LESSON 2: NATURE AND FUNCTION OF

SOCIAL SCIENCES WITH THE NATURAL

SCIENCES

Presented by: Lykah Fajardo

: Ane Trisfel Cuizon
: Almira Mae Mendez
 A. General Concepts and
Historical Background
Since the beginning, humans have always been
curious about what is happening in themselves and
their environment. Many theories and laws explain
the different phenomena and changes in our
bodies, environment, society, and the world. Early
people sought to explain these phenomena through
mythology.
 The advancement of science and technology
has proven to examine the natural causation of
things and thus has debunked numerous
superstitions and mythical beliefs. However, not
all people are informed, and some still believe in
the unseen as the clash between whole. Because
man, environment, humanities, and society cannot
be studied using one discipline of science alone,
their collaboration makes the understanding of
the man and the world relevant and complete.
 To analyze how natural science developed
through time, let us take a glance at its historical
background. It is divided into six (6) periods:
ancient times, Aristotelian natural philosophy,
medieval natural philosophy, Newton and the
scientific revolution, 19th-century developments,
and modern natural science.
 ANCIENT TIMES (3500-3000 BCE)

✓ This is the period where the Ancient

Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus, and China believed
that happenings in the world and to humans are a
product of mythological and religious revelations.
 ANCIENT TIMES (3500-3000 BCE)

✓ Scholars trace that this period where

understanding the natural world was survival.
Humans necessary developed for observation and
curiosity about the behavior of animals and the
usefulness of plants as a source of food and
medicine.
 ARISTOTELIAN NATURAL PHILOSOPHY
(400 BCE-1100 CE)

✓ This is the period where Aristotle gave much

attention to the physical and natural world. He
was a pioneer and became known as the Father of
Biology. Some of his works were about astronomy,
meteorology, zoology, and physics.
 ARISTOTELIAN NATURAL PHILOSOPHY
(400 BCE-1100 CE)

✓ His works were used as references during the

Ancient Romans, the Byzantes Empires and
Abbasid
✓ His principle served as an inspiration to Galileo
Galilei during Scientific Revolution.
 MEDIEVAL NATURAL PHILOSOPHY (1100-
1600 CE)

✓ Later on, theologians like Thomas Aquinas and

Albertus Magnus have seen natural philosophy as a
theological perspective that can be used in church
dogma and scriptures.
 MEDIEVAL NATURAL PHILOSOPHY (1100-
1600 CE)

✓ This is the period where the Catholic Church become

a dominant monopoly of knowledge with regards to
natural philosophy. Theologians opposed natural
science because they considered it as heresy.
✓ During the Middle Ages, those who study and
experiment on natural science were considered
performers members of the occult. of magic and
 NEWTON AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
(1600-1800 CE)
✓ This is the period where some of the Aristotelian
natural philosophy debunk and the rise of protestant
reformation begun to start conducted a scientific
inquiry.
 NEWTON AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
(1600-1800 CE)

✓ This is the period where some of the Aristotelian

natural philosophy debunk and the rise of protestant
reformation begun to start conducted a scientific
inquiry.
 NEWTON AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
(1600-1800 CE)
✓ There was the rise of the scientific method as a new
way of scientific inquiry and investigation. Experiment
and hypotheses formulation became essentials as new
scientific-based. Logic and mathematics became the
tools to interpret and analyze cause and effect.
 NEWTON AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
(1600-1800 CE)

✓ Sir Isaac Newton, an English Mathematician, and

Physicist became the most highlighted natural scientist
in this time because of his Law of Gravitational Force
and Laws of Motion.
 19TH-CENTURY DEVELOPMENTS (1800-
1900 CE)

✓ This is the period where natural philosophy

become officially named as natural science.

✓ Natural Science institutions emerged, and more

professionals linked to this new field. The term
scientist used to identify persons studying natural
science was invented by William Whewell in 1834.
 MODERN NATURAL SCIENCE (1900-PRESENT)

✓ The natural science prospers and further develops in this

period. Inventions, discoveries, and experimentations are
used for the betterment of man, society, and environment.

✓ New branches of natural science were created, including

mechanics, electrodynamics, and thermodynamics.
 MODERN NATURAL SCIENCE (1900-PRESENT)

✓ Today, natural sciences are commonly divided into life

sciences, such as botany and zoology, and physical
sciences, which include physics, chemistry. astronomy, and
Earth sciences.
 BIOLOGY

It comes from the two Greek words "bios,"

which means life and "logos," which means
study.
It is a branch of natural science which deals
with the study of living organisms, including
behaviour and development.
A person studying biology is called a
biologist.
 BOTANY

✓ It comes from the Greek word "botane," which

means pasture, grass, or plant.

✓ It is a branch of natural science which deals with

the study of different species of plants.

✓ Person studying plants is called a Botanist.

 Genetics

✓ It is a branch of natural science which deals

with the study concerning genes, genetic
variation, and hereditary of organisms.

✓ It also includes how human traits are passed

from parents to offspring through the genetic
units called genes.
 ZOOLOGY

✓ It comes from the two Greek words "zoion,"

which means animal and "logos," which means
knowledge or study.
✓ It is a branch of natural science that deals with
the study of animal kingdom, structure, evolution,
classification, and distribution of animals and how
they interact with their ecosystems.
✓ A person studying zoology is called a zoologist.
 EARTH SCIENCE

✓ It is the study of how the natural environment

(ecosphere or Earth system) works and how it evolved
to its current state.

✓ It includes the study of the atmosphere, hydrosphere,

lithosphere, and biosphere.
 PHYSICS

✓ It is the study of matter and motion through space

and time, along with related concepts such as
energy and force.

Moreover, it is the general analysis of nature,

conducted to understand how the universe behaves.