Civil(2023) ou ‘Technical Series 2023 Disaster Preparedness & Planning —$—$—$—<————————— Q.1. Answer any seven question of the following: (a) Ina case of fire, the initial evacuation is @ vertical upwards (ii)vertical downwards Gii) horizontal (iv) imaginatively.» Ans. (iii) (b) A written statement of disaster planis « } (i) Disaster Networking (i)Disaster Alert Gii) Disaster Mock exercise (iv) Disaster Manual Ans. (iv) os! (c) Structural and non-structural measures are elements of high category of Risk Reduction measures 4 (i) Socio-economic measur (i) Physical meastites >. ii) Environmental measures (iv) Post disaster measures Ans. (ii) yo (d) Rapid and direct dissemination of cyclone warning are made to ‘the designated address at isolated places in_ _Jocal Janguages through ‘@ Internet (ii) INSAT Satellite Gii) Radio (iv) Newspaper Ans. (iii) : (c) Pre-disaster planning includes all except (i) awareness and information programme ii) training and education to volunteers (iii) evacuation of injured(iv) coordination with government agencies Ans. (iii) (® What do you mean by Disaster Prep Disaster Preparedness refers to the m to prepare for and reduce the impact « disasters. It includes activities such emergency plans, conducting drills and stockpiling supplies, and training personnel { effectively to disasters. ea (g) What are the factors which affect the vuln : Ans. Factors affecting vulnerability include socio: status, infrastructure quality, geo A al | environmental factors, rovers il capacity, and community resilience. (h) List the role of NGOs in isaster Ans. The roles of NGOs (Non: Government: Ans. medical aid, distributing food and shelter and temporary housing, offering efforts, raising awareness, and advocating for | changes: to improve disaster resilience. 2 (i) How Tsunami is different from flood? _Ans. Tsunami differs from a flood in its ca characteristics. A tsunami is usually ca’ underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptio landslides, resulting in large ocean waves that can across long distances and cause devastating pila Floods, on the other hand, can result. bey Seiata river overflow, storm surges, oF and they typically affect la areas an la fect large n St for extended periods, evi irey PIN PRG de Ao ck hole cok Gj) The Disaster Management Act. Presently in force in India was enacted by Parliament in the year and received the assent of the president of India in the year— Ans. The Disaster Management Act in India wag enacted by Parliament in the year 2005 and received the assent of the president of India in the year 2005. Q.2. Explain in detail the activities of national Disaster Management Authority. Ans. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in India is the apex body responsible) for disaster management at the national level. It was established under the Disaster Management-Act, 2005, with the primary mandate of laying do | policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management to ensure timely, effective, and coordinated responée to disasters across the country. Here are the detailed activities of the NDMA: , 1. Policy Formulation an‘ + NDMA is responsible for formulating national policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management across various sectors: « It develops strategies for disaster risk reduction, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. « It coordinates with different ministries, departments, and agencies to ensure alignment of disaster management plans with national development goals. 2. Capacity Building and Training: + NDMA conducts capacity building programs, workshops, and training sessions for various stakeholders involved in disaster management, including government officials, first responders, community volunteers, and NGOs. + It develops training modules, educational materials, andCivil(2023) - Response and R. guidelines to enhance the knowledge and g stakeholders in disaster risk reduction and Early Warning and Preparedness: NDMA oversees the establishment and Operation warning systems for different types of di, including cyclones, floods, earthquakes, tsunan landslides. it works in collaboration with relevant ag ensure timely dissemination of warnings an vulnerable communities and decision-makers NDMA promotes preparedness measures state, and local levels, including t] contingency plans, mock drills, exercises. Coordination and Integr: NDMA facilitates cor , urban planning, infras' d environment, educatioi n, ND! encourages multi-sectoral collaborat: partnerships to build resilience and r vulnerabilities to disasters. : ecovery: N : Abe coordinates the national response to ce a mobilizing resources, deploying speci We Providing technical assistance to a It s i on the: timely and effective delivery of inctadee aan assistance to affected populati € food, water, shelter, medical care,Civil(2023) Technical s livelihood support. * NDMA facilitates the assessment of damages and losses, as well as the formulation and implementation 6 recovery and reconstruction plans in collaboration with relevant stakeholders. 6. Research and Development: + NDMA promotes research and development initiatives to enhance understanding of disaster tisks, vulnerabilities, and impacts. « It supports scientific studies, surveys, and assessments to improve hazard mapping, risk assessment,€arly warning systems, and resilience-building-measures, + NDMA encourages innovation and the adoption of technology in disaster management, practices toenhance preparedness, response, and recover’ y. capabilities. Q.3(a) What are the role.o dia on disaster management? Explain briefly. : Ans.The media plays a crucial ro] in disaster management by disseminating timely and accurate information, ‘acilitating communication, and promoting coordina among stakeholders. Here are some roles of the media in disaster management: Information Dissemination: The media serves as 2 primary source of information during disasters, providing updates on the situation, including the severity.of the event, affected areas, evacuation orders, relief efforts, and safety instructions. Timely and accurate information helps the public make informed decisions and take appropriate actions to protect themselves and their communities. : 2. Raising Awareness: Media coverage increases public awareness about disaster risks, preparedness aA and mitigation strategies. Through news eepork raising awareness. =documentaries, articles, and interviews, the | educates the public about the importance of , preparedness, early warning systems, evacuatig emergency contacts, and response procedure, 3. Warning and Alerts: The media plays a erj disseminating warnings and alerts to populations before and during disasters, television, radio, social media, and mobile media broadcasts alerts issued by authorities ¢ weather advisories, tsunami warnings, od evacuation notices, helping people take protective actions. ew 4. Public Engagement: Media platforms facili engagement and participation indisaster efforts. They provide forums for discussion, fe and sharing of experiences*among affected i communities, policymaker: experts, and Social media platforms enable real-time com crowd-sourcing of. information, and mob resources during emergencies, 5. Advocacy and Accountability: The media | watchdog role by holding autho: accountable for their disaster e eo es hrough investigative journalism, media ou highlight 8aps, inefficiencies and fai . > ailures in dis menegement, Prompting Seovernment agencies organizations to improve their policie. g ; resource allocation. S, procedures, 'b) Write a note on y ‘ Urban disasters verre lauaia occur within densely Populated set Phie vent towns, resulting in Widespreaq at Such as cities and disruption of vastation, loss of life, 88ential so. Services, These disasters can rities and institi response and rViCivil(2023 A be triggered by natural hazards, technological failures, or complex emergencies, presenting unique challenges due to the concentration of people, infrastructure, and socioeconomic activities. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and wildfires, can inflict severe damage on urban environments, overwhelming emergency response capabilities and exposing vulnerabilities in infrastructure and land-use planning. Technological disasters, including industrial accidents, chemical spills, transportation incidents, and infrastructure failures, pose significant risks to urban populations, particularly in areas with hazardous materials: or critical infrastructure networks. Complex emergencies, such as armed conflicts, terrorism, civil unre nd public health crises, further compound urban ¢ ter risks, leading to humanitarian crises, displacement, and social disruption. pe ¢ : Q.4. Write in detail of the following: (a) Policies for disaster 1 isk reduction. Ans.Policies for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR): Disaster risk reduction (DRR) policies are essential frameworks vadopted by governments and organizations to mitigate the impact of disasters and build resilience in communities and societies. These policies encompass a range-of strategies, measures, and initiatives aimed at reducing vulnerabilities, enhancing preparedness, and promoting sustainable development. Here are key components of DRR policies: 1. Risk Assessment and Mapping: * DRR policies emphasize the importance of conducting comprehensive risk assessments to identify hazards, vulnerabilities, and exposure levels in different regions. * Hazard maps and vulnerability assessments are used toiding decision-ma : 3 Sita kk reduction interventions. allocation and ris! zs : 2. Legislative and Institutional Frameworks: : establish legal and institutioy DRR policies Coe ‘ frameworks to facilitate coordination, collaboration, among government agencj accountability a stakeholders, and communities. ; They define roles, responsibilities, and mand relevant authorities, including national management agencies, local governments, ‘eme responders, and civil society organizations: 3. Building Codes and Regulations: standards to enhance the resilience of infrastr housing, and critical facilities. a 4 ; They require rigorous planning and zoning measufes minimize exposure to hazards, such as seismic zo! floodplains, and coastal areas prone to cyclo: tsunamis. . 4. Early Warning Systems: DRR policies prioritize the establishment and operatio of early warning systems for different types of disa: r including meteorological, hydrological, geological, ai technological hazards. yj > ® & @ 3 @ g 5 ® os & ® Sh B A < a & a ® ® 5 5 © & oh ° 5 ° & ~ es warnings, and advisories to vulnerable communit enabling them to take preventive actions and eva to safety. 7 5. Community Participation and Empowerment: 3 DRR Policies promote community engagem Participation, and empowerment in decision-n Processes, risk reduction activities, and disastéCivil(2023) echnical Serie preparedness initiatives. * They encourage the involvement of local stakeholders, including indigenous groups, women, youth, and marginalized communities, in risk assessment, planning, and implementation of resilience-building measures, c 6. Education and Awareness: DRR policies emphasize the importance of education, training, and public awareness campaigns to enhance knowledge, skills, and preparedness among individuals, households, schools, workplaces, and communiti + They promote disaster risk education, awa 'S8- raising activities, and capacity-building» rograms to foster a culture of safety, recillehod a peti behavior. (b) DRR programs in India 7 Ans. DRR Programs in India:India faces a diverse range of natural and man-made hazards, inéluding earthquakes, floods, cyclones, landslides,” droughts, industrial accidents, and public health emergencies. In response to these challenges, the Government of India has implemented various»disaster risk reduction (RR) programs and initiatives aimed at enhancing preparedness, response, recovery, and resilience- building efforts across the country. Here are some key DRR programs in India: 1. neti ded laa Management Authority (NDMA): The’NDMA is the apex body responsible for formulating and guidelines for disaster national policies, plans, management in India. ns uate It coordinates with central RE aie governments, local authorities, and ae Raadeed to strengthen disaster preparedness, 1S response capabilities. DMP): ational Disaster Management Plan co)10 Technical § * The NDMP is a comprehensive framework that out the roles, responsibilities, and actions to be unde; by different agencies and stakeholders before, q and after disasters. * It focuses on key are warning, capacity-buil community resilience, a 6 3. State Disaster Management Authorities ( «Bach state in India has its own State D Management Authority (SDMA) resp, implementing disaster management programs; p and initiatives at the state level. en Civil(2029) as such as risk assessment, e ding, infrastructure develop and institutional stre: governments, and community and implement state-specific _ - activities. ‘ _ 4, National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project ( * The NCRMP is a ¢é1 rally sponsored scheme aimed reducing the vuln 2 cyclones and lated hazards. * It focuses. on, Strengthening early warning syste cyclone ‘shelters, evacuation routes, me ts, and community-based pre paredness measures in cyclone-prone sta 5. National Earthquake Risk Reduction P. . The NERP aims to enhance earthquake prepat risk reduction, and resilience-building efforts in prone areas across India. * It focuses on improving building codes, ret vulnerable structures, conducting public ai campaigns, and strengthening institutional caf for earthquake risk management.Civil(2023) i 6. Flood Management Programs: . India’ has various flood management programs and initiatives aimed at reducing the impact of floods liked measures such as river embankments, flood forecasting, early warning systems, floodplain zoning, did community-based flood preparedness. . Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR): CBDRR programs promote community participation, empowerment, and resilience-building initiatives at the grassroots level. . un They involve local communities in risk a: essment, planning, and implementation of DRR including awareness-raising activities, ay acity-building programs, and livelihood diversificati projects. 2.5. State some important definitions which are used at the time of disaster. How will you prepare a disaster, preparedness pila n for your hospital? Ans. Here are some important, definitions commonly used in disaster management: 1. Disaster:A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society involving widespread human, material; é¢onomic, or environmental losses and impacts,/Which exceeds the ability of the affected community-or society to cope using its own resources. 2. Hazard: A potential source of harm or adverse effect on human life, health, property, or the environment. Hazards can be natural (e-g., earthquakes, floods, hurricanes) or man-made (¢.8., industrial accidents, chemical spills, terrorism). ay 3. Vulnerability: The susceptibility of dana communities, infrastructure, OF ecosystems ieee b impacts of hazards. Vulnerability is influenced by fa di such as socioeconomic status, physical exposure, Ac easures,1023) . i to resources, and institutional capacity, Risk: The probability of harmful consequences from interactions between hazards, vulnerabilit exposed elements. Risk assessment, involves analyzing, and evaluating the potential risks a with specific hazards and vulnerabilities. : 5. Preparedness: The activities, measur arrangements put in place before a disaster to effective, response, recovery, and. resilience. Preparedness includes planning, training building, resource mobilization, and coordi undertaken by governments, Co communities. i f é 6. Response: The actions taken during | after a disaster to address, thé n populations, protect live; propert essential services. Response activities and rescue, medical. care, sheltering, evact distribution of relief supplies. cae - Recovery: The process of rebuilding, rehabili restoration of, affected communities and infr: following’a disaster. Recovery efforts ai hospital, here's an outline of the key steps: - Risk Assessment: Identify potential hazards affect the hospital, such as natural technological accidents, or public health en Assess the vulnerabilities and potential impat hazards on hospital operations, infrastructi patients, e Emergency Response Planning: Devel emergency response procedures for differerCivil(2023) 13. disasters, including evacuation plans. , protocols, medical triage 3 communication protocols, and coordinatio mechanisms with lo ‘ 7 authorities. seutbarmehit ss! Renuooesand 3. Resource Invent inventory of enna RHEE WAU. gi a r , equipment, supplies, and personnel needed to respond effectively to emergengiess Establish protocols for resource mobilization, allocation, and distribution during disasters. : 4. Training and Capacity Building: Conduct, 1 training sessions, drills, and exercises to familiarize hospital staff with emergency procedures, oles, and responsibilities. Provide training on. first: aid, triage, incident command system, ant use of emergency equipment and supplies. : 5. Communication and Coordination: Establish communication systems and. protocols for internal and external communicati n- during emergencies. Coordinate with local emergency management agencies, healthcare facilities, and community partners to ensure seamless collaboration and resource sharing. 6. Patient Care and Continuity of Operations: Develop plans for patient care, triage, treatment, and evacuation re continuity of essential water, sanitation, and during emergencies. Ensw hospital services, such as power, ; medical care, through backup systems and contingency arrangements, 7. Community Outreach an ‘ the local community to raise awarenes® Ne preparedness, response procedures, an oe healthcare services. Provide education and tral a ts, families, caregivers, and volunteer d Education: Engage withCivil(2029) 4 ‘Technic mergency preparedness and response. wee) Eos nacurel disasters and its mitigation egies. y eee Disasters:Natural disasters are catastrophic events that result from natural proceae and phenomena, causing widespread destruction, loss of and socioeconomic impacts. These events occu witl human intervention and can take various depending on the underlying natural me , types of natural disasters include: aa ad 3 1. Earthquakes: Sudden shaking of the groun caused the movement of tectonic plates beneath-the Earth's © surface. Earthquakes can result in_structural damage, — landslides, tsunamis, and seconda’ h nazards suchas fires © and liquefaction. 2. Floods: Overflow of water onto norm: caused by heavy rainfall; snowmelt, storm surges, failures. Floods can inundate homes, infrastructure, and agricultural land, leading to displacement, waterborne a diseases, and economic losses. - ¢ and Cyclones: Intense tropical storms characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, and storm | surges*“Hutticanes (in the Atlantic) and cyclones (in the ; dn ean and South Pacific) can cause extensive — damage to coastal areas, including flooding, wind — damage, and erosion. : 7 Z a. rotating columns of air tha can produce severe waa to the encanta buildings, and tee oe fore ena trees, destroy ’ . Volcanic Eruption, bin ey fatalities. and gases ote ee 4 release of magma, ash, pyroclastic flows, and janice ge Ns Be flows, ashfall, . Voleanic eruptions can endange ger nearby communities, disrupt air travel, and ally dry land, often or damCivil(2023 15 fone 4 affect agriculture and ecosystems. chnical Series 6. Droughts: Prolonged periods of Precipitation leading to water scarcity, food insecurity, and environmental Droughts can have far-reaching impacts water resources, and livelihoods, particul; semi-arid regions. Mitigation Strategies for Natural Disasters: Mitigation strategies aim to reduce the risk and impact of natural disasters through proactive measures address vulnerabilities, enhance resilience, an sustainable development. Here are some key : strategies: *y 1. Risk Assessment and Mapping: Ider tify and assess hazards, vulnerabilities, and exposure levels in different regions through comprehensive’f sk assessments and hazard mapping. Use scientific ‘data, modeling, and historical records to under: d potential risks and inform land-use planning, infrastructure development, and emergency preparedness efforts. 2. Land-Use Planning’and Zoning: Implement zoning regulations, building codes, and land-use policies to minimize exposure to hazards and prevent conseaaa in high-risk areas, such as floodplains, seismic zones, and volcanic hazard zones. Encourage sustainable = management practices and ecosystem restoration to - reduce vulnerability to natural Se ak cad 3. Infrastructure Resilience: oe aces retrofit critical infrastructure, incl Cae impact of bridges, roads, and utilities, to withstan' d-resistant natural disasters. Incorporate Heating jneering materials, structural reinforcements, an 21 ae techniques to improve resilience a floods, hurricanes, and other hazards. elow-average crop failures, degradation. on agriculture, arly in arid and that gainst earthq'4, Early Warning Systems: Establish and maintain warning systems for different types of natural disa such as seismic networks, flood gauges, weather rg and tsunami warning systems. Develop protocol, timely dissemination of alerts, warnings, and eva orders to at-risk communities, emergency respond and decision-makers. 5. Community Preparedness and Educatio: awareness about natural hazards, disaster ri “preparedness measures through public campaigns, outreach programs, and comm) LY: initiatives. Provide training on emergency resp procedures, first aid, evacuation ® utes, and di resilience to empower individ als, famil communities to take preventive actions an vulnerability. 6. Ecosystem-Based Appri pat natural ecosystem: uch as wetlands, mangroves, and coastal dunes, which provid buffers against natural disasters. Ecosystem-ba: approaches can help mitigate flood risks, stabilize s regulate water flow, and protect biodiversity, enhancing resilience and promoting sustainab development. 4 es: Preserve ai 4 , including climate cha by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting renewable energy, and implementing adaptat: measures. Integrate climate resilience consideration into disaster visk reduction strategies, developm planning, and infrastructure investment to bu adaptive capacit' and ili alinaeeeriea Y reduce vulnerability to fut hazards,2. Medical Care and Emergene: (b) What are the important aspects of post disa: response? are Ans. Post-disaster response is a critical phase in disaster management that involves immediate actions and long- term strategies to address the needs of affected populations, restore essential services, and promote recovery and resilience. Several important aspects characterize post-disaster response: 1. Search and Rescue Operations: Immediately after a disaster, search and rescue teams work to locate and extricate survivors trapped in collapsed ildings, debris, or other hazardous conditions. These ae stiotis require specialized training, equipment, and coordination among emergency responders. ervices: Provide urgent medical care, triage, and treatment to injured individuals and survivors. Estab! ish temporary medical facilities, field hospitals, and first aid stations to address the healthcare needs of affected communities. Mobilize ambulances, paramedics, and medical supplies to support emergency. response efforts. 3. Shelter and Temporary Housing: Provide temporary shelter and housing assistance to displaced individuals and families who have lost their homes or been evacuated from unsafe areas. Establish emergency shelters, evacuation centers, and temporary housing options, such as tents, prefabricated shelters, or community buildings, to accommodate displaced populations. 4. Food, Water, and Sanitation: Ensure access to safe drinking water, food, and sanitation facilities for affected populations. Distribute emergency relief supplies, such as food rations, bottled water, hygiene kits, and walet purification tablets, to meet immediate needs. EstablishCivil(2023) - manage sanitation facilities, Jatrines, i: 2 ~~ . systems to prevent the spread of diseases p shelters and displacement camps. nae 5, Psychosocial Support and Menta ep a Provide psychosocial support, counse ling, me salth services to survivors : et se intervention, grief counseling, and si groups to help individuals cope with loss, stress, emotional distress. Mobilize trained counse ental health professionals psychosocial support services in affected commu 6. Infrastructure Restoration and Essential Se Repair and restore critical infrastructure, utilities, essential services disrupted by the disaster, suc nsportation, al workers, and m power, water, communications, tra: healthcare facilities. Clear debris, repair damaged ro bridges, and buildings, and restore utilities to the resumption of normalcy and the delivery of esse services to affected populations. Q.7. Discuss the impact of environmental modificati such as urbanization on vulnerability. Ans.Environmental modifications, partic urbaniZation, can significantly impact vulnerab: ral disasters and other hazards. Urbanization r 0 the process of population concentration in 1 areas, leading to the expansion of cities, towns, | metropolitan regions. While urbanization b numerous economic, social, and cultural benefits, pil Se environment and increé various hazards: Here are some ¥ environmental modifications, such as urbanizatio impact vulnerability: Increas eat menos: Urbanization often results Sion of settlements into hazard-prone areas,oes as floodplains, coastal zones, and cna ie grow, more people and infrastructure are eedad natural hazards, increasing the potential for disaster impacts, 2. Land-Use Changes: Urbanization involves land-use changes, anatachay) deforestation, wetland drainage, and soil sealing, which can alter natural drainage patterns, reduce green spaces, and increase surface runoff. These changes can exacerbate flood risks, urban heat island effects, and soil erosion, contributing to heightened vulnerability to disasters. 3. Infrastructure Vulnerability: Rapidcurbanization leads to the construction of new buildings, roads, bridges, and utilities, often without adequai consideration of disaster risk. Poorly designed onstructed, or maintained infrastructure canbe more susceptible to damage or failure during disasters, leading to service disruptions, economic losses, and casualties. 4. Population Density: Urban areas have high population densities, with large numbers of people living and working in close-proximity. This concentration of population and assets increases the potential for casualties, displacement, and socioeconomic impacts in the event of a disaster. 5. Informal’Settlements: Urbanization is often accompanied by the growth of informal settlements, slums, and squatter settlements, where housing 1s informal, substandard, and located in hazard-prone areas such as steep slopes, riverbanks, or floodplains. Residents of informal settlements are particularly vulnerable to disasters due to inadequate infrastructure, limited access to services, and socio-economse marginalization. ead 6. Enviregae Degradation: Urbanization candegradation. Degraded ecosystems are less resilient natural hazards and may provide fewer natural by or protective services, increasing vulnerabi disasters. marginalizing vulnerable populations, and di 1 social networks and support systems. L¢ communities, minorities, women, children, elderly people with disabilities may face disproportiona and impacts during disasters ¢ ue to social, econ and political factors. PN i Q.8. List and explain any seven man-made disaste: Ans. Man-made disasters are events caused by hur actions, negligence, or intentional acts that result i significant harm to people, property, and environment, Here are seven types of man- disasters, along with explanations: 1. Industrial Accident ndustrial accidents im incidents, such as explosions, fires, chemical spi releasesiof hazardous materials from industrial faci factories; or storage sites. These accidents can re fromequipment failures, human error, inadequate saf protocols, or non-compliance with regulations. Ind accidents pose risks to workers, nearby comm and the environment, leading to injuries, fat: environmental contamination, and property dam 2. Transportation Accidents: include incidents such as derailments, shipwrecks, or vel Im casualties, injuries, or dam; i hicle collisions that r age to infrastructureproperty. Factors contributing to transportatio accidents may include mechanical failures, human hikes adverse weather conditions, or inadequate maintenance practices. Transportation accidents can have widespread impacts on public safety, transportation networks, and the environment, particularly in densely populated areas or sensitive ecosystems. . Terrorist Attacks: Terrorist attacks involve deliberate acts of violence, sabotage, or intimidation aimed at causing fear, destruction, or harm to individuals, communities, or societies. These attacks may. ‘ go? clude bombings, shootings, hijackings, or cyberatta out by extremist groups, terrorists, or dividuals motivated by political, ideological, or religious motives. Terrorist attacks can result in mass ¢ai ualties, damage to critical infrastructure, disruption of essential services, and psychological’ ae impacting social cohesion and security. : . Structural Failures: St: rel failures occur when buildings, bridges, dams, or other infrastructure collapse or fail to meet safety standards, resulting in injuries, fatalities, and property damage. Structural failures can be caused by design flaws, construction defects, material deterioration, or inadequate maintenance practices. These-incidents highlight the importance of pbuilding codés, inspection regimes, and structural assessments to énsure the safety and resilience of infrastructure against natural and man-made hazards. ‘ . Environmental Disasters: Environmental disasters involve events such as oil spills, radioactive leaks, or toxic contamination of air, water, OF soil, leading to environmental degradation, health risks, and ene damage. These disasters may result from industria accidents, waste mismanagement, mining activities, oFTechnical S processes. Environment Givil(2023) - pollution from ea ees ac isa can have long-' bs ais ccs and public health, requiring remedi esis “cleanup operations, and environme: monitoring. i Q.9. Write short notes on any four of the following; ‘ ste management. (a) Post-disaster wa (b) Flash floods. (c) Hazardous effect of volcanoes. (a) Rehabilitation in disaster. (e) National disaster trends. (f) Landslides and Avalanche. (a) Post-Disaster Waste Management: Post-disaster waste managemént refers to th management and disposal of debris, rubble, and othe waste generated as a result of natural or man-mad¢ disasters. It involves the collection, transportation sorting, recycling, and disposal of various types of waste including building materials, hazardous substances, an¢ organic matter. Effective Post-disaster waste management is“essential for restoring infrastructure protecting public health, and mitigating environment impacts. It réquires coordinatio: agencies, relief organizations, an ensure ann! ee disposal of waste whi minimizing risks to human health and ¢ i (b) Flash Floods: Flash floods are rapid a characterized by a sudden and low-lying areas, riverbeds, 4 typically trigeeted ie hea areas. They(d) Rehabilitation i \ 23 Techs impacts of flash floods i = a populations. ws oe eae oe c) Hazardous cts of Volcanoes: Vole ‘ Effe: > eruptions ie) National Disaster can have various hazard communities, and asain Lava Flows: Molten lava can flow down Aaa, volcano, destroying vegetation, infrdetict 4 property imits path. ee Pyroclastic Flows: Fast-movin; and rock fragments can flow ea ae causing widespread devastation and fatalities. ste Ashfall: Volcanic ash can blanket large areas: causin sspiratory problems, disrupting transport wana damaging crops and infrastructure. ae Lahars: Volcanic mudflows or lahars can oecur when volcanic debris mixes with water, flowing rapidly down river valleys and destroyin bridges, roads, and buildings. a Gas Emissions: Volcanic gases, such as sulfur dioxide arbon dioxide, can pose respiratory hazards, acidify and ¢ te to air pollution and climate water bodies, and contribul change n Disasters: Rehabilitation in disasters refers to the process of restoring and rebuilding es, infrastructure, and livelihoods following It involves various activities, such as debris removal, reconstruction of damaged buildings, repair of critical infrastructure, and provision of assistance to affected populations. Rehabilitation efforts am to promote recovery, resilience, and sustainable development by addressing the physical, social, and environmental impacts of disasters. requires coordination among humanitarian organizations, donors, and local communities 10 ensure that pre hes those most in need and contributes to long- overy and resilience-building- Trends: communith a disaster. economic, Effective rehabilitation government agencies, reac reseem 1 disaster trends refer to patterns and trends ational di 2 disasters with the occurrence, frequency, a vary dependin @ country over time. These aphic location, clima Prractors suet: fd cocio-economiic developmen al dies trends include es the frequency and severity of extreme ee, event such as floods, storms, and heatwaves, bani ae impacts of environmental degradation, BS re and climate change. Understanding nah disas trends is essential for informing disaster risk red t strategies, emergency preparedness planning, a resource allocation to address emerging risks a) vulnerabilities. sO (f) Landslides and Avalanches:Landslides and avalanch are mass movements of rock, soil, snow, or debris doy a slope under the influencé of gravity. Landslides be triggered by factorsesuéh as heavy rainfa earthquakes, soil erosion, or human activities, whil avalanches are typically triggered by snowfal snowmelt, or slopé instability. These events pos significant risks.to communities, infrastructure, ai transportation-routes in mountainous and hilly regi warning systems, and ubl REP as ne essential for reducing the ef ssociated wit landslides a a 3 nd aval: protecting vulnerable Populations. an= : i \nswer as directed (any S€ven) ; Two types of arthquakeg and Voleanic eruptions, List two man-mad. © reasons ides in hi areal for landslides in hilly I'wo man-made reasons for landslides in hilly areas are: Deforestation: The removal of trees and vegetation can lestabilize the slope as roots of trees and plants bind the oil te gether, preventing erosion, Unplanned construction: Poorly planned ‘structure or construction on slopes without adequate port or terracing can lead to increased stress on the h le, making it susceptible to landslides. Give q brief definition of climate change. * ‘mate change refers to the long-term alteration of A xture and typical weather patterns in a place. It ult from both natural processes and os “1Ues, notably the emission of greenhouse gases He n dioxide and methane. Over recent Pd = 1s largely been associated with Pace ‘an-caused global warming, which lea ‘ ek ‘eather patterns, ‘rising sea levels, an ‘uency of extreme weather events. .Disaster Pre.and Planning [256] Technica), two gases that are classified amongst the . Scat ae hi ases (GHG: the, most important greenhouse g: 8). Ans.Two gases that are classified amongst the three Moy important greenhouse gases (GHGs) are: : 1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) 2. Methane (CH4) (e) Name two important aspects of post- environmental response. disast,, Ans.Two important aspects of Post-disaste, environmental response are: 1. Environmental Assessment: After a disaster, it crucial to assess the extent of environmental damage, Thi; includes evaluating the impact on soil, water, air, flora fauna, and ecosystems. Understanding these impacts cay inform the rehabilitation process and mitigate future risks, , . Waste Management: Disasters often generate i significant amounts of debris an | destroyed infrastructure to hazar collection, segregation, and dispos: to prevent secondary enviro safeguard public health. (f) The Disaster Management Act presently in for India enacted by Parliament in the year... received the assent of the President of India year. ie Ans. 2005 and 2005. (g) Briefly define the ter disaster management. Ans.In the context of dis sudden, severe, and that c d. waste, ranging from dous materials. Proper al of this waste are vital mmental impacts ar m 'calamity' as applie aster management, a 'ca unexpected, event, or series 0 ause significant disruption, destrue distress to human life, property, and the envdpopnist oe and ensure the origin, like on ‘ulation, Calamit; be man-m. acts of terrorism. hey can Bhopal Gas Tra Bhopal, India, when methyl j from a Pesticide plant ° Corporation, The toxic cloud populated eity resulted in the immediate death of thousands of people and affected hundreds of thousands more With long-term health issues and disabilities. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (2010): Also known as the BP oil disaster or the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, this occurred when an oil rig exploded, causing the ie 'l workers and releasing millions of barrels of ae into the Gulf of Mexico over several months. rans oe Xtensive environmental damage affecting m oe oastal ecosystems and major ' economir \rocularly in the fishing and tourism sectors. isocyanate (MIC) gas leaked wned by Union Carbide that formed over the densely i e to. ainous areas are highly pron jae illy an tain ‘Two natural disasters that re Le slopes. variations in teep 5 nahi Landslides: Due to the s' . aaa tilly ve ony a often vaste susceptible to phy, an ee qenebleny eaacptile i are ai ‘4 sa, neal during heavy islides, y : vmelt. - thquakes: Mountaimous BS i especially aad two natural disasters that hilly and | ByDisaster Pre.and Planning [258] Technicg along tectonic plate boundaries, are vulne, earthquakes. Many mountain ranges have forme tectonic plate movements, and the associated ‘ activity can result in seismic events. (j) Two early-warning eats that are of a in coastal regions are... ase ANG. se Ans.Tsunami warning systems and Cycibnellil Typhoon warning systems. ‘ 2. List and explain four types of maa il dis Ans.Certainly. Man-made disasters are catastrophi that are directly caused by human actions or ne; Here are four types of such disasters: 1. Industrial Accidents: + Explanation: These refer to mishaps occu industrial environments, often involving the 1 hazardous materials. They can be the result of eqt measures. The resulting damage can impact nearby communities, and the environment. Example: The Bhopal Gas Tragedy in 1984, wh of methyl isocyanate gas in an industrial plant thousands of deaths and severe long-term heal for residents. 2. Nuclear Accidents: Explanation: Mishaps at nuclear powe facilities can lead to the release of radioacti Causes can include equipment failure, hun external events like earthquakes. The cons be long-lasting and may affect large areas, the severity of the release. a _ * Example: The Chernobyl disaster in 19 “Most severe nuclear accidents, resulting i in: I ot se =™, ‘ T ransportation Accidents: : oo i-xplanation: These refer to gions 2 to si; i i i modes of transportation like pl, on; ee eg ) lanes, trai i buses. While many transportatio dee accidents, the 5 m incidents are simple cale or contex . t can elevate certain incidents to disaster levels, eg i pecially if there's a high death toll or significant environmental damage. Exs hitting an iceberg, resulting in the death of over 1,500 passengers and erew. > . ach of these man-made disasters underscores the, importance of stringent safety regulations, constant | uilance, preparedness, and rapid response sa Sha ; pe s te see ar I believed that the Fukushima aaa nap lt is beliew k a ‘ t si hydrogen explosion which happ' reactor hy 2011, i of 12th March, Japanas a result of the Cece Li could well have been Pre radiation leakages (a) three outeomes of nuclear -easter in March ae cascade to others (like transpo! healthcare). This interdependence makes the w! system more vulnerable if not properly man: 5. Adaptive Capacity: « One positive aspect js that urban areas, du concentration of resources and governance might have a higher capacity to adapt and the face of challenges. Investments i infrastructure, green urban planning, and based disaster risk reduction can reduce in urban settings. In conclusion, while urbanization offe benefits, ‘such as economic growth and oj also brings about multiple vulnerabilitit planning, sustainable practices, and inclusi\ ‘vital in ensuring that urbanization does not risks but instead contributes to resilient urban communities. 8. Elaborate upon any four activities of | Disaster Management Authority. : Ans.The National Disaster Management Al is typically the apex body of a countryDi saster Pre.and Planning [271) dina mandates of NDMA may vary from oe outs, Based oh the Indias conti isla ot ee ly known NDMA models), the following are four critical activities: 1. Policy Framework and Planning: , * Formulation of Policies and Plans: NDMA is responsible for laying down policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management to ensure timely and effective response: to disasters. This includes the formulation of the National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP). : Integration with Developmental Plans: NDMA works to mainstream disaster risk reduction into the developmental agenda. This involves ensuring that disaster resilience is considered in infrastructure . development, urban planning, and other key sectors. ), Capacity Building: Training and Education: NDMA undertakes and promotes training and educational programs related to disaster management. This involves training first responders, local administration, and even the general public. Specialized courses are often introduced in ollaboration with educational institutions. »romotion of Research and Knowledge: The authority ‘en sets up centers of excellence and partner$ with demic institutions to conduct research on vario ry management topics, thus ensuring that policies ‘practices are evidence-based. Mitigation Measures: ‘ “sk Assessment and Mapping: One of NDMA's pivotal °s is to conduct hazard, risk, and vulnerability ““ssments. These assessments inform mitigation" projects aimed at reducing the risk of disaster; 4, Response and Recovery: 9. Ans.Sustainable and environmentally-friendl : Disaster Pre.and Planning [272] strategies and help prioritize areas and sectors risk. Implementation of Mitigation Projects: Ba; assessments, NDMA undertakes or recommen, include constructing earthquake-resistant stp setting up early warning systems, or unde, afforestation to prevent landslides. Disaster Response: In the event of a disast coordinates the response activities, ensurij affected areas receive timely and appropriate ag, This could involve the deployment of Natione Response Force (NDRF) teams, coordinatio1 relevant agencies, and ensuring the provisio1 supplies. Post-Disaster Recovery: Once the imm over, NDMA plays a role in the tecovery pl the community returns to normalcy. This restoration of basic services, infrastructure and the psychologica! well-being of the affe Apart from the activities mentioned above, focuses on strengthening international, n regional partnerships, creating pub campaigns, and building a culture of res communities. 3 What do you understand by sustai environmentally-friendly develop: giving examples. ; refers to a mode of development that the present without compromising the generations to meet their own needs. It main pillars: economic prosperity,(273) environmental protection, Environmentally-friendly development, in Particular, emphasizes the preservation and enhancement of the natural environment as an integral aspect of development. Here are some of the key principles and examples of sustainable and environmentally-friendly development: 1. Resource Efficiency: * » Example: Designing buildings that utilize passive solar heating, natural lighting, and cross-ventilation to reduce energy consumption. : », Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: | - Example: Implementing waste segregation and recycling programs in cities to minimize landfill waste and repurpose used materials. . Protection and Restoration of Natural Ecosystems: . Example: Establishing protected marine areas to restore fish populations, which simultaneously sustains livelihoods for local fishermen. Green Technologies and Renewable Energy: Example: Transitioning from coal-fired power plants to wind, solar, or hydroelectric power generation. Economie Incentives for Sustainable Behavior: xample: Offering tax breaks or subsidies to companies that adopt green technologies or implement sustainable irming practices. sustainable Agriculture: \vmple: Practicing agroforestry, where trees and crops * grown together, which can enhance productivity, soil , and biodiversity. rban Planning and Sustainable Transportation: ““uple: Designing cities with efficient publicDisaster Pre.and Planning [274] transportation systems, cycling lanes, ‘and friendly zones to reduce carbon emissions » congestion. : 8. Water Conservation and Management: * Example: Harvesting rainwater in urban by; promoting the use of drip irrigation in agri 9, Sustainable Business Practices: + Example: Companies adopting a "triple be approach, wherc they measure their succe, economic, social, and environmental metric; 10. Social Equity and Community Engage * Example: Engaging indigenous communiti management, ensuring they benefit from for es while using their traditional knowledge to p ecosystems. 2 11. Biodiversity Conservation: « Example: Establishing wildlife corridors infrastructure development fragments nat allowing animals to move freely and m: diversity. 12. Educate and Advocate: Example: Schools and -universities i sustainability concepts into their curricul: new generation of environmental stew: The overall idea behind sustainable and eny friendly development is to balance humann well-being of the planet. By embracing we ensure a viable, livable world for fut while attending to the challenges and n present. Te JHC ek