Animal anatomy

and physiology
Truong Hai Nhung, Assoc. Prof., Ph.D.
Department of Physiology and Animal biotechnology
Anatomy?

Physiology? contents

Reproductive and development –

Applications in assisted reproductive
technology
 Anatomy is the study of form and structure
Anatomy ➢Gross anatomy is the study of structure that
can be seen with the naked eye.
Examples include feet, horns, tails, tongues, and
teeth.
➢Microscopic anatomy is the study of structure
that require a microscope to be seen
Examples include cells and sperm.

Since mammals are among the most

common animals, most of the information
on anatomy will focus on these animals.
GENERAL ANATOMY

• Anatomy = Ana (Gr) Tome (Gr)

Apart To Cut

• Dissection = Dissecare (Latin)

To cut apart
HISTORY OF ANATOMY
HIPPOCRATES(460-377BC)
• Greek physician
• Father of Medicine
• His name is memorialized in the
Hippocratic oath
• Humoral theory :
• Four body humors
blood .
phlegum
yellow bile
black bile
• Attributed diseases to natural causes .
 GRECIAN PERIOD

HEROPHILUS (about 325BC)

• Father of Anatomy
• Performed:
-vivi-sections (dissections of living humans)
dissections of human cadavers
• regarded brain as seat of intelligence
• described cerebrum, cerebellum, fourth ventricle
• first to identify nerves as sensory or motor.
SIXTEENTH CENTURY
• VESALIUS(1514- 1654)

• His work De humani corporis fabrica written in 7 volumes

• His work revolutionised the teaching of anatomy and ruled
for two centuries
• Chose not to have his name attached to the parts of body
he described unlike anatomists Sylvius, Fallopius,
Eustachius.
• Father of Modern Anatomy
• ‘Reformer of Anatomy’
NINETEENTH CENTURY
▪ ROBERT HOOKE -Coined the term ‘cell’
▪ JEAN BAPTISTE LAMARCK – observed gel like substance
with in the cell
▪ SCHLEIDEN and SCHWANN - put forth the cell theory
▪ RUDOLF VIRCHOW – worked on a book titled ‘cell pathology’
▪ JOHANNES MULLER – applied physics , chemistry and
psychology to the study of human body
▪ Noted anatomists of this century –
- Astley Cooper
- Georges cuvier
- Meckel
- Henry Gray in 1858 published Gray’sAnatomy;Descriptive
and surgical. At the age of 34 he published second edition
and died of small pox.
TWENTIETH CENTURY
có xâm lấn

IMAGING ANATOMY ko xâm lấn

- Ultrasound
- CT Scan
- MRI
- PET
 • Gross/ Cadaveric Anatomy
SUBDIVISIONS • Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
OF ANATOMY • Developmental Anatomy
(Embryology)
• Living Anatomy
• Clinical Anatomy (Applied)
• Neuroanatomy
• Surface (Topographic) Anatomy
• Radiographic Anatomy
• Comparative Anatomy
• Sectional Anatomy
 Describe anatomical terms
1. Superior- means above 6. Lateral- means toward sides of body
2. Inferior- means below 7. Proximal- closer to the point of
3. Anterior- means toward attachment
the front 8. Distal-futher away from the point of
4. Posterior- means toward attachment
the back 9. Superfical- near the surface
5. Medial – means close to 10. Deep- internal
the midline of
body
Describe Structural
Organization of Body
• Atoms – Simplest unit of an Element
• Molecules – Combined atoms
• Organelles – Combined molecules (basic units
in cells)
• Cell- basic unit of living organism
• Tissue- group of cells
• Organ- group of tissue
• System- organs working together
• Organism- all levels working together
 Range

• from Simple (Phylum Protozoa)

• to complex (Phylum Chordata)

PHYLA of the Phylogeny = the study of Phyla

Animal Kingdom
Ontogeny = the study of individual
development

Embryology = the study of prenatal

development
 Phylum: Chordata

• Characteristics
• Dorsal hollow Nerve Cord

• Notochord

• Pharyngeal Pouches

14
Subphylum: Vertebrata
• Characteristics
• Animals with backbones
• Endoskeleton
• Closed circulatory system
• Paired kidneys
• Complete digestive system
• Sexes typically separate
Subphylum: Vertebrata
• Characteristics
• Bilateral Symmetry
• An animal can be sectioned into
right and left haves; one the
mirror image of the other
• Segmentation
• Tube-within-a-tube body plan
• Body Cavities
Body Cavities: Dorsal

• Cranial Cavity
• Houses the Brain
• Vertebral Canal
• Houses the Spinal
Cord
Body Cavities: Ventral
(Lateral View)
• Thoracic Cavity
• Abdominopelvic
Cavity (contains the
“viscera”)
• Abdominal Cavity
• Pelvic Cavity
• Lined by serous
membranes
Body Cavities: Thoracic
(Anterior View)

• Mediastinum: a
potential space that
contains the heart, great
vessels, trachea,
esophagus, etc
• Pleural Cavities:
contain the lungs
• Pericardial Cavity:
contains the heart
 Abdominal Divisions

• Quadrants: 4
• Right Upper Quadrant
• Right Lower Quadrant
• Left Upper Quadrant
• Left Lower Quadrant

contains stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines, gall bladder,and

spleen
 • Oral cavity
Other Cavities • Nasal cavity
• Orbital cavities
• Middle ear cavities
• Synovial cavities
Learning Animal Anatomy from Human Anatomy
 • Physiology is the study of the functions of the cells,
Physiology
tissues, organs, and organ systems of the living

organism.

➢Physiology includes relationships among functions by

different systems of an organism, such as secretion to

digestion.

➢Diseases can cause the systems to fail to work properly.

Across

5) ability of sense change and react

7) •putting molecules together to make a more complex
substances
9) process of making a new organism
10) getting rid of material [

Down

1) complex material changes into simpler material

2) the passage of a substance through a membrane
3) change in position of an organism
4) movement of material
6) the process of getting oxygen
8) an increase in body size
10 characteristic
of animal life
Human body
Animals reproductive by asexual and sexual methods:
•Asexual is the production of offspring with genes all from one
individual, without the fusion of gametes.
•Sexual involves formation of gametes and fertilization, genetic
variation
Asexual Methods Include:

Budding in Hydra Starfish Regeneration

Gemmules in Sponges
Parthenogenesis: an unfertilized egg develops

Honey bees: drones are males and are produced parthenogeneticly

and female workers and queens form from fertilized eggs.

Queen Worker (female) Drone (male)

Sexual Reproduction
Hermaphroditism: individual has both male and female reproductive
systems
Earthworm
Fertilization can occur externally or internally
Aquatic animals tend to be external
Terrestrial animals tend to be internal
Development can be external in the water, external on land, or
internal.
Oviparous: lay eggs, Amniotic eggs are terrestrial eggs
Ovoviparous: live birth from eggs (some sharks and snakes)
Viviparous: live placental birth
 What are the adaptive values of each style off sexual animal
reproduction?

Number of Eggs: ?
Parental Care: ?
Habitat: ?

Introduction to Reproduction System

Complete the type of sexual reproduction typical of each group
Vertebrates Fertilization Development Parental Care
Fish External External (in eggs)
Little to none

Amphibian External External (in water) Little to none

Reptile Internal External (in eggs) Only occur in

some species

Bird External (in eggs) Extensive care

Internal likes nesting
and feeding

Mammal Internal
Extensive care
Internal likes protection
and feeding
Development of Eggs and Sperm
Spermatogenesis

Meiosis produces
gametes in the
seminiferous
tubules.

cc dinh dưỡng cho sự

phát triển của hình
thành tinh trùng
Close up look at
seminiferous tubules
video
Seminiferous Tubules synthesize sperm Sperm cells

Sperm Structures
ti thể di truyền theo dòng mẹ

chứa nhiều ti thể

giúp tt xâm nhập vào trứng -> ht acrosome hóa

Female Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System video

Ovary Follicle
Oogenesis

This is the state of the egg

when fertilized
Stages of
Development in
the Ovary
 Animal Development

Epigenesis: animal
emerges gradually from Preformation: shows
the egg infant in sperm from
1694 engraving
“homunculus”
 Fertilization in Mammals

Zona pellucida

Changes that occur in the egg after fertilization video

Cleavage partitions the zygote into many smaller cells
Rapid cell division without growth produces cells called blastomeres.
• In both sea urchins and frogs first two cleavages are vertical.
• The third division is horizontal.
• The result is an eight-celled embryo with two tiers of four cells.
• Continued cleavage produces the morula.
• A blastocoel forms within the morula → blastula

View the sea urchin development video on the CD

Gastrulation rearranges the
blastula to form a three-
layered embryo with a
primitive gut

Development after fertilization video

(triploblastic)
Organogenesis forms the organs from the three embryonic germ
layers

Organogenesis in a frog embryo

View frog development video on CD
Amniote embryos develop in a fluid-filled sac within a shell or
uterus
The amniote embryo is an adaptation for reproduction in the
terrestrial environment.
Shelled eggs of reptiles and birds.
Uterus of placental mammals.
Extraembryonic membranes in a chick
Identify the membranes that provide supporting functions

Protection from
mechanical shock
Gas exchange
Disposal of uric
acid
Nutrient source
Extraembryonic membranes in a chick
• The four extraembryonic membranes are the yolk sac, amnion,
chorion, and allantois.
• Cells of the yolk sac digest yolk providing nutrients to the
embryo.
• The amnion encloses the embryo in a fluid-filled amniotic sac
which protects the embryo from drying out.
• The chorion cushions the embryo against mechanical shocks.
• The allantois functions as a disposal sac for uric acid.
Early development of a human
embryo and its extraembryonic
membranes
• Embryonic membranes – homologous with those of shelled eggs.

• Chorion: completely surrounds the embryo and other embryonic membranes.

• Amnion: encloses the embryo in a fluid-filled amniotic cavity.

• Yolk sac: found below the developing embryo.

• Develops from the hypoblast.

• Site of early formation of blood cells which later migrate to the embryo.

• Allantois: develops as an outpocketing of the embryo’s rudimentary gut.

• Incorporated into the umbilical cord, where it forms blood vessels.

• Organogenesis begins with the formation of the neural tube, notochord, and somites.
Embryonic membranes – homologous with those of shelled eggs.
During labor, hormones stimulate the uterus to contract. The contractions
push the baby out of the mother's body.
The Process of Birth
 Mitochondria disease
• Ratio: 1/6500

20-25% mtADN mutation

related to Leigh Syndrome

The most common is the MT-ATP6 with a point mutation at nucleotide

8993T> G: change a thymine by guanine

Mitochondrial mutation rate is 7-10 times higher than nuclear DNA

Mitochondrial research society website
 Mitochondria transfer

Mitochondrial distribution in eggs Nuclear/maternal chromosome

Remove nulear 65
• 7 oocytes
• 106 MII oocytes
were use SNT

66
 67
Tachibana et al., Nature 2013
Pronuclear transfer
“Three-parent baby”

- Mutation 8993T>D mtDNA → Leigh

Syndrome
- 5 MII oocytes were used for SNT
4 oocytes develop to Blastocyst

1 embryo 3 abnomal
46XY chromosome

Baby
mtDNA from genetic mom < 1.6 %.
Abrahim Hassan chứa các gen bệnh sinh của hội chứng Leigh
PHÀN NÀN – HOAN HỶ -
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