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ANIMAL AND PLANT TISSUES

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 06 BODYTISSUE
MOVEMENTS

Introduction to Tissues:

Tissues are aggregations of cells that collaborate harmoniously to execute specific functions.

Plant Tissue:

Plant tissues encompass diverse categories, each comprising cells of similar nature. These
contrast animal tissues, as they exhibit multiple distinctions from animal cells. Plant tissues
encompass meristematic tissues, which are actively dividing cells, and permanent tissues, which
have specific structural and functional attributes.

Animal Tissues:

Animal tissues are composed of animal cells, characterized by their lack of rigid cell walls.
S
Types of Plant Tissues:

➢ Meristematic Tissues: Meristematic tissues are prevalent in plants and comprise rapidly
dividing cells. These tissues contribute to the plant's growth.
➢ Permanent Tissues: Permanent tissues emerge from meristematic tissues and possess
distinctive structural and functional roles. These tissues can consist of living or deceased
cells. They are specialized for particular functions, such as parenchyma, collenchyma,
xylem, and phloem. Permanent tissues can be categorized as simple or complex.

Differentiation:

Differentiation is the transformative process wherein meristematic tissues evolve into varied
types of permanent tissues based on the plant's location and requirements.

Types of Apical Meristems:

➢ Apical Meristem: Present at the shoot and root apices, apical meristems accelerate
vertical plant growth.
➢ Lateral Meristem: Lateral meristems are situated on stem sides and facilitate horizontal
growth, augmenting stem girth.
➢ Intercalary Meristem: Found between stem nodes and leaf bases, intercalary meristems
promote branching.

Types of Permanent Tissues:

➢ Simple Permanent Tissues: Comprising a singular cell type, these tissues typically
provide structural support.
➢ Complex Permanent Tissues: Complex permanent tissues are assembled from different
cell types collaborating for specific functions.
Plant Tissue Types:

➢ Parenchyma: Parenchyma tissues consist of loosely arranged cells with thin walls and
extensive intercellular spaces. They aid in support and storage, and include chlorenchyma
and aerenchyma.
➢ Collenchyma: Collenchyma tissues consist of live cells with thickened corners,
supporting plant bending.
➢ Sclerenchyma: Sclerenchyma tissues constitute rigid plant components with thickened
walls due to lignin, comprising long, dead cells.
➢ Phloem: Phloem encompasses sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and
phloem fibers. It transports nutrients in both directions, with phloem fibers being the only
non-living component.
➢ Xylem: Xylem comprises vessels, tracheids, parenchyma, and fibers. It conveys water
and minerals, stores food, and provides mechanical support.

Animal Tissues:

➢ Epithelial Tissues: Epithelial tissues cover external body or organ surfaces, offering
protective shielding.
 ➢ Squamous Epithelium: Thin and flat, these tissues enable gaseous exchange in locations
like the esophagus and mouth lining.
➢ Cuboidal Epithelium: Cuboidal tissues line glands and kidney tubules, contributing to
mechanical support and gland formation.
➢ Columnar Epithelium: Columnar tissues line absorptive and secretory organs, such as
intestinal lining, with ciliated variants present in the respiratory tract.
➢ Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Characterized by multiple layers, this tissue forms the
skin.

Muscular Tissues:

➢ Striated/Skeletal Muscles:
Responsible for voluntary movements,
these muscles are attached to bones,
exhibiting striations and
multinucleation.
➢ Unstriated/Smooth Muscles:
Involuntary movements are facilitated
by smooth muscles present in organs
like the alimentary canal and blood
vessels.
➢ Cardiac Muscles: Constituting the
heart, cardiac muscles exhibit
involuntary rhythmic contractions and
branching, with intercalated discs.

Connective Tissues:
Connective tissues link body parts, including blood, bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, areolar
tissues, and adipose tissues.
 Nervous Tissues:

Nervous tissues form the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, governing sensations, consciousness,
memory, and emotion.

➢ Neurons: Neurons compose the nervous system, containing a cell body, axon, and axon
terminals.

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MIND MAPS
 NCERT QUESTIONS

Q1. Define the term ’tissue’.

ANSWER:

A tissue is defined as a cluster of cells, which are similar in structure and work together to
perform a particular function.

Q2. How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.

ANSWER:

The xylem tissue is made up of four main elements, namely:

➢ Vessels

➢Tracheids

➢ Xylem fibres

➢ Xylem parenchyma

Q3. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?

ANSWER:

The following are the differences:

Simple tissues consist of a single type of cell and typically serve structural roles. Complex
tissues, on the other hand, are composed of different types of cells that work together to perform
specialized functions.
Q4. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their
cell wall.

ANSWER:
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma: Cell Wall Differences

Parenchyma:

➢ Cell Wall: Thin and primary.

➢ Description: Cell walls are flexible, allowing for growth and movement.
➢ Function: Storage, support, and photosynthesis.
➢ Example: Found in leaf mesophyll.
Collenchyma:

➢ Cell Wall: Unevenly thickened primary cell wall.

➢ Description: Thickened corners provide flexibility and support.
➢ Function: Support in growing plant parts.
➢ Example: Beneath epidermis in young stems.
Sclerenchyma:

➢ Cell Wall: Thickened, rigid secondary cell wall.

➢ Description: Lignin deposition provides strength and rigidity.
➢ Function: Structural support.
➢ Example: Present in tough plant parts like stems' outer layers.

Q5. What are the functions of the stomata?

ANSWER:

Stomata are the tiny pores present on the outer layer of the cells, the epidermis. Stomata bring
about the exchange of gases and transpiration.

Q6. Show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres diagrammatically.

ANSWER:

There are three types of muscle fibres, they are:

1. Cardiac muscles

➢ Present in the heart.

➢ Involuntary in nature.
➢ They have 1 nucleus.
➢ The muscle fibers are branched.

2. Smooth muscles

➢ Found in lungs and alimentary canal.

➢ Involuntary in nature.
➢ They have 1 nucleus.
➢ They are spindle-shaped.

3. Striated muscles

➢ They are connected with bones

➢ Voluntary in nature.
➢ They are long and cylindrical muscle fibers.
➢ They possess many nuclei.
➢ Striated muscles are unbranched.

Q7. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?

ANSWER:

The cardiac muscles are branched and cylindrical. They are uninucleated and are involuntary in
nature. The cardiac muscles bring about a rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout one’s
lifetime.
Q8. Differentiate between striated, un-striated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their
structure and site/location in the body.

ANSWER:

Striated Muscles (Skeletal Muscles):

➢ Structure: Long, cylindrical fibers with cross-striations (stripes).

➢ Location: Attached to bones by tendons.
➢ Function: Voluntary movement of the body, locomotion, and posture.
➢ Control: Under conscious control of the nervous system.
Unstriated Muscles (Smooth Muscles):

➢ Structure: Spindle-shaped cells without visible striations.

➢ Location: Walls of internal organs like the digestive tract, blood vessels, and airways.
➢ Function: Involuntary control of internal organ movements, such as digestion and blood
flow.
➢ Control: Controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Cardiac Muscles:

➢ Structure: Branched, striated cells with intercalated discs.

➢ Location: Heart walls, specifically the myocardium.
➢ Function: Involuntary contraction of the heart to pump blood.
➢ Control: Controlled involuntarily by specialized cardiac conduction system.

Q10. Name the following.

(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.

(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.

(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.

(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.

(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.

(f) Tissue present in the brain.

ANSWER:

(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth – The epithelial tissue, Squamous epithelium.

(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans – Tendon

(c) Tissue that transports food in plants – Phloem

(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body – Adipose tissue

(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix – Blood, it is a fluid connective tissue

(f) Tissue present in the brain – Nervous tissue

Q11. Identify the type of tissue in the following:

Skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle.

ANSWER:

➢ Skin: Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

➢ Bark of tree: Protective tissue and cork

➢ Bone: Connective tissue

➢ Lining of kidney tubule: Cuboidal epithelial tissue

➢ Vascular bundle: Conducting tissue (xylem and phloem), complex permanent tissue

Q12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.

ANSWER:

The parenchyma is found in:

➢ The pith of stems and roots

➢ When parenchyma contains chlorophyll it is called a chlorenchyma. It is found in green
leaves
➢ Parenchyma found in aquatic plants has large air cavities which enables them to float,
and are hence called aerenchyma.
Q13. What is the role of epidermis in plants?

ANSWER:

The epidermis in plants forms an uninterrupted and continuous layer that has no intercellular
spaces. It provides protection.

Q14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue?

ANSWER:

Cork cells are dead. The arrangement of cells is so dense, that there is no intercellular space.
Deposition of suberin is observed on the walls of the cells that make them impervious to water
and gases.

Q15. Complete the following chart.

The completed chart is as follows:

 EXTRA QUESTIONS

ONE WORD ANSWER TYPE QUESTION:

1. What are tissues?

2. What do tissues combine to perform?
3. Are plant tissues composed of different types of cells?
4. Do animal cells have cell walls?
5. What are the two types of plant tissues?
6. Which tissues are rapidly dividing cells in plants?
7. What is the purpose of meristematic tissues?
8. What do permanent tissues originate from?
9. Can permanent tissues be made up of both living and dead cells?
10. How many types of permanent tissues are there?
11. What is differentiation in plant tissues?
12. Where is apical meristem located?
13. What does lateral meristem contribute to plant growth?
14. What is the function of intercalary meristem?
15. Do simple permanent tissues consist of a single cell type?
16. Do complex permanent tissues involve different cell types?
17. What is the main function of parenchyma tissues?
18. Which tissue supports plant bending without breaking?
19. What do sclerenchyma tissues make up in the plant?
20. Which component of phloem is composed of dead cells?
21. What is the primary function of xylem?
22. What type of tissues form the outer protective layer in animals?
23. Where is squamous epithelium found in the body?
24. Which epithelial tissue lines the salivary glands and kidney tubules?
25. Which tissues support involuntary movements in the body?
26. What type of muscles make up the heart?
27. Which tissues connect different parts of the body?
28. What do nervous tissues make up in the body?
29. What are the cells that form the nervous system called?
30. What are the components of a neuron?
ANSWERS:

1. Cells 2. Function 3. Yes 4. No

5. Meristemati 6. Meristemati 7. Growth 8. Meristemat
c, c ic tissue
Permanent
9. Yes 10. Two 11. Transformati 12. Apex
on
13. Horizontal 14. Branching 15. Yes 16. Yes
17. Support 18. Collenchy 19. Hard parts 20. Fibres
ma
21. Conduction 22. Epithelial 23. Esophagus, 24. Cuboidal
Mouth
25. Muscular 26. Cardiac 27. Connective 28. Brain,
Spinal
cord,
Nerves
29. Neurons 30. Cell body,
Axon,
Terminals
FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a __________ function.
2. Plant tissues consist of two main types: __________ tissues and permanent tissues.
3. Animal tissues lack rigid cell walls, unlike plant cells, which possess __________.
4. Differentiation is the process through which __________ tissues transform into
permanent tissues.
5. The apical meristem is located at the apex of both plant __________ and roots.
6. Lateral meristems contribute to the __________ growth of the stem and increase its
girth.
7. Intercalary meristems are found between stem nodes and leaf bases, aiding in
__________.
8. Complex permanent tissues are formed by combining different types of __________.
9. Parenchyma tissues have __________ walls, live cells, and large intercellular spaces.
10. Collenchyma tissues have irregularly thickened corners, providing __________
support.
11. Sclerenchyma tissues are composed of long, narrow cells with thick walls due to
__________.
12. Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and
__________ fibers.
13. Xylem transports water and minerals and includes vessels, tracheids, parenchyma,
and __________.
14. Epithelial tissues form the __________ layer of body or organ surfaces.
15. Cuboidal epithelium lines the __________ glands and kidney tubules.
16. Striated muscles, also known as skeletal muscles, are responsible for __________
movements.
17. Smooth muscles are responsible for __________ movements, such as those in the
alimentary canal.
18. Connective tissues include blood, bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, areolar
tissues, and __________ tissues.
19. Nervous tissues are found in the brain, spinal cord, and __________.
20. Neurons are the core components of the nervous system, containing a cell body,
axon, and __________ terminals.
ANSWERS:

1. Specific 2. Meristematic 3. Cell Walls 4. Meristematic

5. Shoot 6. Horizontal 7. Branching 8. Cells
9. Thin 10. Mechanical 11. Lignin 12. Phloem
13. Fibres 14. Outermost 15. Salivary 16. Voluntary
17. Involuntary 18. Adipose 19. Nerves 20. Axon

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Plant tissues are composed of:

a) Similar types of animals b) Different types of cells

c) Similar types of cells d) No specific arrangement of cells

2. Which of the following is a type of plant tissue responsible for growth?

a) Permanent tissue b) Parenchyma tissue

c) Meristematic tissue d) Collenchyma tissue

3. Differentiation is the process in which:

a) Meristematic tissues divide rapidly

b) Permanent tissues become meristematic

c) Meristematic tissues transform into permanent tissues

d) Cells lose their structure

4. What distinguishes animal tissues from plant tissues?

a) Animal tissues have cell walls b) Plant tissues are made of animal cells

c) Animal tissues are rigid d) Animal tissues lack cell walls

5. Epithelial tissues are found:

a) Only in internal organs b) On the surface of the body or organs

c) Only in plant cells d) In the circulatory system

6. Muscles responsible for involuntary movements are called:

a) Skeletal muscles b) Smooth muscles

c) Striated muscles d) Cardiac muscles

7. Which type of meristem is present on the apex of the plant shoot and root?

a) Intercalary meristem b) Lateral meristem

c) Apical meristem d) Collenchyma meristem

8. Complex permanent tissues are made up of:

a) Only one type of cell b) Dead cells

c) Different types of cells working together d) Meristematic cells

9. What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

a) Gaseous exchange b) Storage of nutrients

c) Mechanical support d) Protection and forming the skin

10. Which type of muscle is found in the alimentary canal and blood vessels?

a) Skeletal muscles b) Smooth muscles

c) Cardiac muscles d) Collenchyma muscles

11. Which of the following is an example of connective tissue?

a) Epithelial tissue b) Muscle tissue

c) Blood d) Nervous tissue

12. Nervous tissues are responsible for:

a) Providing mechanical support b) Voluntary movements

c) Sensations and memory d) Absorption and secretion

13. Which component of phloem is responsible for transporting nutrients?

a) Sieve tubes b) Phloem fibers

c) Companion cells d) Phloem parenchyma

14. What is the role of xylem fibers?

a) Conduction of water and minerals b) Storage of food

c) Mechanical support d) Transportation of nutrients

15. What is differentiation in plant tissues?

a) Rapid cell division in meristematic tissues

b) Transformation of meristematic tissues into permanent tissues

c) Growth of lateral meristem

d) Conversion of complex tissues to simple tissues

ANSWERS:

1. c) Similar types of 2. c) Meristematic 3. c) Meristematic

cells tissue tissues transform
into permanent
tissues
4. d) Animal tissues lack 5. b) On the surface of 6. b) Smooth muscles
cell walls the body or organs

7. c) Apical meristem 8. c) Different types of 9. d) Protection and

cells working forming the skin
together
10. b) Smooth muscles 11. c) Blood 12. c) Sensations and
memory
13. 13. a) Sieve tubes 14. c) Mechanical 15. b) Transformation
support of meristematic tissues
into permanent tissues

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

1. What are tissues?

2. How do plant tissues differ from animal tissues?
3. Name the two types of plant tissues.
4. What is the main function of meristematic tissues?
5. Define permanent tissues and give an example.
6. What is differentiation in plant tissues?
7. Where is the apical meristem located, and what is its role?
8. Explain the function of lateral meristem.
9. What is intercalary meristem, and where is it found?
10. Differentiate between simple and complex permanent tissues.
11. What are parenchyma tissues, and what functions do they perform?
 12. Describe collenchyma tissues and their role.
13. What is the main feature of sclerenchyma tissues?
14. Name the components of phloem and its main function.
15. How does xylem facilitate the movement of water and minerals?
16. What are epithelial tissues and where are they found?
17. Define stratified squamous epithelium and provide an example.
18. Name the three types of muscular tissues and their functions.
19. What is the function of connective tissues in the body?
20. What does nervous tissue constitute, and what functions does it serve?
ANSWERS:

1. Tissues are groups of cells that work together for a specific function.
2. Plant tissues have cell walls and include meristematic and permanent tissues. Animal
tissues lack cell walls and include epithelial, muscular, connective, and nervous tissues.
3. The two types of plant tissues are meristematic tissues and permanent tissues.
4. Meristematic tissues are responsible for rapid cell division and growth in plants.
5. Permanent tissues are derived from meristematic tissues and have specific structural and
functional roles. Example: Xylem, Phloem, Parenchyma, etc.
6. Differentiation is the process where meristematic tissues mature into distinct types of
permanent tissues based on the plant's needs.
7. The apical meristem is located at the tips of plant shoots and roots, aiding in vertical
growth.
8. Lateral meristem is found along stem sides, enabling horizontal growth and stem
thickening.
9. Intercalary meristem is located between stem nodes and leaf bases, contributing to
branching.
10. Simple permanent tissues consist of one type of cell, whereas complex permanent tissues
comprise different cell types collaborating for a specific function.
11. Parenchyma tissues are loosely packed cells with thin walls, providing support and
storage. Example: Chlorenchyma and Aerenchyma.
12. Collenchyma tissues are live cells with thickened corners, aiding in bending without
breaking.
 13. Sclerenchyma tissues have thickened walls due to lignin, making them rigid and sturdy.
14. Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibers.
It transports nutrients in both directions.
15. Xylem includes vessels, tracheids, parenchyma, and fibers. It transports water and
minerals while providing support.
16. Epithelial tissues cover body or organ surfaces. Examples include skin, lining of the
mouth, and esophagus.
17. Stratified squamous epithelium consists of multiple layers and forms the skin.
18. The three types of muscular tissues are striated/skeletal, unstriated/smooth, and cardiac.
They are responsible for voluntary and involuntary movements.
19. Connective tissues link body parts and include blood, bones, cartilage, tendons,
ligaments, areolar tissues, and adipose tissues.
20. Nervous tissue comprises the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, responsible for sensations,
consciousness, memory, and emotion. Neurons are the main cells in nervous tissue.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

Question 1: Explain the concept of tissues in plants and animals. Provide examples of different
types of plant tissues and their functions.

ANSWER:

Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions. In plants, tissues are
classified into meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues consist of rapidly
dividing cells and contribute to growth. Permanent tissues are specialized for various functions
and can be further categorized into simple and complex tissues.

Examples of plant tissues include:

➢ Parenchyma: Made of loosely packed cells with thin walls, it provides support and
storage. Types include chlorenchyma (photosynthesis) and aerenchyma (air storage).
➢ Collenchyma: Comprising living cells with thickened corners, it lends mechanical
support, allowing bending without breaking.
➢ Sclerenchyma: Consisting of dead cells with thick walls, it offers rigidity and strength
due to lignin presence.
 ➢ Phloem: Comprising various components, it transports nutrients throughout the plant.
➢ Xylem: Responsible for water and mineral conduction, food storage, and structural
support.

Question 2: Differentiate between meristematic tissues and permanent tissues in plants. Explain
the role of differentiation in plant tissue development.

ANSWER:

Meristematic tissues are composed of rapidly dividing cells and contribute to plant growth, while
permanent tissues arise from meristematic tissues and have specific functions. Permanent tissues
can be simple (composed of one cell type) or complex (made of different cell types
collaborating).

Differentiation is the process by which meristematic tissues develop into various types of
permanent tissues based on the plant's needs and location. It involves the specialization of cells
for particular functions. For example, cells in the root meristem differentiate into xylem, phloem,
and epidermis, while those in the shoot meristem differentiate into leaves, stems, and flowers.

Question 3: Describe the types of meristematic tissues and their locations in plants. How do they
contribute to plant growth?

ANSWER:

There are three types of meristematic tissues:

➢ Apical Meristem: Located at the tips of shoots and roots, it aids in increasing plant
height.
➢ Lateral Meristem: Found in the lateral walls of stems, it promotes horizontal growth and
stem girth increase.
➢ Intercalary Meristem: Located between stem nodes and leaf bases, it facilitates
branching.
Apical meristem contributes to primary growth (vertical length increase), lateral meristem to
secondary growth (horizontal growth), and intercalary meristem to branching. These tissues are
responsible for producing new cells and tissues, leading to the plant's overall development.
Question 4: Explain the characteristics and functions of various types of animal tissues,
specifically epithelial, muscular, connective, and nervous tissues.

ANSWER:

➢ Epithelial Tissues: These cover body and organ surfaces, providing protection. Types
include squamous (thin, gaseous exchange), cuboidal (lining glands and tubules),
columnar (absorption and secretion), and stratified squamous (skin).
➢ Muscular Tissues: They facilitate movement. Striated/skeletal muscles are voluntary and
attached to bones, while unstriated/smooth muscles are involuntary and present in organs
like the alimentary canal. Cardiac muscles compose the heart and show involuntary
rhythmic contractions.
➢ Connective Tissues: These connect body parts and include blood, bones, cartilages,
tendons, ligaments, and more. They have diverse functions like support, protection, and
storage.
➢ Nervous Tissues: Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, they manage sensations,
memory, consciousness, and emotions. Neurons are the fundamental units, composed of
cell bodies, axons, and axon terminals.

Question 5: Detail the components of plant xylem and phloem. What roles do these tissues play
in plants?

ANSWER:

Xylem: It consists of vessels, tracheids, xylem parenchyma, and xylem fibers. Vessels and
tracheids conduct water and minerals, while xylem parenchyma stores food and provides
support. Xylem fibers contribute to mechanical strength.

Phloem: Phloem is composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem
fibers. It transports nutrients, mainly sugars, throughout the plant. Sieve tubes and companion
cells collaborate for efficient nutrient transport, while phloem fibers offer support.

Both xylem and phloem are essential for plant growth, supporting water and nutrient distribution
and overall plant function.
Question 6: Describe the characteristics and functions of different types of epithelial tissues in
animals.

ANSWER:

Epithelial tissues cover external body or organ surfaces and serve protective functions. Different
types include:

➢ Squamous Epithelium: Thin and flat, it allows gaseous exchange and is found in the
esophagus and mouth lining.
➢ Cuboidal Epithelium: Cuboidal cells line salivary glands and kidney tubules, providing
mechanical support and forming glands.
➢ Columnar Epithelium: Elongated cells line absorptive and secretory organs, with
ciliated variants in the respiratory tract.
➢ Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Multiple layers of squamous cells form the skin,
offering protection.
These tissues are specialized for their respective locations and functions.

Question 7: Explain the roles of neurons in nervous tissues. How do they transmit information
within the nervous system?

ANSWER:

Neurons are fundamental components of nervous tissues, comprising cell bodies, axons, and
axon terminals. They transmit information in the nervous system through electrochemical
signals. Neurons receive input through dendrites, which transmit signals to the cell body. If the
signal surpasses a threshold, an action potential is generated and travels down the axon,
ultimately reaching the axon terminals.

At the axon terminals, neurotransmitters are released into synapses, which are junctions between
neurons. These neurotransmitters convey signals to other neurons or target cells (muscles or
glands). This transmission of signals allows communication within the nervous system,
controlling various functions like sensations, movement, memory, and emotions.
 ASSERTION REASON QUESTIONS:

1. Assertion: Plant meristematic tissues contribute to growth.

Reason: Meristematic tissues are actively dividing cells.

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of
the Assertion.
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion.
• (C) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
• (D) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
2. Assertion: Permanent plant tissues can be either simple or complex.
Reason: Simple permanent tissues consist of multiple cell types.

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of
the Assertion.
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion.
• (C) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
• (D) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
3. Assertion: Connective tissues link various body parts.
Reason: Connective tissues include tendons, which help in muscle contraction.

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of
the Assertion.
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion.
• (C) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
• (D) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
4. Assertion: Nervous tissues govern sensory perception and memory.
Reason: Nervous tissues include neurons with cell bodies, axons, and axon terminals.

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of
the Assertion.
 • (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion.
• (C) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
• (D) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
5. Assertion: Lateral meristems promote horizontal growth in plants.
Reason: Intercalary meristems are found at stem nodes.

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of
the Assertion.
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion.
• (C) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
• (D) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
6. Assertion: Striated muscles are responsible for involuntary movements.
Reason: Smooth muscles are present in the alimentary canal.

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of
the Assertion.
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion.
• (C) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
• (D) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
7. Assertion: Epithelial tissues cover internal body surfaces.
Reason: Cuboidal epithelium lines glands and kidney tubules.

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of
the Assertion.
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion.
• (C) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
• (D) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
8. Assertion: Parenchyma tissues have thickened cell walls.
Reason: Parenchyma tissues aid in support and storage.
 • (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of
the Assertion.
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion.
• (C) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
• (D) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
9. Assertion: Cardiac muscles are found in the respiratory tract.
Reason: Cardiac muscles exhibit rhythmic contractions and branching.

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of
the Assertion.
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion.
• (C) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
• (D) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
10. Assertion: Phloem fibers are living cells.
Reason: Phloem transports nutrients in one direction.

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of
the Assertion.
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion.
• (C) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
• (D) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

ANSWERS:

1. (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

2. (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

3. (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
4. (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

5. (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

6. (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

7. (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

8. (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

9. (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

10. (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS:

1. Analytical Thinking:
• "Can you explain the differences between meristematic and permanent plant
tissues, and why each is important for a plant's growth and function?"
2. Subject Knowledge (Plant Tissues):
• "How do parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma tissues differ in terms of
cell structure and function within a plant?"
3. Subject Knowledge (Animal Tissues):
• "Could you describe the various types of epithelial tissues found in animals and
provide examples of where they are located in the body?"
4. Problem Solving (Connective Tissues):
• "If a person has a torn ligament, which type of connective tissue is affected, and
how might this impact their mobility and overall health?"
5. Critical Thinking (Nervous Tissues):
 • "How does the structure of a neuron relate to its function in the nervous system,
and how might damage to specific parts of a neuron affect an individual's sensory
perception?"
6. Application of Knowledge (Apical Meristems):
• "Give an example of how the presence of apical meristems in a plant can be
harnessed for agricultural purposes to improve crop yield."
7. Communication Skills (Explanation):
• "Explain in simple terms the role of xylem and phloem in a plant's transportation
system, and why they are vital for a plant's survival."
8. Adaptability (Tissue Types):
• "Can you discuss the adaptations of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
tissues that allow them to perform their respective functions effectively?"
9. Teamwork (Cell Collaboration):
• "In what ways do complex permanent tissues exemplify teamwork among
different cell types to achieve specific functions within a plant?"
10. Innovation (Tissue Application):
• "Can you suggest innovative applications or technologies that could be developed
using knowledge of plant and animal tissues, which could benefit agriculture,
medicine, or other fields?"

ANSWERS:

1. Analytical Thinking:
• The main differences between meristematic and permanent plant tissues lie in
their cell division activity. Meristematic tissues consist of rapidly dividing cells,
contributing to plant growth, while permanent tissues have specific structures and
functions developed from meristematic tissues.
2. Subject Knowledge (Plant Tissues):
• Parenchyma tissues have loosely arranged cells with thin walls and are involved
in support and storage. Collenchyma tissues have live cells with thickened
corners, providing support during bending. Sclerenchyma tissues consist of long,
dead cells with thickened walls due to lignin, contributing to plant rigidity.
3. Subject Knowledge (Animal Tissues):
 • Epithelial tissues include squamous (thin and flat), cuboidal (gland and kidney
tubule lining), columnar (intestinal lining), and stratified squamous (skin)
epithelia.
4. Problem Solving (Connective Tissues):
• A torn ligament affects dense regular connective tissue, impacting joint stability
and mobility. Surgical intervention or physical therapy may be required for
recovery.
5. Critical Thinking (Nervous Tissues):
• Neurons have a cell body for metabolic functions, an axon for transmitting
signals, and axon terminals for synaptic communication. Damage to axons can
disrupt signal transmission and affect sensory perception.
6. Application of Knowledge (Apical Meristems):
• Apical meristems can be utilized in agriculture for pruning and promoting
branching in fruit-bearing plants, leading to increased fruit production.
7. Communication Skills (Explanation):
• Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to other parts, provides
mechanical support, and stores food. Phloem transports nutrients (like sugars) in
both directions and includes non-living phloem fibers for support.
8. Adaptability (Tissue Types):
• Parenchyma cells are adaptable for various functions due to their thin walls and
intercellular spaces. Collenchyma cells adapt by providing flexible support, and
sclerenchyma cells adapt for rigidity through lignin deposition.
9. Teamwork (Cell Collaboration):
• Complex permanent tissues, like xylem and phloem, involve multiple cell types
working together to transport substances and provide support within the plant.
10. Innovation (Tissue Application):
• Innovative applications could include using plant tissues for biodegradable
materials or engineering animal tissues for medical transplantation, showing how
understanding tissues can advance fields like agriculture and medicine.
 TISSUES SOLVED MCQS
1. A group of cells alike in form, function and origin is called
(A) Tissue (B) Organ (C) Organel (D) None of thes
ANS . A

2. Plant length is increased by

(A) Apical meristems
(B)Lateral meristems
(C) Periblem
(D) Parenchyma
ANS . A

3. The cell division is restricted to

(A) Meristematic cells
(B) Permanent cells
(C) Secretory cells
(D) All the above
ANS . A

4. Active divisions take place in the cells of

(A) Xylem (B) Phloem (C) Sclerenchyma (D) .Cambium
ANS . D

5. Grass stem elongates by the activity of

(A) Primary meristem (B) Secondary meristem
(C) Intercalary meristem (D) Apical meristem
ANS . B

6. Simple tissues are these

(A) Parenchyma, Xylem and collenchyma
(B) Parenchyma, collenchyma and Sclerenchyma
(C) Parenchyma, Xylem and Sclerechyma (D) Parenchyma, Xylem and Phloem
ANS . B
7. Complex tissue consists of
(A) Different type of cells carrying out the same function
(B) Different types of cells carrying out different functions
(C) Same type of cells having the same origin and carry the same function
(D) Different types of cells having the same origin and carry the same function
ANS . B

8. The most common type of ground tissue is

(A) Epidermis (B) Collenchyma (C) Sclerenchyma (D) Parenchyma
ANS . D

9. Collenchyma differs from sclerenchyma in

(A) Retaining cytoplasm at maturity (B) Having thick walls
(C) Having a wide lumen (D) Being meristematic
ANS . A

10. Collenchyma mainly forms

(A) Hypodermis (B) Epidermis (C) Phloem (D) Inner cortex
ANS . A

11. Whose living cells provide tensile and mechanical strength

(A) Collenchyma (B) Sclerenchyma (C) Phloem (D) Sclereids
ANS . A

12. Lignified elongated dead cells are

(A) Parenchyma
(B) Collenchyma
(C) Sclerenchyma
(D) None of the above
ANS . C

13. Which of the following tissues is composed of mainly dead cells ?

(A) Phloem (B) Epidermis (C) Xylem (D) Endodermis
ANS . C
14. Phloem in the plants perform the function of
(A) Conduction of food
(B) Conduction of water
(C) Providing support (D) Photosynthesis
ANS . A

15. Simple epithelium is a tissue in which cells are

(A) Hardened and provide support to organs
(B) Continuously dividing to provide to form an organ
(C) Cemented directly to one another to form a single layer
(D) Loosely connected to one another to form an irregular layer

ANS . C

16. Pavement epithelium is the name of

(A) Squamous epithelium (B) Cuboidal epithelium

(C) Ciliated epithelium (D) Columnar epithelium

ANS . A

17. Brush bordered epithelium is found in

(A) Stomach (B) Small intestine (C) Fallopian tube (D) Trachea
ANS . B

18. Ciliated epithelium is found in

(A) Tongue (B) Oesophagus (C) Trachea (D) Uterus
ANS . C

19. Which type of tissue forms glands ?

(A) Epithelial (B) Connective (C) Nervous (D) Muscle
ANS . A

20. Areolar tissue is a

(A) Nervous tissue (B) Connective tissue (C) Muscular tissue (D) Bony tissue
ANS . B
21. What are the functions of goblet cells ?
(A) Production of HCI (B) Production of mucus
(C) Production of enzymes (D) Production of hormones
ANS . B

22. The end of a long bone is connected to another bone by

(A) Ligament (B) Tendon (C) Cartilage (D) Muscle
ANS . A

23. Ligaments and tendons are formed of

(A) Epithelial tissue
(B) Muscular tissue
(C) Cartilage
(D) Connective tissue
ANS . D

24. When boiled in water collagen changes into

(A) Gelatin (B) Reticulin (C) Elastin (D) Myosin
ANS . A

25. Process from osteoblasts are found in

(A) Lamelia (B) Canaliculi (C) Dendrites (D) Haversian canals
ANS . B

26. Fluid part of blood after removal of corpuscles is

(A) Plasma (B) Lymph (C) Serum (D) Vaccine
ANS . A

27. Which are not true cells in the blood ?

(A) Platelets (B) Monocytes (C) Basophils (D) Neutrophils
ANS . A

28. Sprain is caused by excessive pulling of

(A) Nerves (B) Tendons (C) Muscles (D) Ligaments
ANS . D
29. Tendon is a structure which connects
(A) A bone with another bone (B) A muscle with a bone
(C) A nerve with a muscle (D)A muscle with a muscle
ANS . B

30. Smooth muscles occur in

(A) Uterus (B) Artery (C) Vein (D) All the above
ANS . D

31. Which of the following plant tissues do not possess living protoplasm at maturity ?
(A) Sclerenchyma (B) Collenchyma (C) Tracheids (D) Epidermis
ANS . A

32. White fibres of connective tissue are made up of

(A) Elastin (B) Reticular fibre (C) Collagen (D) Myosin
ANS . C

33. The hardness of the bone tissue is due to the phosphates and carbonates of
(A) Calcium and sodium (B) Calcium and
magnesium
(C) Magnesium and sodium (D) Magnesium and potassium
ANS . B

34. The study of tissues and their functions is known as

(A) histology (B) physiology (C) anatomy (D) morphology
ANS . A

35. External ear (pinna) is made up of

(A) cartilage (B) bone (C) adipose tissue (D) ligament
ANS . A

36. Which one is a meristematic tissue ?

(A) xylem (B) parenchyma (C) apical tissues (D) phloem
ANS . C
37. Tracheids are components of
(A) xylem (B) phloem (C) intercalary tissues (D) collenchymas
ANS . A

38. Areolar tissue is a

(A) ligament
(B) connective tissue
(C) muscle
(D) nervous tissue
ANS . B

39. Which tissue provides mechanical strength to plants ?

(A) parenchyma (B) chlorenchyma (C) collenchymas (D) sclerenchyma
ANS . D

40. Haversian canal occurs in

(A) cartilage (B) bone (C) internal ear (D) live
ANS . B

41. Ciliated epithelium is found in

(A) stomach (B) intestine (C) oesophagus (D) trachea
ANS . D

42. Cardiac muscle fibres are

(A) striated and voluntary (B) striated and involuntary
(C) non-striated and voluntary (D) non-striated and involuntary
ANS . B

43. Simple tissues are

(A) parenchyma, xylem and collenchyma
(B) parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma
(C) parenchyma, xylem and phloem
(D) parenchyma, xylem and sclerenchyma
ANS . B
44 Increase in the length of the plant is caused by -

(A) cork cambium (B) vascular cambium (C) apical meristem (D) Permanent tissue

ANS .C

45 Cork cambium is an example of –

(A) lateral permanent (B) Primary meristem (C) apical meristem (D) intercalary meristem

ANS . A

46 A simple permanent tissues devoid of intercellular space and lighin is –

(A) parenchyma (B) collenchyma (C) scelenchyma (D) all of these

ANS . B

47 Interfascicular cambium is an example of –

(A) primary maristem (B) secondary maristem (C) lateral meristem (D) apical meristem

ANS . B

48 Bases of leaves an intermondes have –

(A) lateral meristem (B) apical maristem (C) intercalary meristem (D) none of these

ANS . C

49 Parechymatous cells which are thickened with cellulose at the cornet are called –

(A) collenchyma (B) scelernchyma

(C) parenchyma and sclerencyma (D) none of these

ANS . A

50 Nucleus is not present in –

(A) companion of cells (B) mature sieves tube (C) phloem parenchyma (D)
collenchyma

ANS . B
51 Sieve tubes and companion cells occur in –

(A) xylem (B) cambium (C) meristem (D) phloem

ANS . D

52. Elogated lignified cells with pointed ends belong to-

(A) collenchyma (B) parenchyma (C) sclerenchyma (D) none of these

ANS . C

53 Tissues secreting latex are -

(A) laticiferous (B) glandular (C) meristematic (D) permanent

ANS . A

54. Tissue is defined as –

(A) group of similar cells having a common function

(B) different types of cells performing the same functions

(C) different types of cells performing different functions

(C) organised group of cells performing many functions.

ANS . A

55 Which tissues provides mechanical strength to plants ?

(A) Sclerenchyma (B) Parenchyma (C) Collenchyma (D) Chlorenchma

ANS . A

56. Name the tissue where the cells are living, thin walled, isodiametric with intercellular spaces.

(A) Collenchyma (B) Parechyma (C) Aerenchyma (D) Sclerenchyma

ANS . B

57 In slerenchyma, the cells wall is –

(A) lignified (B) suberised (C) pectinised (D) cutinised

ANS . A
58. Which of the following cells are dead ?

(A) Parenchyma (B) Collenchyma

(C) Sclerenchyma (D) All of these

ANS . C

59 Which of these type of cells is most likely to divide ?

(A) Epidermis (B) Parenchyma (C) Meristem (D) Xylem

ANS . C

60 Companion cells are associated with –

(A) Sieve tubes (B) Sclerencyma (C) Vessels (D) Parenchyma

ANS . A

61 The tissue that takes part in the transport of food material is –

(A) Parenchyma (B) Phloem (C) Xylem (D) None of these

ANS . B

62. Xylem takes part in –

(A) Conduction of water in the plant body. (B) Conduction of food martial

(C) Providing mechanical support (D) Both (A) and (B)

ANS . A

63 Which of the following are characteristic of angiosperms ?

(A) Xylem (B) Vessels (C) Sieve tubes (D) Cambium

ANS . B

64 A tissue is a :
(A) group of separate organs that are coordinated in their activities
(B) group of similar cells that function together in a specialised activity
(C) layer of cells surrounding an organ
(D) sheet of cells, one layer thick
ANS . B
65 Endothelium of the inner surface of blood vessels in vertebrates is formed
(A) simple squamous epithelium (B) columnar epithelium
(C) cuboidal epithelium (D) ciliated cells
ANS . A
66 Cells of squamous epithelium are
(A) columnar (B) tall with elongated nuclei
(C) flat plate-like (D) cube like
ANS . C
67 The protein deposited in the dead superficial cells that make the skin epithelium impervious
to water is
(A) keratin (B) elastin (C) collagen (D) mucus
ANS . A
68 Horns of most mammals are composed of
(A) bones (B) cartilage (C) keratin (D) chitin
ANS . C
69 Mammary glands are modified
(A) sebaceous gland (B) sweat gland (C) oil gland (D) lymph gland
ANS . B
70 Which of the following tissue has matrix, that is the source of its structural and functional
performances?
(A) connective tissue (B) muscular tissue (C) nervous tissue (D) epithelial tissue
AN S . A
71. Wrinkling in old age is due to
(A) collagen (B) myosin (C) keratin (D) actin
ANS . A
72 Dermis of mammalian skin is mainly composed of
(A) muscular tissue (B) epithelial tissue (C) connective tissue (D) all of the above
ANS . C
73 Fat is abundant in
(A) liver cells (B) alveolar tissue (C) lymph glands (D) adipose Tissue
ANS . D
74 Tendon connects
(A) cartilage with muscles (B) bone with muscles
(C) ligament with muscles (D) bone with bone
ANS . B
75. Cartilage is produced by
(A) osteoblasts (B) epithelium (C) fibroblasts (D) chondroblasts
ANS . D

76 Bone forming cells are

(A) osteoblasts (B) osteoclasts (C) chondroblasts (D) chondroclasts
ANS . A
77. Bone marrow is important for
(A) breakdown of WBC (B) production of RBC
(C) breakdown of RBC (D) production of WBC
ANS . B
78. Haversian system is typically found in bones of
(A) fishes (B) aves (C) reptiles (D) mammals
ANS . D
79. Blood is
(A) acidic (B) alkaline (C) variable (D) neutral
ANS . B
80 Mammalian erythrocytes are
(A) circular (B) biconcave (C) non-nucleated (D) all the above
ANS . D
81 Life span of RBC is
(A) 50 days (B) 75 days (C) 120 days (D) 100 days
ANS . C
82 Red cell count is carried out by
(A) haemocytometer (B) haemoglobinometer
(C) sphygmomanometer (D) electrocardiogram
ANS . A
83 Striated muscles are found in
(A) gall bladder (B) wall of bronchi (C) leg muscles (D) lungs
ANS . C
84 Smooth muscles occur in
(A) vein (B) artery (C) uterus (D) all the above
ANS . D
85 Cardiac muscle is made of branched fibres that are
(A) nonstriated and under voluntary control (B) striated and not under voluntary control
(C) nonstriated and not under voluntary control (D) striated and
under voluntary control
ANS . B
86. Junction of two neurons is called
(A) synapse (B) junction (C) synapsis (D) synapticula
ANS . A
87 Most of the human neurons are
(A) multipolar (B) bipolar (C) unipolar (D) pseudo-unipolar
ANS . A
88 Where would you look for neurons ?
(A) In blood (B) In heart (C) Root tip and shoot tip (D) In brain and spinal cord

ANS . D

89 Girth of stem increases due to

(A) apical meristem (B) lateral meristem

(C) intercalary meristem (D) vertical meristem

ANS . B

90 Meristematic tissue in plants are

(A) localised and permanent (B) not limited to certain region

(C) localised and dividing cells (D) growing in volume

ANS . C
91 Meristematic tissue are found in

(A) only stems of the plants (B) both roots and stem

(C) in all growing tips of the plant body (D) only roots of the plants

ANS . C

92 Promeristem gives rise to

(A) Primary meristem (B) Apical meristame

(C) Secondary meristem (D) Lateral meristame

ANS . A

93 Root apex differ from shot apex in having

(A) Dermatogen (B) Calyptrogen (C) Plerome (D) Periblem

ANS . B

94 Quiescent centre is located at

(A) Internode (B) Laf bases

(C) The region behind root tip (D) None

ANS . C

95 Parenchyma cells are associated with activities like

(A) Assimilation and storage (B) Conduction and storage

(C) Dedifferentiation (D) All

ANS . D

96 Meristems are

(A) Mature cells (B) Well differentiated cells

(C) Embryonal cells (D) None

ANS . C
97 Macrophage is an enlarged :

(A) WBC (B) Blood cells (C) Nerve cell (D) Both (A)&(B)

ANS . D

98 Protein present in muscle fibre are :

(A) Actin (B) Myosin (C) Chondrin (D) Both (A)&(B)

ANS . D

99 In sugarcane, length of internodes is variable to

(A) Size of lamina of lower node (B) Intercalary meristem

(C) Shoot apical meristem (D) Position of axillary buds

ANS . B

100. Common bottle cork is product of

(A) Xylem (B) Dermatogen (C) Phellogen (D) Vascular cambium

ANS . C