PHARMACOLOGY

General pharmacology
1. Significance of half-life of a drug (3) *4
2. Placebo effect (3) *3
3. Discuss various factors modifying drug effect with suitable examples (4)
4. Pharmacokinetics of elimination (3)
5. G-protein coupled receptors (3) *3
6. Importance of enzyme inhibition (3) *2
7. Drug synergism (3)
8. Competitive receptor antagonism with examples (3)
9. Bioavailability (3) *2
10. Serious adverse events (3)
11. Plasma protein binding of drugs (3)
12. Discuss drug synergism and drug antagonism (4)
13. Essential drugs (3)
14. Drug tolerance (3)
15. Zero order kinetics (3)
16. Enzyme inhibition (3) *2
17. Drug toxicity (3)
18. Enterohepatic circulation (3)
19. Therapeutic drug monitoring (3)
20. Enzyme induction and its implications in therapeutics (3)
21. Sublingual route of drug administration (3)
22. Describe the bioavailability of drugs and its importance in therapeutics
(4)
23. Molecular mechanism of drug action (3)
24. Describe the half-life of drugs and its importance in therapeutics (4)
25. Discuss the methods/ways by which drugs action is terminated in the
body (4)
26. Discuss the various phases of clinical trials in drug development (3)
ANS
1. Classify beta blockers with suitable examples. Discuss pharmacological
actions, contraindications and non-cardiac uses of the beta-blockers (4)
*3
2. Treatment of organophosphate poisoning (3) *3
3. Classify α adrenoreceptor antagonist. Discuss their therapeutic uses and
adverse effect (4)
4. Drug treatment of myasthenia gravis (3) *2
5. Salbutamol (3)
6. Enumerate and explain the therapeutic uses of anti-cholinergic drugs? (4)
*3
7. Discuss the drugs used in treatment of glaucoma (4) *6
8. Therapeutic uses of beta-adrenergic antagonist (3) *3
9. Classify cholinergic drugs. Discuss their therapeutic uses (4)
10. Classify parasympathomimetic agents. Discuss he pharmacological
action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of neostigmine (4)
11. Discuss the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of anti-muscarinic
agents (4) *2
12. Enumerate and explain the therapeutic uses of sympathomimetic drugs
(3)
13. Treatment of anaphylactic reaction (3)
14. Beta-blockers (3)
15. Adrenaline is the drug of choice for anaphylactic shock (2)
Autacoids
1. Indications of H1 anti-histaminic drugs (3)
2. Drug treatment of migraine (3) *5
3. Ondansetron (3)
4. Classify antihistaminic agents (H1 receptor antagonist). Discuss their
therapeutic uses (4) *4
5. Classify NSAIDS. Discuss the pharmacological action of aspirin (4) *2
6. Rationale for using COX-2 selective inhibitors (3)
7. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (3)
8. Therapeutic uses of prostaglandins (3)
9. Prostaglandin analogues (3)
10. Selective COX-2 inhibitors (3) *2
 11. Drug treatment for gout (3) *2
12. Third generation anti-histaminic (2)
Respiratory
1. Enumerate bronchodilators. Mention which bronchodilators are combined
with inhalational corticosteroids with reasons. (4)
2. List the various classes of drugs used to treat bronchial asthma and
explain their mechanism of action (4) *2
3. Montelukast (3)
4. Mast cell stabilizers (3)
5. Bronchodilators (3)
6. Justification for using montelukast in bronchial asthma (3)
7. Sodium cromoglycate (3)
Hormones
1. Name the various classes of oral anti-diabetic drugs with suitable
examples. Discuss metformin in brief (3) *4
2. Oral contraceptive pills (3) *2
3. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMSs) (3) *2
4. Discuss the drugs used in treatment of type II diabetes mellitus (4) *2
5. Regulation of bone mineral homeostasis and recent advances in treatment
of osteoporosis (3)
6. Incretins (3)
7. Drugs for treatment of post-menopausal syndrome (3)
8. Explain why lente insulin should not be mixed with regular insulin (3)
9. Explain why oxytocin is preferred over ergometrine for induction of
labour (3)
10. List the different classes of oral anti-thyroid drugs, briefly describing
the mechanism of action and adverse effect of each class (4) *3
11. Sitagliptin (3)
12. Sulfonylureas (3) *2
13. Anti-thyroid drugs (3) *2
14. Medoxyprogesterone acetate (3)
15. Adverse effect of glucocorticoid therapy (3)
16. Discuss therapeutic uses and adverse effects of oestrogen (3) *2
17. Anti-androgen therapy (3)
 18. Bisphosphonates (3)
19. Insulin preparations (3) *2
20. Classify anti-thyroid drugs. Discuss the mechanism of action and
therapeutic uses of thio-amides (4)
21. Discuss the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of corticosteroids (3)
*3
22. Mifepristone – therapeutic uses and adverse effects (3) *2
23. Describe in brief management of diabetes ketoacidosis (4)
24. Inhaled steroidal agents (3)
25. Pharmacotherapeutic uses and adverse effects of uterotropic agents (3)
26. Disease modifying anti-rheumatoid arthritis drugs (DMARDs) (3)
27. Insulin sensitizers as anti-diabetic drugs (3)
28. Radioactive iodine (3)
29. Justification for the use of flutamide in carcinoma prostate (3)
Somatic nervous system
1. Classify skeletal muscle relaxants. Discuss the mechanism of action,
therapeutic uses and adverse effects of succinyl choline. (4)
2. Discuss briefly about neuromuscular blocker (3) *2
CNS
1. Classify antiepileptic drugs with examples. Describe mechanism of
action, adverse effect and therapeutic uses of carbamazepine (4) *3
2. Preanesthetic medications (3) *3
3. Non benzodiazepines hypnotics (3)
4. Classify anti-epileptic drugs. How will you treat a case of status
epilepticus (4)
5. Therapeutic basis for the use of levodopa with carbidopa (3)
6. Explain why lugol’s iodine is used for preoperative preparation of
thyrotoxicosis? (3)
7. Discuss the pharmacological effect of morphine (4) *3
8. Drug therapy of parkinsonism (3) *4
9. Atypical anti-psychotics (3) *3
10. Phenytoin (3)
11. Enumerate anti-anxiety drugs. Discuss the therapeutic uses of diazepam
(4)
12. Rationale for combining carbidopa with levodopa in parkinsonism (3)
 13. Intravenous anaesthetic agents (3)
14. Therapeutic uses of morphine (3)
15. Imipramine (3)
16. Explain the pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses and adverse
effects of opioid analgesics (4)
17. Mood stabilizers (3)
18. Benzodiazepines (3)
19. Classify anti-epileptic drugs. Describe the mechanism of action and
adverse effects of phenytoin (4)
20. Morphine is used in acute left ventricular failure (2)
21. Local anaesthetics (3)
22. Adverse effects of anti-psychotic drugs (3)
23. Barbiturates and general anaesthetics (2)
24. Drug treatment of mania (2)
25. Antidementia drugs (2)
26. Classify antidepressant drugs on the basis of mechanism of action,
giving one example each (3)
27. Pharmacological effects of morphine (3)
28. Classify and explain the pharmacological effects of sedative-hypnotics
(3)
CVS
1. Classify antianginal drugs. Describe the mechanism of action,
pharmacological actions and adverse effect of nitrates (4) *6
2. Calcium channel blockers in hypertension management (3)
3. Describe the principles which govern drug therapy of cardiac arrythmias.
Also highlight the efficacy and safety of newer anti arrhythmic drugs (4)
4. Therapeutic basis of using low dose aspirin for the prophylaxis of
myocardial infarction (3)
5. Calcium channel blockers (3)
6. List the various classes of anti-hypertensive drugs. Discuss the
therapeutic uses and adverse effects of ACE inhibitors. (4) *4
7. Amlodipine (3)
8. Drug therapy of MI (3) *2
9. Describe the advantages of combination drug therapy for the treatment of
ischaemic heart disease with suitable examples (4)
 10. Nitrates (3)
11. Clonidine should not be withdrawn suddenly in hypertensive patients
(2)
12. Classify drugs used in hypertensive treatment using examples (4)
13. Verapamil is avoided in patients with congestive cardiac failure (2)
14. Thiazide diuretics increases the cardiotoxicity of digitalis (2)
15. Describe the classes of drugs that inhibits RAAS and list their
therapeutic uses (3)
Kidney
1. Vasopressin receptor antagonists (3)
2. Classify diuretics. Describe the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses
and adverse effects of phenytoin (4)
3. Loop diuretics (3)
4. Rationale of combining amiloride with chlorthalidone? (3)
5. Rationale of combining furosemide with spironolactone (3)
6. Loop diuretics (3)
7. Thiazides are contraindicated in patients with diabetes (2)
8. Explain mechanism of action and diuretic action of thiazide, loop and
potassium sparing diuretics (3)
Blood
1. Anti-platelet agents (3) *4
2. Platelet activating factors (3)
3. Anti-angiogenic agents (3)
4. Parenteral iron preparations (3) *2
5. Statins (3)
16. Uses and side effects of aspirin (3)
17. Classify anti-coagulants. Discuss the pharmacotherapy of heparin (4)
18. Low molecular weight heparins (3) *2
19. HMG CoA reductase inhibitor (3) *2
20. Erythropoietin (3)
21. Heparin as anti-coagulant (3)
22. Cholestyramine (3)
23. Enumerate anti-platelet drugs. Discuss the mechanism of action and
therapeutic uses of aspirin and clopidogrel as antiplatelet drugs (4)
 24. Discuss the mechanism of action, pharmacological effect, therapeutic
uses and adverse effects of aspirin (4)
25. Drugs used in the treatment of dyslipidaemias (3) *2
26. Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of hypolipidemic drugs
27. Difference between warfarin and heparin *2
28. Pernicious anemia requires life-long therapy with Vit B12 (2)
29. Thrombolytic drugs (3) *2
GIT
1. Why domperidone is preferable to metoclopramide in children? (3)
2. Proton pump inhibitors (3) *3
3. Drugs for inflammatory bowel disease (3)
4. List the various classes of drugs used to treat peptic ulcer disease and
explain their mechanisms of action (4) *7
5. Mesalazine (3)
6. Prokinetic drugs (3)
7. Omeprazole (3)
8. List the various anti-secretory drugs used to treat peptic ulcers disease
and explain one group (3)
Antimicrobials
1. Name the different classes of drugs used for management of malaria with
examples. Describe briefly the drug/drugs used to prevent relapse in P
vivax infection (4) *2
2. Metronidazole (3) *4
3. What are the reasons for combining antimicrobials in the treatment of
infections? (4)
4. Fluconazole (3)
5. Classify anti-fungal drugs, giving two examples from each class. State
their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity and adverse effects (4)
6. Explain why primaquine may produce haemolysis in some persons (3)
7. Artemisinin based combination therapy (3)
8. Enumerate drugs used in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (4)
9. Acyclovir (3) *3
10. Enumerate and briefly describe the salient features of first line drugs for
treatment of tuberculosis (4) *3
11. Classify and describe the antiviral therapy for HIV infection (4) *2
12. Cotrimoxazole (3) *2
13. Explain why sulphadoxine is combined with pyrimethamine? (3)
14. Ketoconazole (3) *2
15. Classify anti-malarial drugs. How will you treat acute attack of malaria?
(4) *2
16. Anti-microbial prophylaxis (3)
17. Fourth generation cephalosporins (3)
18. Albendazole (3)
19. Clarithromycin (3)
20. Classify cephalosporins, giving two examples from each class. State
their spectrum of activity and indications of use (4) *3
21. Azoles for fungal infection (3)
22. Anti-HIV drugs administered in HAART regimen (3)
23. List and briefly enumerate the salient features of first-line drugs for the
treatment of tuberculosis (4) *2
24. Classify anti-amoebic drugs. Discuss the mechanism of action and
adverse effects of aminoglycosides. (4) *3
25. Rifampicin (3)
26. Amphotericin B (3)
27. Treatment of cerebral malaria (3)
28. Classify quinolones. Discuss their mechanism of action and therapeutic
uses (3)
29. Beta-lactamase inhibitors (3) *2
30. Isoniazid (3)
31. Antimicrobial agents for pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (3)
32. Pharmacotherapeutic measures used to prevent resistance to
antimicrobial agents (3)
33. Enumerate and write in brief the mechanism of action and adverse
effects of nucleoside analogues used as anti-herpes drugs (4)
34. Describe in brief mechanism of action of chloroquine, its uses and
adverse reactions (4)
35. Urinary antiseptics (3)
36. Drugs for candida infection (3)
37. Primary pulmonary TB (4)
38. Chloroquine resistant malaria (4) *3
 39. Ethambutol is avoided in children (2)
40. Antiseptics and disinfectant (2)
41. Antitubercular drugs are always used in combination (2)
42. Use of ampicillin with oral contraceptives may lead to contraceptive
failure (2)
43. Enumerate the drugs used for the treatment of leprosy. Write the
mechanism of action of dapsone. Describe one multidrug regimen for
treatment of multibacillary leprosy (4)
44. Griseofulvin in dermatophytosis (2)
45. Discuss the various mechanism of resistance to antimicrobial agents (4)
46. Pharmacological basis of use of clavulanic acid with amoxicillin (3)
47. Pharmacological basis of use of trimethoprim with sulphamethoxazole
(3)
Neoplastic diseases
1. Methotrexate (3) *4
2. Imatinib (3)
3. Cisplatin (3)
4. Taxanes (3)
5. Colony stimulating factors (3)
6. Monoclonal antibodies in therapy (3)
7. Anti-metabolites as anti-cancer agents (3) *2
8. Explain cell-cycle specificity of anti-neoplastic drug and name any five
classes of these drugs (3)
Miscellaneous
1. Infliximab (3)
2. Calcineurin inhibitors (3) *2
3. Immune-suppressive agents in organ transplant rejection and autoimmune
diseases (3) *2
4. Dimercaprol (3)