Anglais et

Automatique
Le but n’est pas toujours placé pour être atteint, mais pour servir de point de mire
Joseph Joubert

Université de Médéa
2015-2016
 Table des matières

Table des matières

Rappel des règles grammaticales anglaises ________________________________________ 1
Termonologie utilisée dans le domaine de l’Automatique __________________________ 11
Etude des textes technique_______________________________________________________ 20
Travail sur des support de technologie variés ______________________________________ 25
Technique de présentation de rapport et mémoires de synthèse ___________________ 30
Pg. 01 Chapitre1: Rappel

We can form simple

sentences with a Sentences
subject and a verb
in a single clause.
A simple sentences
We can include A simple sentence is a single clause with a subject and a verb. (Ex: The train didn’t come, People were
waiting).
auxiliary verbs (be,
do, have and Simple sentences can also have an object and/or an adverbial, such as an adverb or a prepositional phrase.
(Ex: I brought some cakes, We quickly closed the windows, He moved to London in 1588).
modals, we can use
verbs with an Simple sentences with linking verbs, such as be or look, have complements that describe the subject. (Ex: Leila
object. is a nurse, She wasn’t ready. Her hair looked wet).

We form Verbs
compound Most verbs are action verbs, used to describe actions (what we do) and events (what happens). Ex: He runs
sentences with every night, I saw him in the park.

clauses joined by
Some verbs are state verbs rather than action verbs, they are used to describe states: what we thrink, how we
the coordinating feel and relationship, especially those concerned with inclusion and possession.
conjunctions
Ex: I know what you mean, I appreciate all your help, that old suitcase belongs to me.

We form complex
We don’t usually use state verbs in the continuous (NOT: that suitcase is belonging to me), Other state verbs
sentences with include: consist of, include, matter, own, prefer, realize, remember, resemble, We also use linking verbs (be,
clauses joined by seem, ect…) to describe states: how things are or seem to be. (Ex: These flowers are beautiful, everythings
seems fine, your friend appears to be nervous).
subordinating
conjunctions We can use the auxiliary verbs be, do and have with other verbs when we form different tenses, questions
and negatives and for emphasis, (Ex: the boys have been waiting for you. What did Josh say? He didn’t say
anything, You aren’t working very hard). We also use be, do and have as main verbs, (Ex: He is lazy. He does
nothing. He has no money).

Subjects and verbs

The subject of a sentence is usually the first noun phrase or pronoun identifying who or what is performing an
action expressed by the verb. It can identify who or what is experiencing something, it can also be the focus
of a description, (Ex: Tony lost his keys, the children heard a loud noise, Lions are large and powerful).

We usually put the subject before the verb except in questions and sentences using inversion, (Ex: Where has
she been? Never had I seen such a fierce animal).
Pg. 02 Chapitre1: Rappel

Verbs and objects

Verbs with objects (transitive verbs)

Transitive verbs have objects, usually noun phrases or pronouns, (Ex: He kicked a small stone, it hit me), We use
a transitive verb to describe an action that affects an object or to describe a feeling or experience caused
by an object, (Ex: I’ll cut the grass), others include: carry, catch, fix, heat, prepare, protect, rob, scratch, sell,
trim (Ex: Did you enjoy the concert), others include: admire, believe, fear, hate, hear, love, need, please,
prefer, receive.

Only transitive verbs can be used in the passive (Ex: Someone stole my bag my bag was stolen), We usually
use a prepositional phrase after the object of a transitive verb such as put (Ex: He put the keys in the drawer).

Verbs without objects (transitive verbs)

Intransitive verbs are used without an object (Ex: I can’t sleep, Everyone was waiting, but he didn’t care “NOT:
He didn’t care it”).

Verbs with indirect objects and clauses

Verbs with indirect objects

We use two objects after some verbs: an indirect object and a direct object. With a verb such as send, we
can put the indirect object after the verb or after the preposition to. The indirect object (you,everyone), (Ex:
I’ll send you a postcard. Did you give everyone a form?).(I’ll send a postcard to you). Others include: bring,
lend, offer, pass, post, read, sell, show, teach, tell, throw, write. We don’t put to+indirect object before a direct
object (NOT: Did you give to everyone a form).

With a verb such as buy, we can put the indirect object after the verb or after the preposition for. The indirect
object (him, me, you) benefit from the action of the verb(buy, do, make), (Ex: She bought him a tie, can you
do me a favour), (Ex: She bought a tie for him, can you do a favour for me). Others include: build, cook, cut,
draw, fetch, find, get keep, leave, order, pick, save. We don’t put for+indirect object before adirect object
(Not: I’ll make for you sandwich).

We put shorter object, especially pronoun, before longer objects. When we use pronoun for both objects after
verb, we put indirect object pronoun first, (Ex: Show me the prize you won. Show me it. NOT: Show it me).

With verbs such as describe or explain, we put the indirect object after a preposition, not after the verb ( Ex:
He described the man to them, He explained the plan to us, not He explained us the plan).

With the verb such as cost, we must put the indirect object after the verb (Ex: the mistake cost us a lot of
money, I bet you £5, Not: I bet £5 to you). Others include: deny, forgive, grudge, refuse.
Pg. 03 Chapitre1: Rappel

Verbs with clauses

We can use that-clauses as direct objects after ‘thinking’ verbs such as believe or think and after ‘reporting’
verbs such as explain or say. (Ex: They believed that the sun went round the earth. She said that she would be
late). Note that the word that is often omitted: He thinks the students are lazy.

After verbs reporting questions, we can begin the clause with if , whether. (Ex: The teacher asked if anyone
was absent. They enquired whether it was legal or not. We should ask what it costs. I wonder when they’ll make
the decision).

After reporting verbs such as remind or tell, we must have indirect object before the clause. (Ex: I’ll remind him
that you’re here. You told me that he was ill. NOT: You told that he was ill). Others include: assure, convince,
inform, notify, persuade.

After a reporting verb such as admit, we must use to before an indirect object a clause. (Ex: He admitted to
the police that he had stolen the money. NOT: He admitted the police that he had stolen the money). Others
include: boast, confess, declare, hint, propose, reveal.

Linking verbs

Linking verbs and complements

Linking verbs, such as be or seem, are followed by a complement that describe or identifies the
subject of the sentences. Complement can be adjectives, noun phrases or prepositional phrases,
(Ex: That isn’t funny, it doesn’t seem possible, you sound unhappy, I am student. She said she was
on a diet). Linking verbs are also called copulas or copular verbs.

We can use seem and appear as linking verbs with an infinitive and a complement. We can also
use seem with and without to be before complements. Seem is less formal that appear. (Ex: Bill
seems to have no friends. There appears to be a problems (not: There appears a problem). The
old man seemed (to be) lost.

In American English, to be is not left out after seem: He seemed to be a hard-working student.

We can use verbs describing our sense experiences (feel, smell, taste) or our opinions (look, sound)
as linking verbs with adjectives or with like before noun phrases, (Ex : I feel great !, you look much
better. Her suggestion sounded like a good idea, your drawing looks like a cat, NOT: Your drawing
looks a cat). With some verbs (make, find, call) we can use adjectives and noun phrases as
complements after the objects to describe or add information about the objects. (That make me
angry. She called him a fool).
Pg. 04 Chapitre1: Rappel

Linking Verbs used to express change

We use become and get as linking verbs to talk about result of change, Ex: The world is becoming/
getting more crowded. Everything will get worse before it gets better.

We can use become (not get) as a linking verb with noun complement and get (not become) in
many common phrases describing actions. Get is less formal than become. (Ex: We became
friends. NOT: We became to be friends. Let’s get ready. NOT: Let’s become ready)

We can use go and turn to talk about change. We can turn into before a noun phrase for a
complement change of state. (Ex: I’ll go crazy if I have to wait. The light turned green).

We can use come and grow as linking verbs with adjectives in phrases that usually express slower
change, unless modified by adverbs such as suddenly or unexpectedly. We can use come and
grow before infinitives to describe gradual change. (Ex: Dreams come true. People grow old. We
came to see things as shed did).

We use some verbs (keep, remain, stay) as linking verbs to talk about a situation not changing,
(Ex: Please keep quiet. We tried to stay warm). Note that these verbs are not used with to be (NOT :
I’ll keep to be quiet. We stayed to be awake).

Compound and complex sentences

Compound sentences

A compound sentences has two or more clauses joined by coordinating conjunction: and, but,
or. (Ex: You can take the bus or stay here and I’ll drive you tomorrow, but I’m not driving tonight).

We usually leave out the same subject, the same object+verb or the same subject + auxiliary from
later clauses in compound sentence. (Ex: They played well, but they lost). Leaving out the subject
and/or other part of the sentence is called ellipsis.

We usually leave out the same verb+object after verb in later clause, but we prefer to leave out
repeat objects and/or prepositional phrases from the first clause. (Ex: I’ll wash and peel the
potatoes).

We can emphasize the relationship between two clauses in compound sentences by using
different combination or a combination of negative. (Ex: They not only clean houses, but also do
repairs, painting and other odd jobs).
Pg. 05 Chapitre1: Rappel

Complex sentences

We create complex sentences by joining two or more clause with subordinating conjunctions such
as because, before, that, which, etc...(Ex: I couldn’t sleep because I was thinking about all the
work that I had to do before I could leave). Note that the same subject is repeated (NOT: I couldn’t
sleep because was thinking). Others include: Although, as, if, in order that, since, when, who.

Complex sentences contain relative clauses, noun clauses, and adverbial clauses. We can put
adverbial clauses, followed by a comma, at the beginning of complex sentences. (Ex: I had a
shower after I ran, He’s still working although he’s 72. We won’t play if it trains.

Compound- complex sentences

We form compound-complex sentences with three or more clauses joined by both coordinating
and subordinating conjunctions. (Ex: Harold said, ‘I was so relieved that no one else was hurt, but
I hoped the drive would survive).
Pg. 06 Chapitre1: Rappel

Tenses

Tense is the relationship between form of the verb and the time of the action or state it describes.
We often use the auxiliary verbs be and have with other verbs when we form different tenses.

Verbs, auxiliary verbs and tenses

The base form of the verb is listed in the dictionary. It used in the imperative and the infinitive. (Ex:
Stop! Please wait. Don’t be impatient. Ask someone to help you).

Most verbs are used to describe actions or events. Some verbs are used for state. (Ex: I’ll open the
window. Do you know Mark? Anil seem really nice? I believe you). We don’t usually use state verbs
in the continuous form (NOT: I’m believing you)

We use auxiliary do with the base form to make questions and negatives in the present and past
simple. (EX: What did Ann want for lunch?~ She didn’t want anything.

We use auxiliary be with the present participle (-ing form) of the verb to make continuous form
and auxiliary have with the past participle (-ed) to make perfect forms. We use auxiliary
have+been with present participle to make perfect continuous forms (Ex: Are you waiting for me?
Have you finished already? We had been studying for hours). The continuous form is also called
the progressive.

We use modal auxiliaries (modals) with the base of the verb or with the auxiliaries be and have
(Ex: They will help us. I’ll be waiting for you. We won’t have finished. NOT: We won’t finished).

Present and present perfect

Present simple and present continuous

We use the present simple for permanent situation and thing that are generally true (Ex: Giraffes
live in Africa. It rains more in winter). We also use present simple for habit, things that happen
regularly, with verbs that describe current state and in informal reports or instructions. (Ex: He
smokes cigars. They play bingo on Monday nights. He owns his flat, NOT He is owning fis flat. You
go to the end and turn left).
Pg. 07 Chapitre1: Rappel

When we form an action by speaking, for example when we promise to do something, we usually
use the present simple, not the present continuous. (Ex: I accept their decision. I promise to be
more careful NOT He is promising to be more careful). Other verbs used like this include: admit,
apologize, bet deny, insist, regret.

We use the present continuous for actions in progress or to talk about being in the middle of an
activity. (Ex: Hi, I’m calling to let you know I’m coming, but it’s snowing and the traffic is moving
slowly.

We can describe current situations as permanent with the present simple or as temporary with the
present continuous (Ex: My brother Alan lives in London and works for a magazine. He writes about
economics. My sister Fiona is living with Alan just now. She isn’t working yet. She’s looking for a
job.

We can use be and have in the present simple for a typical situation or state and in the present
continuous for a temporary or special situation (Ex: Wendy’s normally a quiet person. She has a
gentle voice. NOT: She’s having a gentle voice. Wendy’s being wild tonight. She’s having a
graduation party. NOT: She has a party).

Present perfect and present perfect continuous

We use the present perfect to talk about or describe an action or situation started in the past
which connects to the present, when we mean ‘at any point up to now’ and with state verbs (Ex:
How long have you worked here? I’ve worked here since 1997. This is the best coffee I have ever
tasted. I have known Tony for about five years. NOT: I know him for five years/ I’ve been knowing
him for five years).

We use the present perfect continuous when we talk about an activity in progress up to the
present and to ask about or describe actions which go on over a period of time up to the present
(Ex : They’ve been repairing our street and it’s been causing a lot of traffic problems. Have you
been waiting long? ~ I’ve been sitting here for an hour NOT: Are you waiting long).

We use the present perfect continuous to describe something as if it is a continuous action up to

the present and the present perfect to describe it as a series of separate actions. (Ex: He’s been
calling for you. It has been raining a lot recently. NOT: It’s raining a lot recently. He has called four
times and he has asked for you each time. NOT: He has been calling four times).

We can describe an action as a process going on from earlier up to the present (present perfect
continuous) or as the present result of an earlier action (present perfect). (Ex: We’ve been making
Pg. 08 Chapitre1: Rappel

chicken soup. That’s why the kitchen is hot and steamy. We’ve made chicken soup. That’s what
everyone is eating. Would you like some?)

Past and past perfect

Past simple and past continuous

We use the past simple for completed actions in the past and past states. (Ex: Edison invented the
light bulb. That ring belonged to my mother. NOT: It was belonging to my mother).

We use the past simple for two or more past actions in sequence, especially in narrative. (Ex: He
took off his hat and came forward).

To talk about habits in the past or to make a stronger contrast with the present, we can use the
form used to. The negative is didn’t use to or (more formally) used not to. We can also use would
to talk about typical actions or activities during a period in the past. (He used to smoke a lot. NOT:
He was used to smoke a lot. They used not to be enemies. In summer, we would take trips to the
country).

We used the past continuous to describe actions in progress at a specific time in the time (Ex:
What were you doing at 8.30 last night?~I wasn’t doing anything special. I was just reading). We
can use the past continuous with some verbs (wonder, hope) to make a request polite. (Ex: I was
wondering when I could talk to you).

We can use the past simple when we want to describe a past activity as a series of separate
actions and the past continuous to describe the past activity as if it was a continuous action. In
many cases, the past simple and past continuous can be used interchangeably. (Ex: Usually she
went to the library about once a week and only studied occasionally for tests.

In sentences with when-and while-clauses, we can use the past continuous to describe an activity
in one clause that starts before an action in another clause. The activity that starts later may
interrupt the first activity. (Ex: We saw Henry while we were walking in the park. I was listening to
the news when she phoned).

Past perfect and past perfect continuous

We use the past perfect (or pluperfect) when we are describing an action with the past simple
and we want to refer to an action further in the past. We also use the past perfect for earlier events
after clauses with reporting or thinking verbs in the past. (Ex: Susan didn’t have the money because
Pg. 09 Chapitre1: Rappel

she had spent it. Joe told me our team had scored twice. I thought we had won. NOT: I thought
we have won).

We use the past perfect continuous for events in progress before another event in the past. (Ex: I
had been thinking about that before you mentioned it). State verbs are not used in this way. (NOT:
I had been knowing about that before you mentioned it).

We can describe an action as a process going on before a past event (past perfect continuous).
We can also describe it as the result of an action before a past event (past perfect). (Ex: We had
been making chicken soup so the kitchen was still hot and steamy when she came in. We had
made chicken soup so we offered her some when she came in).

Present perfect or past simple?

We use the present perfect when we think a situation has not ended and the past simple when
we think the situation ended. (Ex: I have lived in London for a year. I lived in London for a year).

We use the present perfect with time expressions for a period up to now (lately, so far). We use the
past simple with time expressions for a period that ended earlier (last night, yesterday). (Ex: Have
you seen any good films lately. Did you see that film last night? I didn’t do the homework
yesterday. NOT: Have you seen that film last night? I haven’t done the homework yesterday).

We use the present perfect when we are talking about actions up to the present which might
happen again and the past simple for actions which we don’t think will happen again. (Ex: He has
often had health problems. She wrote several books of poetry in the last years of her life).

In clauses beginning with after, as soon as and when, we can use the present perfect for
completed actions in the future and the past simple for completed actions in the past. (Ex:
After/As soon as/when he has made his copies. I will do mine”=He hasn’t made his copies yet.
Neither have I”. As soon as he made his copies, I did mine”=He made his copies first, then I made
mine).

Past perfect or past simple

When we are talking about actions in the past, with the past simple (won), and we want to refer
to actions even further in the past, we use the past perfect(had won). (Ex: Jenny Fisher won her
first gold medal in 2004. She had won two silver medals in previous Olympics, but this was her first
gold).
Pg. 10 Chapitre1: Rappel

With the past simple (arrived) in a when-clause, we use the past perfect (had started) in the main
clause for an earlier action and the past simple (started) for later action. (Ex: When he arrived in
the morning, we had started work. “=We started work before he arrived”. When he arrived in the
morning, we started work. “=We started work after he arrived”.) Note that two verbs in the past
simple can suggest a cause and effect: when I called, he came.

In conditionals, we use the past perfect for something that did not happen and the past simple
for something that might happen. (Ex: If you had come, you could have stayed with us. If you
came, you could stay with us.

We usually use the past perfect, not the past simple, with some adverbs (already, just, still). (Ex: the
students had just opened their books when the fire alarm went off).

Future

There is no single form used as the future tense. We can use will plus the base form of a verb to
give or ask for information about the future and to talk about possible future actions when we
make promises, requests or threats. We usually use contracted forms after pronoun (‘ll) or in
negatives (won’t) unless we are being formal or emphatic. (Ex: Stop or I’ll call the police, I won’t
tell anyone).

We can use shall with I or we to express determination, or in questions to make offers or

suggestions. We will forgive, but we shall never forget. In American English, will/won’t (not
shall/shan’t) are used with I and we.
Pg. 11 Chapitre2: Terminologies

W
Termonologie utilisée dans le domaine de
Génie électrique
Traduction Technique (Français-Anglais)
A
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B
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c
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D
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D
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F
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G
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H
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I
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L
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M
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N
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O
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P
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R
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S
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T
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V
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Z
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