Design of Steel members

to be updated

Lauri Salokangas
Aalto University

LS Fundamentals of Structural Design 1

Design of Steel Beams and Colums

Contents:
1. Steel in structures
2. Behaviour of Steel
3. Design of Steel Beams and Columns
• in bending
• normal force

Fundamentals of Structural Design 2

Steel Frames

Fundamentals of Structural Design 3

Steel Bridges

Fundamentals of Structural Design 4

Steel in Structures

Fundamentals of Structural Design 5

Steel in Structures

Fundamentals of Structural Design 6

Steel profiles and material
Hot rolled profiles are HEA,
HEB, IPE, etc.
Also welded profiles are
common and applicable
S355/J2G3
• S = structural steel
• Yield strength = 355 MPa
• J2 = materia quality class
• G3 = compacted by tungsten
Design values in ultimate limit state are
obtained from charasteristic values
given in table by dividing it partial with
material coeffecient:
γd = 1,0 or 1,1

fyd= fyk /γd , fyk characteristic yield stress

fud= fuk /γd , fyk characteristic failure stress

Fundamentals of Structural Design 7

Strength values and stress-strain relation
Material
Material values of structural EN-steel
thickness
steel is based on the
stress-strain relation given
in the figure.

Strength values are

dependent of the material
thickness

Structural steel:
Ed = 210 GPa = Modulus of elasticity

G = E / 2(1+ν) ~ 81 Mpa = Modulus for shear

ν = 0,3 = Poisson’s ratio

Fundamentals of Structural Design 8

Span of different type of Steel Girders

Girder type Span [m] Application

L-profiles 3-6 Purlins, roof support, bracings
Cold formed profiles 4-8 Window frames, small spans
Hot rolled Profiles IPE, 1 - 30 The profiles have been developed to
HEA, HEB prevent sekundary failures
Truss beam 4 – 40 L-profiles may be used as members
of the truss as chords or diagonals
Beams with holes in the 6 - 60 Trough the holes pipes in the
web structures can be conducted
Welded steel profiles 10 - 100 The height can be 3…4 m
Welded box beams 15 - 300 Fabricated from sheets. Used in
bridges especially curved members

Fundamentals of Structural Design 9

Some basic features of Steel Beams
Typical features of steel beams:
N/NCR
• High stresses compared to Plate
concrete or timber
Overcritical area
• Self weight is relatively small
compared to imposed loads 1,0

Column
• Usually many details to design;
welds, bolted joints, fatigue
problems, ageing, corrosion
Comparison between the
• Needs management during life behaviour of initially straight
cycle; inspection, painting plate and column under
compression
• Steel structures are mostly NCR = Euler’s buckling load
slender -> stability phenomenas Column loses its capacity, when
N = NCR , but plate is still carrying
play important role in design more load (overcritical area)

Fundamentals of Structural Design 10

Three basic instability cases of steel beams
1) Column buckling (=nurjahdus) 3)
Well-known Euler buckling case is 1)
based on: 2)
• Centrally loaded normal force
• Material is elastic and deformations small
• Originally straight column
𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
Ncr = .
(𝛽𝛽𝐿𝐿)2
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑟𝑟 = Critical buckling load (check to weaker direction)
𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

2) Plate buckling (=lommahdus)

• Slender compressed parts of the section buckle out of plane

3) Sidesway buckling of the beam (=kiepahdus)

• Due to slender compresssed flange the beam bends suddently sidesways and rotates
• Can be avoided by supporting the beam in horizontal direction

Fundamentals of Structural Design 11

 Some typical buckling forms
• Buckling of the steel sheet is
like two dimensional column
buckling
• Buckling forms may vary in
different profiles depending
on stiffeners

• Buckling of a compressed
flange of the free edge of
beam
• Local buckling under big
concentrated load

• Shear buckling of a web

caused by the inclined
compression stress in shear
area

Fundamentals of Structural Design 12

Cross-section classes of Steel members
Cross-section Class 1: Perfect plastic hinge can
be formed. The beam must have adequate rotation
capacity

Cross-section Class 2: Plastic hinge may be

formed, but rotation capacity is not adequate – for
example buckling of some part can restrain rotation
to develope.

Cross-section Class 3: The compression stress reach

yield stress, but the cross-section buckles before fully
plastic moment has developed

Cross-section Class 4: Part of the cross-section

buckles elastically before compression stress has
reached yield stress of the whole compression flange –
only part of the buckled section are taking account to
moment capacity

Fundamentals of Structural Design 13

Cross-section classes of Steel members
𝑴𝑴𝒄𝒄,𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹

By dividing cross-sections into classes

𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
the design of steel structures comes
more easy because the complicated 𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
buckling analysis is avoided
Design bending moment capacity 𝑴𝑴𝒄𝒄,𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 Cross-section Cross-section Cross-section
𝒄𝒄
= design resistance for bending Class 1 and 2 Class 3 Class 4 𝜷𝜷 =
𝜷𝜷 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝜷𝜷 𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 𝒕𝒕
of cross-section can be determinated for
Compact Semicompact Slender
different classes as follows: cross-section cross-section cross-section
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

Increasing slenderness  decreasing capacity

Cross-section Class 1, 2:
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑀𝑀𝑃𝑃𝑙𝑙,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
Fully plastic resistance of the cross-section 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

Cross-section Class 3:
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑀𝑀𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≥ 𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
Moment capacity is at least the elastic resistance in bending 𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

Cross-section Class 4:
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑀𝑀0,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 Moment capacity is smaller as elastic - reristance is reduced

Fundamentals of Structural Design 14

Cross-section Classes of the Steel members
EC3: Table 5.2 (sheet 1 of 3):
Maximum width-to-thickness
ratios for compression parts

Table is used to define to

which class the compres-
sed part of the cross -
section belongs.
Sheet 1 is for compressed
plates which are supported
on two opposite edges; as
web plates are in I-beams.
In bending the first column
gives the classification
according width-to-
thickness ratio:
𝒄𝒄
𝜷𝜷 =
𝒕𝒕

Fundamentals of Structural Design 14

Cross-section Classes of the Steel members
EC3: Table 5.2 (sheet 2 of 3): Maximum width-to-thickness ratios for compression parts

Sheet 2 is for compres-

sed plate parts, which
are supported only on
one edge and the other
edge is without support

In bending the the first

column is used to de-
fine the cross-section
class for a part of
compressed flange

Width to thickness
ratio is ratio of a
slender part is
needed to check the
class:
𝒄𝒄
𝜷𝜷 = ≤ 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝒕𝒕

Fundamentals of Structural Design 14

Double symmetric cross-section in bending

Dependence of cross- c 𝒘𝒘 Web area buckles and

section class as a 𝜷𝜷𝒘𝒘 =
t 𝒘𝒘 must reduced
function of compressed
slenderness of the Class 4 Both web and
flange arweas are
flange (𝜷𝜷𝒇𝒇 ) or web (𝜷𝜷𝒘𝒘 ). 𝜷𝜷 𝒘𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 to be reduced

Class 4
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
Width to thickness ratio of
parts (𝜷𝜷 ) determinate into
which class the cross- 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 Class 3 Compressed
flange buckles
section belongs and area need
𝜷𝜷 𝒘𝒘𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 reducing

Classes 1 and 2
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
The effective cross-section
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
must be reduced in class 4
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 Class 4

𝜷𝜷 𝒇𝒇𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝜷𝜷 𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 c 𝒇𝒇
𝜷𝜷𝒇𝒇 =
t 𝒇𝒇

Fundamentals of Structural Design 14

Design of Steel Columns
a) Centrally loaded column in tension is
designed according to lower value of:
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦
𝑁𝑁𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝛾𝛾
𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢
𝑁𝑁𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀2

𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢 , 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = charakteristic failure or yield stress

A,𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = brutto or netto areas of cross-section
𝛾𝛾𝑢𝑢𝑀𝑀𝑀 ,𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀𝑀 = partial material coefficients 1,0 or 1,1

b) Centrally loaded short column under compression:

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦
𝑁𝑁𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝛾𝛾 Reduced 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 area is not needed in compression
𝑀𝑀𝑀

c) Centrally loaded slender column under compression

Generally load carrying capacity in compression is determined as

𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 = 𝜒𝜒𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴 where 𝜒𝜒 = reduction factor for column buckling

Fundamentals of Structural Design 18

Design of slender Steel Columns
Design buckling resistance of a compression
member for Class 1,2 and 3 is
𝜒𝜒𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦
𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀1

where reduction factor 𝜒𝜒 is calculated from:

1
𝜒𝜒 =
𝜙𝜙 + 𝜙𝜙 2 − λ2

In which
𝜙𝜙 = 0,5(1 + 𝛼𝛼 𝜆𝜆̅ − 0,2 + 𝜆𝜆̅2 )
Imperfection factor 𝛼𝛼 is selected using EC3 Table 6.1 and Table 6.2

Table 6.1 Imperfection factor 𝛼𝛼

Buckling curve a0 a b c d
Imperfection factor α 0,13 0,21 0,34 0,49 0,76

Fundamentals of Structural Design 19

Design of Steel Column

Column slenderness is
obtained from equation:

N𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝐴f𝑦𝑦 𝑙𝑙𝑐𝑐 f𝑦𝑦

𝜆𝜆̅ = = =
Ncr Ncr 𝑖𝑖𝜋𝜋 𝐸𝐸

lc = 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 = buckling length

Reduction factor 𝜒𝜒 can either

be obtained from the buckling
curves on next slide as a
function of 𝜆𝜆̅
or defined using the equation
on the previous slide

Fundamentals of Structural Design 20

Design of Steel Column
Reduction factor 𝝌𝝌

𝜒𝜒

N𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝜆𝜆̅ =
Column slenderness Ncr

Fundamentals of Structural Design 21

Design of Steel Column
B𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢 𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜

𝜒𝜒

lc = 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽

𝛽𝛽 = 1 𝛽𝛽 = 0,5 𝛽𝛽 = 0,7 𝛽𝛽 =

Fundamentals of Structural Design 22