OPTICS
MIRRORS AND LENSES
1. An object AB is kept in front of a concave mirror as shown in the figure.
(i)Complete the ray diagram showing the image formation of the object.
(ii) How will the position and intensity of the image be affected if the lower half of the mirror’s
reflecting surface is painted black?
Ans.
2.How does focal length of a lens change when red light incident on it is replaced by violet light? Give reason for
your answer.
3.Define power of a lens. Write its units. Deduce the relation 1/f = 1/f1 +1/f 2 for two thin lenses kept in
contact coaxially.
4.A convex lens of focal length 25 cm is placed coaxially in contact with a concave lens of focal length
20 cm. Determine the power of the combination. Will the system be converging or diverging in
nature?
6.A thin convex lens having two surfaces of radii of curvature R1 and R2 is made of a material of
refractive index 2. It is kept in a medium of refractive index 1. Derive, with the help of a ray
diagram, the lens maker formula when a point object placed on the principal axis in front of the
radius of curvature R1 produces an image I on the other side of the lens.
8.A biconvex lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.25 is immersed in water of
refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a converging lens? Give reason.
10.A converging lens of refractive index 15 is kept in a liquid medium having same refractive index. What would
be the focal length of the lens in this medium?
Draw a plot showing the variation of power of a lens with the wavelength of the incident light. A diverging lens of
refractive index 15 and of focal length 20 cm in air has the same radii of curvature for both sides. If it is immersed
in a liquid of refractive index 17, calculate the focal length of the lens in the liquid.
12. With the help of a suitable ray diagram, derive the mirror formula for a concave mirror.
1.(i) A ray of monochromatic light is incident on one of the faces of an equilateral triangular prismof refracting
angle A. Trace the path of ray passing through the prism. Hence, derive anexpression for the refractive index of the
material of the prism in terms of the angle minimumdeviation and its refracting angle.
(ii) Three light rays red (R), green (G) and blue (B) areincident on the right angled prism abc at face ab. The
refractive indices of the material of the prism for red,green and blue wavelengths are respectively 1.39, 1.44
and 1.47. Trace the paths of these rays reasoning outthe difference in their behaviour.
ANS.
Q2
3.Define magnifying power of a telescope. Write its expression.
4.a)How is the working of a telescope different from that of a microscope?
b)The focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece of a microscope are 1.25 cm and 5 cmrespectively. Find the
position of the object relative to the objective in order to obtain an angularmagnification of 30 in normal adjustment.
5.Draw a labelled ray diagram of a reflecting telescope. Mention its two advantages over therefracting
telescope.Ans.
7.Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a compound microscope. Hence obtainexpression for total
magnification when the image is formed at infinity. SEE DIA Q.NO.12
8.Draw a labelled ray diagram of a refracting telescope. Define its magnifying power and write the
expression for it.
Write two important limitations of a refracting telescope over a reflecting type telescope.
9.Three rays of light, red (R), green (G) and blue (B), are incident on the face AB of a right angledprism, as shown
in the figure. The refractive indices of the material of the prism for red, green andblue are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47
respectively. Which one of the three rays will emerge out of the prism?Give reason to support your answer.
ANS.
10.(i) Draw a schematic labelled ray diagram of a reflecting type telescope.
(ii) Write two important advantages justifying why reflecting type telescopes are preferred over
refracting telescopes.
(iii) The objective of a telescope is of larger focal length and of larger aperture (compared to the
eyepiece). Why? Give reasons.ANS.
11.(a) Draw a labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope.
(b) Derive an expression for its magnifying power.
(c) Why is objective of a microscope of short aperture and short focal length? Give reason.
12.(a) Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the formation of a final image by a compound microscope at least
distance of distinct vision.
13.Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation by an astronomical telescope.
Derive the expression for its magnifying power in normal adjustment.
WAVE OPTICS
HUYGEN PRINCIPLE
1.How is a wavefront defined ? Using Huygen’s construction draw a figure showing the propagation of a
plane wave refracting at a plane surface separating two media. Hence verify Snell’s law of refraction.
ANS:
2.How is a wavefront defined ? Using Huygen’s construction draw a figure showing the Propagation of a
plane wave reflecting at the interface of the two media. Show that the angle of incidence is equal to the
angle of reflection.
ANS:-
INTERFERENCE
3.Describe Young’s double slit experiment to produce interference pattern due to a monochromatic source
of light. Deduce the expression for the fringe width.
5.How does the fringe width of interference fringes change, when the whole apparatus of
Young’s experiment is kept in a liquid of refractive index 1.3 ? ANS:-
6.How will the angular separation and visibility of fringes in Young’s double slit experiment
changewhen (i) screen is moved away from the plane of the slits, and (ii) width of the source slit
isincreased?
ANS:-
7.How would the angular separation of interference fringes in Young’s double slit experiment
change when the distance between the slits and screen is doubled?
8.In Young’s double slit experiment, monochromatic light of wavelength 630 nm illuminates
the pair of slits and produces an interference pattern in which two consecutive bright fringes
are separated by 8.1 mm. Another source of monochromatic light produces the interference
pattern in which the two consecutive bright fringes are separated by 7.2 mm. Find the
wavelength of light from the second source.
What is the effect on the interference fringes if the monochromatic source is replaced by a
source of white light?
9.In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits 015 mm apart are illuminated by monochromatic
light of wavelength 450 nm. The screen is 1.0 m away from the slits.
(a) Find the distance of the second (i) bright fringe, (ii) dark fringe from the central maximum.
(b) How will the fringe pattern change if the screen is moved away from the slits?
ANS.
DIFFRACTION
10.(a) Describe briefly how a diffraction pattern is obtained on a screen due to a single narrow slit illuminated by a
monochromatic source of light. Hence obtain the conditions for the angular width of secondary maxima and
secondary minima.
11.(a) In a single slit diffraction experiment, a slit of which ‘d’ is illuminated by red light of wavelength
650 nm. For what value of ‘d’ will:
(i) the first minimum fall at an angle of diffraction of 30°, and
(ii) the first maximum fall at an angle of diffraction of 30°?
(b) Why does the intensity of the secondary maximum become less as compared to the
central maximum?
12.(a) Why do we not encounter diffraction effects of light in everyday observations?
(b) In the observed diffraction pattern due to a single slit, how will the width of central
maximum be affected if(i) the width of the slit is doubled;(ii) the wavelength of the light used is
increased?Justify your answer in each case.
POLARISTION
14.(a) How does an unpolarised light incident on a polaroid get polarised? Describe briefly, with the help
of a necessary diagram, the polarisation of light by reflection from a transparent medium.
(b) Two polaroids ‘A’ and ‘B’ are kept in crossed position. How should a third polaroid ‘C’ be placed
between them so that the intensity of polarised light transmitted by polaroid B reduces to 1/8th of the
intensity of unpolarised light incident on A?
ANS:- A polaroid consists of long chain molecules aligned in a particular direction. The electric vectors
along the direction of the aligned molecules get absorbed. So, when an unpolarised light falls on a
polaroid, it lets only those of its electric vectors that are oscillating along a direction perpendicular to its
aligned molecules to pass through it. The incident light thus gets linearly polarised.
Whenever unpolarised light is incident on the boundary between two transparent media, the reflected light
gets partially or completely polarised. When reflected light is perpendicular to the refracted light, the
reflected light is a completely polarised light.
15 (a) Describe briefly, with the help of suitable diagram, how the transverse nature of light can be
demonstrated by the phenomenon of polarization.
(b) When unpolarized light passes from air to a transparent medium, under what condition does the
reflected light get polarized?
ANS:- (a) Light from a source S is allowed to fall normally on the flat surface of a thin plate of a
tourmaline crystal, cut parallel to its axis. Only a part of this light is transmitted through A.
If now the plate A is rotated, the character of transmitted light remains unchanged. Now another similar
plate B is placed at some distance from A such that the axis of B is parallel to that of A. If the light
transmitted through A is passed through B, the light is almost completely transmitted through B and no
change is observed in the light coming out of B.
If now the crystal A is kept fixed and B is gradually rotated in its own plane, the intensity of light
emerging out of B decreases and becomes zero when the axis of B is perpendicular to that of A. If B is
further rotated, the intensity begins to increase and becomes maximum when the axes of A and B are
again parallel. Thus, we see that the intensity of light transmitted through B is maximum when axes of A
and B are parallel and minimum when they are at right angles.
From this experiment, it is obvious that light waves are transverse and not longitudinal; because, if they
were longitudinal, the rotation of crystal B would not produce any change in the intensity of light.
(b) The reflected ray is totally plane polarised, when reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each
other.
15.What is plane polarised light? Two polaroids are placed at 90° to each other and the transmitted
intensity is zero. What happens when one more polaroid is placed between these two, bisecting the angle
between them ? How will the intensity of transmitted light vary on further rotating the third polaroid? (b)
If a light beam shows no intensity variation when transmitted through a polaroid which is rotated, does it
mean that the light is unpolarised ? Explain briefly.
ANS
16.Define the term ‘linearly polarised light.’ When does the intensity of transmitted light
become maximum, when a polaroid sheet is rotated between two crossed polaroids?
17.(a) What is linearly polarized light? Describe briefly using a diagram how sunlight is polarised.
ANS:- (a) Molecules in air behave like a dipole radiator. When the sunlight falls on a molecule, dipole
molecule does not scatter energy along the dipole axis, however the electric field vector of light wave
vibrates just in one direction perpendicular to the direction of the propagation. The light wave having
direction of electric field vector in a plane is said to be linearly polarised. In figure, a dipole molecule is
lying along x-axis. Molecules behave like dipole radiators and scatter no energy along the dipole axis.
The unpolarised light travelling along x-axis strikes on the dipole molecule get scattered along y and z directions.
Light traversing along y and z directions is plane polarised light.
18 . When unpolarised light is incident on the boundary separating the two transparent media, explain, with the help
of a suitable diagram, the conditions under which the reflected light gets polarised. Hence define Brewster’s angle
and write its relationship in terms of the relative refractive index of the two media.
19. Two polaroids P1 and P2 are placed with their pass axes perpendicular to each other. Unpolarised light of
intensity Io is indident on P1. A third polaroid P3 is kept in between P1 and P2 such that its pass axis makes an angle
of 30° with that of P1. Determine the intensity of light transmitted through P1, P2 and P3 .
