BIOLOGY INVESTGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC: DIABETES

NAME: TANISHA SARAH CHANDY

CLASS: XI

DIV: A
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDMENT
 CONTENTS

S. No. Topic Page No.

1. Introduction 05

2. Types Of Diabetes 06

3. Symptoms 07

4. Causes 08

5. Diagnosis 09

6. Prevention 10

7. Management 11

8. Conclusion 12

9. Bibliography 13
 INTRODUCTION

Diabetes mellitus(DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic

disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and
increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Acute
complications can include diabetic
ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic state, or death.
Serious
long-term complications include
cardiovascular disease, stroke,
chronic kidney disease, foot
ulcers,
and damage to the eyes.
Specialty - Endocrinology
Symptoms - Frequent urination,
increased thirst, increased hunger
Complications - Diabetic ketoacidosis, nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, heart
disease, stroke, chronic kidney failure, foot ulcers
Diagnostic method - High blood sugar
Treatment - Healthy diet, physical exercise
Medication - Insulin, metformin
Frequency - 415 million (8.5%)
Deaths - 1.5 – 5.0 million per yea
 TYPES OF DISEAES
Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of
the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. There are three main types
of diabetes mellitus:

Type1 DM
This type results from the
pancreas's failure to produce
enough insulin. This form was
previously referred to as "insulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus"
(IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes".
Theca use is unknown.

Type 2 DM
This types begins with insulin
resistance, a condition in which
cells fail to respond to insulin
properly. As the disease progresses lack of insulin may also develop. This form was
previously referred to as "non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM)or "adult-
onset diabetes". The most common cause is excessive body weight and not enough
exercise.

Gestational Diabetes
This type is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous
history of diabetes develop high blood sugar levels

Comparison Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Features Type 1 Type 2

Onset Sudden Gradual

Age At Onset Mostly in children Mostly in adults

Body Size Thin / Normal Often Obese

Ketoacidosis Common Rare

Autoantibodies Usually present Absent

Endogenous Insulin Low / Absent Normal / Decreases /

Increases
Concordance In 50% 90%
Identical Twins
Prevalence -10% -10%
 SYMPTOMS

The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are weight loss, polyuria (increased
urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).
Symptoms may develop rapidly (weeks or months) in type 1 DM, while they usually
develop much more slowly and may be subtle or absent in type 2 DM.
Several other signs and symptoms can mark the onset of diabetes although they are
not specific to the disease. In addition to the known ones above, they include blurry
vision, headache, fatigue, slow healing of cuts, and itchy skin. Prolonged high blood
glucose can cause glucose absorption in the lens of the eye, which leads to changes
in its shape, resulting in vision changes. A number of skin rashes that can occur in
diabetes are collectively known as diabetic dermadromes.
 CAUSES

Type 1
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells
of the pancreatic islets, leading to insulin
deficiency. This type can be further
classified as immune-mediated or
idiopathic. The majority of type 1diabetes
is of the immune-mediated nature, in
which a T cell mediated autoimmune
attack leads to the loss of beta cells and
thus insulin. It causes approximately
10% of diabetes mellitus cases in North
America and Europe. Most affected
people are otherwise healthy and of a
healthy weight when onset occurs.
Sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin
are usually normal, especially in the
early stages. Type 1 diabetes can affect
children or adults, but was traditionally termed "juvenile diabetes" because a majority
of these diabetes cases were in children.

Type 2
Type 2 DM is primarily due to lifestyle factors and
genetics. A number of lifestyle factors are known
to be important to the development of type 2 DM,
including obesity (defined by a body mass index of
greater than 30), lack of physical activity, poor
diet, stress, and urbanization. Excess body fat is
associated with 30% of cases in those of Chinese
and Japanese descent, 60 – 80% of cases in
those of European and African descent, and 100%
of Pima Indians and Pacific Islanders. Even those
who are not obese often have a high waist –hip
ratio.
Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) resembles type 2 DM in several respects,
involving a combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion and
responsiveness. It occurs in about 2–10% of all pregnancies and may improve or
disappear after delivery.
 DIAGNOSIS

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent high blood sugar, and is

diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:

 Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/ l (126 mg/dl)

 Plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) two hours after a 75 goral glucose
load as in a glucose tolerance test
 Symptoms of high blood sugar and casual plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l
(200mg/dl)
 Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) ≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥ 6.5 DCCT %).

A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal high blood sugar, should be

confirmed by a repeat of any of the above methods on a different day. It is preferable
to measure a fasting glucose level because of the ease of measurement and
the considerable time commitment of formal glucose tolerance testing, which takes
two hours to complete and offers no prognostic advantage over the fasting test.
According to the current definition, two fasting glucose measurements
above 126mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) is considered diagnostic for diabetes mellitus.
 PREVENTION

There is no known preventive measure for type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes– which
accounts for 85-90% of all cases– can often be prevented or delayed by maintaining
a normal body weight, engaging in physical activity, and consuming healthful diet.
Higher levels of physical activity (more than 90minutes per day) reduce the risk of
diabetes by 28%. Dietary changes known to be effective in helping to prevent
diabetes include maintaining a diet rich in whole grains and fibre, and choosing good
fats, such as the polyunsaturated fats found in nuts, vegetable oils, and fish.
Limiting sugary beverages and eating less red meat and other sources of saturated
fat can also help prevent diabetes. Tobacco smoking is also associated with an
increased risk of diabetes and its complications, so smoking cessation can be an
important preventive measure as well. The relationship between type 2 diabetes and
the main modifiable risk factors (excess weight, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity
and tobacco use) is similar in all regions of the world. There is growing evidence that
the underlying determinants of diabetes are a reflection of the major forces driving
social, economic and cultural change: globalization, urbanization, population aging,
and the general health policy environment.
 MANAGEMENT

LIFESTYLE
People with diabetes can benefit from education about the disease and treatment,
good nutrition to achieve a normal body weight, and exercise, with the goal of
keeping both short-term and long-term blood glucose levels within acceptable
bounds

MEDICATIONS
Medications used to treat diabetes do so by lowering blood sugar levels. There are a
number of different classes of anti-diabetic medications. Some are available by
mouth, such as metformin, while others are only available by injection such as GLP-
1 agonists. Type 1 diabetes can only be treated with insulin, typically with a
combination of regular and NPH insulin, or synthetic insulin analogs

SURGERY
A pancreas transplant is occasionally considered for people with type 1 diabetes who
have severe complications of their disease, including end stage kidney disease
requiring kidney transplantation.

SUPPORT
In countries using a general practitioner system, such as the United Kingdom, care
may take place mainly outside hospitals, with hospital-based specialist care used
only in case of complications, difficult blood sugar control, or research projects. In
other circumstances, general practitioners and specialists share care in a team
approach. Home telehealth support can be an effective management technique.

.
 CONCLUSION

1. Plan what you eat and follow a balanced meal plan. See your dietitian at least
once a year.
2. Exercise at least five times a week for 30 minutes each session. Talk to
your doctor before starting any exercise program. Tell your doctor what kind of
exercise you want to do so adjustments can be made to your medicine schedule or
meal plan, if necessary.
3. Follow your medicine schedule as prescribed by your doctor.
4. Know what medicines (brand and generic names) you are taking and how they
work. Keep a list of your medicines with you at all times.
5. Test your blood glucose regularly, as recommended by your health care provider.
Test your blood glucose more often when you’re sick.
6. Try to continuously keep your blood glucose level at the recommended range. If
your blood glucose is less than 70 mg/dl and you have more than one unexplained
low blood glucose reaction a week, call your doctor. If your blood glucose is greater
than 160mg/dl for more than a week or if you have two consecutive readings greater
than 300 mg/dl, call your doctor
7. Contact your doctor when your blood glucose is over 300 mg/dl. Test your urine
for ketones if recommended by your doctor.
8. Record your blood glucose and urine ketone test results in a record keeping log.
Bring your log book with you to all of your doctor’s visits.
9. Keep your scheduled appointments with your health care providers. See your
doctor at least every three to four months for regular check–ups if you are treated
with insulin. See your doctor every four to six months if you are treated with other
diabetes medicines or if you are managing diabetes with diet and exercise alone.
More frequent visits might be necessary if your blood glucose is not controlled or
if complications of diabetes are progressing. Make sure your health care provider
checks your blood pressure and weight and examines your feet and insulin injection
sites.
10. Have a glycosylated haemoglobin test (HbA1c) at least two times a year or more
frequently as recommended by your doctor.
11. Have an eye exam (including a retinopathy screening test) and urinalysis test
once a year, or as recommended by your doctor. (Your doctor might request that
you have these tests more frequently).
12. Have your cholesterol and triglyceride
levels checked (lipid profile test) once a
year.
13. Have a dental exam every six months.
14. If you have any signs of infection, call
your doctor or health careprovider.
15. DO NOT SMOKE.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus
 https://www.mokshamantra.com/yoga-fordiabetes-high-blood-sugar
 http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-diabetesmellitus-