1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Normative
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 Terms, Definitions, Acronyms, Abbreviations and
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3.1 Terms and
Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 1 3.2 Acronyms and
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 6 3.3
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4 Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...................................................................
10 4.2 The Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.3 Codes, Standards, and
Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 4.4 Operational
Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 13 4.5 Environmental
Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 14 4.6 Seafloor
Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.7 Systems Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.8 Fabrication and Installation . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.9
Materials, Welding, and Corrosion Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.10 Safety and
Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 22 4.11 Operating and In-service Manuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 5 Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.1
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.2 Safety Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.3 Operational
Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 26 5.4 Stability Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5.5 Environmental
Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 28 5.6 Design Load Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 6 Environmental Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 6.1 General . . .
...................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . 36 6.2 Wind
Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 6.3 Current Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 6.4 Vortex-induced Vibrations
(VIVs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.5 Wave Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6.6 Ice
Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6.7 Wave Impact
Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 50 6.8
Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 6.9 Accidental
Loads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 51 6.10 Fire and Blast
Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 51 7 Global
Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 7.1 Purpose and
Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 51 7.2 System Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 7.3 Static and Mean Response Analysis. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 7.4
Equations of Motion and
Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7.5 Frequency Domain Modeling and Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 7.6 Time Domain Modeling and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 7.7 Hydrodynamic Model
Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 66 7.8 Global Performance Design
Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 7.9
Responses for Fatigue
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80 Institute any newfound principles or procedures for review and considerat
Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by
implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method,
apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained
in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement
of letters patent. This document was produced under API standardization
procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the
developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning
the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions
concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be
directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220
L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or
translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed
to the director. Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or
withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be
added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API
Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and
materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.
Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards
Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standards@[Link].
This recommended practice for planning, designing, and constructing tension leg
platforms incorporates the many engineering disciplines that are involved with
offshore installations, either floating or fixed. Defined herein are guidelines
developed from the latest practices in tension leg platforms, and adapted from
successful practices employed for related structural systems in the offshore and
marine industries. A tension leg platform (TLP) is a vertically moored, buoyant,
compliant structural system wherein excess buoyancy of the platform (in excess of
weight and riser loads) maintains tension in the mooring system. A TLP may be
designed to serve a number of functional roles associated with offshore oil and gas
exploitation. It is considered particularly suitable for deepwater applications. A TLP
system consists of many components, each of which has a precedent in the offshore
or marine industry. The uniqueness of a TLP is in the systematic influence of one
component on another. Consequently, the design is a highly interactive process
which should account for functional requirements, component size and proportion,
equipment layout and space allocation, hydrodynamic reaction, structural detail,
weight and centers of gravity, etc. All disciplines involved in the design process
should anticipate several iterations to achieve proper balance of the design factors.
This publication summarizes available information and guidance for the design,
fabrication, and installation of a TLP system. These recommendations are based on
published literature and the work of many companies who are actively engaged in
TLP design. As with earlier editions of this publication, it represents a snapshot of
the state of the art and practice of TLP design. As new technology develops, this
publication will be updated to reflect the latest accepted design and analysis
methods. Each section of this publication covers a specific aspect of tension leg
platforms. The main text contains basic engineering design principles which are
applicable to the design, construction, and produced under API standardization
procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the
developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning
the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions
concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be
directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220
L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or
translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed
to the director. Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or
withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be
added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API
Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and
materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.
Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards
Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standards@[Link].
This recommended practice for planning, designing, and constructing tension leg
platforms incorporates the many engineering disciplines that are involved with
offshore installations, either floating or fixed. Defined herein are guidelines
developed from the latest practices in tension leg platforms, and adapted from
successful practices employed for related structural systems in the offshore and
marine industries. A tension leg platform (TLP) is a vertically moored, buoyant,
compliant structural system wherein excess buoyancy of the platform (in excess of
weight and riser loads) maintains tension in the mooring system. A TLP may be
designed to serve a number of functional roles associated with offshore oil and gas
exploitation. It is considered particularly suitable for deepwater applications. A TLP
system consists of many components, each of which has a precedent in the offshore
or marine industry. The uniqueness of a TLP is in the systematic influence of one
component on another. Consequently, the design is a highly interactive process
which should account for functional requirements, component size and proportion,
equipment layout and space allocation, hydrodynamic reaction, structural detail,
weight and centers of gravity, etc. All disciplines involved in the design process
should anticipate several iterations to achieve proper balance of the design factors.
This publication summarizes available information and guidance for the design,
fabrication, and installation of a TLP system. These recommendations are based on
published literature and the work of many companies who are actively engaged in
TLP design. As with earlier editions of this publication, it represents a snapshot of
the state of the art and practice of TLP design. As new technology develops, this
publication will be updated to reflectproduced under API standardization procedures
that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process
and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the
content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures
under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the
Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW,
Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any
part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.
Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least
every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this
review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards
Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials
is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Suggested
revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API,
1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standards@[Link]. This recommended
practice for planning, designing, and constructing tension leg platforms incorporates
the many engineering disciplines that are involved with offshore installations, either
floating or fixed. Defined herein are guidelines developed from the latest practices
in tension leg platforms, and adapted from successful practices employed for
related structural systems in the offshore and marine industries. A tension leg
platform (TLP) is a vertically moored, buoyant, compliant structural system wherein
excess buoyancy of the platform (in excess of weight and riser loads) maintains
tension in the mooring system. A TLP may be designed to serve a number of
functional roles associated with offshore oil and gas exploitation. It is considered
particularly suitable for deepwater applications. A TLP system consists of many
components, each of which has a precedent in the offshore or marine industry. The
uniqueness of a TLP is in the systematic influence of one component on another.
Consequently, the design is a highly interactive process which should account for
functional requirements, component size and proportion, equipment layout and
space allocation, hydrodynamic reaction, structural detail, weight and centers of
gravity, etc. All disciplines involved in the design process should anticipate several
iterations to achieve proper balance of the design factors. This publication
summarizes available information and guidance for the design, fabrication, and
installation of a TLP system. These recommendations are based on published
literature and the work of many companies who are actively engaged in TLP design.
As with earlier editions of this publication, it represents a snapshot of the state of
the art and practice of TLP design. As new technology develops, this publication will
be updated to reflectproduced under API standardization procedures that ensure
appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is
designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the
content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures
under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the
Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW,
Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any
part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.
Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least
every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this
review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards
Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials
is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Suggested
revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API,
1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standards@[Link]. This recommended
practice for planning, designing, and constructing tension leg platforms incorporates
the many engineering disciplines that are involved with offshore installations, either
floating or fixed. Defined herein are guidelines developed from the latest practices
in tension leg platforms, and adapted from successful practices employed for
related structural systems in the offshore and marine industries. A tension leg
platform (TLP) is a vertically moored, buoyant, compliant structural system wherein
excess buoyancy of the platform (in excess of weight and riser loads) maintains
tension in the mooring system. A TLP may be designed to serve a number of
functional roles associated with offshore oil and gas exploitation. It is considered
particularly suitable for deepwater applications. A TLP system consists of many
components, each of which has a precedent in the offshore or marine industry. The
uniqueness of a TLP is in the systematic influence of one component on another.
Consequently, the design is a highly interactive process which should account for
functional requirements, component size and proportion, equipment layout and
space allocation, hydrodynamic reaction, structural detail, weight and centers of
gravity, etc. All disciplines involved in the design process should anticipate several
iterations to achieve proper balance of the design factors. This publication
summarizes available information and guidance for the design, fabrication, and
installation of a TLP system. These recommendations are based on published
literature and the work of many companies who are actively engaged in TLP design.
As with earlier editions of this publication, it represents a snapshot of the state of
the art and practice of TLP design. As new technology develops, this publication will
be updated to reflectrepresent condensations of more complete analysis
procedures, but they can be used for making reasonable and conservative
predictions of motions, forces, or component strength. More detailed discussions of
these engineering principles, describing the logic basis and advanced analytical
concepts from which they were developed, are given in the commentary. The
designer and operator are encouraged to use the most current analysis and testing
methods available, and bring forth to the Institute any newfound principles or
procedures for review and considerat represent, warrant, or guarantee that such
products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard. All rights reserved. No
part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the
Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 2000 API
publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to
particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be
reviewed. Neither API nor any of API's employees, subcontractors, consultants,
committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either
express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the
information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or
the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication.
Neither API nor any of API's employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other
assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately
owned rights. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every
effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the
data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty,
or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any
liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation
of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict. API
publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound
engineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate
the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these
publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is
not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices. Any
manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking
requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the
applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or
guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard. All
rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the
publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW,
Washington, DC 2000 API publications necessarily address problems of a general
nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and
regulations should be reviewed. Neither API nor any of API's employees,
subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or
representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy,
completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any
liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or
process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of API's employees,
subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this
publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights. API publications may be
used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to
assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the
Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this
publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or
damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having
jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict. API publications are published
to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating
practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying
sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should
be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in
any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices. Any manufacturer
marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of
an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable
requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that
such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard. All rights reserved.
No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the
Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 2000 API
publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to
particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be
reviewed. Neither API nor any of API's employees, subcontractors, consultants,
committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either
express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the
information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or
the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication.
Neither API nor any of API's employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other
assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately
owned rights. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every
effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the
data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty,
or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any
liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation
of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict. API
publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound
engineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate
the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these
publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is
not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices. Any
manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking
requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the
applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or
guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard. All
rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the
publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW,
Washington, DC 2000 API publications necessarily address problems of a general
nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and
regulations should be reviewed. Neither API nor any of API's employees,
subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or
representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy,
completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any
liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or
process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of API's employees,
subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this
publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights. API publications may be
used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to
assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the
Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this
publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or
damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having
jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict. API publications are published
to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating
practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying
sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should
be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in
any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices. Any manufacturer
marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of
an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable
requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that
such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard. All rights reserved.
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publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is
not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices. Any
manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking
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applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or
guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard. All
rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the
publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW,
Washington, DC 2000 API publications necessarily address problems of a general
nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and
regulations should be reviewed. Neither API nor any of API's employees,
subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or
representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy,
completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any
liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or
process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of API's employees,
subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this
publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights. API publications may be
used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to
assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the
Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this
publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or
damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having
jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict. API publications are published
to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating
practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying
sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should
be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in
any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices. Any manufacturer
marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of
an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable
requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that
such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard. All rights reserved.
No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the
Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 2000