Subject: Physics

Topic: Basic
Mathematics
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 Basic Mathematics
 ALGEBRA
 Quadratic Equation

 If ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0 and a, b, c ∈ R then discriminant = D = b2  4ac

 If D > 0 then Two roots are real and unequal
 If D = 0 thenTwo roots are real and equal
 If D < 0 thenTwo roots are complex conjugate of each other.
−b ± √ D
 Roots are given by x=
2a
Note: - If  and  be the roots of the quadratic equation then
b c
Sum of roots +¿ – and product of roots =
a a
 Determinant

2nd order determinant |ac db|=ad−bc .

| |
a b c
rd
3 order determinant: d e f =a(ei−hf )−b(di−gf )+ c(dh−¿)
g h i

Sign Scheme:-

| |
4 −1 2
Problems: - | |
2 =
4 3
7 5
& 3 = 6 8 3
1 4 0

 2 = |47 35| = (4) (5) (7) (3) = 20  21 =  1

| |
4 −1 2
 3 = 6 8 3 = 2[(6)(4)  (1)(8)]  3[(4)(4)(1) (1)] + 0[(4)(8)  (6) (1)]
1 4 0

= 2(16)  3(17) = 32  51 =  19.

 Exponential Factor.

1 1 1 1
Exponential factor = ex ¿ 1+ + + + +.... .= 2.71
1! 2! 3 ! 4 !

 Logarithms

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 If a =N then log a N =x Here x is called the logarithm of N to the base a. When
x

a = 10 - Common Logarithm.

a = e - Natural Logarithm.

 Conversion: - log e x=2.3026 log 10 x

 Important Formulae Of Logarithm:

 log a (¿ mn)=log a m+ log a n ¿

 log a ( mn )=log m−log n

a a

 log a m n=n log a m

log b m
 log a m=log b m log a b or log a m=
log b a
 Antilogarithm is the reverse process of logarithm. i.e. log n=x then n = antilog of x

 Series of Natural Numbers

n(n+1)
1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + n =
2
n(n+1)(2 n+1)
12 + 22 + 32 + .......... + n2 =
6

[ ]
2
n (n+1)
13 + 23 + 33 + .......... + n3 =
2
 Algebraic Identities
 (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab.
 (a  b)2 = a2 + b2  2ab.
 (a + b)2 + (a  b)2 = 2(a2 + b2).
 (a + b)2  (a  b)2 = 4ab.
 (a + b)2 = (a  b)2 + 4ab.
 (a  b)2 = (a + b)2  4ab.
 (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b).
 (a  b)3 = a3 + b3  3ab (a  b).
 ¿ a−b∨¿ √ ¿ ¿

 Rules for Factorization:

 a2  b2 = (a + b) (a  b)
 a3  b3 = (a  b) (a2 + ab + b2)
 a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2  ab + b2)
a c a+b c +d
 Componendo And Dividendo Method: If = then =
b d a−b c−d

 TRIGONOMETRY
 Degree And Radian Measure of Angle B
S
Arc AB S 
Angle (θ)= = =
Radius OA r O A

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2 radian = 360o; 1 radian = 57.3o
Unit Of Angle: - Radian or Degree
A
 Trigonometric Ratio
Perpendicular AB Hypotenuse AC
sin θ= = cosec θ= =
Hypotenuse AC Perpendicular AB
90o 
Base BC Hypotenuse AC B C
cos θ= = sec θ= =
Hypotenuse AC Base BC
Perpendicular AB Base BC
tanθ= = cot θ= =
Base BC Perpendicular AB

Angle 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o 120o 135o 150o 180o 270o 360o

sin 0 1/2 1/2 3/2 1 3/2 1/ 2 1/2 0 –1 0

cos 1 3/2 1/2 1/2 0 – 1/2 – 1/2 – 3/2 –1 0 1

tan 0 1/3 1 3  – 3quadrant

First – 1 quadrant
Fourth – 1/3 0 – 0
(cos and sec are
(All ratio positive)
positive)

 Signs of Trigonometric Ratios

All Silver Tea Cup.

Third quadrant
Second quadrant
(tan
(sin and cosec  and cot are
 are
positive) positive)

 In first quadrant all trigonometric ratios/ functions positive sign.

 In second quadrant sin and cosec are positive sign and other all trigonometric ratios
negative sign.
 In third quadrant tan and cot are positive sign and other all trigonometric ratios negative
sign.
 In fourth quadrant cos and sec are positive sign and other all trigonometric ratios negative
sign.

 T-Ratios of allied angles

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sin(¿−θ)=−sin θ ¿ cos (¿−θ)=cos θ ¿ tan(¿−θ)=−tanθ ¿
o o o
sin(¿ 9 0 −θ)=cos θ ¿ cos (¿ 9 0 −θ)=sin θ ¿ tan(¿ 9 0 −θ)=cot θ ¿
o o o
sin( ¿ 9 0 +θ)=cos θ ¿ cos (¿ 9 0 +θ)=−sin θ ¿ tan(¿ 9 0 +θ)=−cot θ ¿
o o o
sin(¿18 0 −θ)=sinθ ¿ cos (¿ 18 0 −θ)=−cos θ ¿ tan(¿ 18 0 −θ)=−tanθ ¿
o o o
sin( ¿18 0 +θ)=−sin θ ¿ cos (¿ 18 0 +θ)=−cos θ ¿ tan(¿ 18 0 +θ)=tan θ ¿
o o o
sin(¿ 27 0 −θ)=−cos θ ¿ cos (¿ 27 0 −θ)=−sin θ ¿ tan(¿ 27 0 −θ)=cot θ ¿
o o o
sin( ¿ 27 0 +θ)=−cos θ ¿ cos (¿ 27 0 +θ)=sin θ ¿ tan(¿ 27 0 +θ)=−cot θ ¿
o o o
sin(¿ 36 0 −θ)=−sin θ ¿ cos (¿ 36 0 −θ)=cos θ ¿ tan(¿ 36 0 −θ)=−tanθ ¿
o o o
sin( ¿ 36 0 +θ)=sin θ ¿ cos (¿ 36 0 +θ)=cos θ ¿ tan(¿ 36 0 +θ)=tan θ ¿

 Trigonometrical Relation
sin θ
 tanθ=
cos θ
1
 cosec θ=
sin θ
1
 sec θ=
cos θ
1
 cot θ=
tan θ
2 2
 sin θ+cos θ=1
2 2
 sec θ−tan θ=1
2 2
 cose c θ−cot θ=1

 Addition Formulae
 sin(¿ A +B)=sin A cos B+ cos A sin B¿
 cos (¿ A+ B)=cos A cos B−sin A sin B ¿
tan A+ tan B
 tan(¿ A+ B)= ¿
1−tan A tan B
 sin 2 A=2 sin A cos A
 cos 2 A=cos 2 A−sin2 A
2
¿ 1−2 sin A
2
¿ 2 cos A−1
2 tan A
 tan2 A= 2
1−tan A

 Difference Formulae

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 sin(¿ A−B)=sin A cos B−cos A sin B ¿
 cos (¿ A−B)=cos A cos B+sin A sin B ¿
tan A−tan B
 tan(¿ A−B)= ¿
1+ tan A tan B

 Transformation Formulae
 sin(¿ A +B)+sin (¿ A−B)=2 sin A cos B ¿ ¿
 sin(¿ A +B)−sin(¿ A−B)=2cos A sin B ¿ ¿
 cos (¿ A+ B)+ cos(¿ A−B)=2 cos A cos B ¿ ¿
 cos (¿ A−B)−cos(¿ A+ B)=2 sin A sin B ¿ ¿
 cos (¿ A+ B)+ cos(¿ A−B)=−2 sin A sin B ¿ ¿
C +D C−D
 sin C+ sin D=2 sin cos
2 2
C+ D C−D
 sin C−sin D=2 cos sin
2 2
C +D C−D
 cos C−cos D=−2 sin sin
2 2
C +D C−D
 cos C +cos D=2 cos cos
2 2

 The Sine And Cosine Formulae For A Triangle

In a triangle ABC of sides a, b, c and angles A, B and C, the following formulae hold good.
a b c
 = =
sin A sin B sin C
 a 2=b2 +c 2−2 bc cos A

 b 2=c 2+ a2−2 ca cos B

 c 2=a2+ b2−2 ab cos C

 Area of a triangle ABC¿ √ S ( S−a)(S−b)(S−c ); where, S=(a+ b+c )/2

 Graphs

Some Important Graphs For Various Equations

Y Y

y = mx C y = mx + c
X X
O O

m = tan = slope of line with x-axis c = Positive intercept on y-axis and positive
slope

Y Y

y = mx – c C y = – mx +
O
X c O
X
C

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Negative intercept and positive slope

Positive intercept and Negative slope

Y Y

y2 = k x X
X O
O

y2 = – k x
Symmetric parabola about positive X-axis Symmetric parabola about negative X-axis

X
X

x2 = k y x2 = – k y

O
O

Y
Y

Symmetric parabola about positive Y-axis Symmetric parabola about negative Y-axis
Y
Y

y = ax + y = ax – bx2
X
bx 2 O
X
O
Asymmetric parabola
Asymmetric parabola
Y
Y

xy = x2 + y2 = a2
X
constant O a
X
O
Circle of radius 'a'
Rectangular Hyperbola

2
x y
2 y = e–kx
2
+ 2 =1
a b

Exponential Curve

Ellipse of semi-major axis a and semi-minor axis

b.

+1 +1
180o 360o
180 o 450o
y = 90o
y
0 0 270o 450o
90o 270o 360o 540o
sin –1
=cos –1

Cosine Curve
Sine Curve

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 CALCULUS
 FUNCTIONS
 A function denotes dependence of one quantity over the other e.g., the area enclosed by a circle
depends upon its radius. We say that the area is a function of radius and it is written as
A = f(r)
where A - Area
r - Radius
f - operations to be performed on r to get A.
 The kind of dependence is A = r2.
On these lines if y depends on x, y = f(x)
Where x - Independent Variable
y - Dependent Variable
 The dependence may be algebraic, trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, etc.
e.g, y = tan x , y = log (4  3x) and y = 2x +1 …etc.
 Differential Calculus
 The derivative of variable y with respect to variable x is defined as the
Y y = f (x)
dy
instantaneous rate of change of y w.r.t. x. i.e.
dx 
 Geometrically the differential coefficient of y=f (x ) with respect to x at
any point is equal to the slope of the tangent to the curve representing
X
y=f (x ) at that point
dy
i.e. =tan θ .
dx
dy
 If is positive, it means y is increasing with increasing of x and vice-versa.
dx
ds dW
Example: - Instantaneous speed v = , Power P=
dt dt
[Link]. Function y = f(x) dy
Derivative
dx
1. xn nxn1
2. sinx cosx
3. cosx sinx
4. tanx sec2x
5. cosecx cosecx cotx
6. secx secx tanx
7. cotx cosec2x
8. ax x
ax lna or a log e a

9. ex ex
10. logax 1
x ln a
11. lnx or logx 1
x

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12. sin x
1
1
√1−x 2
13. cos1x −1
√1−x 2
14. tan1x 1
2
1+ x
15. cosec1x −1
¿ x∨√ x 2−1
16. sec1x 1
¿ x∨√ x 2−1
17. cot1x −1
2
1+ x
18. c(constant) 0

 Some Rules Of Differentiation

d d
 {c . f ( x)}=c . {f (x )}, where c is a constant.
dx dx
d d d
 {f (x )+ g (x)}= {f (x) }+ {g(x )}
dx dx dx
d d d
 {f (x )−g(x )}= {f (x )}− { g(x)}
dx dx dx
 Derivative Of Product Of Two Functions

d d d
{f (x ). g(x )}=f ( x ). {g(x )}+ g(x ) {f (x )}
dx dx dx
 Derivative Of Quotient Of Two Functions

d d
g(x ). {f (x )}−f (x ) {g (x)}
{ }
d f ( x)
dx g( x )
=
dx
{g(x )}
2
dx

 Derivative Of Function Of A Function

Chain rule: If y = f(t) and t = g(x), then = ( )( dxdt )

dy dy
dx dt
 Maxima and Minima: If a quantity y depends on another quantity x in a manner shown in
figure. It becomes maximum at x1 and minimum at x2. Y
 At these points the tangent to the curve is parallel to X-axis and hence its
dy
slope is tanθ=0. But the slope of the curve equals the rate of change .
dx
dy X
Thus, at a maximum or minimum =0. O x1 x2
dx
 Just before the maximum the slope is positive, at the maximum it is zero and just after the
maximum it is negative.
dy dy
 Thus decreases at a maximum and hence the rate of change of is negative at a
dx dx
maximum.

i.e., ( )
d dy
dx dx
< 0at a maximum.

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2
dy d y
 Hence the condition of maxima: =0 and <0 (Second derivative test)
dx dx
2

 Integral Calculus
n+1
x
1. ∫ x n dx= n+1 , provided n  – 1
0 +1
x
2. ∫ dx=∫ x 0 dx = 0+ 1
=x

3. ∫ (u+ v) dx=∫ udx +∫ vdx

4. ∫ cudx=c ∫ udx
where c is a constant and u is a function of x.
n+1
x
5. ∫ c x dx=c
n
n+1
dx
6. ∫ x −1 dx=∫ x
=log e x

7. ∫ e x dx=e x
x
8. ∫ ax dx= loga a
e

9. ∫ sin x dx=−cos x
−cos n x
10. ∫ sin n xdx= n
11. ∫ cos x dx=sin x
sin n x
12. ∫ cos n xdx= n
13. ∫ sec2 x dx=tan x
14. ∫ cos e c xdx=−cot x
2

15. ∫ sec x tan x dx=sec x

16. ∫ cosec x cot x dx=−cosec x

17. ∫ ¿ ¿

a a log e ( ax +b )
18. ∫ ( ax+ b)
dx= =log e (¿ ax +b)¿
d
( ax+ b)
dx

 Definite Integrals
 When a function is integrated between definite limits, the integral is called definite
integral.
Ex:-
b

∫ f (x )dx is definite integral of f (x) between the limits a and b and is written as
a

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b

∫ f (x )dx =¿ F ( x )¿ ba=F (b)−F (a)

a

 Here a is called the lower limit and b is called the upper limit of integration.
b
 Geometrically ∫ f (x )dx equals to area of curve F (x) between the limits a and b.
a
6
1. Evaluate:- ∫ (2 x2 +3 x +5)dx
0

[ ][ ]
6 6 6 6 6 6
2 x3 3 x2
∫ (2 x +3 x +5 ¿ )dx=∫ 2 x dx +∫ 3 xdx +∫ 5 dx= 3 + 2 + [ 5 x ] 0 ¿
2 2 6

0 0 0 0 0 0

¿ 144+ 54+30 = 228.

2. Integrate the following
2 π /2 r2 π /4
1 K q1 q 2
(i) ∫ dx (ii) ∫ cos x dx (iii) ∫ . dr (iv) ∫ tan2 x dx
0 √x
2
0 r1 r 0

Answers:-

[ ]
2 2 2
1 x 1/ 2
(i) ∫ √x ∫
dx ¿ x
−1/ 2
dx=
1/2 0
1 /2 2
=[ 2 x ]0=2 √ 2
0 0

π /2
π
∫ cos x dx ¿ [ sin x ]0
π /2
(ii) =sin =1
0
2

[ ] [ ]
r2 r2

( )
r2
q1q2 1 −1 1 1 1 1
(iii) ∫k r
2
dx=k q1 q2∫
r
2
dx =k q 1 q 2
r r
=−k q1 q 2 − =k q1 q 2 −
r 2 r 1 r 1 r2
r1 r1 1

π /4 π/4

∫ tan x dx= ∫ (sec x−1) dx=[ tan x ] 0 −¿

2 2 π/4
(iv)
0 o

 General Formulae For Area And Volume

1. Area of square = (side)2
2. Area of rectangle = length  breadth
1
3. Area of triangle ¿ × base × height
2
4. Area enclosed by a circle ¿ π r 2; where r is radius

5. Surface area of sphere ¿ 4 π r 2

6. Surface area of cube ¿ 6 L2; where L is a side of cube

7. Surface area of cuboid ¿ 2 [ L ×b +b × h+ h × L ] ; where L= length, b = breadth, h = height

8. Area of curved surface of cylinder ¿ 2 πrl ; where r = radius, l = length of cylinder
9. Volume of cube ¿ L3
10. Volume of cuboid ¿ L× b × h
4 3
11. Volume of sphere ¿ πr
3
12. Volume of cylinder ¿ π r 2 l

1 2
13. Volume of cone ¿ πr h
2

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— Shakuntala Devi (Indian Writer And

Without mathematics, there’s nothing

you can do. Everything around you is
mathematics. Everything around you
is numbers.
Mental Calculator)

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