Design of Combined Footing

Design Example
Design a combined trapezoidal footing for two
columns A & B carrying loads of 600kN and
900kN respectively. Column A is 300X300 and
column B is 400X400. Centre to centre spacing
of column is 5.0m. Maximum length of footing is
restricted to 7.0m only.
SBC – 120kN/m2
Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel
1. Design constants
For M20 concrete and Fe415 steel
Xm/d = 0.48 Ru=2.76
2. Size of footing
L=7.0m l=5.0m
7−5
Keep a1 and a2 = = 1.0m
2
Let width of footing be B1 and B2
W1=600kN W2=900kN
W’=10%(W1+W2) = 150kN
600+900+150
Area of footing = = 13.75m2
120
½(B1+ B2) L = 13.75
(B1 + B2) = 13.75 X (2/7)
=3.93m…………………………….(A)
 𝑊2 𝐿
Distance 𝑥 of CG of load =
𝑊1+𝑊2
900 𝑋 5.0
= = 3.0m
1500
CG of load from edge = a1 + 𝑥 = 4.0m…….i
Distance CG of trapezium from short edge
𝐵1+2𝐵2
= L/3[ ]…………………….ii
𝐵1+𝐵2
equating I and ii
𝐵1+2𝐵2
7/3 [ ]
= 4.0……………………..(B)
𝐵1+𝐵2
From equations A and B
3.93+𝐵2
7/3 [ ]
= 4.0m
3.93
B2 = 2.81m ; B1= 1.12m
Net upward pressure is given by
𝑊1+𝑊2 1500
Po = =
1/2 𝐵1+𝐵2 𝐿 0.5 1.12+2.81 7
= 110 kN/m2
x x

l=5.0 B2=
B1= a1 a2
2.82
1.1

x
 Bending Moment and Shear force
Consider BM in longitudinal direction @ any distance x
from face B1; The width Bx of the section is given by
(𝐵2−𝐵1)
Bx = B1 + x = 1.11 + 0.244x ;
𝐿
Area Ax to left of section X-X
=1/2(B1 +Bx) x
= 0.5 (1.11 + 1.11 + 0.244x)
= x/2 (2.22+0.244x)
2𝐵1+𝐵𝑥 3.33+0.244𝑥
Distance of CG from X-X = x/3 [ ] = x/3 [ ]
𝐵1+𝐵𝑥 2.22+0.244𝑥
 Hence total upward force left of the
section X-X = Po X Ax
𝑃𝑜𝑋 110𝑋
= [2.22 + 0.244x] = [2.22 + 0.244x]
2 2
SF @ outer face of column A where x= 0.85m
110𝑋0.85
= [2.22 + 0.244 X 0.85] = 103.16kN
2

B1= a1 l=5.0 a2
1.1

x
SF @ x right face of column A where x= 1.15m
110𝑋1.15
=600 - [2.22 + 0.244 X 1.15]
2
= 441.8 kN
To find position of section where SF is zero
110𝑥
600 - [2.22 + 0.244 x] = 0
2
X =3.55m x

B1= a1 l=5.0 a2
1.1

x
 BM @ section X-X is given by
M2 = 600(x-1) – (Upward force X distance of its CG)
110𝑥
= 600(x-1) – ( [2.22 + 0.244 x] ) x
2
3.33+0.244𝑥
(x/3 [ ] )
2.22+0.244𝑥
110𝑥2
= 600(x-1) – [ 6 (3.33+0.245x )]
Maximum hogging BM occur @ x=3.55m
110𝑋3.552
M1 = 600(3.55-1) – [ (3.33+0.245x
6
3.55)]
= 559.7 kNm = 560 kNm
To find the value of x where BM is zero
110𝑥2
600(x-1) – [ (3.33+0.245x )] = 0
2
Solving by trial and error we get
x = 1.15m ; 5.70m
Thus position of both points of contrflexure are known
SF at first point of contraflexure =
110 𝑋 1.15
F3= 600 - [2.22 + 0.244 X 1.15]
2
= 442.13 kN
SF at second point of contraflexure
110 𝑋 5.70
F4 = 600 - [2.22 + 0.244 X 5.70]
2
= 524.8 kN
SF at inner face of column B
110 𝑋 5.80
F4 = 600 - [2.22 + 0.244 X 5.80]
2
= 561.5 kN
SF at outer face of column B
110 𝑋 6.20
F4 = 600 - 2
[2.22 + 0.244 X 6.20] +900
= 225 kN
Sagging BM at outer face of column A is obtained by putting
x=0.85 in
110𝑥2
M2=[ (3.33+0.245x )]
2
= 47kNm
Sagging BM at right of column B
110𝑥2
M3=[ (3.33+0.245x )] – 600(x-1) – 900(x-6)
2
Putting x = 6.2 ; M3= 117kNm
Effective depth of footing
a) Depth based on BM requirement
Max BM occurs at x=3.55m
𝐵1−𝐵2
Bx = B1+ x
𝐿
= 1.11+0.245 X 3.55 = 1.979m
d= 2 Mu/𝑅𝑢𝑋𝐵 = 392.16mm
b) Depth based on punching shear
side b0= b+d = (400+d)mm
Punching shear force = 1.5 (W2-P0 b02)
(400+𝑑)
= 1.5(900 – 110( )2)X103
1000
= 1350000 – 0.165(400+d)2
1350000 – 0.165(400+d)2
τv = 4 𝑋 400+𝑑 𝑑
< 1.118
d = 367mm
Provide D=500mm ; d = 440mm
Reinforcement in longitudinal direction
i. Reinforcement for hogging BM
M1u = 1.5 M1 = 1.5 X 5.6 X 108 = 8.4 X 108
Ast= 6288 mm2
Using 20mm bars no. of bars required are 21
Actual Pt= 0.79%
ii. Reinforcement for sagging BM
M2u = 1.5 M2 = 1.5 X 0.47 X 108 = 0.705 X 108
Ast= 451 mm2
Astmin = 0.12%BD = 0.12% 1320 X 500 = 792mm2
iii. Reinforcement for sagging BM
M2u = 1.5 M2 = 1.5 X 1.17 X 108 = 1.755 X 108
Ast= 1130 mm2
Astmin = 0.12%BD = 0.12% 2630 X 500 = 1578mm2
CHECK FOR ONE WAY SHEAR:
Shear force at point of contraflexure – 533.8kN at x=5.70m
Bx = 1.11+0.245x = 2.5m
Vu 1.5 𝑋 533.8 𝑋 103
τv = 𝐵𝑑
=
2500 𝑋 440
= 0.728 N/mm2
100 𝑋 21 𝑋 314
100Ast = = 0.6%
𝐵𝑑 2500 𝑋 440
Hence from table 19 τc = 0.48 N/mm2
Vuc = 0.48 X 2500 X 440 X10-3 = 528kN
Vus = Vu-Vuc = 1.5 (533.8) – 528 = 272.7kN
Using 10mm 8 legged stirrups
0.87 𝑓 𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑣𝑑 0.87𝑋 415 𝑋 8 𝑋 78.5 𝑋 440
Sv = = =365mm
𝑉𝑢𝑠 272.7 𝑋 1000
Provide 10mm 8 legged stirrups at 250mm c/c
Transverse Reinforcements
Bending will happen transversely

Bx

1
Projection beyond face of column B = [Bx-b2]
2
Bx = 1.11 + 0.245 X 6 = 2.58m
Projection beyond face of column B = 0.5 [2.58 – 0.4] = 1090mm
Width of bending strip = b+2d = 400 + (2X440)= 1280mm
Average area of bending strip =
500
Net upward pressure = p= = 301.9
1.8 𝑋 0.92
𝑝𝑎2
Max BM near face of column = = 84.9kNm
2
Calculate Ast and check for depth