OBJECTIVES 1. Define Intelligence. 2. Demonstrate an understanding of the concept of measurement of intelligence 3. Describe the characteristics of tests 4. Identify various measurements scales INTELLIGENCE * Human intelligence is a mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations and use knowledge to manipulate one’s environment.TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS os BINET-SIMON SCALE > The FIRST intelligence test (1900) developed by Alfred Binet > Identify children who needed special education > He made concept of Mental Age. > Achild who scored the same as the average child of a given age on a standardized test had that mental age .THE STANFORD-BINET SCALE Louis Terman (1916-72) modified and developed some new items of Binet scale He Expresses the relationship between mental age and chronological age as a single number called (intelligence quotient) IQ. An intelligence test score that is obtained by dividing mental age which reflects the age regarded level of performance as derived from population norms by chronological age and multiplying by 100 1Q = Mental age Chronological age ~ 100 IQRange Classification Louis tremens (1916)gives the average score on an IQ test is 100. Majority of people have an IQ score between 85 and 115. 1to 24 - Profound mental disability 25 to 39 - Severe mental disability 40 to 54 - Moderate mental disability 55 to 69 - Mild mental disability 70 to 84 - Borderline mental disability 85 to 114 - Average intelligence 115 to 129 - Above average; bright 130 to 144 - Moderately gifted 145 to 159 - Highly gifted 160 to 179 - Exceptionally gifted 180 and up - Profoundly giftedPERFORMANCE TEST Performance tests is Intelligence tests that minimize the use of language. CULTURE-FAIR TEST Culture-fair tests Intelligence tests that eliminate cultural bias by minimizing skills and values that vary from one culture to another (e.g. what to do if another child hits you?) Psychological Testing Basics * Test A measurement device or technique used to quantify behavior or aid in the understanding and prediction of behavior. * Psychological Test A set of items designed to measure characteristics of human beings that be relevant to behavior. Behavior * Overt: observable activity of the individual * Covert: takes place within the individual * Scale A method of operationalizing a psychological construct using a multiple item test (e.g. questionnaire) pgp.ACHIEVEMENT TEST * Any test that measures the accomplishments of an individual after a period of training or learning . * The type of ability test describe what a person has learned to do ----Thorndike and Hagen[none m| STANDARDIZED TESTS TEACHER MADE TESTTYPES OF STANDARDIZD TESTS * Aptitude test * Attitude test * Intelligence test * Interest test * Personality test Types of Tests Individual Tests vs. Group Tests — Individual tests: test administrator gives a test to a single person e.g. WAIS-IV, MMPI-2 — Group tests: single examiner gives a test to a group of people e.g. SAT(Scholastic Aptitude Test), GRE(Graduate Record Examinations) (Human) Ability Tests — Achievement Tests * evaluates what an individual has learned * measures prior activity — Aptitude Tests * evaluates what an individual is capable of learning * measures capacity or future potential — Intelligence Tests * Measures a person’s general potential to solve problems, adapt to novel situations and profit from experienceAttitude Test Our personal attitudes and belief system powerfully influence our daily lives. These tests will help you see how your values translate into behaviors and shape your emotional responses . Adventure quotient test, Assertiveness test , Attention to detail test , Dominance test , gender roles for male and female test . Interest Test An interest inventory is a self assessment tool, used in career planning, that assesses one's likes and dislikes of a variety of activities, objects, and types of persons. Personality Tests: — Objective Personality Tests * present specific stimuli and ask for specific responses (e.g. true/false questions) . — Projective Personality Tests * present more ambiguous stimuli and ask for less specific responses (e.g. inkblots, drawings, photographs, TAT} APTITUDE TEST ® Itis the natural capacity of an individual to acquire competence or skill through training. = Individuals who have the ability to learn to Play the piano are said to have a natural aptitude for this activity. = Aptitude tests are structured systematic ways of evaluating how people perform on different tasks. They mostly consist of multiple choice questions and are administered under exam conditions.TYPES OF APTITUDE TEST * Numerical Aptitude Test: + Verbal Aptitude Test: * Non Verbal Aptitude Test: * Mechanical Aptitude Test: * Miscellaneous Aptitude Test: (This test include clerical ability test, typing speed test and spatial orientation test) THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE Howard Gardner ( 1983 ) psychologist proposed that all people are born with eight intelligence.He suggest the idea of multiple intelligence.These are: + Linguistic. * Logical-mathematical. * Musical. * Spatial. * Bodily-kinesthetic. * Interpersonal. * Intrapersonal. * Natureoa rived rca | \ | S@ Bodily Kinesthetic ieltaeie Interpersonal fl INTELLIGENCE TESTS > Intelligence tests are psychological tests that are designed to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, and judgment. INTELLIGENC TEST How meny animals do you see ?CAN WE INCREASE OUR INTELLIGENCE Techniques to increase our intelligence are as fallows: > Deep Thinking > Good Reasoning > Learning From Past Experience > Practice Measurement of intelligence It is developed by David Wechsler in 1955 .It is a test designed to measure intelligence in adults and older adolescents. Version 1955 1981 1997 2008 It is currently in its fourth edition (WAIS-IV) and focus on : > Verbal comprehension > Perceptual reasoning > Working memory > Processing speedFull-Scale 1 (FSIQ) Performance lQ Perceptual Comprehension Index Vs Vocabulary | | Arithmetic =| =| * Picture | 1. Digit Symbol. | } # Similarities { i * Digit Span ! ' Completion t ! Coding ‘ |» Information {| Letter-Number | | * BlockDesign | 1. SymbolSearch | ! * Comprehension | ' Sequencing | ! « Matrix | 1 ‘ t ReasoningCharacteristics of Test 1. Objectivity 2. Reliability 3. Validity 4. Norms 5. Practicability EP Objectivity: The test should be free from subjective— judgment regarding the ability, skill, knowledge, trait or potentiality to be measured and evaluated. Reliability: This refers to the extent to which they obtained results are consistent or reliable. When the test is administered on the same sample for more than once witha reasonable gap of time, a reliable test will yield same scores. It means the test is trustworthy. Validity: It refers to extent to which the test measures what it intends to measure. For example, when an intelligent test is developed to assess the level of intelligence, it should assess the intelligence of the person, not other factors. Validity explains us whether the test fulfils the objective of its development.Norms: Norms refer to the average performance of a representative sample on a given test. It gives a picture of average standard of a particular sample in a particular aspect. Norms are the standard scores, developed by the person who develops test. The future users of the test can compare their scores with norms to know the level of their sample. Practicability: The test must be practicable in- time required for completion, the length, number of items or questions, scoring, etc. The test should not be too lengthy and difficult to answer as well as scoring. Measurement Scale 1. Nominal scale 2. Ordinal scale 3. Interval scale 4. Ratio scaleLevels of measurement, also called scales of measurement, tell you how precisely variables are recorded. In scientific research, a variable is anything that can take on different values across your data set (e.g., height or test scores). There are 4 levels of measurement: Nominal: the data can only be categorized Ordinal: the data can be categorized and ranked Interval: the data can be categorized, ranked, and evenly spaced e¢ Ratio: the data can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced, and has a natural zero.Nominal level Examples of nominal scales You can categorize your data by labelling them in mutually exclusive groups, but there is no order between the categories. ¢ City of birth * Gender Ethnicity Car brands e Marital statusOrdinal level Examples of ordinal scales You can categorize and rank your data in an order, but you cannot say anything about the intervals between the rankings. Although you can rank the top 5 Olympic medallists, this scale does not tell you how close or far apart they are in number of wins. * Top 5 Olympic medallists ¢ Language ability (e.g., beginner, intermediate, fluent) Likert-type questions (e.g., very dissatisfied to very satisfied)Interval level Examples of interval scales You can categorize, rank, and infer equal intervals between neighboring data points, but there is no true zero point. The difference between any two adjacent temperatures is the same: one degree. But zero degrees is defined differently depending on the scale — it doesn’t mean an absolute absence of temperature. The same is true for test scores and personality inventories. A zero on a test is arbitrary; it does not mean that the test- taker has an absolute lack of the trait being measured. ¢ Test scores (e.g., |Q or exams) ¢ Personality inventories ¢ Temperature in Fahrenheit or CelsiusRatio level Examples of ratio scales You can categorize, rank, and infer equal intervals between neighboring data points, and there is a true zero point. A true zero means there is an absence of the variable of interest. In ratio scales, zero does mean an absolute lack of the variable. For example, in the Kelvin temperature scale, there are no negative degrees of temperature — zero means an absolute lack of thermal energy. ¢ Height ¢ Age ¢ Weight ¢ Temperature in Kelvin