Chapter 12
Temperature and Heat
12.1 Common Temperature Scales
Temperatures are reported in degrees
Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit.
Kelvin Scale
100 oC or 212 oF
𝑇𝑇 ℃ − 0 𝑇𝑇 ℉ − 32℉
=
100 − 0 (212 − 32)
Temperature changes, on the
other hand, are reported in Celsius
degrees or Fahrenheit degrees:
9
1 C = F
5
12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale
Kelvin temperature
T = Tc + 273.15
𝑇𝑇 𝐾𝐾 = 𝑇𝑇 ℃ + 273.15
0 K = -273.15 oC
Absolute Zero
12.1 Common Temperature Scales
Example 1 Converting from a Fahrenheit to a Celsius Temperature
A healthy person has an oral temperature of 98.6oF. What would this
reading be on the Celsius scale?
degrees above ice point
98.6 F − 32 F = 66.6 F
( )
1 C
66.6 F 9 = 37.0 C
5F
37.0 C
12.1 Common Temperature Scales
Example 2 Converting from a Celsius to a Fahrenheit Temperature
A time and temperature sign on a bank indicates that the outdoor
temperature is -20.0oC. Find the corresponding temperature on
the Fahrenheit scale.
degrees below ice point
95 F
( )
20.0 C = 36.0 F
1C
32.0 F − 36.0 F = −4.0 F
ice point
What is a healthy person’s oral temperature?
(a) in oF
(b) in 0C
(c) In K
98.6 oF 37 0C 310 K
What is a Boiling water temperature ?
(a) in oF
(b) in 0C
212 oF 100 0C 373 K
What is water freezing temperature?
(a) in oF
(b) in 0C
32 oF 0 0C 273 K
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
NORMAL SOLIDS
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
∆L ∝ Lo
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF A SOLID
The length of an object changes when its temperature changes:
∆L = α Lo ∆T
coefficient of
linear expansion
Common Unit for the Coefficient of Linear Expansion:
1
C
= ( )
C −1
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
THE EXPANSION OF HOLES
Conceptual Example 5 The Expansion of Holes
The figure shows eight square tiles that are arranged to form a square pattern
with a hold in the center. If the tiled are heated, what happens to the size of the
hole?
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
A hole in a piece of solid material expands when heated and contracts when
cooled, just as if it were filled with the material that surrounds it.
12.5 Volume Thermal Expansion
VOLUME THERMAL EXPANSION
The volume of an object changes when its temperature changes:
∆V = β Vo ∆T
coefficient of
volume expansion
Common Unit for the Coefficient of Volume Expansion:
1
C
= ( )
C −1
12.6 Heat and Internal Energy
DEFINITION OF HEAT
Heat is energy that flows from a higher-
temperature object to a lower-temperature
object because of a difference in temperatures.
SI Unit of Heat: joule (J)
The heat that flows from hot to cold
originates in the internal energy of
the hot substance.
It is not correct to say that a substance
contains heat.
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
HEAT SUPPLIED OR REMOVED IN CHANGING THE TEMPERATURE
OF A SUBSTANCE
The heat that must be supplied or removed to change the temperature of
a substance is
Q = mc∆T
specific heat
capacity
Common Unit for Specific Heat Capacity: J/(kg·Co)
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
Example 9 A Hot Jogger
In a half-hour, a 65-kg jogger can generate 8.0x105J of heat. This heat
is removed from the body by a variety of means, including the body’s own
temperature-regulating mechanisms. If the heat were not removed, how
much would the body temperature increase?
Q = mc∆T
Q 8.0 × 105 J
∆T = =
mc (65 kg ) 3500 J kg ⋅ C [ ( )]
3.5 C
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
GASES
The value of the specific heat of a gas depends on whether the pressure or
volume is held constant.
This distinction is not important for solids.
OTHER UNITS
1 kcal = 4186 joules
1 cal = 4.186 joules
12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
During a phase change, the temperature of the mixture does not
change (provided the system is in thermal equilibrium).
12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
HEAT SUPPLIED OR REMOVED IN CHANGING THE PHASE
OF A SUBSTANCE
The heat that must be supplied or removed to change the phase
of a mass m of a substance is
Q = mL
latent heat
SI Units of Latent Heat: J/kg
12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
Example 14 Ice-cold Lemonade
Ice at 0oC is placed in a Styrofoam cup containing 0.32 kg of lemonade
at 27oC. The specific heat capacity of lemonade is virtually the same as
that of water. After the ice and lemonade reach an equilibrium
temperature, some ice still remains. Find the mass of the melted ice.
Assume that mass of the cup is so small that it absorbs a negligible
amount of heat.
(mL
) = (cm∆T )
f ice
lemonade
Heat gained Heat lost by
by melted ice lemonade
12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
(mL
) = (cm∆T )
f ice
lemonade
Heat gained Heat lost by
by melted ice lemonade
mice melted =
(cm∆T )lemonade
Lf
=
[4186 J (kg ⋅ C )](0.32 kg )(27 C − 0 C )
= 0.11 kg
3.35 × 105 J kg
Exam# 4 on June 9: Ch. 12 to Ch. 17
HWAssignment#4 will be active at 10 AM
is due
by Thursday 11 PM
For Recitations
Ch. 12
FOC Q: 2,4, 7, 9 & 11.
Problems: 11, 13, & following:
Problem: How much heat is required to obtain 5.0 kg of steam of
120 oC from 5.0 kg of ice at -20 oC temperature. Assuming that
The heat capacity of water = 4186 J/kgCO
The heat capacity of steam = 4186 J/kgCO
The heat capacity of ice = 2000 J/kgCO
104 𝐽𝐽
Latent heat of fusion = 33.5 ×
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Latent heat of evaporation = 22.6 × 105 𝐽𝐽/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Problem: How much heat is required to make 5 kg
steam at 120 oC from 5 kg ice that was kept at -20 oC?
Given that:
Specific heat capacity of water = 4186 J/kg/Co
Specific heat capacity of ice = 2000 J/kg/Co
Latent heat of evaporation is 2.26 *106 J/kg
Latent heat of fusion of water is 3.35*105 J/Kg
ΔT = 5 Co ΔT = 100 Co ΔT = 10 Co
Ice Ice Water Water Steam Steam
-5 oC 0 oC 0 oC 100 oC 100 oC 110 oC
Phase change Phase change
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5
1.57 × 107 𝐽𝐽
