CLIMATE
" Coastal areas: maritime climate (milder due to moderating effect of sea)
Interior areas: continental climate (hot summers, cold winters)
" Normal lapse rate: As altitude increases, temperature decreases at rate of 6°C
per km increase in altitude
" Role of Himalayas:
o Block cold winds from Central Asia
oBuck Swmoisoon winds, causing rainfatl in Northen Piains
ELNino effect:
o Warm current that flows in Pacific Ocean off coast of Peru
o Increases ocean water temperature, causing deficit of rain in India
" Jet streams: Strong winds blowing in
tropopause
1WINDSeog
LOCAL WINDS VARIABLE WINDSieogsoy PERIODIC WINDS
Blow over small region for Caused due to variations Blowduring certain parts
small period in pressure of day/year
Loo, mangoshowers etc. Tropica/temperate Land/sea breeze,
cyclones monsoonwinds
1.1 LOCAL WINDS/PRE-MONSOON WINDS
NAME STATE(S) IMPORTANCE
Cherry blossoms Karnataka Cultivation of tea, coffee
Mango showers Kerala Cultivationof tea, mango
Kal Baisakhi WB, Assam Cultivation of tea, jute, rice
Bardoli Chehra Assam Cultivation of tea
Loo UP, Bihar, Haryana Causes death and destruction
1.2 VARIABLE WINDS
TROPICAL CYCLONES TEMPERATE CYCLONES
Peninsular India NW India
Thermal in origin Frontal in origin
Move in direction of NE Trade winds Move in direction of South Westerlies
Helps in cultivation of rice in TN Helps in cultivation of wheat in NW India
2 SEASONS IN INDIA
2.1 SUMMER(MARCH-MAY)
" Marked by pre-monsoon showers
2.2 SW MONSOON JUNE-SEPTEMBER)
" Divides into 2:
o Arabian Sea Branch (ASB)
o Bay of Bengal Branch (BOBB)
BOBB intercepted by Garo, Khasi,Jaintia in NE
(brings rainfall)
o Mawsynram: Highest recorded rainfall
o Cherapunji: Highest amount of rainfall
" Why is Thar a desert?
o Aravallis are parallel to ASB (no deposition)
o By the time BOBB winds reach Thar, they
20Aw have already deposited all their moisture
2.3 RETREAT0NG MONSOON (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER)
" October heat: Clear skies, oppressive heat, high humidity
C0 2.4 WINTER (DECEMBER-FEBRUARY)
" NE monsoon winds:
o As they are offshore winds, they do not carry much moistureja
o Give winter rain to TN
" Western Disturbances:
o Temperate cyclones originating in Mediterranean Sea
o Give winter rain to Punjab, Haryana
" Note:
ò Retreating monsoon: October-November
NE monsoon: December-February
o Break in monsoon: Sudden stopping of rainfall
Burst of rainfall: Sudden arrival of rainfall
3 INTERPRETATION OF CLIMATIC DATA(4 marks)
Month F M A M A S z D
Temperature (°C) 26 26 29 30 33 32 30 30 30 28 27 26
Rainfall (mm) 25 13 12 14 43 52 97 133 137 287 353 152
" Range of temperature: Highest- owest temperature
o >10°C: Interior (Delhi)
o<i0°C: Maritime (Mmumbai, Chennai)
Annual rainfall: Sum of all rainfall in 12 months
" Rainfall in monsoon: Sum of rainfall from June-September
o More rainfall from June-September: SW monsoon
o More rainfallfrom October-November:Retreating monsoon
o More rainfall from December-February: NE monsoon
" For the given station:
o Range of temperature: 33- 26 =7°C (maritime)
o We see more rainfall in October-November than in June-September
(retreating monsoon)
o The station is Chennai.
Give geographical reasons
1.Mumbai is warmer than Kanpur in December- Mumbai is located near the sea and hence it experiences moderate
climate throughout the year. Kanpur experiences continental type of climate where summers are extremely hot and
winters are extremely cold.
2. Punjab gets rain inwinter-due tO some weak temperate cyclones from the Mediterranean Sea.
3. The Indo-Gangetic Plain gets some rainfall in the months of December and January -because ofthe western
disturbances, which originate in West Asia and in the regions near the Mediterranean Sea. These westerly depressions
bring winter rainfallover the Indo- Gangetic Plains.
4. When the Malabar Coast is receiving heavy rainfallinJuly, the Tamil Naducoast is comparatively dry. because
it lies in the rain shadow region of Arabian sea branch and Bay of Bengal is parallel to the coast
5. The Northern Plains of India have a Continental type of climate- because it is away fromthe moderating influence
of the sea. Thus, the summers are extremely hot and winters are extremely cold
shadow
6. Central Maharashtra receives less rainfall than Western Maharashtra-Central Maharashtra lies in the rain
region whereas coastal Maharashtra is on the windward side of Western Ghats.
7. Variations in the type of climate in different regions of India- due to the presence of various relief features like
mountains, deserts, presence of seas etc. Further the large latitudinal extent, altitude, presence of many mountain ranges
and nearness tothe oceans results in different climatic conditions in different regions.
8. Most parts of India receive rainfall between June and September- because the differential heating of land and sea
during summer season causes the monsoon winds to drift towards the subcontinent
9.South-West Monsoon withdraws from northern India in October- because the monsoon trough of low pressure
over the Ganga plains becomes weaker due to the apparent southward movement of the sun. The low pressure trough is
gradually replaced by high pressure.
10. E-Nino affects the climate of India-El-Nino increases the surface temperature of the sea and affects the movement
of monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean and causes weak drought-like situation in the Indian sub-continent.
11. Pune receives less rainfall than Mumbai- because Mumbai lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats while
Pune lies on the leeward side.
12. Tropical cyclones bring heavy rainfall but temperate cyclones bring light rainfall.- A tropical cyclone is mainly
formed due to the development of alow pressure area over the sea, these results in high humidity and temperature which
causes heavy rainfall. However, in a temperate cyclone wind speed is low and all sectors of the cyclone have different
temperatures which are followed by continuous light rainfall for many days.
13. Kerala has a tropical climate while Punjab has a continental climate.- Kerala has atropical elimate while Punjab
has a continental clímate because Kerala is situated near water bodies while Punjab is situated in the interior of the
subcontinent.
14. The monsoon raín is unevenly distributed over India.-a because most parts of India receive relief rainfall, therefore
windward sides always receive more rainfall than the leeward side. Some places like Aravalli and Coromandel coast lie
parallel to south west monsoon winds, hence, are not able to obstruct these wind and receive very little rainfall.
15 Excessive cold in north India during winter season- because north India is far from the sea and the equator. Hence,
it experíences continental type of climate- cold winters and hot summers.
Thursday,
Decemb
10. MOst of the India remainsdry during the North-East Mons0on
land to sea and hence, do not carry season- because north- east trade winds blow from
moisture necessary for rainfal.
17. The northern plains of India do not freeze in
winter- because the Himalayas form a climatic barrier separating the
Indian subcontinent from the rest of Asia, They prevent the cold Siberian winds from entering India.
1S. In spite of Aravalli Range, Rajasthan
receives scanty rainfall-l because it lies in the rain-shadow region of
Aravalli Mountains. The Aravalli Hills run parallel the
intercept the winds. The winds thus pass through to the Arabian Sea branch, and thus do not form any barrier to
Rajasthan without causing any rainfall.
19. Mangalore is not cold even in the
month of December,-Mangalore is situated along the
Therefore, it experiences moderate impact of land breezes and sea breezes all Western Coast of India.
through the year..
20.Even in summer Shimla is cooler than Delhi.-
temperature decreases with the height at a rate of 1°Cbecause it is located at a higher altitude
for every 165 mof ascend.
than Delhi and the
21.The Northern plains and Punjab receive
the Indian winter cyclonic rain in winter- due to the western
sub-continent from the North-west. disturbances entering
22. Chennaihas a lower annual
range of temperature than Lucknow/
closer to the equator as compared to Chennai is located at lower latitude and is
Lucknow.
whereas Lucknow is located away from the sea andBesides Chennai is close to the sea so it
hence it experiences continental typeexperiences
of climate.
moderate climate
23. Mangalore experiences more
rainfall than Mysore. / Mangalore lies on the
Mysore lies on the leeward side of the
Western Ghats. windward side of Western Ghats and
24.Shillong gets less than 200 cm of rainfall in a year while
Cherrapunji lies on the crest of the southern range of Khasi hills.Cherrapunji receives more than 1250 cm of rainfall.
It receives rain from the
Bengal Branch as it is in the pathway of these winds. South West Monsoon Bay of
(leeward) side of the Garo- Khasi-Jaintia hills, which Hence, it receives heavy rainfall.
is a rain shadow area and hence,
Shillong is located on the upper
rainfall in a year. receives less than 200 cm of
25. Though both are hill stations,
Shimla has snowfall while Ooty does not -This is because Shimla is at a
altitude than Ooty. higher
Date: 2og4/o/ a3
Topic : Wirds
WESTERN
oISTURBANCES
NE
A RABIAN
MONSOoN
SEA RANCH wINODS
OF SW
MONSOON.
WINDS
BAY OF BENGAL
BRANCH OF SW
MONSOON WINOS
