Load Combination for Beam Superstructure
(EN 1990)
References: EN1990:2002 + A1:2005, NA to BS
EN1990:2002 + A1:2005, NA to BS EN 1991-
2:2003
Design criteria
• Solely for simply supported beam only (road bridge).
• Design situation: Persistent and Transient
• Limit state design:
- Ultimate Limit State (ULS) Set B in Table NA.A2.4(B) and A2.4(B).
- Servicability Limit State (SLS) in Table A2.6.
Permanent Action, Gk,j
• Beam
• Deck slab
• Diaphragm
• Parapet
• Premix
• Superimposed dead load (SIDL)
Variable Action, Qk,i
• Traffic load (NA to BS EN1991-2 Table NA.3)
- gr1a (Load Model 1 consisting UDL, TS and Footway load)
- gr1b (Load Model 2 consisting of Single axle) Local design only
- gr2 (Frequent Load Model 1 and Horizontal Forces) Substructure design only
- gr3 (Footway load)
- gr4 (Footway load and Crowd load)
- gr5 (Frequent Load Model 1 and Load Model 3 consisting special vehicles)
- gr6 (Load Model 3 and Horizontal Forces) Substructure design only
• Non Traffic Load
- Wind Load Negligible in beam design
- Temperature gradient
Combination rules for road bridge
(BS EN1990:2002+A1:2005 Cl A2.2.2)
1. The infrequent values of variable actions may be used for certain
serviability limit states of concrete bridges Not required according to NA to BS
EN1900:2002+A1:2005 NA.2.3.3.2
2. Load Model 2 (or associated group of loads gr1b) and
concentrated load Q_fwk (refer to 5.3.2.2 in EN 1991-2) on
footways need not be combined with any other variable non
traffic action.
Combination rules for road bridge
(BS EN1990:2002+A1:2005 Cl A2.2.2)
3. Neither snow load nor wind load need be combined with:
- braking and acceleration forces or the centrifugal forces or the
associated group of loads gr2.
- loads on footways and cycle track or with the associated group
of loads gr3
- crowd loading (Load Model 4) or the associated group of loads
gr4.
Combination rules for road bridge
(BS EN1990:2002+A1:2005 Cl A2.2.2)
4. Snow loads need not be combined with Load Model 1 and 2 or
with the associated groups of loads gr1a and gr1b unless otherwise
specified for particular geographical areas. Not required due to Malaysia’s climate
5. No wind action greater than the smaller of F_w* and Ψ_0 ×F_wk
should be combined with Load Model 1 or with the assiociated
group of loads gr1a (wind load can only be accompanying variable load).
6. Wind actions and thermal actions need not be taken into account
simultaneously unless otherwise specified for local climatic
conditions.
Application example (Set B Eq 6.10 for gr1a)
• Combination 1 (Traffic load as leading variable)
Lead or Variable Load Value Gamma_Q psi_0 Factor
accompany actions case
Lead Gr1a UDL Char 1.35 0.75 1.35 x 1
TS Char 1.35 0.75 1.35 x 1
Footway 0.6 x Char 1.35 0.4 1.35 x 0.6
Accompany Temperature 1.55 0.6 1.55 x 0.6
• Combination 2 (Non traffic load as leading variable)
Lead or Variable Load case Value Gamma_Q psi_0 Factor
accompany actions
Accompany Gr1a UDL Char 1.35 0.75 1.35 x 0.75
TS Char 1.35 0.75 1.35 x 0.75
Footway 0.6 x Char 1.35 0.4 1.35 x 0.4 x 0.6
Lead Temperature 1.55 0.6 1.55 x 1
*refer to NA to BS EN 1990:2002+A1:2005 Table NA.A2.4(B)
