Ötzi

Ötzi, also called The Iceman, is the natural mummy

of a man who lived between 3350 and 3105 BC. Ötzi's Ötzi
remains were discovered on 19 September 1991, in the
Ötztal Alps (hence the nickname "Ötzi", German:
[œtsi]) at the Austria–Italy border. He is Europe's
oldest known natural human mummy, offering an
unprecedented view of Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
Europeans.

Because of the presence of an arrowhead embedded in

Reconstruction of Ötzi mummy as shown in
his left shoulder and various other wounds, researchers
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France
believe that Ötzi was killed by another person. The
nature of his life and the circumstances of his death are Pronunciation German pronunciation: [ˈœtsi]
ⓘ
the subject of much investigation and speculation. His
remains and personal belongings are on exhibit at the Born c. 3275 BC
South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, near the present village of
South Tyrol, Italy. Feldthurns (Velturno), north of
Bolzano, Italy
Died c. 3230 BC (aged about 45)
Discovery Ötztal Alps, near Tisenjoch on
the border between Austria
Ötzi was found on 19 September 1991 by two German and Italy
tourists, at an elevation of 3,210 m (10,530 ft) on the Other names Ötzi the Iceman
east ridge of the Fineilspitze in the Ötztal Alps on the
Similaun Man (Italian: Mummia
Austrian–Italian border, near Similaun mountain and
del Similaun)
the Tisenjoch pass. When the tourists, Helmut and
Erika Simon, first saw the body, they both believed Man from Tisenjoch
that they had happened upon a recently deceased Man from Hauslabjoch
mountaineer.[3] The next day, a mountain gendarme Frozen Man
and the keeper of the nearby Similaunhütte first Frozen Fritz[1][2]
attempted to remove the body, which was frozen in ice
Tyrolean Iceman
below the torso, using a pneumatic drill and ice axes,
but bad weather forced them to give up. Within a short Known for Oldest natural mummy of a
time, eight groups visited the site, among whom were Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
mountaineers Hans Kammerlander and Reinhold European man
Messner. Height 160 cm (5 ft 3 in)
Website South Tyrol Museum of
The body was extracted on 22 September and salvaged
Archaeology ([Link]
the following day. It was transported to the office of
[Link]/)
the medical examiner in Innsbruck, together with other
objects found nearby. On 24 September, the find was examined
there by archaeologist Konrad Spindler of the University of
Innsbruck. He dated the find to be "at least four thousand years
old" on the basis of the typology of an axe among the retrieved
objects.[4][5] Tissue samples from the corpse and other
accompanying materials were later analyzed at several
scientific institutions and their results unequivocally concluded
that the remains belonged to someone who had lived between
3359 and 3105 BC, or some 5,000 years ago.[5] More specific
Discovery site marked on a map of the
estimates find that there was a 66% chance he died between Alps
3239 and 3105 BC, a 33% chance he died between 3359 and
3294 BC, and a 1% chance he died between 3277 and 3268
BC.[6]

Border dispute
At the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 1919, the border between North and South Tyrol was defined
as the watershed of the rivers Inn and Etsch. Near Tisenjoch, the glacier (which has since retreated)
complicated establishing the watershed and the border was drawn too far north. Although Ötzi's find site
drains to the Austrian side, land surveys in October 1991 ultimately proved that the body had been
located 92.56 m (101.22 yd) inside Italian territory, which was in consonance with Italy's original 1919
ownership claim.[7] The province of South Tyrol claimed property rights but agreed to let Innsbruck
University finish its scientific examinations. Since 1998, he has been on display at the South Tyrol
Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, the capital of South Tyrol.[8]

Scientific analyses
The corpse has been extensively examined, measured, X-rayed, and dated. Tissues and intestinal contents
have been examined microscopically, as have the items found with the body. In August 2004, frozen
bodies of three Austro-Hungarian soldiers killed during the Battle of San Matteo (1918) were found on
the mountain Punta San Matteo in Trentino. One body was sent to a museum in the hope that research on
how the environment had affected its preservation would help unravel Ötzi's past.[9]

Body
By the most recent estimates, at the time of his death, Ötzi was 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall, weighed about
50 kg (110 lb), and was about 45 years of age.[10][11] When his body was found, it weighed 13.750 kg
(30 lb 5.0 oz).[12][13] Because the body was covered in ice shortly after his death, it had only partially
deteriorated. Initial reports claimed that his penis and most of his scrotum were missing, but this was later
shown to be unfounded.[14] Analysis of pollen, dust grains and the isotopic composition of his tooth
enamel indicates that he spent his childhood near the present South Tyrol village of Feldthurns, north of
Bolzano, but later went to live in valleys about 50 kilometres (31 mi) farther north.[15]

In 2009, a CAT scan revealed that the stomach had shifted upward to where his lower lung area would
normally be. Analysis of the contents revealed the partly digested remains of ibex meat, confirmed by
DNA analysis, suggesting he had had a meal less than two hours before his death. Wheat grains were also
found.[16] It is believed that Ötzi most likely had a few slices
of a dried, fatty meat, which came from a wild goat in South
Tyrol, Italy.[17] Analysis of Ötzi's intestinal contents showed
two meals (the last one consumed about eight hours before
his death), one of chamois meat, the other of red deer and
herb bread; both were eaten with roots and fruits. The grain
also eaten with both meals was a highly processed einkorn
wheat bran,[18] quite possibly eaten in the form of bread. In
the proximity of the body, and thus possibly originating from
the Iceman's provisions, chaff and grains of einkorn and Ötzi the Iceman, while still frozen in the
barley, and seeds of flax and poppy were discovered, as well glacier, photographed by Helmut Simon
upon the discovery of the body in
as kernels of sloes (small plum-like fruits of the blackthorn
September 1991
tree) and various seeds of berries growing in the wild.[19]

Hair analysis was used to examine his diet from several months before. Pollen in the first meal showed
that it had been consumed in a mid-altitude conifer forest, and other pollens indicated the presence of
wheat and legumes, which may have been domesticated crops. Pollen grains of hop-hornbeam were also
discovered. The pollen was very well preserved, with the cells inside remaining intact, indicating that it
had been fresh (estimated about two hours old) at the time of Ötzi's death, which places the event in the
spring or early summer. Einkorn wheat is harvested in the late summer, and sloes in the autumn; these
must have been stored from the previous year.[20]

High levels of both copper particles and arsenic were found in Ötzi's hair. This, along with Ötzi's copper
axe blade, which is 99.7% pure copper, has led scientists to speculate that Ötzi was involved in copper
smelting.[21]

By examination of the proportions of Ötzi's tibia, femur and pelvis, it was postulated that Ötzi's lifestyle
included long walks over hilly terrain. This degree of mobility is not characteristic of other Copper Age
Europeans. This may indicate that Ötzi was a high-altitude shepherd.[22]

Using modern 3D scanning technology, a facial reconstruction has been created for the South Tyrol
Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy. It shows Ötzi looking old for his 45 years, with deep-set
brown eyes, a beard, a furrowed face, and sunken cheeks. He is depicted as looking tired and
ungroomed.[23]

Health
Ötzi apparently had Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), an intestinal parasite. During CT scans, it was
observed that three or four of his right ribs had been cracked when he had been lying face down after
death, or where the ice had crushed his body. One of his fingernails (of the two found) shows three Beau's
lines, indicating he was sick three times in the six months before he died. The last incident, two months
before he died, lasted about two weeks.[24] It was also found that his epidermis, the outer skin layer, was
missing, a natural process from his mummification in ice.[25] Ötzi's teeth showed considerable internal
deterioration from cavities. These oral pathologies may have been brought about by his grain-heavy,
high-carbohydrate diet.[26] DNA analysis in February 2012 revealed that Ötzi was lactose intolerant,
supporting the theory that lactose intolerance was still common at that time, despite the increasing spread
of agriculture and dairying.[27] Ötzi's lungs were examined endoscopically and were found to be
blackened by soot, probably due to his frequent proximity to open fires for warmth and
cooking.[28][29][30]

Skeletal details and tattooing

Ötzi had a total of 61 tattoos, consisting of 19 groups of black lines ranging from 1–3 mm (0.039–
0.118 in) in width and 7–40 mm (0.28–1.57 in) in length.[31] These include groups of parallel lines
running along the longitudinal axis of his body and to both sides of the lumbar spine, as well as a
cruciform mark behind the right knee and on the right ankle, and parallel lines around the left wrist. The
greatest concentration of markings is found on his legs, which together exhibit 12 groups of lines.[32] A
microscopic examination of samples collected from these tattoos revealed that they were created from
pigment manufactured out of fireplace ash or soot.[33] This pigment was then rubbed into small linear
incisions or punctures.[34] It has been suggested that Ötzi was repeatedly tattooed in the same locations,
since the majority of them are quite dark.[34]

Radiological examination of Ötzi's bones showed "age-conditioned or strain-induced degeneration"

corresponding to many tattooed areas, including osteochondrosis and slight spondylosis in the lumbar
spine and wear-and-tear degeneration in the knee and especially in the ankle joints.[35] It has been
speculated that these tattoos may have been part of pain relief treatments similar to acupressure or
acupuncture,[32] though Ötzi lived at least 2,000 years before their previously known earliest use in China
(c. 1000 BC).[36] For example, 9 of the 19 groups of his tattoos are located next to, or directly on,
acupunctural areas used today, and most of the others are on meridians and other acupunctural regions of
the body and over arthritic joints. Ötzi's abdominal tattoos may have assuaged the intestinal pain of
whipworm, which he is thought to have had.[34][37]

At one point, it was thought that Ötzi was the oldest tattooed human mummy yet discovered.[38][39] In
2018, however, tattoos were discovered on nearly contemporaneous Egyptian mummies.[40]

Many of Ötzi's tattoos originally went unnoticed, since they are difficult to see with the naked eye. In
2015, researchers photographed the body using noninvasive multispectral techniques to capture images
on different light wavelengths that are imperceptible by humans, revealing the remainder of his
tattoos.[34][37]

Clothes and shoes

Ötzi wore a cloak made of woven grass[41] and a coat, a belt, a pair of leggings, a loincloth, and shoes, all
made of leather of different skins. He also wore a bearskin cap with a leather chin strap. The shoes were
waterproof and wide, seemingly designed for walking across the snow; they were constructed using
bearskin for the soles, deer hide for the top panels, and a netting made of tree bark. Soft grass went
around the foot and in the shoe and functioned like modern socks. The coat, belt, leggings and loincloth
were constructed of vertical strips of leather sewn together with sinew. His belt had a pouch sewn to it
that contained a cache of useful items: a scraper, a drill, a flint flake, a bone awl and a dried fungus (see
#Tools and equipment below).[42]

The shoes have since been reproduced by a Czech academic, who said that "because the shoes are
actually quite complex, I'm convinced that even 5,300 years ago, people had the equivalent of a cobbler
who made shoes for other people". The reproductions were found to constitute such excellent footwear
 that it was reported that a Czech
company offered to purchase the
rights to sell them.[43] However, a
more recent hypothesis by British
archaeologist Jacqui Wood is that
Ötzi's shoes were actually the
upper part of snowshoes.
A replica of Ötzi's shoe at the Bata
Shoe Museum According to this theory, the item
currently interpreted as part of a
backpack is actually the wood
frame and netting of one snowshoe and animal hide to cover the face.[44]

The leather loincloth and hide coat were made from sheepskin. Genetic
analysis showed that the sheep species was nearer to modern domestic
European sheep than to wild sheep; the items were made from the skins of
at least four animals. Part of the coat was made from a domesticated goat
belonging to a mitochondrial haplogroup (a common female ancestor) that
inhabits central Europe today. The coat was made from several animals Archeoparc (Schnals valley
/ South Tyrol). Museum:
from two different species and was stitched together using hides. The
Reconstruction of the
leggings were made from domesticated goat leather.[45] A similar set of neolithic clothes worn by
5,000-year-old leggings discovered in Schnidejoch, Switzerland, were Ötzi
made from goat leather as well.[46]

Irish and Italian researchers were able to undertake an analysis of the mitochondrial DNA from six
different items of the body's clothing and published their findings in the journal Scientific Reports. These
showed that the shoelaces were made from the European genetic population of cattle. The quiver was
made from wild roe deer, the fur hat was made from a genetic lineage of brown bear which lives in the
region today.[47][48][49]

Tools and equipment

Other items found with the Iceman were a copper axe with a yew handle, a chert-bladed knife with an ash
handle and a quiver of 14 arrows with viburnum and dogwood shafts.[51][52] Two of the arrows, which
were broken, were tipped with flint and had fletching (stabilizing fins), while the other 12 were
unfinished and untipped. The arrows were found in a quiver with what is presumed to be a bow string, an
unidentified tool, and an antler tool which might have been used for sharpening arrow points.[53] There
was also an unfinished yew longbow that was 1.82 m (72 in) long.[54]

In addition, among Ötzi's possessions were berries, two birch bark baskets, and two species of polypore
mushrooms with leather strings through them. One of these, the birch fungus, is known to have
anthelmintic properties, and was probably used for medicinal purposes.[55] The other was a type of tinder
fungus, included with part of what appeared to be a complex firelighting kit. The kit featured pieces of
over a dozen different plants, in addition to flint and pyrite for creating sparks.

Ötzi's copper axe was of particular interest. His axe's haft is 60 cm (24 in) long and made from carefully
worked yew with a right-angled crook at the shoulder, leading to the blade. The 9.5-centimetre-long
(3.7 in) axe head is made of almost pure copper.[56] It was produced through casting and did not undergo
mechanical hardening. Despite the fact that copper ore sources in the Alpines are known to have been
 exploited at the time, a
2017 study indicated
that the copper in the
axe came from
southern Tuscany.[57]
It was let into the
forked end of the
crook and fixed there
using birch-tar and
tight leather lashing.
The blade part of the
head extends out of
the lashing and shows
A replica of Ötzi's copper clear signs of having
axe been used to chop and
cut. At the time, such
an axe would have
been a valuable possession, important both as a tool
and as a status symbol for the bearer.[56]
Ötzi lithic assemblage
a) Dagger, b) Endscraper, c) Small flake, d)
Genetic analysis Arrowhead 14, e) Arrowhead 12, f) Borer[50]
Ötzi's full genome was first sequenced in 2012;[58] a
new, high-coverage genome with much less modern
human contamination was published in 2023.[59]

According to the 2012 study, the Y chromosome DNA of Ötzi belongs to a subclade of G defined by the
SNPs M201, P287, P15, L223 and L91 (G-L91, ISOGG G2a2b, former "G2a4"). He was not typed for
any of the subclades downstreaming from G-L91; however, an analysis of his Binary Alignment Map file
revealed that he belongs to the L166 and FGC5672 subclades below L91.[60] G-L91 is now mostly found
in South Corsica.[61] Analysis of his mitochondrial DNA showed that Ötzi belongs to the K1 subclade,
but cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b, or K1c). The
new subclade has provisionally been named K1ö for Ötzi.[62] A multiplex assay study was able to confirm
that the Iceman's mtDNA belongs to a previously unknown European mtDNA clade with a very limited
distribution among modern data sets.[63] By autosomal DNA, Ötzi is most closely related to Southern
Europeans, especially to geographically isolated populations like Corsicans and Sardinians.[64][65][66][67]
Ötzi traced the majority of his ancestry to the Neolithic early European farmers who migrated from
Anatolia to Europe beginning during the 7th millennium BC, replacing earlier European hunter-gatherers
as dominant population.[68] DNA analysis also showed him at high risk of atherosclerosis and lactose
intolerance, with the presence of the DNA sequence of Borrelia burgdorferi, possibly making him the
earliest known human with Lyme disease.[58][69] A later analysis suggested the sequence may have been a
different Borrelia species.[70]

The 2023 study on Ötzi's genome found a very high proportion (90%) of Anatolian farmer-related
ancestry – in fact, the highest among European populations of the same time—with a lesser contribution
from European hunter-gatherer-related ancestry, but (in contrast to the 2012 research) no evidence of
Steppe-related ancestry,[71] the disagreement with previous results being attributed to modern human
contamination. While the absence in Ötzi's genome of genetic components from Western Steppe Herders
(WSH) is not surprising because these "Proto-Indo-European" populations did not arrive in Europe until
about 2900 BC, the unusually low contribution from the Western Hunter Gatherers was explained by
positing that the genetic mixing between neolithic farmers originating from Anatolia and WHG was still
an ongoing process. Also, examining the genetic sites involved in phenotypical traits, the authors
concluded that the Iceman, among other things, had likely darker skin than present-day Europeans, but
not as dark as the Mesolithic Western Hunter-Gatherers, was likely affected by baldness, and may have
suffered from obesity-related metabolic disorders. The article also leaves room for environmental factors
as indicative of their darker skin complexion, so more studies will be necessary in the future.[71]

In October 2013, it was reported that 19 modern Tyrolean men belong to the same paternal lineage (Y-
DNA haplogroup G-L91) as Ötzi, and may share a common ancestor with Ötzi, and/or descend from
close relatives of Ötzi. Scientists from the Institute of Legal Medicine at Innsbruck Medical University
had analysed the DNA of over 3,700 Tyrolean male blood donors and found 19 (c. 0.5%) who shared the
same paternal haplogroup with the 5,300-year-old man.[72][73]

Blood
In May 2012, scientists announced the discovery that Ötzi still had intact blood cells. These are the oldest
complete human blood cells ever identified. In most bodies this old, the blood cells are either shrunken or
mere remnants, but Ötzi's have the same dimensions as living red blood cells and resemble a modern-day
sample.[74][75]

H. pylori analysis
In 2016, researchers reported on a study from the extraction of twelve samples from the gastrointestinal
tract of Ötzi to analyze the origins of the Helicobacter pylori in his gut.[76] The H. pylori strain found in
his gastrointestinal tract was, surprisingly, the hpAsia2 strain, a strain today found primarily in South
Asian and Central Asian populations, with extremely rare occurrences in modern European
populations.[76] The strain found in Ötzi's gut is most similar to three modern individuals from Northern
India; the strain itself is, of course, older than the modern Northern Indian strain.[76]

Stomach
Ötzi's stomach was completely full and its contents were mostly undigested. In 2018, researchers
performed a thorough analysis of his stomach and intestines to gain insights on Chalcolithic meal
composition and dietary habits. Biopsies were performed on the stomach to obtain dietary information in
the time leading up to his death, and the contents themselves were also analyzed. Previously, Ötzi was
believed to be vegetarian, but during this study, it was revealed that his diet was omnivorous. The
presence of certain compounds suggests what kinds of food he generally ate, such as gamma-terpinene,
implying the intake of herbs, and several nutritious minerals indicating red meat or dairy consumption.
Through analysis of DNA and protein traces, the researchers were able to identify the contents of Ötzi's
last meal, composed of fat and meat from ibex and red deer as well as einkorn wheat. The results of
atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy analysis reveal that he consumed fresh or dried wild
meat. A previous study detected charcoal particles in his lower intestine, which indicate that fire was
present during some part of the food preparation process, but it was likely used in drying out the meat or
smoking it.[77][78]

Cause of death
The cause of death remained
uncertain until 10 years after the
discovery of the body.[79] It was
initially believed that Ötzi died
from exposure during a winter
storm. Later it was speculated
that he may have been a victim
of a ritual sacrifice, perhaps for
being a chieftain.[80][81] This
explanation was inspired by
theories previously advanced
for the bodies recovered from
peat bogs such as the Tollund
Man and the Lindow Man.[81] Reconstructions of Ötzi's last days, based on his last itinerary and meals,
the state of his wounds, the causes of his death and the damaged and
insufficient equipment, following multiple studies
Arrowhead and blood
analyses
In 2001, X-rays and a CT scan revealed that Ötzi had an arrowhead lodged in his left shoulder when he
died[82] and a matching small tear on his coat.[83] The discovery of the arrowhead prompted researchers
to theorize Ötzi died of blood loss from the wound, which would probably have been fatal even if modern
medical techniques had been available.[84] Further research found that the arrow's shaft had been
removed before death, and close examination of the body found bruises and cuts to the hands, wrists and
chest and cerebral trauma indicative of a blow to the head. One of the cuts, to the base of his thumb,
reached down to the bone but had no time to heal before his death. Currently, it is believed that Ötzi bled
to death after the arrow shattered the scapula and damaged nerves and blood vessels before lodging near
the lung.[85]

DNA analyses taken in 2003 are claimed to have revealed traces of blood from at least four other people
on his gear: one from his knife, two from a single arrowhead in his quiver, and a fourth from his
coat.[86][87] Interpretations of these findings are that Ötzi killed two people with the same arrow and was
able to retrieve it on both occasions, and the blood on his coat was from a wounded comrade he may have
carried over his back.[83] Ötzi's posture in death (frozen body, face down, left arm bent across the chest)
could support a hypothesis that, before death occurred and rigor mortis set in, the Iceman was turned onto
his belly in the effort to remove the arrow shaft.[88] The Cambridge World History of Violence (2020)
cited Ötzi as evidence of prehistoric warfare.[89]

Alternative theory of death location

Most research has assumed that Ötzi died at roughly the spot where he was found.[90] In 2010, it was
proposed that Ötzi died at a much lower altitude and was buried higher in the mountains, as posited by
archaeologist Alessandro Vanzetti of the Sapienza University of Rome and his colleagues.[90] According
to their study of the items found near Ötzi and their locations, the iceman may have been placed above
what has been interpreted as a stone burial mound, but his body subsequently moved with each thaw
cycle that created a flowing watery mixture driven by gravity before being re-frozen.[91] While
archaeobotanist Klaus Oeggl of the University of Innsbruck agrees that the natural process described
probably caused the body to move from the ridge that includes the stone formation, he pointed out that
the paper provided no compelling evidence to demonstrate that the scattered stones constituted a burial
platform.[91] Moreover, biological anthropologist Albert Zink argues that the iceman's bones display no
dislocations that would have resulted from a downhill slide and that the intact blood clots in his arrow
wound would show damage if the body had been moved up the mountain.[91] In either case, the burial
theory does not contradict the likelihood of a violent cause of death.

Legal dispute
Italian law entitled the Simons to a finders' fee from the South Tyrolean
provincial government of 25% of the value of Ötzi. In 1994 the authorities
offered a "symbolic" reward of lire 10 million (€5,200), which the Simons
declined.[92] In 2003, the Simons filed a lawsuit which asked a court in
Bolzano to recognize their role in Ötzi's discovery and declare them his
"official discoverers". The court decided in the Simons' favour in
November 2003, and at the end of December that year the Simons
announced that they were seeking US$300,000 as their fee. The provincial
government decided to appeal.[93]

In addition, two people came forward, each with a claim of being part of
the same mountaineering party that had come across Ötzi and of
discovering the body first:
The Ötzi memorial near
Magdalena Mohar Jarc, a retired Slovenian climber, who Tisenjoch. Ötzi was found
alleged that she discovered the corpse first after falling into a about 70 m northeast of
crevice, and, shortly after returning to a mountain hut, asked here, a place indicated with
Helmut Simon to take photographs of Ötzi. She cited Reinhold a red mark (not in this
Messner, who was also present in the mountain hut, as the photo). The mountain in the
witness to this.[94] background is the
Sandra Nemeth, from Switzerland, who contended that she had Fineilspitze.
found the corpse before Helmut and Erika Simon and spat on it
to make sure that her DNA would be found there later. She
asked for a DNA test on the remains, but experts believed that there was little chance of
finding any trace.[95]
In 2005, the rival claims were heard by a Bolzano court. The legal case angered Mrs. Simon, who alleged
that neither woman was present on the mountain that day.[95] In 2005, Mrs. Simon's lawyer said: "Mrs.
Simon is very upset by all this and by the fact that these two new claimants have decided to appear 14
years after Ötzi was found."[95] In 2008, however, Jarc stated for a Slovene newspaper that she had
written twice to the Bolzano court in regard to her claim but received no reply whatsoever.[94]
In 2004, Helmut Simon died. Two years later, in June 2006, an appeals court affirmed that the Simons
had indeed discovered the Iceman and were therefore entitled to a finder's fee. It also ruled that the
provincial government had to pay the Simons' legal costs. After this ruling, Mrs. Erika Simon reduced her
claim to €150,000. The provincial government's response was that the expenses it had incurred to
establish a museum and the costs of preserving the Iceman should be considered in determining the
finder's fee. It insisted it would pay no more than €50,000. In September 2006, the authorities appealed
the case to Italy's highest court, the Court of Cassation.[93]

On 29 September 2008, it was announced that the provincial government and Mrs. Simon had reached a
settlement of the dispute, under which she would receive €150,000 in recognition of Ötzi's discovery by
her and her late husband and the tourist income that it attracts.[92][96]

See also
Iceman – a 2017 fictional film about the life of Ötzi
Similar archaeological finds:
Children of Llullaillaco and Mummy Juanita – high-altitude Incan mummies
Gebelein predynastic mummies – roughly contemporaneous Egyptian mummies
Saltmen – well-preserved Iranian mummies
Tarim Basin mummies – well-preserved Central Asian mummies

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Further reading

Articles
Dickson, James Holms (28 June 2005), Plants and the Iceman: Ötzi's last journey ([Link]
[Link]/ibls/DEEB/jd/[Link]), Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology,
Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, retrieved 17 March 2007.
Fowler, Brenda (November 2002), The Iceman's last meal ([Link]
cemummies/[Link]), NOVA Online, PBS, retrieved 17 March 2007.
Keller, Andreas (28 February 2012), "New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and
phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing" ([Link]
2%20Oetzi%[Link]) (PDF), Nature Communications, 3, [Link]: 698,
Bibcode:2012NatCo...3..698K ([Link]
doi:10.1038/ncomms1701 ([Link] PMID 22426219 (http
s://[Link]/22426219), retrieved 25 April 2012.
Kennedy, Frances (26 July 2001), "Oetzi the Neolithic Iceman was killed by an arrow, say
scientists" ([Link]
ope/[Link]), The Independent, archived from the original ([Link]
[Link]/europe/[Link]) on 18 May 2007, retrieved 17 March 2007.
Macintyre, Ben (1 November 2003), "We know Oetzi had fleas, his last supper was steak ...
and he died 5,300 years ago" ([Link]
-last-supper-was-steak-and-he-died-5-300-years-ago-fp52wkv73jc), The Times.
Murphy, William A. Jr.; zur Nedden, Dieter; Gostner, Paul; Knapp, Rudolf; Recheis,
Wolfgang; Seidler, Horst (24 January 2003), "The Iceman: Discovery and imaging",
Radiology, 226 (3): 614–629, doi:10.1148/radiol.2263020338 ([Link]
diol.2263020338), ISSN 0033-8419 ([Link]
PMID 12601185 ([Link] Online pre-publication
version.

Books
Deem, James (2008), Bodies from the Ice ([Link]
[Link]?titleNumber=552123), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 64, ISBN 978-0-618-80045-2
Bortenschlager, Sigmar; Oeggl, Klaus, eds. (2000), The Iceman and His Natural
Environment: Palaeobotanical Results, Wien; New York: Springer, ISBN 978-3-211-82660-7.
Fowler, Brenda (2000), Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man Found
in an Alpine Glacier, New York: Random House, ISBN 978-0-679-43167-1.
Spindler, Konrad (2001), The Man in the Ice: The Preserved Body of a Neolithic Man
Reveals the Secrets of the Stone Age, translated by Ewald Osers, London: Phoenix,
ISBN 978-0-7538-1260-0.
De Marinis, Raffaele C.; Brillante, Giuseppe (1998), La Mummia del Similaun: Ötzi, l'uomo
venuto dal ghiaccio [The Mummy of the Similaun: Ötzi, the Man who Came from the Ice],
Venice, Italy: Marsilio, ISBN 978-88-317-7073-6 (in Italian)
 Fleckinger, Angelika; Steiner, Hubert (2000) [1998], L'uomo venuto dal ghiaccio [The Man
who Came from the Ice], Bolzano, Italy: Folio, ISBN 978-88-86857-03-1 (in Italian)

External links
Official website about Ötzi ([Link]
New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome
sequencing ([Link]
Iceman Photoscan, published by EURAC Research, Institute for Mummies and the Iceman
([Link]
"Death of the Iceman" – a synopsis of a BBC Horizon TV documentary first broadcast on 7
February 2002 ([Link]
Ötzi Links ... Der Mann aus dem Eis vom Hauslabjoch – a list of links to websites about Ötzi
in English, German and Italian ([Link] (last updated
28 January 2006)
Otzi, the 5,300 Year Old Iceman from the Alps: Pictures & Information ([Link]
[Link]/evolution/[Link]) (last updated 27 October 2004)
"Five millennia on, Iceman of Bolzano gives up DNA secrets" ([Link]
k/news/world/europe/[Link]
ml) Michael Day, The Independent, 2 August 2010
"The Iceman Mummy: Finally Face to Face ([Link]
[Link]) High definition image of a reconstruction of Ötzi's face.
"An Ice Cold Case" ([Link] RadioLab interviews Albert
Zink, Head of EURAC Research and the scientist in charge of Ötzi research.
"Ötzi's Shoes ([Link]

Retrieved from "[Link]