (-4) – 1 x 3 = -11

3 -4

1 5

The numerator of x = - (1 x2 - 5 x -4) = -22

-4 Dr M R Yadav
2

2 5
The numerator of y = 2 x 2 – 5 x 3 = -11
3 2
− −
x= =2 y= =1
− −

5.4 Special Case I of Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equations:

There are special types of simultaneous simple equations in two or more variable
which is very difficult in solving the equation due to large coefficients of and x and
y and constant also. But due to the Vedic Mathematics Sutra ‘Anurupyena Sunyam
Manyat’ the difficult solutions can be solved within a few moments. The meaning
of this sutra is ‘if one is in ration, the other one is zero’. Let understand it with some
examples:
Example16: Solve: 19x + 41y = 82
18x + 39y = 78
Solution: As we observe that the coefficient of both the variables x and y are large
and difficult to operate for the students easily. Besides this, the solution of such
problem takes much time. But if we apply Vedic Mathematics Sutra ‘Anurupyena
Sunyam Manyat’, the solution of such complex problems can be evaluated in a
moment. As we observe that coefficient of y and constant term in both the linear
equation 41:82 and 39:78 are same i.e. 1:2. And the sutra says that, in such case,
other one, namely x = 0. This gives us two simple equation in y, which give us the
same value 2 for y. Hence x = 0 and y = 2. Here we conclude that if the ration of one
variable and constant term is same in both the cases, then value of other variable
becomes zero and zero is put in one of the linear equation, then the value can be
evaluated very easily.
Example17: Solve: 48x + 90y = 270

Dr M R Yadav
91x + 42y = 126
Solution: The ratio of coefficient of y and constant term is 1:3 in both the equation.
Hence x = 0 and y = 3
Example18: Solve: 21x + 29y = 84
89x + 39y = 356
Solution: In this case, the ratio of the coefficient of x and constant term is
same i.e. 1:4 and the coefficient of other variable is different. In this case, y = 0 and
x=4
Example19: Solve: 599x + 174y = 2995
789x + 829y = 3945
Solution: The big coefficient of both the variables frightens us. But we need not
worry of such large numbers. Using Vedic Mathematics Sutra, these examples can
be solved very easily. In this case, the ratio of the coefficient of x and constant term
is same i.e. 1:5 and the coefficient of other variable is different. In this case, y = 0
and x = 5.
Example20: Solve: ax + by + cz = a
4x + ay + 5z = 4
6x + 10y +cz =6

Solution: In this case, the coefficient of x and constant term is 1:1. Hence x = 1
And y = 0, z = 0
Example21 Solve: ax + by + cz = bn
4x + ay + 5z = an
6x + 10y +cz = 10n
Solution: In this case, the coefficient of b and constant term is same in each case e.i.
1:n. Hence x = n, y = 0, z = 0
5.5 Special Case II of Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equations:
In special case II, there is special type of simultaneous linear equations in which the
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coefficient of and coefficient of y are interchanged. In this case also, we need not
equate the coefficient or cross-multiplication. Using Vedic Mathematics Sutra
‘Sankalan-Vyavakalanabhyam’ solution of such problem can be evaluated. This
sutra means ‘by addition and by subtraction’. Let us understand this concept by
explaining some examples:
Example22: Solve: 45x - 23y = 113
23x - 45y = 91
Solution: In case, by addition and by subtraction, we get 68(x-y) 204, Hence we
get x – y = 3. By subtraction, we get, 22x + 22y = 22 which means x + y = 1.
Hence x = 2 and y = -1
 Exercise7
Solve the following questions using Vedic Mathematics Sutra
‘Urdhvatiryagbhyam’
1. 3x - 4y = 10 & 2x - 2y = 2
2. 5x - 2y = 11 & 5x - 4y = 3
3. 6x - 5y = 21 & 8x - 4y = 20
4. 2x - 3y = 8 & 9x - 4y = 13
5. 11x - 10y = 4 & x - 4y = 5

6. + =8 & + =6

8
7. + =2 & - =3

8
8. + =6 & - = 12

Dr M R Yadav
Solve the following using Vedic Mathematics Sutra ‘Anurupyena Sunya
Manyat’
9. 11x - 10y = 44 & 8x - 4y = 32
10. 32x - 36y = 96 & 13 x - 4y = 39
11. 36x - 71y = 360 & 41 x - 62y =410
12. 14x - 107y =642 & 25x - 44y = 264
13. 21x - my = am & 41x - ny = an
14. 31x - by = b & 43 x - zy = z

Answer Key

1. x= -6, y= -7 2. x= 19/5, y= 8 3. x= 1, y= -3
4 x=7/19, y= -46/19 5. x=7/19, y= -46/19 6. x=10/29, y= -6/13
7 x=27/7, y= -81 8. x=20/21, y= -10/91 9. x= 4, y= 0
 10. x= 3, y= 0 11. x= 10, y= 0 12. x= 0, y= -6
13. x= 0, y= -a 14. x= -1, y= 0

6.1 Calculation of H.C.F

Introduction
Let us understand the term L.C.M. (Lowest Common Multiple) and HCF (Highest
Common Factor), we need to recollect the terms multiples and factors. Let’s learn
about LCM, HCF, and relation between HCF and LCM of natural numbers.
Multiples: A multiple is any number which is exactly divisible by a given number.
Ex: 3, 6,9,12, etc are the multiples of 3.
6.2 Factors: A factor is a number which divides any given number without leaving
a remainder. i.e. 2,3,4,6,8,12 are the factors of 24.
6.3 Lowest Common Multiple (LCM): The least or smallest common multiple of
any two or more given natural numbers are termed as LCM. For example, LCM of
10, 15, and 20 is 60.
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6.4 Traditional way of Calculating the L.C.M of Numbers
The tradition way of calculating LCM of two or more numbers is boring and lengthy.
When the students are required to calculate the LCM of numbers, they feel hesitate
to find the LCM and the time consumed in calculating the LCM is much which
reduce the speed of the calculation in addition and multiplication.
6.5 Vedic Mathematics Method of Finding the LCM
Finding the LCM using the Vedic Mathematics Method is very scientific and
interesting. Vedic Mathematics Sutra-Vilokanam is used. Let us take some
examples to understand it:
Example23: Calculate LCM of 6, 8 and 12
Solution: Generally students divide with prime numbers and it takes a lot of time
while calculating the L.C.M. But using Vilokanam method, we need not to divide
with prime numbers. The highest number is observed that this number is divisible
from other numbers of this group. If this number is not divisible by other numbers
then the biggest number is multiplied and multipliers are found out and checked to
find the divisibility. If this multiplier is divisible by other number, then it is L.C.M
In this question, 12 is not divisible from others numbers. Then the multiplier of 12
is found out i.e. is 24. Hence 24 is divisible by others numbers. So, 24 is LCM of 6,
8 and 12

Example24: Calculate LCM of 12, 24 and 4

Solution: 24 is divisible by all other numbers. Hence 24 is LCM of 12, 24 and 4
Example25: Calculate LCM of 36.18and 24
Solution: The highest number is 36. But it is not divisible by other numbers. The
multiple of 36 is 72 and 72is not divisible by other numbers. Hence 72 is LCM.

Exercise 8
Calculate the LCM of the following numbers:
1. 25,5,50 2. 8, 6, 12 3. 15, 6, 30 4. 6, 24, 72 5. 20, 25, 100
6. 3, 6, 18 7. 15, 6, 10 8. 20, 7, 5 9. 14, 42, 56 10. 35, 70 10

Dr M R Yadav Answer Key 8

1. 50 2.24 3. 30 4. 72 5. 100 6. 18 7. 30 8.140
9 168 10. 70
7.1 Multiplication of Three Numbers Using Nikhilam Method
Introduction
We have multiplied the two numbers using Nikhilam method using base 10,100
1000 etc. Now in this chapter we will deal with the multiplication of three numbers
such numbers which are nearer bases mentioned already. In the multiplication of two
numbers, there are two steps for completing the procedure. Let us revisit that
process. If we want to multiply two numbers N1 and N2 using base method, the
following steps are considered for this process:
N1 d1
N2 d2
N1 + d2 / d1× d2
Or
N2 + d1 / d1× d2
If we want to multiply three numbers N1 and N2 using base method, the following
steps are considered for this process:
N1 d1
N2 d2
N3 d3

In this case, there will be three steps as in the following steps:

Step1: N1 + d2 + d3
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Step2: d1 ×d2 + d2 × d3 + d3 ×d1
Step3: d1 ×d2 ×d3
Note: In step2 and step3, the number of digits will be according to the number of
zeros in the base. If there are two zero in the base, then two digits are required in the
steps2 and step3. If the number of digits is less in these steps, then zero is added
accordingly and if the number of digits is in excess according to the number of zeros
then the remaining digits are carried over to the corresponding left part. Let us
understand the concept by taking some examples:
Example26: Solve 103× 104 ×106
Solution: 103 3
104 4
106 6
Step1: 103 + 4 + 6 =113
Step2: 3 ×4 + 4 ×6 + 6 ×3 = 54
Step3: 3 ×4 ×6 = 72
Step4: 1135472
Example27: Solve 1004× 1005 × 1002
Solution: 1004 4
1005 5
1002 2

Step1: 1004 + 5 + 2 =1011

Step2: 4 ×5 + 5 ×2 + 2 ×4 = 038
Step3: 4 ×5 ×2 = 040
Step4: 1011038040
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Example28: Solve 94× 95 × 97
Solution: 94 -6
95 -5
97 -3

Step1: 94 + (-5) + (-3) =86

Step2: -6 × −5 + -5 ×-3 + -3 ×-6 = 63
Step3: -6 × −5 × −3 = -90
Step4: 866300 - 90 = 866210
Example29: Solve 995× 990 × 987
Solution: 995 -5
990 -10
987 -13

Step1: 995+ (-10) + (-13) = 972

Step2: -5 × −10 + -10 ×-13 + -13 ×-5 = 245
Step3: -5 × −10× − 13 = -650
Step4: 972245000 - 650 = 972244350
Exercise 9
Multiply the following numbers using Nikhilam method
1. 115× 103 ×102 2. 103× 104 ×105 3. 103× 104 ×106

4. 145× 102 ×105 5. 149× 104 ×106 6. 138× 101 ×104

Dr M R Yadav
7. 129× 104 ×103 8. 119× 104 ×106 9. 122× 104 ×102

Answer 9
1. 1208190 2. 1343160 3.1439322 4. 1552950 5.1642576

6. 1449552 7.1381848 8.1311856 9. 1294176