INDEX

CONTENTS PG.NO
ABSTRACT 2

INTRODUCTION 3

CAUSES OF STD’S BY BACTERIA 6

CAUSES OF STD’S BY VIRUSES 9

PREVENTION OF THE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE 12

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 13

POPULATION EXPLOSION AND THE BIRTH CONTROL 15

CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS 16

INFERTILITY AND THEIR TREATMENT 19

BIBILIOGRAPHY 21
 ABSTRACT

Diseases or infections transmitted through sexual intercourse are called Sexually

Transmitted Diseases (STDs). Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases (PIDs), still birth,
infertility are some of the complications of them.
Early detection facilitate better cure of these diseases. Avoiding sexual intercourse with
unknown/multiple partners, use of condoms during coitus are some of the simple
precautions to avoid contracting STDs .
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) represent a major public health problem in the
world and the advent and increase of human immunodeficiency virus infection during
the last decade has highlighted the importance of infections spread by the sexual route.
Reproductive health refers to a total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e.,
physical, emotional, behavioural and social.
Our nation was the first nation in the world to initiate various action plans at national
level towards attaining a reproductively healthy society. creating awareness among
people about reproductive organs, adolescence and associated changes, safe and
hygienic sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including AIDS, etc., is
the primary step towards reproductive health.
Providing medical facilities and care to the problems like menstrual irregularities,
pregnancy related aspects, delivery, medical termination of pregnancy, STDs, birth
control, infertility, post natal child and maternal management is another important
aspect of the Reproductive and Child Health Care programmes.
Medical termination of pregnancy is legalised in our country. MTP is generally
performed to get rid of unwanted pregnancy due to rapes, casual relationship,
etc., as also in cases when the continuation of pregnancy could be harmful or
even fatal to either the mother, or the foetus or both .
Inability to conceive or produce children even after 2 years of unprotected
sexual cohabitation is called infertility. Various methods are now available to
help such couples. In Vitro fertilisation followed by transfer of embryo into the
female genital tract is one such method and is commonly known as the ‘Test
Tube Baby’ Programme.

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INTRODUCTION

1 . The Sexually Transmitted Disease

It is also commonly known as the STD OR Venereal disease or Reproductive

tract infections (RTI).
The disease which are transmitted through the sexual intercourse with an
infected person is called the STD / RTI .
The first mentions of sexually transmitted infections can be found in ancient
Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. around 400 B.C, Hippocrates described a
condition that sounds like gonorrhoea
The causative agents are the pathogens which are of many types. Such as the
Bacteria , viruses , yeast , nematode , fungi , protozoan , chlamydia .

The modes of the transmission are by the

Mainly through
 Sexual intercourse with infected person
 Sharing of the infected needles and the surgical instruments .
 Transfusion of the Blood from an infected person to a normal person.

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Common symptoms
Early symptons of most pf these disease are the itching , fluid discharge and
swelling along with pain.

Consequence of the delayed treatment mostly leads to the

Abortion , still birth , pelvin inflammatory disease , infertility and even cancers
of reproductive tract .

Cure for Sexually Transmitted Disease

Except for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome all the other STD are
completely curable if they are detected early and given proper treatment .
STIs are often asymptomatic. When symptoms occur, they can be non-specific.
Moreover, laboratory tests rely on blood, urine or anatomical samples. Three
anatomical sites can carry at least one STI. These differences are modulated by
sex and sexual risk. These differences can mean the diagnosis of STIs is often
missed and individuals are frequently treated for 2 or more STIs.
Accurate diagnostic tests for STIs (using molecular technology) are widely used
in high-income countries. These are especially useful for the diagnosis of
asymptomatic infections.

Effective treatment is currently available for several STIs.

Three bacterial (chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis) and one parasitic STIs
(trichomoniasis) are generally curable with existing single-dose regimens of
antibiotics.

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For herpes and HIV, the most effective medications available are antivirals that
can modulate the course of the disease, though they cannot cure the disease.
For hepatitis B, antivirals can help fighting the virus and slowing damage to the
liver.
Anti microbial resistance of STIs – in particular gonorrhoea – has increased
rapidly in recent years and has reduced treatment options. The Gonococcal
AMR Surveillance Programme (GASP) has shown high rates of resistance to
many antibiotics including quinolone, azithromycin and extended-spectrum
cephalosporins, a last-line treatment .
Anti microbial resistance for other STIs like Mycoplasma genitalium, though
less common, also exists.

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2. Causes of STD by Bacteria
The bacterial causative agents for STD are the
 Neisseria gonorrhoeae
 Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
 Chlamydia trachomatis
Gonorrhoeae
Causative agent – Neisseria gonorrhoeae

The symptoms experienced by the patients infected by the gonorrehea are =

include painful urination and abnormal discharge from the penis or vagina.
Men may experience testicular pain and women may experience pain in the
lower stomach.
In some cases, gonorrhea has no symptoms .
Transmission – Through sexual contact
Diagnosis – Gram staining of discharge and culture . The curative method for
the gonorrhoeae is by injecting the antibiotic such as ceftriaxone , erythromycin
and ciprofloxacin.

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Syphilis
Causative agent – Treponema Pallidum

The symptoms are different in various stages –

 In primary syphilis - a round, painless, usually hard sore (chancre)

appears on the genitals, anus or elsewhere .
 Untreated condition would lead to secondary syphilis .
 Secondary syphilis - a non-itchy rash, usually on the palms and soles of
the feet . white or grey lesions appear in warm and moist areas, such as
the labia or anus, at the site of the chance .
 latent syphilis – no symptoms .
 tertiary syphilis - lead to brain and cardiovascular
diseases, among other conditions.

Diagnosis – Through the ELISA test , microscopic and antibody detection .

Incubation period – 10 -90 days

Transmission – from infected mother to the child and sexual contact .

Treatment – antibiotic such as benzathine or procaine penicillin .

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Chlamydia trachomatis

Causative agent – Chlamydia

Symptoms

 Women - a change in vaginal discharge, bleeding between menstrual

periods or after sex, pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen, burning
sensation when urinating.

 Men - burning when urinating , discharge from the penis , pain or

discomfort in the testicles .

Diagnosis – urine test and a swab test .

Transmission – through sexual contact .
Treatment – curable with the injection of the azithromycin and doxycycline .

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3. Causes of STD by the Virus
The most common STD by virus are
 Acquired immune deficiency virus
 Genital warts
 Hepatitis – b

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Causative agent – Human Immuno deficiency Virus (retrovirus)

Symptoms –

Within 2-4 weeks of the infection flu type symptoms can be experienced such as
fever, fatigue , sore throat , swollen lymph nodes , rash , and mouth ulcers .

There is a time lag between the infection and appearance of the syndrome which
is usually 5 to 10 years .

Patient become immune deficient . so they will get easily attacked by other
pathogens , or else which could have easily overcome .

Rapid weight loss , fevers, diarrhoea , memory loss , and other neurological
disorders .

Diagnosis – ELISA test(enzyme linked immune sorbent assay )

Confirmatory test – western blot test .

Transmission – through the sexual contact and the transfusion of the body fluids
Treatment – no specific treatment for AIDS . theantiretroviral drugs can only
extend the life span but cannot cure and prevent death .

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Genital warts
Causative agents – human papilloma virus (type 6 and 11)

Symptoms – burning sensation , genital itching or irritation , and discomfort .

creates a bumpy white or greyish cauliflower like structure and rough skin
coloured growth .
Diagnosis – through physical examination ,
if not visible through acetowhite test .
if the growth is inside the body then pelvic examination .
Transmission – through sexual contact and skin to skin interaction .
Treatment – can be cured by the medicines such as the trichloroacetic acid ,
imiquimod (aldara) , podophyllin and podofilox (condylox) .

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Hepatitis – b
Causative agent – hepatitis b virus .

Symptoms – yellowing of the eyes and skin ,dark urine , fatigue , nausea ,
vomiting , and the pain in the abdomen .
Severe cases can have liver complications such as the cirrhosis and the
hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer ) .
Diagnosis – blood test liver biopsy and liver ultrasound
Transmission – through the sexual contact .
Treatment – acute hepatitis b need no treatment .
chronic hepatitis b can be cured by the interferon injection such as interferon
alpha 2B , and through antiviral medicines such as entecavir , tenofovir ,
lamivudine , adefovir , and telbivudine .

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5. Prevention of sexually transmitted disease

When used correctly and consistently, condoms offer one of the most effective
methods of protection against STIs, including HIV. Although highly effective,
condoms do not offer protection for STIs that cause extra-genital ulcers (i.e.,
syphilis or genital herpes). When possible, condoms should be used in all
vaginal and anal sex.

Safe and highly effective vaccines are available for 2 viral STIs: hepatitis B and
HPV. These vaccines have represented major advances in STI prevention .

To eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem globally, high coverage

targets for HPV vaccination, screening and treatment of precancerous lesions,
and management of cancer must be reached by 2030 and maintained at this high
level for decades

.Research to develop vaccines against genital herpes and HIV is advanced, with
several vaccine candidates in early clinical development. There is mounting
evidence suggesting that the vaccine to prevent meningitis (MenB) provides
some cross-protection against gonorrhoea. More research into vaccines for
chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis are needed.

Other biomedical interventions to prevent some STIs include adult voluntary

medical male circumcision, microbicides, and partner treatment. There are
ongoing trials to evaluate the benefit of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis of
STIs and their potential safety weighed with antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Avoid sex with multiple partners. Always use condom during intercourse. If a
person is in doubt, he/she must consult a qualified doctor. If STD is detected
one should get complete treatment.

Society should recognises the problem should be dealt in a collective manner of

the society and the medical fraternity otherwise the chances of spreading
increases manifold .

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6. Reproductive Health
It is the total well being in all aspects of the reproduction such as the physical ,
emotional , behavioural and social . Therefore a society having the people
physically and functionally normal reproductive organs and normal emotional
and behavioural interactions among them in all sex related aspects is called as
the reproductively healthy society .
Some diseases can be transferred from one individual to another through sexual
contact, for example, gonorrhoea, AIDS, etc. They are referred to as sexually
transmitted diseases. Sexual contact can also lead to unwanted pregnancies and
further complications in case sexually transmitted diseases are contracted.

Therefore, it is important to create awareness amongst people, the youth in

particular, in the context of different topics related to reproduction. The youth is
the future of the country. They are most susceptible to contracting sexually
transmitted diseases.

Hence, some preventive measures that can be adapted are creating awareness
about different birth control methods available, sexually transmitted diseases
and their preventive measures, and the importance of gender equality. These
steps will greatly impact bringing up a socially conscious, healthy family. Also,
creating awareness about the uncontrolled population growth and social evils
that still exist in society will promote the concept of bringing up a
reproductively healthy society.

The aspects implemented and should be taken to achieve the reproductive

health are as follows-
Awareness needs to be created in reproductive and child healthcare. Creating
awareness amongst people by counselling about reproductive organs,
adolescence, hygienic and safe sexual practices, different sexually transmitted
diseases, such as AIDS, etc.
Sex education needs to be introduced in schools. This helps eradicate
misconceptions and myths in the context of sex-related topics. People should be
educated about the different birth control options that are available, the care of
pregnant mothers, the post-natal care of the mother and the newborn, and the
significance of breastfeeding.
Professional expertise, strong infrastructural facilities, material support to
provide medical assistance and care for the patients facing reproductive issues,
issues because of uncontrolled population growth, awareness about family
planning, and social evils, such as sex abuse and sex-related crimes.

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For achieving the reproductive health the Indian government has taken many
steps such Family planning program in 1951 and the reproductive health and
childcare program .

Medical termination of the pregnancy (MTP)

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) is a voluntary or intentional
termination of a pregnancy before full term.
It can be either through medical abortion, which is a type of non-surgical
abortion in which abortifacient pharmaceutical drugs are used to induce
abortion, or termination of pregnancy.
An oral preparation for medical abortion is commonly referred to as an abortion
pill. Abortion can also be done surgically. Medical termination of pregnancy is
legal up to 20 weeks of pregnancy.
Government of India legalised this in the year of 1971 under some strict
conditions to avoid its misuse such as the indiscriminate and illegal female
foeticide .

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7. Population Explosion and Birth Control
The word Population is defined as the group of all the living organisms of the
particular species, in a particular geographical area, at a specific time with the
capability of interbreeding
Population control is the methodology or the practice used to control and
maintain the type, location and number of people that inhabit the earth.

Quality and status of life have undergone a drastic change over a century. We
have to thank the improvised and advanced technologies around the world for
this. One of the impacts of advanced technology on the economy is reduced
mortality rate and increased the birth rate. This has led to one of the most
dangerous problems crippling the world today viz. population explosion.

India has grabbed its position among top powerful countries. Lifestyle, status,
and economy everything has reached a new milestone. Among this race, the
population of India stands first. The population of India is 12 times the
population that prevailed during independence

Reproduction is necessary for continuing the existence of a species, but such an

alarming growth will definitely lead to a shortage of many basic necessities.
This thought marked the onset of family planning in India. In 1952, India
became the first country which put population policy; today known as the First
Five Year Plan, with the goal of controlling population explosion later by the
1970s, the government came forward with more effective methods to control the
population explosion.

These included Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (1971), posters and bills
carrying birth control mottos, minimum age for marriage, contraception Birth
control is also known as contraception and fertility control, which is used to
prevent pregnancy and to control the growth of the population.

Undoubtedly, we can say that it is the high time to show a red signal to rapid
population growth. There are some easily accessible effective birth control
methods which can help to avoid unwanted pregnancy as well as provide
protection from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

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8. Contraceptive methods and Types
Contraception is the act of preventing pregnancy. This can be a device, a
medication, a procedure , behavior. Contraception allows a woman control of
her reproductive health and affords the woman the ability to be an active
participant in her family planning.
Birth control methods are designed to prevent conception or interrupt or nullify
implantation and growth. Conception can be prevented by hormonally
disrupting the menstrual cycle (Oral contraceptive (OC) pills), by physically
blocking the passageway (barrier methods or sterilization), or less successfully,
by abstinence during fertile periods or withdrawal method. Implantation is
impaired via the use of a foreign body (intrauterine device {IUD}) or surgical
removal (Tubectomy or Vasectomy) .
CONTRACEPTIVE TYPES

Barrier methods –

This method of the contraception include These include condoms (both external
and internal) as well as the diaphragm, cervical cap, sponge, and vaginal
spermicides.

Condoms are also known as "barrier" methods of birth control as they

physically block or otherwise prevent sperm from entering the uterus and
reaching the egg for fertilization. Condoms are used by men

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The diaphragm, cervical cap, and sponge are used along with spermicide (a
chemical substance that destroys sperm) to prevent pregnancy. These are used
by the womens .

Both of them are disposable and are inserted by themselves hence giving the the
privacy . also they are reuseable .

Barrier contraceptive

Surgical methods

The surgical methods of male and female sterilization (vasectomy and

tubectomy , respectively) are highly effective, cost-effective, and convenient.

These methods are also permanent and irreversible methods surgical

intervention blocks gamete transport and prevent conception.

In vasectomy a small part of vas deferens is cut or tied up preventing the flow of
sperms . it is done in males

In tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is cut or tied up preventing the
flow of the ovum . it is done in females .

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Natural contraceptive methods
It works on the principle of the avoiding the meeting of the sperm and the ovum
.

Periodic abstinence – in this method the couple avoids the coitus between the
day 10 to day 17 where is ovulation occurs , to prevent pregnancy .

Withdrawal or coitus interruptus – in this method the male partner withdraws

his penis just before the ejaculation to prevent the insemination .

Lactational amenorrhea – this method on the fact that ovulation and menstrual
cycle do not occur during the period of the intense lactation after parturition .
but this is effective only for 6 months after the parturition.

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8 . Infertility and their treatment
A man or woman is incapable to contribute fully to pregnancy even after
insecure coitus, it is referred to as infertility .

The reason for infertility may be known or unknown.

Mostly ovulation variation in women is the main reason for infertility.In males,
insufficient sperm production or genetic defects, etc., are the reasons for
infertility. Infertility can be solved with the help of processes like in vitro
fertilization (IVF), zygote intra-fallopian transfer (ZIFT), gamete intrafallopian
transfer (GIFT) etc.

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a collection of medical manipulation

methods to circumvent infertility. The methods include gamete intrafallopian
transfer (GIFT), in vitro fertilization (IVF), zygote intra-fallopian transfer
(ZIFT), embryo transfer (ET), etc. These all methods aim to increase pregnancy
probability to its full term.

IVF – in vitro fertilisation fertilisation

outside the body almost in similar conditions as such inside the body .
fertilisation between the ovum and sperm of the donar or from wife and
husband respectively are collected and induced to form the zygote . Then the
zygote with 8 blastomers or more then transferred to the fallopian tube or uterus
repectively , by zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZYFT) and intra uterine transfer
(IUT).

IVF followed by embryo transfer is one such method to overcome infertility .

GIFT – gamete intra fallopian transfer

Is the transfer of the gamete from donar to the women cannot produce one .

ICSI – intra cytoplasmic sperm injection

It is the method of directly injecting the sperm to the ovum in the laboratory .

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In cases such as when the male partner have low sperm count or unable to
ejaculate , this type of the infertility can be corrected by the process such as
artificial insemination .

Artificial insemination – the semen collected from the husband or the healthy
donar is directly introduced into the vagina or uterus with intra uterine
insemination (IUI) in the female.

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 Bibliography
 www.who.int/stis
 www.mayoclinic.org
 www.webmd.com
 www.acog.com
 www.niehs.nih.gov
 www.healthline.com
 www.clevelandclinic.com
 www.pubmed.ncbi.nih.gov
 NCERT class 12 biology textbook

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