ABU DHABI INDIAN SCHOOL, BRANCH 1, AL WATHBA
NOTES FOR THE CHAPTER- TISSUES (PART-2)
Grade :IX Subject: Biology
Animal Tissues:
On the basis of the structure and function of the cells, animal tissues are classified into four major
types:
1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscular Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue
1. Epithelial Tissue:
● The covering or protective tissues in the animal body are epithelial tissues.
● The cells of this tissue are tightly packed and they form a continuous sheet.
● Epithelial cells lie on a delicate basement membrane.
Types of epithelial tissue:
Depending upon the shape of the cells, the epithelial tissues are mainly classified as follows:
1. Squamous epithelium- flat and irregular shaped cells found in skin etc.
2. Cuboidal epithelium- cube shaped cells found in ducts of the kidney, the pancreas, the
salivary gland, the sweat glands etc.
3. Columnar epithelium- column like cells found in respiratory tract, digestive tract, uterus etc.
Note: Epithelial tissue may be simple, i.e., composed of a single layer of cells, or stratified,
i.e., made up of several layers of cells
Other kinds of epithelial tissues:
Functions of epithelial tissue:
● Epithelial cells protect the underlying cells from mechanical and chemical injuries and
bacterial or viral infection.
● They cover most organs and cavities within the body. It also forms a barrier to keep different
body system separate.
● They help in absorption of water and nutrients
● They help in elimination of waste products.
● Some epithelial tissues secrete secretions such as sweat, saliva etc.
2. Connective Tissue:
● It is a group of cells with fibres embedded in ground substance.
● The nature of the ground substance ranges from solid to semi solid and to liquid.
Various types of connective tissues are:
(a) Areolar tissue:
• It is found in the skin and muscles, around the blood vessels, nerves, etc.
• It fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in repair of tissues.
(b)Adipose tissue:
• It is found between the internal organs and below the skin.
• It stores fats and acts as an insulator.
(c)Bone:
• Bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix that is composed of calcium and phosphorus
compounds. It is a strong and nonflexible tissue.
(d)Cartilage:
• The semi solid matrix of this tissue is composed of proteins and sugars.
• Cartilage smoothens bone surfaces at joints and is also present in the nose, ear, trachea and
larynx.
(e) Ligament:
• Ligament connects 2 bones.
• This tissue is flexible or elastic in nature.
(f)Tendon:
• Tendons connect bones with muscles.
• It is a fibrous tissue with great strength but limited flexibility.
(g) Blood:
• The fluid (liquid) matrix of blood is called plasma.
• Plasma contains three types of blood cells suspended in it. These are:
(i) RBC - Red blood cells
(ii) WBC - White blood Cells
(iii) Platelets
[Link] Tissue:
• Muscular tissue is made up of muscle cells. These cells are elongated. So they are called
muscle fibres.
• This tissue is responsible for movement in our body. Muscle cells contain special proteins
called contractile proteins, which contract and relax to cause movement.
• On the basis of their structure and function, there are three types of muscle fibers:
1. Striated muscles (skeletal or voluntary muscles)
2. Smooth muscles (unstriated, visceral or involuntary muscles)
3. Cardiac muscles
[Link]. Smooth muscles Striated muscles Cardiac muscles
Present in the wall of alimentary
Present in limbs, tongue, They are present in the wall
1. canal, blood vessels, respiratory
body wall and pharynx. of heart.
tract, urinary bladder etc.
Muscle fibres are spindle- Muscle fibres are Muscle fibres are
2.
shaped. cylindrical. cylindrical.
3. Fibres are unbranched. Fibres are unbranched. Fibres are branched.
Muscle cells are Muscle cells are
4. Muscle cells are multinucleate.
uninucleate. uninucleate.
Nerve supply from both
Nerve supply from autonomous Nerve supply from central
5. autonomous and central
nervous system. nervous system.
nervous system.
Dark and light bands
6. Striations are absent. Striations are present.
(striations) are present.
7. Exhibit slow contraction. Exhibit rapid contraction. Exhibit rapid contraction.
8. Involuntary. Voluntary. Involuntary.
9. Do not get fatigued. Get fatigued. Do not get fatigued.
Function: Cause contraction and
Function: Cause movement
10. mobility in visceral organs and Function: cause heartbeat.
of limbs and locomotion.
involuntary muscles.
4. The Nervous Tissue:
● The Nervous tissue is made up of cells called the nerve cells or neurons.
● These neurons connect together to form the nerves of our body.
● Nervous tissues are found in nerves, brain, and spinal cord.
● The nervous tissue is responsible for the reception and transmission of information between
different parts of the body.
Structure of a Neuron:
● It is an elongated cell with a cell body that consists of some branch-like structures called
dendrites.
● The nerve endings of the cell are connected with the cell body via axon.
Flow chart – Animal tissues:
