Verbal, Verbs, and Tenses of Verb PARTICIPLE

o Form of a verb used as either an adjective

or a part of another verb tense.
WHAT IS VERBAL?
o Has two types: Present and Past Participle.
 Verbals in grammar are verbs that appear as
nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. IT’S TWO MAIN PURPOSE…
 Sometimes verbs will act as the subject of a
1) Turn the verb into an adjective to modify nouns.
sentence, an adjective, or as a direct object, so
we call these verbs 'verbals.’ 2) Connect with auxiliary verbs to create different
tenses, such as the present perfect tense.
 There are three types of verbals: gerunds,
infinitives, and participles.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
GERUNDS
 used in the continuous tenses or as an adjective
o A gerund is a form of verb that ends in -ing that describing an action that is currently taking
is used as a noun. It is a verb that is used as a place.
noun to express an action or a state of being. Ex. The bird is singing outside my window.
Example: Being a teacher is rewarding Marina is cooking our dinner.

USES OF GERUNDS We form a present participle by adding –ing to the end.

There some rules for words ending in -c, –ie, or a silent –

As a subject of the Reading allows me to relax e, as well as for words ending in one vowel and one
sentence and escape from reality. consonant.

As a subject complement My favorite pastime is

reading. HOW TO USE THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE IN THE
CONTINUOUS TENSES?

The present participle, along with a conjugated form of

As a direct object Do you like reading too?
the verb be, is an essential part of the continuous
tenses.
As an object preposition In terms of reading, I
normally prefer nonfiction. When using a continuous tense, only the main verb is
conjugated—the present participle always uses the
same –ing form in the present continuous, past
continuous, and future continuous tenses

Two Types of Gerunds: Present Continuous

[present form of be] + [present participle]

1. Active Gerunds
It expresses an action that the speaker or writer is Ex. I am looking for my brother.
doing.
She is going to the game tonight.
Ex. I enjoy running. Past Continuous
2. Passive Gerunds [past form of be] + [present participle]
It expresses an action that is being done to them.
Ex. I was sleeping when my cat jumped on my
Ex. I was surprised by the sudden noise. head.

The dogs were running.

 PAST PARTICIPLE DANGLING PARTICIPLE

used in the perfect tenses or as an adjective Ex. Turning around quickly, the ground was wet.
describing an action that has already been
completed. Correct: Turning around quickly, Julie slipped on the wet
ground.
Ex. I have completed my paper already.

Ray submitted his paperwork to his manager.

Falling into the pool, the splash attracted a lot of
[main verb] deliver attention.

[past participle] delivered Correct: Falling into the pool, Julie made a huge splash.

HOW TO USE THE PAST PARTICIPLE IN THE INFINITIVE

PERFECT TENSES?
 An infinitive is a basic form of a verb, usually
Present Perfect preceded by "to". It's like the verb in its purest
form before any changes are made to it.
[has/have] + [past participle]  For example: Verb: sing, Infinitive: to sing
Ex. They have practiced for this moment their whole
life.
TYPES FORM MEANING EXAMPLES
Jane has resigned from her position as
secretary.
Simple to + base General to eat
Infinitive form action or
state
WHAT IS A PARTICIPIAL PHRASE?

a type of modifier that uses the participle form of a Perfect to have + Completed to have eaten
Infinitive past participle action before
verb to describe a noun.
another
Because a participle can act as an adjective, it can
Progressive To be + Ongoing to be eating
also create an adjective phrase, which in this case is
Infinitive present action at a
known as a “participial phrase.” participle specific time
The other words in a participial phrase relate to how
the action in the participle is performed.
INFINITIVE AS A NOUN

An infinitive can act as a noun, which means it can take

Examples of Sentences with Participle Phrases in the the place of a person, place, thing, or idea.
Beginning
Example 1: To learn is a lifelong process. (Here, "to
Ex. Frightened by the thunder, the dog hid behind learn" is the subject of the sentence.) Example 2: I love
the couch. to travel.
Examples of Sentences with Participle Phrases in the (Here, "to travel" is the object of the verb "love.")
Middle

Ex. My mom, having finished all the kitchen work,

went upstairs to lie down for a while. INFINITIVE AS AN ADJECTIVE

Examples of Sentences with Participle Phrases in the An infinitive can modify a noun, acting as an adjective. It
End tells us more about the noun.

Ex. Kevin found it hard leaving home for the first Example 1: She has a desire to succeed. "To succeed"
time. describes the desire, acting as an adjective.

Example 2: The best time to relax is after work. "To

relax" modifies "time," telling us what kind of time it is.
 INFINITIVE AS AN ADVERB obvious. These include “process verbs,” which
describe actions of transition.
An infinitive can modify a verb, adjective, or another
adverb, acting as an adverb. It tells us how, when, Examples: consider, guess, change, grow, live,
where, why, or to what extent something is done. endure, succeed, fail

Example 1: He studied hard to pass the exam. "To pass We grew up in a small town.
the exam" explains the reason for studying hard, acting
as an adverb. I guessed the answer but I was wrong.

Example 2: The cake is easy to make. "To make"

modifies the adjective "easy," telling how easy it is. STATIVE (state of being) VERBS

 The opposite of dynamic verbs of action is

VERB stative verbs of being. Stative verbs describe a
subject’s state or feeling, including things they
 Verbs are words that describe actions, whether like and don’t like.
physical or mental. Verbs also describe a “state Examples: want, need, prefer, love, hate, like, dislike,
of being,” like the verbs be, become, or exist. seem, understand, know, believe, involve, realize

 Some verbs also act as “helper verbs” to change Ex. The cookies smell good.
the tense of another verb. Likewise, these helper
verbs can change a positive statement to a (the stative verb “smell” describes characteristics of the
negative one with words like “not”. subject “the flower”).

 One of the most important parts of stative verbs

 Example: Sarah ran across the field, kicked is that you can’t use them in the continuous
the ball, and scored a goal. tenses. Stative verbs stick to the simple tenses
or occasionally use the perfect.

DYNAMIC (ACTION) VERBS

 Most verbs describe a physical action or activity, PERCEPTION VERBS

something external that can be seen or heard.  Also known as perceptual verbs they convey
These verbs are formally known as dynamic what we experience using our senses.
verbs but can also be called action or event
verbs.  Perception verbs are used as an involuntary
Examples: walk, laugh, swim, play, eat, drink, sing, action, such as passive or unintentional actions,
dance, talk, say they are stative. This applies when these verbs
are used in the general sense, a state of being
My mom reached home at 5:20 p.m. (The root verb that’s always happening.
‘reach’ used in the simple past form is the action verb in
the sentence) Example: I can’t see without my glasses.

The little girl ran to her mother the moment she saw Cake still tastes great even if it’s not
her. (The verbs ‘ran’ and ‘saw’ are the action verbs in the your birthday.
sentence. They are simple past forms of ‘run’ and ‘see’)

PERCEPTION VERBS
 Action verbs are used immediately after the  When those same verbs are used for a voluntary
noun or pronoun that acts as the subject in a action—specific, deliberate, and/or temporary
sentence. Action verbs are employed in their events—they are dynamic. Among other things,
different verb forms to indicate the different it means they can be used in the continuous
tenses. tenses.
 There are a lot of actions that take place in our
minds and feelings, which are not external. Example: I haven’t been seeing well since I lost
Verbs that describe mental or internal actions my glasses.
are still dynamic verbs, but they’re not always so
We were tasting cakes for the wedding all
afternoon.
Example: Romeo and Juliet had been seeing  To link the subject with more information about
each other for just five days when they died. the subject, for example, with an adjective or a
complement.
 To denote an existing relationship or condition of
 Other verbs, like think, have, and, above all be, the subject in a sentence.
follow the same voluntary/involuntary rules as
perception verbs. Depending on how they’re
used, they can be either dynamic or stative. EXAMPLES LINKING VERB

TRANSITIVE VERB

The action of the verb passes from the subject to the

direct object. In other words, the verb needs a direct
object.

Ex: The director buys his lunch.

She painted the fence.

INTRANSITIVE VERB

A verb that doesn't need a direct object to complete its

meaning.

Ex: She is sleeping.

AUXILLARY VERB
(Intransitive verbs are never followed by an object, they
can be followed by modifiers such as adverbs or Auxiliary verbs, also known as helper verbs or helping
prepositional phrases.) verbs, are minor verbs that support the sentence’s main
verb to communicate complex grammar concepts like
Ex: The dog barked at the mailman. aspects of time or modality

For example,
LINKING VERB “I have finished the report,” the auxiliary verb has
supported the main verb finish.
o A linking verb, according to the Cambridge
Dictionary, is defined as “a verb that connects
the qualities of an object or person to that object
or person.” MODALS
o Linking verbs, as the name suggests, are used Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are used
to link the subject (noun or pronoun) to the rest with main verbs to express a wide range of
of the sentence. meanings, including ability, permission,
1. She is a teacher. possibility, necessity, and obligation. They are
essential for conveying nuanced shades of
(Here, "is" links the subject "she" with the noun meaning in English.
"teacher," which describes her identity.)
Ex. I play tennis every Tuesday.
2. The soup smells delicious.
I can play tennis every Tuesday.
(In this sentence, "smells" links "soup" with the adjective
"delicious," describing its quality.)
The first example is a simple factual statement. The
speaker participates in a tennis activity every week on
HOW TO USE LINKING VERBS: Tuesdays.

A linking verb can be used for various reasons: The second example uses the modal verb can. The
speaker does not necessarily play every Tuesday;
 To link one part of the sentence to another. they’re saying that they are capable of playing tennis
every Tuesday or that the possibility exists for them to 4. ADVICE
play tennis every Tuesday.
- Gives advice or suggestions.

Example: "You should see a doctor.“

1. CORE MODAL VERBS
(You = pronoun, should = modal verb, see = main verb,
These are the most common modal verbs and include: doctor = noun)

can, could may, might will, would

must, ought to shall, should FORM OF MODALS

Ex. I can run. Modal verbs do not change form for person, number,
or tense. They remain the same whether the subject
is singular or plural.
2. SEMI-MODAL VERBS

These are verbs that have similar functions to modal RULES OF USING MODAL VERBS
verbs but have slightly different grammatical properties.
1. Main verb form- Modal verbs are followed by the
dare, need have to, ought to used to base form of the main verb (infinitive without "to").
Ex. You have to do everything on the list. Example: "I can jump really high."
(You acts as a pronoun, have to is the modal verb, do is
the main verb, everything is a pronoun because it refers
to all items on the list, list is noun because it refers to a 2. Negative form- To make a modal verb negative,
series of items) add "not" or (n’t) after it.

Example: "Aya cannot go to the arcade."

FUNCTION OF MODAL VERBS 3. A modal always has the same form. There is no
-s form, -ing or -ed form.

4. Questions - To form a question with a modal

1. ABILITY verb, place it at the beginning of the sentence.
Express the ability to do something.
Example: "Can you read?"
Example: "I can swim."
5. Tenses of the verbs .
(The speaker claims that he/she can swim)
can` (present tense) `could` (past tense)
( I = pronoun, can = modal verb, swim = main verb)
may`(present tense) might` (present/future tense)

`must`(present tense) `had to`(past tense of have to)

2. PERMISSION
shall` (future tense) should`(present tense)
Indicate permission or lack thereof.
‘will` (future tense) ‘would` past tense)
Example: “You may leave early.”

(The speaker permits that you may leave early)

HOW MODAL VERBS CHANGE THE IDEA OF A
(you = pronoun, may = modal verb, leave = main verb, SENTENCE
early, adjective)
Modal verbs significantly alter the meaning of a sentence
by adding nuances of possibility, obligation, permission,
and more.
3. NECESSITY
For example: “The dog plays all day." is a simple
- Expresses necessity or obligation.
statement of fact.
Example: "You must finish your homework.“
“The dog can play all day.“ expresses ability. (Notice how
(You = pronoun, must = modal verb, finish = main verb, the word play is now in its singular form? Because, if you
your = subject, homework = noun)
use modal verbs in a sentence, your main verb should be (was or were) and the present participle of the verb,
not possess and -s, -ing or -ed form) the –ing form.

“The dog must play all day "indicates obligation. Subject + was/were + verb (-ing)

“The dog may play all day ."suggests possibility or Example:

permission.
While I was studying, my friends were playing.

While I was cooking dinner, my husband was

watching the game.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Simple past tense is used to describe an action or series PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
of actions that occurred in the past.
The present continuous verb tense indicates that an
Formula: Subject + verb (past form) action or condition is happening now, frequently, and
may continue into the future.
Example:
Formula: Subject + am/is/are + verb (-ing)
He played games last night.
Example:
I watched him play games.
It is raining outside.

They are eating dinner.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Simple present tense is a verb form used to talk about

habits, unchanging situations, facts, and planned events FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
in the near future. The simple present tense of most
verbs is the infinitive form, where a verb form takes a “to” The future continuous tense is a verb tense that shows
before the base form. However, the third person singular an action happening over a period of time in the future.
takes an “s” at the end of the verb. Subject + will be + verb (-ing)
Subject + verb (base form or -s/-es) + object Example:
Example: We will be having dinner at 7 o'clock tonight.
I need to study for the exam. I will be studying for the prelim exam next month.
I wake up at 4 every morning.

PAST PERFECT TENSE

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE This tense is used to describe an action that was
Simple future is a verb tense used to talk about an action completed before another action or time in the past. It
or state that will begin and end in the future. It uses the establishes a sequence of events, showing that one
auxiliary verb will and a main verb. action happened earlier than another.

Subject + will + verb (base form) had + past participle

Example: Examples

My brothers will sleep until noon if no one wakes them Before I moved here, I had lived in Manila.
up. She had finished her homework before the movie
You will see what I mean. started.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

The past continuous tense shows an ongoing action that This tense connects past actions or events to the
began in the past. This is formed by the past tense of to present. It is used to describe actions that happened at
an unspecified time in the past and have an effect on the
present or actions that started in the past and are still FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
relevant or ongoing.
This tense is used to describe actions that will have been
have/has + past participle ongoing for a period of time before a specific point in the
future. It emphasizes the duration of the action leading
Examples: up to a particular future moment.
I have lived in this city for 10 years. These definitions explain how each tense is used to
She has already eaten dinner. express time, sequence, and the duration of actions in
English.

will have been + present participle

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Examples:
This tense is used to describe actions that will be
completed before a specific time or event in the future. It By the time I finish this project, I will have been
is used to indicate that something will have happened by working on it for three weeks.
a certain point in time. She will have been studying for the exam all day
will have + past participle

Examples:

By the time I finish this project, I will have worked on

it for three weeks.

She will have graduated by next year.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

This tense is used to describe an action that was

ongoing before another past action or time, with
emphasis on the duration of the action before something
else happened.

had + been + present participle

Examples:

They had been living together for five years before

they got married.

I had been trying to call you yesterday.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

This tense is used to describe actions that began in the

past and are still continuing or have recently stopped,
with an emphasis on the duration of the action. It shows
the continuity of the action up to the present moment.

have/has + been + present participle

Examples:

I have been living in this city for 10 years.

She has been working on that project all day.

 CLAUSES, PHRASES, SENTENCE "While coordinating with the healthcare team, the
experienced nurse meticulously tracked the patient’s
fluctuating vital signs and adjusted the care plan in real-
CLAUSES
time to prevent potential complications from arising."
A CLAUSE, like a phrase, is a group of words. But
unlike a phrase, a clause is complete. Subject: the experienced nurse

A CLAUSE is a group of words with a subject and a Predicate: Meticulously tracked the patient’s fluctuating
predicate. vital signs and adjusted the care plan in real-time to
prevent potential complications from arising.
CLAUSES are the building blocks of sentences and
sometimes express a complete thought.

TYPES OF CLAUSES DEPENDENT CLAUSES

Independent Clauses: Express a complete thought and A dependent clause, or subordinate clause, contains a

can stand alone. subject and a predicate but does not express a complete
thought.
Dependent Clauses: Do not express a complete
thought; they need an independent clause to form a full Dependent clauses need to be connected to an

sentence. independent clause to form a complete sentence.

They often start with words like “because,” “although,” or

“if” to show their reliance on another clause.
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
Ex. "Although the patient felt better."
An independent clause is a group of words containing a
subject and a predicate that expresses a complete Subject: the patient

thought. Predicate: felt better

Independent clauses can stand alone as sentences or

be joined with other clauses to add detail. "When the nurse completed the assessment."

Ex, "The nurse administered the injection." Subject: the nurse

Subject: The nurse Predicate: completed the assessment

Predicate: administered the injection

"If the patient's condition stabilizes after receiving the

"The doctor approved the treatment plan." prescribed interventions and closely monitored care."

Subject: The doctor Subject: the patient's condition

Predicate: approved the treatment plan Predicate: stabilizes after receiving the prescribed
interventions and closely monitored care
 TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSE As a subject: What she wrote is interesting.

A. ADVERB CLAUSES As an object: I read what she wrote.

A clause that functions as an adverb. They tell why,

where, when, or what happens in a sentence.
Noun Clauses beginning with question words…
They are frequently movable within the sentence.
Questions Noun Clause
Example: When the timer rings, we know the
cake is done. What do you do in class? What we do in class is easy

We know the cake is done when the timer rings. What does he work? Where he works is a secret

What should I do? I don’t know what you should do

TYPE QUESTION EXAMPLE
ANSWERED Who are they? Mary knows who they are

PLACE WHERE? Where there are What happened? She knows what happened
computers, there is
Microsoft software.

TIME WHEN? After the fruit is

harvested, it is sold at C. RELATIVE CLAUSE
the market.

A kind of dependent clause with subject and verb, but

CAUSE WHY (what caused I didn’t call her
can't stand alone as a sentence.
this?) because I am shy.

It is sometimes called an "adjective clause" because it

PURPOSE What was the She took a computer
reason for doing functions like an adjective—it gives more information
course so that she
this?
could get a better job. about a noun.

CONCESSION Why is this Although Jay has a They always start with relative pronouns.
unexpected? master degree, he
works as a store RELATIVE USE EXAMPLE
clerk. PRONOUN

CONDITION Under what If you save your Who Subject or object Have you seen the
conditions? money, you will be pronoun used for man who is the new
able to go to college. people marketing director?

B. NOUN CLAUSES Subject and The horse which Sue

object pronoun was riding is very
A noun clause is a dependent clause that works like a Which used for animals friendly.
noun. You can find it as a subject or object. and things.
 PHRASES
Which Referring to the He can’t type at all
whole sentence. which didn’t surprise  A PHRASE is two or more related words that DO
me. NOT contain the subject-verb pair necessary to
form a clause. Phrases can be very short or
Whose Possession for Have you seen the
quite long. It can be used to communicate
people, animals, boy whose mother
something.
and things. was on TV?
 PHRASES are groups of words that work

Object pronoun I was invited by the together to convey a specific meaning.

for poeple in non councillor whom I met  Ex: A wonderful home
defining relative at the Christmas party. Bif red balloon
clauses (in
Whom Features of a Phrase…
defining relative
clauses we prefer
1) It is a group of words (more than one).
to use who)
2) It DOES NOT have a subject-verb combination.
3) It DOES NOT give a complete sentence.
Subject or object I liked the dress that
pronoun for you wore to the Other Examples:
people, animals function last week.
and things in  She eats bread in the morning.
That
defining relative
("In the morning" is a phrase. It is functioning as an
clauses.
adverb.)

TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSE

 Cats from the alleys control the mice.

RESTRICTIVE (DEFINING) ("From the alleys" is a phrase. It is functioning as an

adjective.)
o Gives information that defines the noun.
Information that's necessary for complete  The nice neighbor is cute.

identification of the noun. (“the nice neighbor” is a phrase and is functioning as

Ex: A seaman is someone who works on a ship. a noun.)

Students who study regularly tend to do better on exams TYPES OF PHRASES

NON RESTRICTIVE Noun Phrase

o Gives additional information on something, but - A noun phrase includes a noun—a person,

does not define it. place, or thing—and the modifier(s) (either

o They are put in commas. before and/or after) that distinguish it.
- Ex. The big brown dog.
Ex: Mary, who is my girlfriend, likes eating fast food. My brother’s new car.
The Ferrari, which is in front of my house, A great English teacher.
belongs to my dad.
Verb Phrase

- Sometimes a sentence can communicate its

meaning with a one-word verb. Other times,
 however, a sentence will use a verb phrase, a Gerund Phrase
multi-word verb, to express more nuanced action
- A gerund phrase will begin with a gerund, an ing
or condition. A verb phrase can have up to four
word, and will often include other modifiers
parts.
and/or objects.
- Ex. Has been running
- Ex. Swimming in the lake
Is going to the store
Will be arriving soon Reading books on a Sunday afternoon
Absolute Phrase
Prepositional Phrase
- An absolute phrase combines a noun and a
- A prepositional phrase will begin with a participle with any accompanying modifiers
and/or objects.
preposition and end with a noun, pronoun, - Ex. His brow knitted in frustration
gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition. Her fingers flying over the piano keys

The object of the preposition will often have one Appositive Phrase
or more modifiers to describe it.
- Ex. On time - An appositive phrase restates and defines a
Before the sun rises noun. It consists of one or more words.
Against someone strong Appositive phrase can be essential (restrictive)
or non- essential (non restrictive) to the meaning
Infinitive Phrase of sentence.
- An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive - Ex. My brother, a talented musician, will be
(TO + SIMPLE FORM OF THE VERB). It will performing tonight.
often include objects and/or modifiers that Her horse, an Arabian, was her pride
complete the thought. and joy.
- Ex. To slurp spaghetti My wife, the love of my life, is also my
To send the document before the best friend.
deadline

Participle Phrase
NON-ESSENTAL APPOSITIVE PHRASE
- A participle phrase will begin with a present or
Type of appositive phrase adds extra information, but the
past participle. If the participle is present, it will
sentence would still make sense without it. It is
dependably end in ing. Likewise, a regular past
separated by a comma.
participle will end in a consistent ed. Irregular
past participles, unfortunately, conclude in all Ex. The tree, a tall redwood, was beautiful.
kinds of ways. (See this list for examples.) Since Nicole, my friend, lives in Thailand.
all phrases require two or more words, a
participle phrase will often include objects and/or ESSENTAL APPOSITIVE PHRASE

modifiers that complete the thought.

Type of appositive phrase that adds information
- Ex. Flexing his muscle in front of the
necessary to understand which noun is being referred to.
bathroom mirror
Provide crucial information for identifying the noun it
Driven crazy by Grandma’s endless
modifies. No comma.
questions
Ex. The scientist Marie Curie won two Nobel Prizes. 2. Interrogative Sentence
The country Philippines is known for its
Interrogative sentences ask a question. They use a
outstanding islands.
question mark.

SENTENCE Ex. Can you help me with this task?

3. Exclamatory Sentence
- A sentence is a group of words that expresses a
complete thought. Exclamatory sentences show strong feelings or
- Ex. Rafa is eating a chocolate cake. emotions. Always use an exclamation mark.

Ex. I can’t believe we won the game!

Parts of Sentence
4. Imperative Sentence
When we make a sentence, we first identify a person or
thing (the subject) and then describe something about Imperative sentences expresses a command, advice or
that person or thing (the predicate). request.

Ex. Go ahead. (command) Clean your room.

1. The cat slept on the couch.
The cat- Subject Slept on the couch- Predicate 5. Negative Sentence

2. My brother plays soccer every Saturday.

A negative sentence is used to negate something.
My brother- Subject Plays soccer every Saturday-
Predicate Ex. There is no milk left in the fridge.

Nobody was at the meeting.

A. Subject
6. Optative Sentence
- Doer of an action
Ex. This cake tastes delicious. An optative sentence is used to pray or wish.

In this sentence "This cake" is subject. Ex May you have a wonderful journey!

B. Predicate May all your dreams come true.

- Tells what the subject does or what is being said
about it.
SENTENCE ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE
Ex. Migs serves his parents.

In this sentence "serves his parents" is predicate

Simple

- A SIMPLE sentence contains at least one

Kinds of Sentences
complete verb. The verb must agree with the
1. Declarative Sentence subject and show the tense of the sentence.
- Ex. Sally kicks the ball.
A sentence that makes a statement or assertion. They
S V
use a period.
Ben forgot his homework.
Ex. The book is on the table.

Mount Everest is the tallest mountain in the world.

Compound

- A COMPOUND sentence consists of two

independent clauses joined together by a
coordinating conjunction (linking word).
- Ex. He was hungry, so he cooked dinner.
IC CC

- Other coordinating conjunctions:

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
Ex. She is rich, yet she is very humble.

COMPLEX - It is a sentence that gives a command, makes a

request or expresses a wish.
- A complex sentence contains an independent
- It ends with a period (.).
clause and a dependent clause.
- Ex. Although the girl studied hard.
(Dependent Clause)
She failed the exam. (Independent
Clause)

Although the girl studied hard, she failed the exam.

DP

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
COMPOUND-COMPLEX

- sentence contains at least two independent - An interrogative sentence is used to ask

clauses, and at least one dependent clause. question.

- Ex. - This type of sentence ends in a question mark

(?).

SENTENCE ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE

DECLARATIVE SENTENCE - It is a sentence that expresses sudden and

strong feelings like happiness, gratitude,
sympathy, surprise, or pity.
- Also known as assertive sentence. It is a
- It is punctuated by an exclamation mark (!).
sentence that makes a statement, asserts, or
declare something.
- It is punctuated by period.
- This type of a sentence is simple sentence.
 SENTENCE ACCORDING TO PATTERN SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + DIRECT
OBJECT ( S – TV – DO )
- Sentence pattern refers to the structure or
arrangement of words within a sentence. It - This pattern includes a subject, a transitive verb,
describes how different parts of speech, such as and a direct object. Here, we use transitive
the subject, verb, object, and complement, are verbs, which means that we need a direct object.
organized to create meaning. Sentence patterns The trick here is to make sure our verb answers
are often categorized based on the function and the question “what?”.
order of these elements. - Moreover, this pattern uses a verb that is in the
=s form, most especially the stative verbs. The
S-TV-DO pattern, unlike the S-IV pattern, needs
TYPES OF SENTENCE PATTERN supporting information, especially the object
pointed about in the sentence (noun).

SUBJECT + LINKING VERB + COMPLEMENT ( S - LV

- C)

- The first basic sentence pattern in English is the

S–LV–C. This includes a subject, a linking verb,
and a complement. Linking verbs are the types
of verbs that join the subject with an adjective or
another noun. Some commonly used linking
verbs include be, am, are, is, was, were, and SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + INDIRECT
seem. OBJECT + DIRECT OBJECT ( S – TV – IO –
DO )

- This pattern involves a subject performing an

action with a transitive verb on a direct object,
while the indirect object indicates to whom or for
whom the action is being performed. The indirect
object typically comes before the direct object.

SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB ( S – IV )

- This pattern involves a subject followed by an

intransitive verb. Intransitive verbs do not require
a direct object to complete the sentence’s
meaning. The action described by the verb is
complete in itself, and it does not act upon
anything. SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + DIRECT OBJECT +
- Unlike transitive verbs, verbs belonging to this OBJECT COMPLEMENT ( S – TV – DO – OC)
type don’t answer the question “what?”. In most
cases, dynamic and locomotive verbs (or verbs
that express movement) belong to this sentence - This sentence pattern includes a subject,
pattern. Furthermore, this pattern uses verbs transitive verb, direct object, and an objective
that are in the base form. complement. Unlike subjective complements,
objective complements describe a direct object.
Ex. Birds fly. The object complement in this sentence pattern
She sings. refers to a specific description of the direct
object being done by the subject, with the use of
The baby cried. the verb. Generally, the OC in this pattern could
be a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
 CONCLUSION

- Clauses are groups of words with a subject and

a verb. Can be independent (complete

sentence) or dependent (needs more to be

complete).

- Phrases are groups of words that do not have

both a subject and a verb, and function together

as part of a sentence.

- Sentence Structure refers to how a sentence is

organized in terms of clauses and punctuation

(simple, compound, complex, or compound-

complex).

- Sentence Purpose refers to the intention of the

sentence (declarative, interrogative, imperative,

or exclamatory).

- Sentence Pattern refers to how the subject,

verb, and other elements (like object or

complement) are arranged in the sentence.