Provincial Deprartment of Education

Third Term Examination -2024

Biology
Grade - 12
Answer Script

Part -1

Structured Essay

01 A i) Should be wet and permeable to gasses

Must be thin

Should possess a large surface area

Should have a good blood supply (02 Marks)

ii) 1 Scorpions/ Spiders

2 Internal gills

3 Earth worms/ Flat worms /Cnidarians

4 Tracheal systems (04 Marks)

iii) 1 Cones

2 by two

3 by three

4 Visceral pleura

5 Parietal pleura (05 Marks)

iv) a. Mucus escalation

b Surfactant (02 marks)

 B

i) a) Development of the ovary into the fruit without fertilization in some plants (01 Marks)

b) Development of seeds without fertilization in some plants (01 Marks)

ii) a) Prevention of the seed germination due to the Inhibition of development of the embryo at a stage of
development. (02 Marks)

b) Presence of inhibitors

Having thick and strong seed coats

Presence of water impermeable seed coats (02 Marks)

iii) a) All the major events related to the growth and development of plants that are initiated by light (01 Marks)

b) 1 Kryptochrome – blue light

2 Phytochrome - red light (04 marks)

iv)

 Photomorphogenesis
 Germination of seeds
 Keeping the distance between plants
 Production of flowers
 Elongation of the shoot and phototropism (02 Marks)

C.

i) a) Immunoglobulin/ Lysozymes (02 marks)

b) Pesinogen / Mucus (02 Marks)

ii) Pepsinogen→Pepsin (01 Marks)

iii) a) 1. Pancreatic nuclease

2. Small polypeptides

3. Disaccharides (03 Marks)

b) Microbial fermentation of undigested matter (01 marks)

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iv) a) Hepatocytes (01 Marks)

b) 1. Nervous regulation

2. Endocrine regulation (02 Marks)

c) 1. Cholecystokinin 2. Secretin (02 Marks)

(Total Marks - 40x25 = 100)

02. A

i)

 Three Antipodal cells,

 Central cell with two nuclei
 Two support cells
 Egg cell (04 Marks)

ii)

 Embryo
 Endosperm
 Seed coat (03 Marks)

iii) a. Closes stomata by the removal of K+ ions (01 Mark)

b .Physical adsorption of water molecules by hydrophilic substances (01 marks)

iv) a) X primary pholoem/ Y secondary xylem / Z secondary xylem (03 marks)

b) Dicot woody plant/ Secondary growth/ stem (01 Marks)

B) i) Organic molecules that combines with O2 at high Po2 levels and releases O2 at low Po2 (02 marks)

ii) a) 1. Haemoerythrin 2. Haemocyanin (02 marks)

b) 1. As HCO3- via blood plsma

2. As Carbaminohemoglobin

3. As Free carbondioxide gas dissolved in blood plasma ( 02 Marks)

iii) a) Fibrinogen (01 Marks)

b) Blood plasma without clotting factors (01 Marks)

iv) a. SA node (Sinoatrial node)

AV node (Atrioventricular node)

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 AV bundle/ Bundle of His (02 Marks if all 3 points are given)

b. Pressure within the arteries during systole of left ventricle (02 Marks)

v) a) ECG plot for one cardiac cycle (01 Marks)

b) Spreading of the impulse from AV node in the wall of the ventricle and the electrical activity of the ventricles (01
Marks)

c.

i) a) The materials that can’t be produced within the body using simple precursor molecules and which must be
obtained with food (02 Marks)

b)

 Provide bulk to the diet

 Satisfy the appetite.
 Prevent constipation
 Diet protect against cancers in colon and rectum (02 Marks)

ii) a) 1. F - Maintenance of tooth structure

2. Mg – Act as enzyme co-factors (02 marks)

b) Vitamin – D (01 mark)

iii) a) 1. Thigmonasty 2. Thigmotrophism (02 Marks)

b) 1. Auxins 2. Gibberalins (02 marks)

iv) 1. Preexisting mechanisms 2. Induced mechanisms (02 Marks)

v) changes in plant form due to mechanical disturbances (01 Marks)

(Total Marks - 40x25 = 100)

03.

A)

i) Light, electrical energy, Mechanical energy, Chemical energy (02 Marks)

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 ii) a) 1. Photophosphorylation 2. Substrate phosphorylation (02 Marks)

b) Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+ (02 marks)

iii) a) absorption and dissipation of excessive light energy (01 Marks)

b) (01 marks)

iv) a) C6H12O6+ 6O2→ 6CO2+6H2O+ Energy (ATP+ Heat) (01Marks)

b) (steps must match with the locations)

1. Glycolysis – Cytosole

2. Citric acid cycle - Matrix of the mitochondrion

3. Electron transport chain – Inner membrane of the mitochondrion (03 Marks)

v) a) Combining CO2 with RuBP (01 Marks)

b) RuBP carboxylase oxygenese / RuBisCo (01 Marks)

B.

i) a) Spreading of cancer cells to a distant location from its original location

b) Viruses, Fungi,Bacteria, Insects, Mites (01 Marks)

ii) a) Synthesis of proteins need for cell growth

Production of organelles

Synthesis of proteins needed for S phase (01 Marks)

b) 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (01 Marks)

iii) a) 1. Tertiary structure 2. Secondary structure (02 Marks)

b) Glycerol, Fattry acid, Phosphate groups (02 Marks)

iv) 1. Pyruvate 2. Acetaldehyde (02 Marks)

C.

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i) a) wheezing and chest tightness causing breathing difficulty (01 Marks)

b) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (02 Marks)

ii) a) The volume of air that remains in the lungs even after forceful expiration (01 Marks)
b) about 1200 mL (01 marks)
iii) a) 1. Innate immunity 2. Adaptive immunity (02 Marks)
b) 1. external defenses/barriers found in the skin
2. Mucus membranes
3. Secretions of various organs (02 marks)
iv) a)X- Thrombin Y – Fibrinogen (02 marks)
b) 1. Erythropoetin 2. Heparin (02 marks)
v) Sustained elevated blood pressure above normal limits (01 Marks)

(Total Marks - 40x25 = 100)

4.

A. i) 1. Keratin 2.Nutaralize foreign bodies 3. Hormones (03 Marks)

ii) 1. r-RNA 2. Provide sites for the assembly of proteins (02 Marks)

iii) a) Pyloric sphincter (01 Mark)

b) Mucin (01 Mark)

c) Mucus, Pepsinogen, HCL (03 Marks)

iv) a. Secretion of enzymes into the lumen of the stomach in their inactive form, Secretion of mucus

(01 marks)

b. Destruction of microbes by HCL (01 Marks)

c. Cuboidal cells of the liver lobules (01 Marks)

B.

i) 1. Vitamin – B 2. Vitamin – K (02 marks)

ii) a) Endocardium, Myocardium, Pericardium (03 Marks)

b. Prevent the turning of valves upside down (01 Marks)

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 c. Adrinalin, Thyroxin (01 Marks)

iii) a. Volcanic eruptions, Lightning, Hydrothermal vents,Alkaline vents, High UV radiation

(02 Marks)

b. Enzyme cartelized reactions, Growth, Replication and evolution (02 Marks)

c. RNA

C.

i) a) scientific study on classification, identification, nomenclature and description.(02 Marks)

b) 1. rapid advancement of molecular biology
2. new information on the evolutionary relationships of organisms. (02 Marks)
ii) 1. No
2. Growth is inhibited
3. No
4. Methanococcus, Halobacterium, Thermococcus (04 Marks)

iii) 2) Splitting each of the pieces radially along the longitudinal axis into 4 pieces
4) Measuring the initial curvature
7) Marking the edges and measuring the curvature again (03 marks)

iv) A. 1. Pterophytza 2.Anthophyta 3. (02 Maerks)

B. Mucor, Rhizopus (01 marks)

(Total Marks - 40x25 = 100)

Essay

1.

1. The new cells originating from the meristems are differentiated

2. to perform specialized functions and form a plant tissue system.
3. During differentiation process, they undergo changes in cytoplasm, organelles and cell wall.
4. Therefore, several types of plant cells can be recognized according to their structure and function.
5. A plant tissue has the following characteristics
6. consists of group of one or more cell types
7. which carries out specialized function(s).

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8. Vascular plants have three main tissue systems. They are;
9. dermal tissue systems
10. ground tissue systems
11. vascular tissue systems
12. Dermal tissue system is the outer protective covering of plants.
13. e.g. Epidermis- Protective layer in the stems and roots of the primary plant body and leaves
14. Tightly packed single cell layer
15. Normally covered by a cuticle which is a waxy epidermal coating in aerial parts
16. Specialized cells such as guard cells, trichomes and root hairs are also found in epidermis
17. Defense against physical damage and pathogens
18. Cuticle helps to prevent water loss
19. Root hairs involve in absorption of water and mineral ions
20. Guard cells help gaseous exchange
21. trichomes reduce water loss, shiny hairs refl ect excess light. Some trichomes secrete chemicals
involved in defense against insects, pathogens/ herbivores,
22. Epidermis is replaced by a protective layer called periderm
23. in older regions of stems and roots after the secondary growth
24. Ground tissue system
25. Ground tissue fills the gap between dermal tissue and vascular tissue,
26. mainly consists of cortex pith
27. The ground tissue is specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis, support and short
distance transport.
28. Three main types of cells are present in ground tissue. They are; parenchyma cells. collenchyma
cells, sclerenchyma cells
29. Vascular tissues system
30. Consists of xylem and phloem
31. Xylem tissue consists of vessel elements, tracheids, fibers and parenchyma cells in
32. angiosperms and some of the gymnosperms.
33. Vessel elements and tracheids mainly conduct water.
34. Fibers give mechanical strength. Parenchyma functions in storage
35. Phloem tissue consist of sieve tube elements, companion cells, parenchyma cells and fibers in
angiosperms.
36. Sieve tube elements allow passing of nutrients more freely
37. Companion cells control the sieve tube elements
37x4 = 148 (Max 150)

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2.

I)

1. Digestion in man is regulated by two ways:

2. nervous regulation and endocrine regulation.
3. Nervous regulation is mainly by nervous reflexes.
4. For example nervous reflex stimulates the release of saliva when food reaches the mouth.
5. Arrival of food in the stomach trigger
6. churning and
7. release of gastric juices.
8. Endocrine system plays a critical role in digestion especially in the stomach and small intestine.
9. when food arrives the stomach,
10. the stomach wall is stretched.
11. This triggers to release the hormone gastrin.
12. Gastrin circulates via the blood stream and arrives the stomach.
13. Then gastrin stimulates the production of
14. gastric juice at the stomach.
15. Fatty acids and amino acids in the chyme
16. trigger the release of Cholecystokinin and
17. Secretin.
18. Cholecystokinin triggers
19. release of bile from the gall bladder
20. and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.
21. Secretin stimulates the release of
22. bicarbonate from the pancreas.
23. Bicarbonate neutralize the
24. chyme received from the stomach
25. When the chyme is rich in fat,
26. food digestion in the stomach slows down due to
27. high levels of Cholecystokinin and
28. Secretin secreted by duodenum.
29. These hormones act on the stomach and
30. inhibit peristalsis and gastric juice secretion.

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 Ii

1. when the diet lacks one or more essential nutrients or

2. due to failure of obtaining adequate chemical energy
3. than the energy required by the body.
4. Through food
5. consistently
6. Malnutrition can arise
7. According to the WHO if, BMI is less than 18.5 is said to be malnutrition.

37x4 = 148 (Max 150)

3.

1. The early classification systems were all artificial systems and were mostly based on human uses.
2. Aristotle was the first to classify organisms scientifically.
3. He divided organisms into plants and animals.
4. Animals were further classified according to criteria such as mode of locomotion, reproduction and
presence or absence of red blood cells.
5. Aristotle’s pupil Theophrastus classified
6. Plants according to habit. e.g. trees, shrubs and herbs,
7. and according to lifespan e.g. annuals, biennials and perennials.
8. Carolus Linnaeus Swedish botanist, introduced binomial nomenclature
9. and also classified about 6,000 plants into a hierarchical order of taxa,of such as; Species, genus,
order, and class.
10. His classification of flowering plants was based on the number of stamens and styles of flower.
11. He identified two kingdoms of organisms; plants and animals.
12. With the discovery of the microorganisms there were organisms which could not be assigned into
either plants or animals.
13. To get over this difficulty Ernest Haeckel (1866) introduced a third kingdom: Protista.
14. He also introduced the taxon Phylum
15. With the discovery of the electron microscope biologists identified prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular
organization.
16. Robert H Whittaker (1969) introduced the five kingdom system of classification;
17. Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
18. His classification was based on the nature of cellular organization,

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 19. Unicellular or multicellular nature and
20. mode of nutrition.
21. With the acceptance of Darwin’s theory of the evolution and unitary origin of life,
22. For interpreting evolutionary relationships.
23. taxonomists began to use natural systems
24. With the recent advancement of molecular biology and
25. the use of molecular methods in studying evolutionary relationships
26. it became apparent that in the very early evolution some prokaryotes differ
27. as much from each other as do from eukaryotes.
28. Such difficulties have lead biologists to adopt
29. three Domain system of classification.
30. The three domains are
31. Bacteria,
32. Archea and
33. Eukarya,
34. Carl Woese (1977) introduced this three domain system.,
35. major split in the history of life occurred
36. when bacteria diverged from others.
37. Eukarya and Archea are mostly related to each other than bacteria.
38. To overcome this, three domain classification was proposed

38x4 = 152 (Max 150)

4.

1. Heart generates its own electrical impulses

2. beats independently of nervous or hormonal control.
3. However it is supplied with both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers
4. which increase and decrease respectively the intrinsic heart rate.
5. In addition to that heart responds to a number of circulating hormones including adrenaline and
thyroxine.
6. Small group of specialized neuromuscular cells in the myocardium
7. initiate and conduct impulses.
8. The conducting system of the heart consists of following
9. SA node (Sinoatrial node)
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 10. AV node (Atrioventricular node)
11. Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His), bundle branches and Purkinje fibres
12. SA node is a small mass of specialized cells.
13. It lies in the myocardium of the right atrium
14. near the opening of the superior vena cava.
15. The stimulus for contraction of the heart originates in the ‘SA node’.
16. The SA node initiates the heart beat and sets the rhythm of the heart beat
17. so it is called the pace maker.
18. But the heart rate can be varied
19. by the stimulation from the autonomic nervous system,
20. hormones such as adrenaline, thyroxine and temperature.
21. AV node is also a small mass of specialized cells.
22. It is situated between wall of the left and right atria.
23. AV node transmits the electrical signals from the atria into the ventricles.
24. AV bundle is a mass of fibers.
25. It originates from the AV node.
26. The AV bundle crosses the
27. fibrous rings that separate atria and ventricle
28. at the upper end of the ventricular septum
29. it divides into right and left bundle branches.
30. Within the ventricular myocardium the branches break up into fine fibres.
31. These fi ne fibers are Purkinje fibers.
32. The AV bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers
33. transmit electrical impulse
34. from the AV node to the apex of the myocardium.
35. As a result of this impulse, wave of ventricular contractions begin.
36. Then the contraction sweeps upwards and outwards
37. pumping blood simultaneously into the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
37x4 = 148 (Max 150)

5.

1. In many cases, the molecules that naturally regulate enzyme activity in a cell
2. Behave like reversible non-competitive inhibitors.
3. Regulatory molecules are either activators or inhibitors
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4. They bind to specific regulatory sites elsewhere (other than the active site)
5. via non-covalent interactions and
6. affect the shape and function of the enzyme.
7. It may result in either inhibition or
8. stimulation of an enzyme activity.
9. Most enzymes regulated by
10. allosteric regulation are
11. made from two or more subunits.
12. Each sub unit composed of a polypeptide chain
13. with its own active site.
14. The entire complex oscillates between two different shapes
15. one catalyzing active and other inactive.
16. In this two forms regulatory molecules bind to a regulatory site called allosteric site,
17. often located where subunits join.
18. When an activator binds with this regulatory site,
19. stabilizes the shape with functional active sites.
20. Whereas the inhibitor binds with the regulatory site,
21. itt stabilizes the inactive form of enzyme.
22. Subunits of enzyme arranged in a way through which
23. they transmit the signals quickly other subunits.
24. Through the interaction of subunits
25. even a single activator or inhibitor molecule that bind to one regulatory site
26. will affect the active site of all sub units.
27. e.g. ADP function as allosteric activator
28. bind to the enzyme and stimulates the production of ATP by catabolism.
29. If the supply of ATP exceed demand catabolism slows down as ATP bind to the same enzyme as
inhibitor.
30. cooperativity is another type of allosteric activation.
31. Binding of one substrate molecule can
32. stimulate binding or activity at other active site.
33. Thereby increase the catalytic activity.
34. e.g. hemoglobin is made up of four subunits
35. each with an O2 binding site.
36. The binding of a one molecule of O2 to one binding site increases the affinity for O2 at the remaining
binding site.

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 37. In feedback inhibition, a metabolic pathway is stopped
38. by the inhibitory binding of its end product of a process to an enzyme.
39. Thereby limit the production of more end Products than required and thus wasting chemical
resources.
40. Feedback inhibition is an essential process regulates the end products produced in metabolism.
41. e.g. ADP function as allosteric activator and stimulates the production of ATP during the catabolism.
42. In case ATP supply exceeds demand, catabolism slows down as ATP molecules function as allosteric
inhibitor
37x4 = 148 (Max 150)

6.
i)
1. In some persons, the immune system becomes active against particular self-molecules
2. begins to attack the person’s own tissues leading to an autoimmune diseases.
3. Possible causes may be genetic factors, gender and unknown environmental triggers.
4. Many autoimmune diseases affect females than males.
5. A variety of mechanisms produce different autoimmune diseases.
6. Some involve the production of autoantibodies
7. that can affect normal functioning of certain body molecules.
8. Some involve activation of Cytotoxic T cells that destroy certain body cells.
9. Examples for autoimmune diseases include Type 1 Diabetes mellitus,
10. Rheumatoid arthritis and
11. Multiple sclerosis.
12. In Type 1 Diabetes mellitus, T cells attack the insulin producing pancreatic beta cells.
13. In Multiple sclerosis, T cells attack myelin sheaths around neurons.
14. In Rheumatoid arthritis, painful inflammations of the cartilage and bones occur
15. as the immune system mistakenly sends antibodies to the lining of the joints,

ii)
1. Kidney is a bean shaped organ
2. which is held in position by a mass of fat and both are

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 3. surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue.
4. In the longitudinal section of the kidney, three
areas of tissues can be seen to the naked eye.
5. They are outer fibrous capsule, renal cortex and
inner renal medulla.
6. Cortex and medulla are supplied with blood
vessels and tightly packed with excretory tubules.
7. Renal Cortex is granulated due to the presence of
glomeruli.
8. Medulla is composed of renal pyramids, which have striatedappearance.
9. Apices of pyramids project in to the renal pelvis through renal papillae.
10. Renal pelvis leads into the ureter.
11. Renal artery and renal vein pass through the pelvis.

Iii

1. Sustained reduction of blood pressure below normal limits is called hypotension.

2. shock,
3. Dengue hemorrhage fever,
4. standing up suddenly from sitting or lying position,
5. over bleeding
6. hemorrhage condition,
7. fasting,
8. low nutrition etc.
9. Low blood pressure leads to inadequate blood supply to the brain.
10. Depending on the cause unconsciousness may be brief (fainting) or prolonged possibly causing death.)

38x4 = 148 (Max 150)

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