Module IV

Evaluating and Analyzing Ideas

General Objective:
To study exposition, as language and as literature, focusing on the essay.

Specific Objectives:
At the end of this module, the student is expected to
1. give the qualities of the essay that evaluates and analyzes ideas; and
2. be able to write a short essay evaluating and analyzing a current issue, idea or
event.

Contents:
Lesson 1
A. “Toward that Country of No Visas” by Alfred A. Yuson
B. “The Duty of the Educated Man” by E. L. Godkin

Lesson 2
A. “The Human Element in Development” by Pedro V. Flores
B. “Will Monetization Assure Household Happiness?” by Domini Torrevillas

Textbook:
Tiempo and Tiempo. College Writing and Reading. Manila: Rex Printing
Company, Inc.

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English 3A
Module IV

The characteristics of the essay that evaluates and analyzes ideas are the
following:
1. The coverage of the presentation is thorough and judicious.
2. The attitude is impartial; the facts are presented accurately.
3. The tone of commitment and belief generate persuasiveness.
4. The approach to the evaluation varies with the nature and demands of the
idea or ideas being evaluated.
a. For the more complex subject, which requires the scrutiny of multiple
aspects, the evaluation is presented in a careful logical-sequential order.
b. For the simpler, more basic issue, the essay uses a short and direct
approach to the evaluation.
5. Whether the subject being evaluated is complex or simple, the presentation
may use a straightforward style; or it may prefer to use a style made
distinctive by any of the various qualities of satire, ranging from the humorous
to the ironic and scathing.
6. Overtly or by implication, the essay considers the bigger context of the idea
being evaluated. That is, the essay perceives the idea as it functions in other
times and in other places, and sets up its own appraisal in the perspective of
that bigger context.

Lesson 1

A. “Towards that Country of No Visas” by Alfred A. Yuson

From the way I write and what I write, according to a well-read 15-year old who
accosted me recently; it seems that I don’t think much of nationalism.
I had to blink before looking at him straight in the eye, then found myself nodding
rather sheepishly.
I’m afraid you’re right, I said. Must be my emotional make-up. Whenever I feel that
something’s becoming too trendy for trendiness’ sake, I tend to shy away or take the
misfit’s view.
There was no time to discuss it beyond that lame reply, as we were both headed for
other engagements. But his question, something I had myself articulated in bouts of self-
interrogation, hounded me for the rest of the day. How I wished I had more time with the
new graduate to explain my side of things.
I recall now how sometime in 1967 I would loiter by the main steps of the U.P.
library beside one or the other of those massive adobe structures. One afternoon, writing
prodigy Willy Sanchez and I were shooting the breeze when we were suddenly witnesses
to a march-rally. Some 30 Kabataang Makabayan protestors shouted slogans of
“Makibaka”! and the like, and waved red flags as they passed by.

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 Not only did the spectacle leave us cold, as I recall. I sensed then that we shared the
same bias against activism, something that had become fashionable only a number of
years past in Western universities.
Willybog and I were posturingly rebellious young writers who didn’t care about
political and social issues. We thought that personal human experience was the be all, and
writing was the end-all. We notched another achievement, for the memory that would
become a fountainhead to great lit, when we demolished bottles of gin at a Chinese
restaurant in Cubao. We were anti-fad, anti-everything except experience.
And so as the demonstrators filed past, we whistled the American national anthem
together, indulging in our own protest of what we felt we saw through – the passion itself
for protest that was gripping our more politically-inclined, therefore more radical,
contemporaries.
Not loud enough for them to hear, of course, or drown out their chants on “ismo’s,” I
guess it was enough for us to provide cynical counterpoint, not to mention possible
provocation. Getting beaten up together at 15-to-1 odds would surely have been an
experience, another toast to the muse of machismo and masochismo. In effect we were
being very Filipino.
I remember another time, Palanca awards evening in the mid 1970s, when Pete
Lacaba and I chanced to meet in a plush hotel. He asked me whether I was joining this
declaration against something or another, and I said flippantly that no, I’ve always been a
fence-sitter, national issues don’t grab me.
Pressed against a urinal, Pete let go of a parting shot. “Hindi ka pa kasi nabubugbog,
eh!” (“That’s because you haven’t beaten up yet.”) He had just been released from
incarceration for alleged political activities, so I thought better than to reply and simply
walked out, my fly still open.
Inside me, of course, I was muttering “ilang beses na, bok, hindi nga lang militar.” (”
More than once, my friend, except by the military.”)
Which was neither here or there, for that matter, or any other.
I recall all these because I must confess to feeling the odd man out among some of
my peers, especially when it comes to being militant about issues. .
It must be a form of selfishness, I admit that, although it can’t be due to any burgis
upbringing or that sort of thing. But it’s mainly because whenever I’m confronted with
the concept of country, I shake my head over the long course of countryhood and
nationalism the Philippines still has to go through, while aware that others which have
passed that way are now headed back towards internationalism.
That’s where we’ll go too, so can’t we take a shortcut? Who draws up those borders
anyway? Passport will be passé in another century, so why try holding that back?
Consider the country, any country, as just another region, city, town or barrio. When
one leaves the barrio to make good in the big city, or any other place, even another barrio,
he is not beholden to love his original barrio beyond the bonds of memory. He is not
politically beholden to his barrio of birth. He will laugh at the idea of being drafted by
that barrio to contend with another barrio.
What makes a country the ceiling of one’s loyalties? Surely it’ll become the world
eventually, when we start exchanging five musical notes with those extra terrestrials. In
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 the foreseeable future, all our 15-year-olds will be free to tour across the universe without
visas.
That’s why I can’t abide by those who trumpet their nationalism. Nor can I agree to
calling Malaysians “niggers,” and think of all whites as supremacists and manipulators. I
may have rooted for Felix Barrientos because he’s my countryman, he’s closer to home,
but not to the extent of cheering unforced errors by his Chinese competitor. Let’s
compete with everyone, by all means, and best them where we can, but enough of the
name-calling and razzing. We don’t need that to psych ourselves up.
What we need is to acknowledge our faults and shortcomings, as we would in the
barrio, and not trace all our ills to the effects of colonialism and imperialism. That’s the
only way we can change for the better, and become more forward-looking.
As much as we should love our country because it is a point of origin, and take pride
in its many good features, we should also be ashamed of many things, and resolve to do
our best to contribute to the positive changes we need to accomplish.
I do love my country, not because that’s what it’s called, but because my friends,
relations, and memories, the best and the worst of these, happen to be rooted here. The
flowering can take place elsewhere, and no one will be any less of a Filipino, or better
yet, any less of a person.
- From Confessions of a Q.C. House-Husband and Other Privacies,
Alfred A. Yuson, Pasig, Metro Manila: Anvil Publishing Inc., 1991.

After reading the essay, do the following tasks/activities:

1. The essay evaluates one version of the idea of nationalism and rejects it, and asserts
the reasonableness of another brand of nationalism in place of the former. Explain
the kind of nationalism which he rejects, giving what you think are the two specific
reasons for his objection to it. Give the more cogent reason of the two.
2. Read again no. 3 in the list of principles for writing an evaluation-and-analysis essay.
From the essay above, cite at least three (3) incidents or statements that indicate that
it abides by Principle no. 3.
3. In connection with Principle no.6, the essay sets its perspective of nationalism with
consideration for the broader context of this idea. Cite the specific portions where the
broader context is evoked.
4. Explain the concluding statements regarding a more reasonable concept than a
narrow nationalism.

B. “The Duty of the Educated Man” By E.L. Godkin, College Reading and
Writing, by Tiempo and Tiempo, pp. 139 – 146.

It is safe to suppose that one half of the talk of the world on subjects of general
interest is waste. But the other half certainly tells. We know this from the change in ideas
from generation to generation. We see that opinions which at one time everybody held
became absurd in the course of half a century – opinions about religion and morals and
manners and government. Nearly every man of my age can recall old opinions of his
own, on subjects of general interest, which he once thought highly respectable, and which
he is now almost ashamed of having ever held. He does not remember when he changed
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 them, or why, but somehow they have passed away from him. In communities these
changes are often very striking. The transformation, for instance, of the England of
Cromwell into the England of Queen Anne, or of the New England of Cotton Mather into
the New England of Theodore Parker and Emerson, was very extraordinary, but it would
be very difficult to say in detail what brought it about, or when it began. Lecky has some
curious observations, in his “History of Rationalism”, on these silent changes in new
beliefs apropos of the disappearance of the belief in witchcraft. Nobody could say what
had swept it away, but it appeared that in a certain year people were ready to laugh at or
pity anyone who thought old women could be witches. “At one period,” says he, “we find
every one disposed to believe in witches; at a later period we find this predisposition has
silently passed away.” The belief in witchcraft may perhaps be considered a somewhat
violent illustration, like the change in public opinion about slavery in this country. But
there can be no doubt that it is talk – somebody’s, anybody’s, everybody’s talk – by
which these changes are wrought, by which each generation comes to feel and think
differently from its predecessor. No one ever talks intimately about anything without
contributing something, let it be ever so little, to the unseen forces which carry the race
on to its final destiny. Even if he does not make positive impression, he counteracts or
modifies some other impression, or sets in some train of ideas in someone else, which
helps to change the face of the world. So I shall, in disregard of the great laudation of
silence which filled the world in the days of Carlyle, say that one of the functions of an
educated man is to talk; and of course he should try to talk wisely.

1. What is the idea being evaluated in the above essay? In this connection, answer
questions a and b below.
a. What is the reason for the statement in the essay that the duty of the educated
man is to talk?
b. Is the talking of the educated men all that is required?
2. How does the first sentence of the essay tie up with the last sentence?
3. For the idea being evaluated, does the essay, short as it is, try to set its perspective
within a broader context of this idea? Justify your answer by citing from the essay.

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English 3A
Module IV
Lesson 2

A. “The Human Element in Development” by Pedro V. Flores

In this essay the late President of Silliman University who was formerly the Dean of the
College of Education discusses the importance of the human element in national development.
He points out that economic recovery which appears to be the highest priority of the government
today cannot be achieved without intellectual, moral and spiritual recovery.

IN ANY LEVEL of development – be it national, institutional, or individual

development – the human element is powerful and crucial. What constitutes the human
element in development is better understood through examples.
Not too long ago, Senator Leticia Ramos Shahani labeled the Philippines a sick
nation. She specified the sickness as “the interlocking diseases of poverty, passivity, graft
and corruption, exploitative patronage, factionalism, political instability, love for intrigue,
lack of discipline, and desire for instant self-gratification.” More than two years after the
EDSA Revolution, we continue to read accounts of massive graft and corruption in the
government. Recently, for example, the Internal Revenue Commissioner Bienvenido A.
Tan Jr. said that this year (1988) the government expects to lose to grafters an estimated
P30 billion. The big portion of these losses will not go to the revenue examiners but will
constitute savings of dishonest individuals and business enterprises who offer a bribe to
reduce their tax liabilities.
In his speech before the United Nations Development Programme North-South
roundtable on Development in Human Dimension, the architect of Singapore’s economic
prosperity, Dr. Goh Keng Swee, cited the experience of the people of Germany and Japan
in rebuilding their devastated countries after World War II. He said that more than forty
years ago, World War II ended with the total defeat of Germany and Japan. Many major
cities of both countries were devastated by bombs. At the end of that war, they were
worse off than many poor countries of the world today. Yet, within one generation
Germany and Japan became major industrial nations and people had forgotten their
impoverished beginnings in 1945. The experience of these two countries demonstrates
that bombs could destroy physical structures and kill large numbers of people but the
surviving population carried on their knowledge and skills as well as their habits of group
cooperation, discipline, and hard work. These are the human elements which enabled
Japan and Germany to rebuild their economies with such outstanding success, Dr. Goh
concluded.
In Asia today, there are many so-called ‘less developed countries” or LDCs, the
Philippines is one of them. But there are four countries which have broken away from
this group of LDCs. They are now called Newly Industrializing Countries or NICs. These
are Singapore, Hongkong, Taiwan, and South Korea. The history of how these countries
achieved higher incomes and a higher standard of living will show that the human
element plays a very critical role.
Singapore, for example, is a small island city-state. It has hardly any agricultural
lands or natural resources. It has only a small island and few people – 2.6 million
Chinese, Malays, and East Indians living together harmoniously. Yet, Singapore has
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achieved a standard of living next only to Japan in Asia. That is why today there are
thousands of Filipino maids serving in Singaporean homes. These maids earn from
P2,500 to P3,000 a month, although many of them have higher educational qualifications
than their employers who are in high-paying jobs. The same situation exists in
Hongkong.
One lesson from the Singaporean and Hongkong experiences is that people from
countries with large land areas and rich natural and human resources could be “servants”
of people in countries with nothing else but a small piece of land and who are
hardworking, cooperative and capable, honest leaders. One can apply the same lesson to
individuals. Brightness in school does not guarantee that one day that bright student will
not be a “servant” of someone less bright.
What are the human elements which enabled Singapore, Hongkong, Taiwan, and
South Korea to achieve what some called “economic miracles”? Their most important
sources are human beings – educated, willing to learn and to work hard. The citizens
have strong feelings of group solidarity. Their national leaders possess the qualities
required to be effective: strong, competent and, above all, honest. These leaders
exemplify these traits in their official behavior and in their personal lives. They have
earned credibility and the confidence of their people and those from outside.
“If men were angels, no government would be necessary,” says the 51st of the
Federalist Papers. But government restraint on human wickedness can be effective or
ineffective depending on the measures taken and the example set by those in various
leadership positions of that government.
The editorial of the Manila Bulletin of October 9, 1988 dealt with two Asian leaders
who led their nations to prosperity because they refused to compromise on graft and
corruption. The editorial is worth quoting in full for its important lesson to other leaders
struggling to harness their country’s human resources for development.
In at least two countries – Taiwan and Singapore – it has been demonstrated that a
strong president who does not compromise with graft and corruption eventually leads his
nation to prosperity.
During his term as president, the late Chiang Ching-kuo placed a high premium on
integrity in public office. Anybody, whether he be a close friend or relative, was
immediately dismissed from the public service if his integrity became questionable, and
this was done to keep the administration clean at all times. The policy, implemented
rigorously, struck fear in the heart of every public official until graft and corruption
disappeared. With their able and honest Central Bank governor, Taiwan today has foreign
exchange reserves of about US$ 75 billion.
The same policy was adopted in Singapore by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, who
from the very beginning chose to live in a simple house in order to set an example to his
people.
The freedom of the governments from graft and corruption placed the morale of the
citizens on a high level and accounted for the efficient use of the meager resources
available at the beginning of the economic development of the two countries.
Experience has shown that in a developing country it is not necessary for the leader to
wield autocratic powers. The constriction of human freedom is unnatural, but societies

7
 everywhere want virtue in their governments, and strong leaders are needed to achieve
this goal.
The cry of most of the people in the Third World is for a clean government, Taiwan
and Singapore are fortunate in having had strong leaders who have eliminated graft and
corruption in their governments. This has contributed to their economic progress and
well-being.
Why has the Philippines remained among the LDCs? To be sure it is not lack of
education or educated people. We proudly proclaim to the world that the Philippines is
second only to the U.S. in percentage of total population who are in colleges or
universities. Parents in this country put very high value on their children’s education –
many going into indebtedness and sacrifice just to get their children to high school and
college. The reason for this country’s LDC status has been graft and corruption plus the
other “diseases” which Senator Shahani pointed out.
A current optimist in the economic future of the Philippines is the Senior Vice-
President of the Center for Research and Communications, Bernardo N. Villegas. Dr.
Villegas predicts that the Philippines has a very good chance of becoming an NIC toward
the end of the 1990’s. Contrasting figures of pre- and post-1986 years, he underlines the
tremendous economic jump made by the Philippines from a negative 4.2 in 1985 to the
positive 6.8 percent GNP as of the first half of 1988. And one of the main factors
responsible for such significant performance is the productive capability of the Filipino
workingman. Villegas says that studies and researches have shown that the Filipino
worker can be more productive than his/her counterpart in Asia. “Given the right
atmosphere and managerial supervision, the Filipino worker can really excel.” One of the
best evidences of this capability, perhaps, is the performance of Filipinos working
abroad. The same productivity can be demonstrated here at home if our workers are
provided the “right atmosphere and managerial supervision.” Undoubtedly, the
impressive economic gains of the post-EDSA revolution have been contributed by
Filipinos whose employers have provided such an encouraging work environment.
Nations and empires rise and fall. The history of man records the rise and fall of
twelve major civilizations. In all cases, these civilizations met their fall or death because
of degeneration and decay from within. If the Filipino people do not watch out, this
country would fall even before it has risen because of moral degeneration and decay from
within!
- From Alternatives to Violence, Ed. by Douglas J. Elwood,
New Day Publishers: Quezon City, Philippines, 1989.

1. In you opinion, which is the most virulent among the “diseases” of our society as
pointed out by Senator Leticia Ramos Shahani? Justify your choice.
2. The essay mentions Germany and Japan as examples of countries that conducted
their human resource development wisely. Name the four human elements that the
essay indicates as responsible for the rapid rise of the two countries from their
impoverished condition after World War Two.
3. Practically landless people in countries like Singapore and Hongkong have attributes
that sustain them as leaders in the development of their respective countries. Name
these attributes which the essay presents for effective leadership.

8
4. Name the human elements which are claimed to be responsible for “economic
miracles” in some Southeast Asian countries.
5. a. Describe the enforcement of the policy of integrity in public office as practiced by
the late Taiwanese President Chiang Ching-kuo
b. What is one of the ways in which Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew has
demonstrated his official integrity?
6. Upon what asset of the Filipino worker does Dr. Bernardo N. Villegas base his
optimism regarding the economic future of the Philippines?
7. In connection with the providing of a proper “work environment” for house servants,
field hands, factory workers, etc., in your own observation, is there a great need for
stressing the human element in the worker-employer relationship in the Philippines?

B. “Will Monetization Assure Household Happiness?” by Domini Torrevillas

IT MAY not be farfetched to assume that the non-working woman’s self-deprecatory

outlook stems from the non-compensation of unpaid housework. Domestics are paid for
doing household duties like laundering, house cleaning, cooking, looking after the baby,
and so forth. But wives who stay home and do the same tasks as their labanderas, yayas
and cooks are not paid for their labors, and, dressed in loose dusters and smelling of
garlic and onions, they do not seem to possess the self-confidence of their contemporaries
who wear lipstick, pencil skirts, and high heels, work and collect pay envelopes every 15
days. The absence of self-esteem afflicts not only the house-bound; women tilling the
fields, bending over the sewing machine or weaving baskets do not have the sense of
contributing to the Gross National Product. Their only reward is seeing that a child in the
family can have a new pair of slippers, a notebook, or a glass of gulaman at recess time.
If these women were paid in money for the work they do in the field and at home, there
might result not only busier women but also women who feel good about what they are
doing and about themselves.
Some attempts have been made to quantify the housewife’s work. In 1918, the US
National Bureau of Economic Research estimated that the aggregate of women’s services
would add an additional one-fourth to the GNP. In 1960, married American women’s
foregone earnings were calculated to raise the GNP by over one-sixth.
Monetizing women’s work has been a must subject at women’s development
meetings everywhere. Putting value on women’s services is seen as part of the total
process of equalizing men’s and women’s opportunities. In 1980, the Independence
Commission on International Development Issues pointed out that “any definition of
development is incomplete if it fails to comprehend the contributions of women in
development and that the consequences of development policy, plan or projects have an
impact on women and cannot succeed without the work of women.”
In September, 1983, the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women, in
cooperation with the National Accounts Staff of the National Economic and
Development Authority, undertook a study to quantify “non-market household activities
in monetary in terms so as to be reflected in our system of national accounts.”
The first phase of the project, conducted among 3,000 housewives in selected urban
and rural areas, will be followed by a survey on a nationwide basis later. Two
9
 methodologies were used – the opportunity cost, which would be the input in the
household work time and the wages unpaid household workers would earn in the market
valuation approach, which would attach monetary value to unpaid work inputs in the
household on the basis of market wages.
The study showed that estimates of the monetary value of unpaid housework in rural
areas are generally higher than those of urban residents. This is because since domestics
are absent in rural households, the rural housewives put a lot more personal effort into
housekeeping.
The average wage rate of P1.71 per hour was taken as the prevailing wage rate in
urban households. On the other hand the study showed, the imputed monetary value of
unpaid housework for women not in the labor force amounted to P270.18 per month for
urban residents and P291.38 per month for rural women.
The study concluded that "estimates of unpaid housework by imputing prevailing
wage rates of domestics to time spent for non-market activities could easily account of
the foregone income of non-working women, assuming no constraint of the absorptive
capacity of the labor market, the imputed value could easily account for about 30 percent
of the GNP.”
The figures arrived at by the study would shock women who perceive their household
chores to cost a lot more. The figures may change during the period the survey is
conducted, however. In the long haul, to integrate this attempt at monetizing housework
into our national accounts system would dignify unpaid household work as a full-time
occupation.
Actually, monetizing a woman’s services is rather ticklish. The question, in fact, is,
how does one really quantify the love and caring that a woman puts into the ordering of
her household? How to compute her efforts at shaping the lives of her offspring, of giving
them visions of the future, of instilling in them the concepts of justice and freedom, of
respect, honesty, and one’s sense of worth – those values that the working woman does
not have the time to give her children, the working woman who probably has to work not
for glamor or the glory but as a matter of survival?
- From Sounds of Silence, Sounds of Fury, Domini Torrevillas,
New Day Publishers: Quezon City, Philippines, 1989

1. The essay does answer the question posed by its title, although it also asserts some
conditional elements toward a more thoroughly fulfilled resolution of the problem.
What are these conditional elements?
2. Monetizing the worth of the household work of a wife and mother entails a scientific
quantifying of the value of her work. According to the essay, what are the
advantages in monetizing the services of a wife and mother? What are the
drawbacks in this scheme?
3. What are your own reactions to this issue?
4. Expand briefly the following statement: “Even the wages of a certain type of paid
domestic helper would be difficult to quantify.”

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English 3A
Module IV

ANSWERS TO THE QUESTION IN THE LESSONS

Lesson 1
A. “Towards that Country of No Visas” by Alfred A. Yuson
1. The two reasons for his objection to the kind of nationalism he mentions in the essay are:
a. There is a kind of nationalism that announces itself in activist demonstrations against
one issue or another; these demonstrations strike him as faddish and, in not so many
words, he decries them as an indication of immaturity.
b. The second and more cogent objection is to the kind of nationalism that is exclusive and
isolationist, the kind that seeks to exclude the influence of foreign practices in the belief
that Philippine ways and traditions should deserve the Filipino’s absolute loyalty, thus
keeping a Filipino truly a Filipino.
2. These three incidents are:
a. The incident with the 15-year old boy accusing him of a lack of interest and involvement
in the movement for nationalism. He had to agree, although he quickly justifies this
apparent lapse by the ironical statement: “Whenever I feel that something’s becoming
too trendy for trendiness’ sake, I tend to shy away or take the misfit’s view.”
b. The persona and his companion witnessing the group of Kabataang Makabayan
shouting and waving red flags in a march-rally. The “counter protest” of the two
consisted of whistling together the American national anthem.
c. The incident with Pete Lacaba, who asked him if he was joining a protest declaration
“against something or another,” and the persona was sort of snobbed because he
expressed his lack of belief in such so-called nationalist displays.
3. Indications of the broader context evoked:
a. “Who draws up those borders, anyway? Passports will be passé in another century, so
why try holding that back?”
b. “What makes a country the ceiling of one’s loyalties? Surely, it’ll become the world
eventually, when we start exchanging five musical notes with those extra terrestrials. In
the foreseeable future, all our 15-year-olds will be free to tour across the universe
without visas.”
c. ‘Nor can I agree to calling Malaysians “niggers,” and think of all whites as supremacists
and manipulators.”
4. Rather than trumpeting and displaying our nationalism, we must acknowledge our
weaknesses and not blame our inadequacies on “colonialism and imperialism.” We can
strive to improve ourselves and our country, and our effort may be done somewhere else not
even necessarily in our own country – an act which will not make us disloyal Filipinos, but
rather would make us good and better persons, and therefore better Filipinos.

B. “The Duty of the Educated Man” by E.L. Godkin

1. a. By talking, people will be able to effect a progressive transformation of existing
conditions that are unsatisfactory and needing improvement
b. The requirement beyond mere talking is to talk wisely and for a good purpose.
2. The tie-up is quite obvious. Mere talking is wasteful and useless. What is required is wise
and purposeful talk.

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3. a. “The transformation, for instance, of the England of Cromwell into the England of Queen
Anne, or the New England of Cotton Mather into the New England of Theodore Parker
and Emerson, was very extraordinary.”
b. “Lecky has some curious observations, in his History of Rationalism on these silent
changes…”
c. “So I shall, in disregard of the great laudation of silence which filled the world in the days
of Carlyle…”

Lesson 2
A. “The Human Elements in Development” by Pedro V. Flores
1. Whereas the nine “diseases” mentioned by Senator Shahani are interlocked, there will be
individual opinions as to which one is the most malignant. My own personal view is this; for
the national picture, “graft and corruption” is the most virulent; on the individual reckoning, I
would say that ‘lack of discipline” is the most destructive.
2. a. The people of Germany and Japan carried on their knowledge and skills.
b. They practiced group cooperation.
c. They were disciplined.
d. They worked hard.
3. These practically landless leaders are hardworking, cooperative and capable and honest.
4. a. Educated human beings willing to learn and assiduous in their attitude to their work
b. Citizens with strong feelings of group unity.
c. National leaders who are effective because they are strong, competent,
and honest
d. These leaders are characterized by these traits (in letter c, above), in the official capacity
and in their personal life.
e. They have gained the belief and trust of their people, as well as those from other
countries.
5. a, The late Taiwanese President Chiang Ching-kuo placed such a high priority on
integrity that he dismissed at once from public service anyone who had compromised
his integrity, whether he be a relative or intimate friend.
b. Lee Kuan Yew lived a very simple and austere public and private life.
6. The “productive capability of the Filipino workingman.”
7. At this stage, my personal observation is that these “menial” workers are not in the majority
of cases, given a fair and comfortable enough work environment by their masters, whose
who tend to overwork and underpay their workers and fail to provide convenient facilities for
their work and their personal quarters and other conveniences.

B. “Will Monetization Assure Household Happiness?” by Domini Torrevillas

1. The conditional elements concern those aspects of the work of a wife and mother that
cannot be reduced to quantification:
a. Can one measure, for the sake of money-payment, the love and concern and the striving
of a mother to keep her family in good order?
b. Can one compute for money-payment her work of nurturing the children, teaching them
strength of character and creating future worthy goals for themselves?
c. Can any technological gadget evaluate for money-payment her efforts in helping her
husband think and plan and solve the concerns of their daily life?

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2. a. Monetizing the services of the woman of the family gives her a sense of dignity and
worth and does not make her feel like a kind of glorified servant or drudge. They would
have a feeling that they contribute to the Gross National Product (GNP) of the country –
particularly so if she is not a paid worker or career woman in her own right.
b. Mostly those mentioned in no. 1, a, b, c, above.
3. My own reactions are that, monetizing a wife and mother’s services could cheapen her
whole role and reduce it, partially or absolutely, to a commercial act.

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