Introducation chapter
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOPHOTOCATALYST ( PEANUT SHELLS)
BIOLOGICAL NAME ;
ARACHIS HYPOGAEA TESTA .
POLLUTION :
Pollution is the contamination of the environment , causing harm to ecosystems, human health , and the planet .
Types of pollution ;
There are many types of pollution and I want to mention and briefly disscuss some of them .
1. Air pollution ;
Airborne contaminants ( gases , particles) .
2. Water pollution;
Contaminants of water bodies ( chemical , physical biological ).
3. Soil pollution ;
Contaminants of land ( chemical , industrial waste).
4. Noise pollution ;
Excessive sounds levels etc.
Water pollution :
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, and groundwater) due
to human activities or natural events, harming aquatic ecosystems, human health, and the environment.
Types of Water Pollution:
There are also multiple types of water pollution which I mentioned below .
1. Chemical pollution: Industrial waste, pesticides, fertilizers.
2. Physical pollution: Sediments, trash, plastics.
3. Biological pollution: Pathogens, bacteria, viruses.
4. Thermal pollution: Temperature changes.
Dyes as a source of water pollution:
Introduction:
Textile, paper, and other industries release large amounts of dye-containing wastewater, contaminating water
bodies.
Effects on Water:
1. Coloration: Interferes with photosynthesis, harming aquatic life.
2. Toxicity: Dyes contain heavy metals, carcinogens, and mutagens.
3. Bioaccumulation: Dyes persist in environment, accumulating in organisms.
Sources of Dye Pollution:
1. Textile mills
2. Paper and pulp industries
3. Leather and dye manufacturing
4. Agricultural runoff (from dye-treated crops)
Impact on Human Health:
1. Cancer risk
2. Skin irritation
3. Respiratory problems
4. Neurological damage
Treatment and Prevention:
1. Wastewater treatment plants
2. Biological degradation (microorganisms break down dyes)
3. Chemical treatment (coagulation, oxidation)
4. Alternative eco-friendly dyes
Individual Actions:
1. Support sustainable fashion
2. Choose eco-friendly products
3. Reduce textile waste
4. Promote water conservation
Conclusion:
Dye pollution harms aquatic ecosystems, human health, and the environment. Implementing sustainable practices,
treatment technologies, and regulations can mitigate this issue.
We used multiple dyes in this research . let me mention one by one with their chemicals structure .
1. Alizarine :
Alizarin (also known as 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone, Mordant Red 11, turkey red).
is an organic compound with formula C14H8O that has been used throughout history as a red dye, principally for
dyeing textile fabrics. Historically it was derived from the roots of plants of the madder genus. In 1869, it became the
first natural dye to be produced synthetically.
Chemical structure;
2. Methylene blue :
Methylthioninium chloride, commonly called methylene blue, is a salt used as
a dye and as a medication. As a medication, it is mainly used to treat methemoglobinemia by chemically
reducing the ferric iron in hemoglobin to ferrous iron. Specifically, it is used to treat methemoglobin levels that are
greater than 30% or in which there are symptoms despite oxygen therapy. It has previously been used for
treating cyanide poisoning and urinary tract infections, but this use is no longer recommended.
Chemical structure :
3. CONGO RED ;
Congo red is an organic compound, the sodium salt of 3,3′-
([1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diyl)bis(4- aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid). It is an azo dye.
Congo red is water-soluble, yielding a red colloidal solution; its solubility is greater
in organic solvents. The use of Congo red in the textile industry has long been
abandoned, primarily because of its carcinogenic properties, but it is still used
for histological staining.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE :
4. RHODAMINE B :
Rhodamine B is a chemical
compound and a dye. It is often used as a tracer
dye within water to determine the rate and
direction of flow and transport. Rhodamine
dyes fluoresce and can thus be detected easily and
inexpensively with fluorometers.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE :
5. NIGROCIN :
In staining dyes, nigrosin (CI 50415, Solvent black 5) is a
mixture of black synthetic dyes made by heating a mixture of nitrobenzene, aniline,
[1]
and hydrochloric acid in the presence of copper or iron. Related to induline, it is a mixture of phenazine-based compounds. Its
main industrial uses are as a colorant for lacquers and varnishes and in marker pen inks. Sulfonation of nigrosin yields a water-
soluble anionic dye, nigrosin WS (CI 50420, Acid black 2).
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE :
PHOTODEGRABLE COMPOSISTES:
