Microwave Engineering Laboratory Dpt.

of ETC, IIIT BHUBANSWAR

EXPERIMENT-1

STUDY OF MICROWAVE COMPONENTS

OBJECTIVE: To study the microwave components in details.

WAVE GUIDE:

A pipe with any sort of cross- section that could be used as a wave guide or system of
conductors for carrying electromagnetic wave, is called a wave guide in which the waves are
truly guided. Wave guides are manufactured to the highest mechanical and electrical
standards and mechanical tolerances. They are constructed from conductive material and
may be rectangular circular, or elliptical in shape. Waveguides have several advantages over
two-wire and coaxial transmission lines. Waveguides are greatly reduces COPPER LOSSES,
DIELECTRIC LOSSES and handle more power than coaxial transmission lines of the same
size. The widest dimension of a waveguide is called the "a" dimension and determines the
range of operating frequencies. The narrowest dimension determines the power-handling
capability of the waveguide and is called the "b" dimension.

Fig. Rectangular Waveguide Fig. Circular Waveguide

FIXED ATTENUATORS/ VARIABLE ATTENUATOR:

Attenuators are meant for inserting a known attenuation in a wave guide system.
Attenuators are required to adjust power or attenuate the power flowing in a wave guide.
These consists of a lossy vane inserted in a section of wave guide, flanged on both ends.
These are useful for isolation of wave guide circuits, padding and extending the range of
measuring equipments. These attenuators are calibrated at center frequency of respective
frequency band. In variable attenuators power can be adjusted for different level. Fixed
Attenuators are available for 3, 6 or 10 dB attenuation values, and any attenuation valve
between 0 and 30dB can be provided by the variable attenuator.

Model No. : X A– 500, Freq. Range (GHz) 8.2-12.4/ WG Type (WR-) : 90 , Flange Type UG-
39/U9/U
Microwave Engineering Laboratory Dpt. of ETC, IIIT BHUBANSWAR

Fig. Fixed Attenuator Fig. Variable Attenuator

KLYSTRON MOUNTS:

Klystron mounts are used to transmit microwave power from reflex klystron tube to
rectangular waveguide. Klystron mounts are designed by a section of waveguide, one end of
waveguide is fitted with a movable short plunger. A small hole on the broad wall of
waveguide is provided through which coupling pin of reflex klystron tube enters into the
waveguide. By moving plunger (matching the impedance of klystron tube and waveguide)
maximum output can be achieved.

Model No. : X M– 251-- Freq. Range (GHz) 8.2-12.4/ WG Type (WR-) : 90 , Flange Type UG-
39/U9/U

Fig. Klystron Mount

FERRITES ISOLATORS AND CIRCULATORS:

The ferrites isolators and circulators are matched 2 port and 3/4 port devices respectively,
which offer low insertion loss and high isolation over 1GHz band width. An isolator is a 2
port device which allows signals from port 1 to port 2 & provides maximum attenuation for
transmission from port 2 to 1.

A circulator is a three port or four port device which has a peculiar property of coupling
power to the adjacent port clockwise

Model No. : X I – 621, Freq. Range (GHz) 8.2-10, Max. VSWR in dB 1.2 , Min. Insertion
loss(dB) – 0.5, Min. Isolation(dB)- 20

Microwave Engineering Laboratory Dpt. of ETC, IIIT BHUBANSWAR

Fig. Isolator Fig. Circulator

MATCHED TERMINATOR:

Matched terminations are used to terminate the waveguide transmission line operating at
low average power. The loads are carefully designed to absorb all the applied power and
assured a low SWR. They may be used where a matched load is required as in the
measurement of reflection coefficient, discontinuities of obstacle in waveguide system.
These are also employed as dummy and as a precise reference loads with Tee junctions,
directional couplers and other similar dividing devices

Model No. : X M– 400-- Freq. Range (GHz) 8.2 - 12.4/ WG Type (WR-) : 90 , Flange Type UG-
39/U Max VSWR -1.02:

Fig. Matched Terminator

MOVABLE SHORT:

Movable shorts are used to obtain a phase reference in the calibration of various
experimental setups .These are also used to vary the effective plane of reflection and
therefore the phase of reflected wave. Movable shorts are used to measure the impedance
of a device.

Model No. : X T-581, Freq. Range (GHz) 8.2 - 12.4/ WG Type (WR-) : 90 , Flange Type UG-
39/U Reflection Coefficient-0.98

Microwave Engineering Laboratory Dpt. of ETC, IIIT BHUBANSWAR

Fig. Movable Short

WAVEGUIDE DETECTOR MOUNT:

The crystal detector can be used for the detection of microwave signal. At low level of
microwave power, the response of each detector approximates to square law characteristics
and may be used with a high gain selective amplifier having a square law meter calibration.

Model No. : X D– 451-- Freq. Range (GHz) 8.2 - 12.4, Detector- IN 21

Fig. Waveguide Detector Mount

SLOTTED SECTION WAVEGUIDE:

Slotted section is used to measure various measuring parameter in microwave like VSWR,
phase and impedances. These consists of a slot in center of waveguide in which we can
connect a probe. The probe can be moved in slot and position of probe can be measured by
its Vanier scale. The travel of probe carriage is more than three times of half wavelength

Model No. : X S – 651-- Freq. Range (GHz) 8.2 - 12.4/ WG Type (RG-52/U) , Flange Type UG-
39/U Max VSWR -1.01

Microwave Engineering Laboratory Dpt. of ETC, IIIT BHUBANSWAR

Fig. Slotted Section Waveguide

TUNABLE PROBE:

Tunable probes are very useful devices to measure the SWR and Impedances. Tunable
probe is consists of a crystal detector and a small wire antenna in coaxial housing. Its depth
of penetration into the slotted section is variable and may be locked at any position of
penetration.

Model No. : X D– 451-- Freq. Range (GHz) 8.2 - 12.4, Detector- IN 21

Fig. Tunable Probe

SLIDE SCREW TUNER:

Slide Screw Tuner is a very useful component in a microwave laboratory. It is mainly used
for Impedance measurement. Its tuner can be adjusted for low and high impedance
position.

MODEL-X T– 541-- Freq. Range (GHz) 8.2 - 12.4 , WG Type (RG-52/U) , Flange Type UG-
39/U Max VSWR -20:1.02

Microwave Engineering Laboratory Dpt. of ETC, IIIT BHUBANSWAR

Fig. S. S. Tuner

DIRECT READING FREQUENCY METER:

Direct Reading frequency meters are used to measure the microwave frequency accurately.
There long scale length and numbered calibration marks provide high resolution which is
particularly useful when measuring frequency difference of small frequency change.

MODEL -X F– 710-- Freq. Range (GHz) 8.2-12.4, Calibration Accuracy :+2, Max VSWR -1.02

Fig. Direct Reading Frequency Meter

MULTI HOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPLER:

Directional coupler are designed to measure incident and reflected power values and also
provide a signal path to a receiver or perform other desirable operation. In its most
common form, the directional coupler is a four fort waveguide junction consisting of a
primary main waveguide and a secondary auxiliary waveguide. These are available in 3, 6,
10, 20, 40 dB coupling.

Microwave Engineering Laboratory Dpt. of ETC, IIIT BHUBANSWAR

Fig. Multihole Directional Coupler

TEE:

Tees are used to combine power from two input or divided the microwave power from one
input to two output lines.

E-PLANE TEE:

E- Plane tee are series type T - junction and consists of three section of wave guide joined
together in order to divide or compare power levels. The signal entering the first port of this
T - junction will be equally dividing at second and third ports of the same magnitude but in
opp. phase.

MODEl-X E-361-- Freq. Range (GHz) 8.2 - 12.4 , WG Type (RG-52/U) , Flange Type UG- 39/U

Fig. E- Plane tee

H-PLANE TEE:

H-Plane Tee are shunt type T-junction for use in conjunction with VSWR meters, frequency -
meters and other detector devices. Like in E-plane tee, the signal fed through first port of H -
plane Tee will be equally divided in magnitude at second and third ports but in same phase.

MODEL -X E-365-- Freq. Range (GHz) 8.2 - 12.4 , WG Type (RG-52/U) , Flange Type UG- 39/

Microwave Engineering Laboratory Dpt. of ETC, IIIT BHUBANSWAR

Fig. H-Plane Tee

E-H TEE:

E-H Tee consists of a section of wave guide in both series and shunt wave guide arms,
mounted at the exact midpoint of main arm. Both ends of the section of wave guide and both
arms are flanged on their ends. These Tees are employed in balanced mixers, AFC circuits
and impedance measurement circuits etc. This becomes a four terminal device where one
terminal is isolated from the input terminal.

Fig. E-H Plane Tee

GUNN OSCILLATOR:

Gunn Oscillators are solid state microwave energy generators. These consists of waveguide
cavity flanged on one end and micrometer driven plunger fitted on the other end. A Gunn-
diode is mounted inside the Wave guide with BNC (F) connector for DC bias. Each Gunn
oscillator is supplied with calibration certificate giving frequency vs micrometer reading.

Model No. : XG- 11, Freq : 8.2 - 12.4 Ghz, Normal output power : 10 mW WG Type (RG-52/U)
Flange Type (UG-39/U)

Microwave Engineering Laboratory Dpt. of ETC, IIIT BHUBANSWAR

Fig. Gunn Oscillator

PIN MODULATOR:

Pin modulators are designed to modulate the cw output of Gunn Oscillators. It is operated
by the square pulses derived from the UHF (F) connector of the Gunn power supply. These
consists of a pin diode mounted inside a section of Wave guide flanged on it’s both end. A
fixed attenuation vane is mounted inside at the input to protect the oscillator.

Model No. : XM- 55, Freq : 8.2 - 12.4 Ghz, output connector -TNC , BaisVolt-0.1V, WG Type
(RG-52/U) Flange Type (UG-39/U)

Fig. Pin Modulator

PHASE SHIFTER:

Microwave Engineering Laboratory Dpt. of ETC, IIIT BHUBANSWAR

Many applications require phase shift to be introduced between two given position in a
waveguide system. It consists of a dielectric slab or vane specially shaped to minimize
reflection effect. Phase shifter are used to change the effective electrical length of
transmission line without changing its physical length. They are particularly useful in
microwave bridge circuit where the phase and amplitude must be adjusted.

Fig. Phase Shifter

WAVEGUIDE ANTENNAS:

There are several types of microwave antennas like standard Gain, Pyramidal horn, Pick up
horn, Dielectric antenna, Parabolic dish antenna etc. these are used to radiate microwave
energy in the air and to receive the energy from air.

Fig. Horn Antenna Fig. Parabolic Dish Antenna

Microwave Engineering Laboratory Dpt. of ETC, IIIT BHUBANSWAR

Fig. H-Plane Horn Antenna Fig. E-Plane Horn Antenna

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REFLEX KLYSTRON TUBE

To study the characteristics of the reflex Klystron tube and to determine its electronic
tuning range.

Klystron Power Supply, Klystron Tube, Isolator, Frequency Meter, Variable Attenuator,
Detector Mount, Waveguide Stand, VSWR Meter and BNC Cable.

The Reflex Klystron makes use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous electron
beam into microwave power. Electron emitted from the cathode are accelerated and passed
through the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which retards and, finally,
reflects the electron; and the electron turns back through the resonator. Suppose an hf-field
exists between the resonator, the electron travelling forward will be accelerated or
retarded, as the voltage at the resonator changes in amplitude. The accelerated electrons
leave the resonator at an increased velocity and the retarded electrons leave at the reduced
velocity. The electrons leaving the resonator will need different time to return, due to
change in velocities. As a result, returning electrons group together in bunches. As the
electron bunches pass through resonator, they interact with voltage at resonator grids. If
the bunches pass the grid at such time that the electrons are slowed down by the voltage,
energy will be delivered to the resonator; and Klystron will oscillate. Fig. P1 shows the
schematic of a typical Klystron tube. Fig. P2 shows the relationship between output power,
frequency and reflector voltage. The frequency is primarily determined by the dimension of
resonant cavity. Hence, by changing the volume of resonator, mechanical tuning range
ofKlystron is possible. Also, a small frequency change can be obtained by adjusting the
reflector voltage. This is called Electronic Tuning Range. The same result can be
obtained, if the modulation voltage is applied on the reflector voltage VR as shown in
the Fig. P1.
Carrier Wave Operation

Connect the components and equipments as shown in the Fig. P3.

Set the Variable Attenuator at the maximum position (a zero micrometer reading).

Set the Mod-Switch of Klystron Power Supply to CW position, beam voltage control knob to
fully anticlockwise and reflector voltage control knob to fully clockwise and the Meter
Switch to ‘OFF’position.

Rotate the knob of frequency meter at one sidefully.

Put the multimeter in dc microampere range of 250 microampere.

‘ON’ the Klystroiz Power Supply, VSWR Meter and Cooling Fan for the Klystron tube.

Put the meter switch to beam voltage position and rotate the beam voltage knob clockwise
slowly upto 300 V meter reading, and observe beam current on the meter by changing
meter switch to beam current position. “The beam current should not increase more than
30 mA”

Change the reflector voltage slowly and watch on the micro. Set the voltage for maximum
deflection in the meter. If no deflection is obtained, change the multimeter switch position
to 50 microampere.

Tune the plunger of Klystron Mount for the maximum output.

Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at that position, when there is less
output current on multimeter. Read directly the frequency meter between two horizontal
lines and vertical marker. If micrometer type frequency meter is used, read the micrometer
reading and find the frequency from its calibration chart.

Change the reflector voltages and read the current and frequency for each reflector voltage
and plot the graph as shown in Fig. P2.

Square Wave Operation

Connect the equipments and components as shown in Fig. P3.

Set the variable attenuator to around zero position.

Set the range switch of VSWR meter at 40 db position, input selector switch to crystal
impedance position, meter switch to normal position.

Set Mod-Selector switch to AM-MOD position, beam voltage control knob fully anti-
clockwise direction, reflector voltage control knob to the maximum clockwise position and
meter switch to OFFU position.

‘ON’ the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.

Change the meter switch of Klystron Power Supply to beam voltage position,and rotate the
beam voltage knob clockwise up to 300 V deflections in meter.

Keep, the AM-MOD amplitude knob and AM-FRE knob at the mid- position.

Rotate the reflector voltage knob anti-clockwise to get deflection in VSWR meter.

Rotate the AM-MOD amplitude knob to get the maximum output in VSWR meter.

Maximize the deflection with frequency control knob of AM-MOD.

If necessary, change the range switch of VSWR meter to 30 db or 50 db if the deflection in

VSWR meter is out of scale or less than normal scale respectively. Further, the output can
also be reduced by Variable Attenuator for setting the output for any particular position.

Find the oscillation frequency by Frequency Meter as described in the earlier set-up.

Observe the square wave modulation of the Klystron on the CRO as shown in Fig. P4.
Mode Study on Oscilloscope

Set up the components and equipments as shown in Fig. P3.

Keep position of variable attenuator at ten positions.

Set Mod selector switch to FM-MOD position with FM amplitude and FM frequency knob at
mid position, keep beam voltage control knob fully anti-clockwise and reflector voltage
knob to fully clockwise with meter switch to ‘OFF’ position.
Keep the time/div. scale of oscilloscope around 100 Hz frequency measurement and
volt./div. to lower scale.

‘ON’ the Klystron Power Supply and Oscilloscope.

Change the meter switch of Klystron Power Supply to Beam Voltage position and set beam
voltage to 300 V by beam voltage control knob.

Keep Amplitude knob of FM Modulator to maximum position and rotate the reflector
voltage anti-clockwise to get modes as shown in Fig. P3 on the oscilloscope. The horizontal
axis represents reflector voltage axis, and vertical axis represents output power.

By changing the reflector voltage and amplitude of FM modulation, any mode of Klystron
tube can be seen on Oscilloscope.

klystron power supply should be constant.

BNC cable should be connected properly.

VSWR meter readings should be taken carefully.

TO DETERMINE THE FREQUENCY AND WAVE LENGTH

To determine the frequency and wave length in a rectangular waveguide working on TE10
mode.
Set up the components and equipments as shown in Fig. P5.
Fig. P5. Set up for frequency and wave-length measurement.

Set the variable attenuator at maximum position.

Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as below: Range db — 50 db position

Input Switch — Crystal low Impedance Meter Switch — Normal position

Gain (coarse and fine) — Mid position

Keep the Control knobs of Klystron power supply as below:

Meter Switch ‘OFF’ Mod-Switch — AM Beam Voltage Knob — Fully anti-clockwise Reflector
Votlage — Fully clockwise
AM-Amplitude Knob — Around fully clockwise AM-Frequency Knob — Around Mid position

‘ON’ the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR Meter and Cooling Fan.

Turn the meter switch of Power Supply to beam voltage position and set beam voltage at
300 V with the help of beam voltage knob.

Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR Meter.

Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply.

Tune the plunger of Klystron Mount for maximum deflection.

Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum deflection.

Tune the probe for maximum deflection in VSWR Meter.

Tune the frequency meter knob to get the ‘dip’ on the VSWR scale and note down the
frequency directly from frequency meter.

Replace the Termination with movable short, and detune the frequency meter.

Move probe alongwith the slotted line, the deflection in VSWR meter will vary. Move the
probe to a minimum deflection position, to get accurate reading, it is necessary to increase
the VSWR meter range db switch to higher position. Note and record

the probe position.

Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again.

Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive minimum
positions

obtained as above.

Measure the waveguide inner broard dimension ‘a’ which will be around 22.86 mm for X-
band.

Calculate the frequency by following equation:

To determine the standing-wave-ratio and reflection coefficient.

Klystron tube, Klystron Power Supply, VSWR Meter, Klystron Mount, Isolator, Frequency
Meter, Variable attenuator, Slotted line, Tunable probe, Waveguide Stand, Movable
Short/Termination or any unknown load and BNC Cable, S-S Tuner.

The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line, may be considered as the sum of
two travelling waves: the ‘Incident Wave’ propagates from generator and the reflected wave
propagates toward the generator. The reflected wave is set up by reflection of incident wave
from a discontinuity on the line or from the load impedance. The magnitude and phase of
reflected wave depends upon amplitude and phase of the reflecting impedance. The
presence of two travelling waves, gives rise to standing wave along with the line. The
maximum field strength is found where two waves are in phase and minimum where the
two waves add in opposite phase. The distance between two successive minimum (or
maximum) is half the guide wave-length on the line. The ratio of electrical field strength of
reflected and incident wave is called reflection coefficient. The voltage standing wave ratio
(VSWR) is defined as ratio between maximum and minimum field strength along the
line.
where Z is the impedance at a point on line, Z0 is characteristic impedance. The above
equation gives following equation:

Set up the equipment as shown in the Fig.P6.

Keep variable attenuator at maximum position.

Keep the Control knobs of VSWR meter as below: Range db — 40 db/50 db

Input Switch — Impedance low Meter Switch — Normal

Gain (Coarse-fine) — Mid position approximately

Keep the control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below: Meter Switch — ‘OFF’

Mod Switch — ‘AM’

Beam Voltage Knob — Fully anti-clockwise

Reflector Voltage Knob— Fully clockwise AM Frequency and amplitude knob — Mid
position

‘ON’ the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR Meter and Cooling Fan.

Turn the Meter Switch of Klystron Power Supply to beam voltage position and set the beam
voltage at 300 V.
Rotate the reflector knob to get deflection, in VSWR meter.

Tune the output by tuning the reflector voltage, amplitude and frequency of AM modulation.

Tune for maximum deflection by tuning the plunger of Klystron Mount. Also tune for
maximum deflection by tuning the probe.

If necessary change the range db-switch, variable attenuator

position and gain control knob to get deflection in the scale of VSWR meter.

Move the probe along with slotted line, the deflection will change.

Measurement of Low and Medium VSWR

Move the probe along with slotted line to get maximum deflection in VSWR Meter. (Fig. P7).

Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob or variable attenuator untill the meter indicates
1.0 on normal SWR Scale (0-OQ).

Keep all the control knob as it is, move the probe to next minimum position. Read the VSWR
on scale and record it.

Repeat the above step for change of S-S. Tuner probe depth and record the corresponding
SWR.

If the VSWR is between 3.2 and 10, change the range dB switch to next higher position and
read the VSWR on second VSWR scale is 3 to 10.

Measurement of High VSWR (Double Minimum Method)

Set the depth of S-S. Tuner slightly more for maximum VSWR.

Move the probe along with Slotted line untill a minimum is indicated.
Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator to obtain a reading of 3
db of normal dB of VSWR Meter.

Move the probe to the left on slotted line untill full scale deflection is obtained, i.e., 0 db on
0-10 db scale. Note and record the probe position on slotted line. Let if be d1. (Fig. P8).

Repeat the step 3 and 4 and then move the probe right along with slotted line untill full
scale deflection is obtained on 0-10 db normal db scale. Let it be d2.

Replace the [Link] and terminator by movable short.

Measure the distance between two successive minima position of probe. Twice this distance
is guide wave length λg.

Compute SWR by following equation:

klystron power supply should be constant.

BNC cable should be connected properly.

VSWR meter readings should be taken

To measure an unknown Impedance with smith chart.

Klystron Tube, Klystron Power Supply, Klystron Mount, Isolator, Frequency Meter, Variable
Attenuator, Slotted Line, Probe, VSWR Meter, Waveguide Stand, S-S. Tuner, Movable
ShortlTermination etc.

The impedance at any point of a transmission line can be written in the form R+jx.

For comparison SWR can be calculated as

Where p = reflection coefficient =

Z is the impedance at any point. The measurement is performed in following way:

The unknown device is connected to the slotted line and the SWR = So and position of one
minima is determined. Then unknown device is replaced by movable short to the slotted
line. Two successive minima positions are noted. The twice of the difference between
minima position will be guide-wave length. One of the minima is used as reference for
Impedance measurement. Find the difference of reference minima and minima position
obtained from unknown load. Let it be d. Take a smith chart, taking ‘1’ as centre; draw a
circle of radius equal to S0. Mark a point on circumference of chart towards load side at a
distance equal to λg . Join the centre with this point. Find the point where it cuts the drawn
circle. The co-ordination of this point will show the normalized impedance of load.

Set up the equipments as shown in the Fig. P9.

Set the variable attenuator at maximum position.

Fig P9. Impedance measurement

Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as below: Range db — 50 db position

Input Switch — Crystal low impedance

Meter Switch — Normal position Gain (Coarse and fine) — Mid position.

Keep the control knobs of Klystron power supply as below: Meter Switch — ‘OFF’

ModSwitch — AM

Beam Voltage Knob — Fully anti-clockwise Reflector Voltage — Fully clockwise

AM-Amplitude — Around fully clockwise AM-Frequency Knob — Around mid position

‘ON’ the Klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.

Turn the meter switch of power supply to beam voltage position and set beam voltage at
300 V with help of beam voltage knob.

Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR meter.

Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply.

Tune the plunger of Klystron Mount for maximum deflection.

Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum deflection.

Tune the robe for maximum deflection in VSWR meter.

Tune the frequency meter knob to get a dip on the VSWR scale, and note down the
frequency directly from frequency meter.

Keep the depth of pin of S-S. Tuner to around 3-4 mm and lock it.

Move the probe along with slotted line to get maximum deflection.

Adjust VSWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator until, the meter indicates 1.0
on the normal upper SWR scale.

Move the probe to next minima point, note down the SWR = S0 on the scale, also, note
down the probe position, let be d. (Fig. PlO).
Remove the S-S. Tuner and Matched Termination and place movable short at slotted line.
The plunger of short should be at zero.

Note the position of two successive minima position. Let it be as

d1 and d2. Hence λg = 2 (d1- d2).

Calculate d/λg.

Find out the normalized impedance as described in the theory section.

Repeat the same experiment for other frequency if required.

To study the following characteristic of Gunn Diode

V-I Characteristic.

Output power and frequency as a function of voltage.

Square wave modulation through PIN diode.

Gunn Oscillator, Gunn Power Supply, PIN Modulator, Isolator, Frequency Meter, Variable
Attenuator, Detector Mount, Waveguide Stands, SWR Meter, Cables and accessories.

The Gunn Oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk semi-
conductors which has two conduction bands minima separated by an energy gap (greater
than thermal agitational energies). A disturbance at the cathode gives rise to high field
region which travels towards the anode when this high field domain reaches the anode, it
disappears and another domain is formed at the cathode and starts a moving towards
anode and so on. The time required for domain to travel from cathode to anode (transit
time) gives oscillation frequency.

In a Gunn Oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in-a resonant cavity. In this case the
Oscillation frequency is determined by cavity dimension than by diode itself. Although Gunn
oscillator can be amplitude-modulated with the bias voltage. We have used seperate PIN
modulator through PIN diode for square wave modulation. A measure of the square wave
modulation capability is the modulation depth, i.e., the output ratio between ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’
state.

Set the components and equipments as shown in the Fig. P11.

Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation

Keep the control knob of Gunn Power Supply as below: Meter Switch — ‘OFF’,

Gunn bias Knob — Fully anti-clockwise

Pin bias Knob — Fully anti-clockwise Pin Mod frequency — Any position

Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below: Meter Switch — Normal

Input Switch — Low impedance Range db Switch — 40 db

Gain control knob — Fully clockwise

Set the micrometer of Gunn Oscillator for required frequency of operation.

‘ON’ the Gunn Power Supply, VSWR meter and Cooling Fan.

Voltage-Current Characteriste

Turn the meter switch of Gunn power supply to voltage position.

Measure the Gunn diode Current Corresponding to the various voltage controlled by Gunn
bias knob through the panel meter and meter switch. Do not exceed the bias voltage above
10 volts.

Plot the voltage and current readings on the graph as shown in Fig. P12.

Measure the threshold voltage switch which corresponds to maximum current.

Note: Do not keep Gunn bias knob position at threshold position for more than 10-15
seconds. Reading should be obtained as fast as possible. Otherwise, due to excessive
heating, Gunn diode may burn.
Fig. P12. V-I curve of Gunn oscillator.

Output Power and Frequency as a Function of Bias Voltage

Turn the meter switch of Gunn power supply to voltage position.

Increase the Gunn bias control knob.

Rotate PIN bias knob to around maximum position.

Tune the output in the VSWR meter through frequency control knob of modulation.

If necessary change the range dB switch of VS WR meter to higher or lower db position to ge

deflection on VSWR meter. Any level can be set through variable attenuator and gain control
k b of VSWR meter.

Measure the frequency by frequency meter and detune it.

Reduce the Gunn bias voltage in the interval of 0.5 V or 1.0 V and note down corresponding
reading of output at VSWR meter and frequency by frequency meter.

Use the reading to draw the power vs voltage curve and frequency vs. voltage and plot the
graph.

Measure the pushing factor (in MHz/volt) which is frequency sensitivity against variation in
b s voltage frr an oscillator. The pushing factor should be measured around 8 volt bias.
Square Wave Modulation

Keep the meter switch of Gunn power supply to volt position and rotate Gunn bias voltage
slowly so that panel meter of Gunn Power Supply reads 10 V.

Tune the PIN modulator bias voltage and frequency knob for maximum output on the
oscilloscope.

Concide the bottom of square wave in Oscilloscope to some reference level and note down
the micrometer reading of variable attenuator.

Now with help of variable attenuator concide the top of square wave to same reference level
and note down the micrometer reading.

Connect VSWR to detector mount and note down the db reading in VSWR meter for both the
micrometer reading of the variable attenuator.

The difference of both db reading of VSWR meter gives the modulation depth of PIN
modulator.

Gun Power Supply should be constant.

BNC cable should be connected properly.

VSWR meter readings should be taken

MULTIHOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

To study the function of multihole directional coupler (MHD coupler) by measuring the
following parameters:

To measure main-line and auxiliary-line VSWR.

To measure the coupling factor insertion loss and directivity of the coupler.

Microwave sourco (Klystron or (kum Diode type), Isolator, Frequency Meter, Variable
Attenuator, Slotted line, Tunable probe, Detector mount, Matched terminator, MHD coupler,
Waveguide stand, Cables and accessories,VSWR meter.

A directional coupler is a device with which it is possible to measure the Incident and
reflected wave separately. It consists of two transmission lines, the main arm and auxiliary
arm, electromagnetically coupled to each other. Refer to the Fig. P13. The power entering
port 1 in the main-arm divides between port 2 and 3, and almost no power comes out m
port 4. Power entering port 2 is divided between port 1 and 4
Where port 4 is terminated with built in termination and power is entering at port 1. The
directivity of the coupler is a measure of separation between incident wave and the
reflected wave. It is measured as the ratio of the two power outputs from the auxiliary line
when a given amount of power is successively applied to each terminal of the main-lines
with other port terminated by material loads.

Where P3F, and P3R is the power measured at port 3 with equal amount of power fed to
port 1 and port 2 respectively.

Main line VSWR is SWR measured, looking into the main-line input terminal when the
matched loads are placed at all other parts.

Auxiliary line VSWR is SWR measured in the auxiliary line looking into the output terminal
when the matched loads are placed on other three terminals.

Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in transmission line by insertion of
coupler. It is defined as insertion:

When power is entering at port 1.

Main Line SWR Measurement

Set up the equipments as shown in Fig. P14.

Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as described.

(Procedures given in the operation of Klystron tube and Gunn Oscillator).

Follow the procedure as described for VSWR measurement experiment (Low and medium
SWR measurement).

Repeat the same for other frequencies.

Auxitia,y Line SWR Measurement

Set up the components and equipments as shown in the Fig. P14.

Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as described in operation
of Klystron tube and Gunn oscillator.

Measure SWR as described in the experiment of SWR measurement (low and medium SWR
measurement).

Repeat the same for other frequencies.

Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency.

Remove the multihole directional coupler and connect the detector mount to the frequency
meter. Tune the detector for the maximum output.

Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of variable attentuator, gain
control knob of VSWR meter, and note down the reading (reference level letX).
Insert the directional coupler as shown in Fig. P15 with detector to the auxiliary port 3 and
matched termination to port 2, without changing the position of variable attenuator and
gain control knob of VSWR meter.

Note down the reading on VSWR meter on the scale with the help of range-db switch if
required, let it be Y.

Calculate coupling factor which will be X-Y in db.

Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and match termination from
port 2 without disturbing the set- up.

Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector to port 2 and measure
the reading on VSWR meter. Supply it is Z.

Compute insertion loss X — Z in db.

Repeat the steps from 1 to 4.

Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction, i.e., port 2 to frequency meter side,
matched termination to port 1 and detector mount to port 3, without disturbing the
position of the variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter.

Measure and note down the reading on VSWR meter, let it be YD. 14. Computer the
directivity as Y — YD .

15. Repeat the same for other frequencies.

klystron power supply should be constant.

BNC cable should be connected properly.

VSWR meter readings should be taken

STUDY OF POWER DIVISION IN A MAGIC TEE

Study of Power Division in a Magic Tee.

Microwave source, Isolator, Variable attenuator, Frequency meter, Slotted line, Tunable
probe, Magic Tee, Matched terminations, Waveguide stand, Detector mount VSWR meter
and Accessories.

The device magic tee is a combination of E and H plane [Link] 3, the H arm forms an H
plane Tee and arm 4, the E arm forms an E plane Tee in combination of arm I and 2 as side
or collinear arms. If the power is fed into arm 3 (H-arm), the electrid field divides equally
between arm 1 and 2 with the same phase, and no electric field exists in arm 4. Reciprocity
demands no coupling in part 3 (H- arm); if power is fed in arm 4 (E-arm), it divides equally
into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to arm 3. Further, if the power is fed from
arm 1 and 2, it is added in arm 3 (Fl-arm), and it is substracted in E-arm, i.e., arm 4. Refer
Fig. P16.

The basic parameters to be measured for magic Tee are defined below:

Input VSWR : Value of SWR corresponding to each port, as a load to the line while other
ports are terminated in matched load.

Isolation : The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of the power supplied
by the generator connected to the E-arm (port 4) to the power detected at H-arm (port 3)
when side arms 1 and 2 are terminated in matched load.

Similarily, isolation between other parts may also be defined.

Where Pi is the power delivered to arm I and Pj is the power detected at j arm.

a) VSWR measurements of the ports

Set up the component as shown in fig P 17 Keeping E arm towards, slotted line and matched
termination to other ports.

Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation.

Measure the VSWR of E-arm as described in measurement of SWR for low and medium
value.

Connect another arm to slotted line and terminate the other port with matched termination.
Measure the GVSWR as above. As

above, VSWR of any port can be measured.

Measurement of Isolation and Coupling Coefficient

Remove the tunable probe and magin Tee from the slotted line and connect the detector
mount to slotted line.

Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the detector
mount for maximum output.

With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter, set any power
level in

the VSWR meter and note down. Let it be P3.

Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob, carefully place
the magic Tee after slotted line keeping H-arm to slotted line, detector to E-arm and
matched termination to arm 1 and 2. Note down the reading of VSWR meter. Let it be P4.
Measurement of VSWR, Insertion Loss, Isolation of isolator and Circulator

Microwave source, isolators Circulators, Frequency meter, Variable attenuator, Slotted line,
Tunable probe, Detector mount, VSWR meter, Test isolation and circulation and
Accessories.

The isolator is a two-port device with small insertion loss in forward direction and a large in
reverse attenuation

The circulator is a multiport junction that permits transmission in certain ways. Refer to the
Fig. P18. A wave incident in port 1 is coupled to port 2 only; a wave incident at port

2 is coupled to port 3 only and so on. Following is the basic parameters of isolator and
circulator for study.
Insertion Loss: The ratio of power supplied by a source to the input port to the power
detected by a detector in the coupling arm, i.e., output arm with other port terminated in the
matched load, is defined as insertion less or forward loss.

Isolation: It is the ratio of power fed to input ann and the power detected at not coupled
port with other port terminated in the matched load.

Input VSWR: The input VSWR of an isolator or circulator is the ratio of voltage maximum to
voltage minimum of the standing wave existing on the line, when one port of it terminates
the line

and others have matched termination.

Note: When port which is not coupled to input port is terminated by matched termination, it
makes as Isolator (Two port device).
Input VSWR Measurement

Set up the components and equipments as shown in Fig. P19. With input port of isolator or
circulator towards slotted line and matched load on other ports of it.

Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency.

With the help of slotted line, probe and VSWR meter, find out SWR of the isolator or
circulator as described earlier for low and medium SWR measurements.

The above procedure can be repeated for other ports or for other frequencies.

Measurement of Insertion Loss and Isolation

Remove the probe and isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect the detector
mount to the slotted section. The output of the detector mount should be connected with
VSWR meter.

Energize the microwave source for maximum output for a particular frequency of operation.
Tune the detector mount for maximum output in the VSWR meter.

Set any reference level of power in VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator and
gain control knob of VSWR meter. Let it be P1.

Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing and position of
set up. Insert the isolator/circulator between slotted line and detector mount. Keeping
input port to slotted line and detector at its output pert. A matched termination should be
placed at third port in case of circulator.
Record the reading in the VSWR meter. If necessary change range-db switch to high or
lower position and taking 10db change for one step change of switch position. Let it is P2.

Computer insertion loss on P1 — P2 in db.

For measuremext of isolation, the isolator or circulator has to be connected reverse, i.e.,
output port to slotted line and detector to input port with other port terminated by matched
termination (in case circulator) after setting a reference level without isolator or circulator
in the set up as described in insertion loss measurement. Let same P1 level is set.

Record the reading of VSWR meter inserting the isolator or circulator as given in step, let it
is P3.

Compute isolation as P1 — P3 in db.

The same experiment can be done for other ports of circulator.

Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies if needed.

klystron power supply should be constant.

BNC cable should be connected properly.

VSWR meter readings should be taken

Measurement of VSWR, Insertion Loss, Attenuation of Fixed and Variable Attenuators

Microwave source Isolator Frequency meter, Variable attenuator, Slotted line, Tunable
probe, Detector mount, Matched termination, VSWR meter, Test fixed and variable
attenuator and Accessories.

The attenuator are two port bidirectional device which attenuates some power when
inserted into the transmission line.

where P1 = Power absorbed or detected by the load without the attenuator in the line.

P2 = Power absorbed/detected by the load with attenuator in the line.

The attenuators consist of a rectangular wave guide with a resistive vane inside it to absorb
microwave power according to their position with respect to side wall of the waveguide. An
electric field is maximum at centre in TE10 mode, the attenuation will be maximum if the
vane is placed at centre of the waveguide. Moving from centre towards the side wall,
attenuation decreases in the fixed attenuator, the vane position is fixed where as in variable
attenuator, its position can be changed by the help of micrometer or by other methods.

Following characteristics of attenuators can be studied:

Input VSWR.

Insertion loss (in case of variable attenuator).

Amount of attenuation offered into the lines.

Frequency sensitivity, i.e., variation of attenuation at any fixed position of vane and
frequency is changed.

Input VSWR Measurement

Connect the equipments as shown in Fig. P21.

Energize the microwave source for maximum power at any frequency of operation.

Measure the VSWR with the help of tunable probe, Slotted line and VSWR meter as
described in the experiment of measurement of low and medium VSWR.

Repeat the above step for other frequencies if required.

Insertion Loss/Attenuation Measurement

Remove the tunable probe, attenuator and matched termination from the slotted section in
the above set up.

Connect the detector mount to the slotted line, and tune the detector mount also for
maximum deflection on VSWR meter (Detector mount’s output should be connected to
VSWR meter).

Set any reference level on the VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator (not test
attenuator) and gain control knob of VSWR meter. Let it be P1.

Carefully disconnect the detector mount from the slotted line, without disturbing any
position on the set up. Place the test variable attenuator to the slotted line and detector
mount to other port of test variable attenuator. Keep the micrometer reading of testvariable
attenuator to zero and record the reading of VSWR meter. Let it be P2. Then the insertion
loss of test attenuator will be P1 — P2 db.
For measurement of attenuation of fixed and variable attenuator, after step 4 of above
measurement, carefully disconnect the detector mount from the slotted line without
disturbing any position obtained upto step 3. Place the test attenuator to the slotted line
and detector mount to the other port of test attenuator. Record the reading of VSWR meter.
Let it be P3. Then the attenuation value of fixed attenuator or attenuation value of variable
attenuator for particular position of micrometer reading will be P1 — P3 db.

In case of variable attenuator, change the micrometer reading and record the VSWR meter
reading. Find out attenuation value for different position of Micrometer reading and plot a
graph.

Now change the operating frequency and whole step should be repeated for finding
frequency sensitivity of fixed and variable attenuator.

Note : For measuring frequency sensitivity of variaole attenuator the positipn of

micrometer reading of the variable attenuator should be same for all frequencies in
operation.
klystron power supply should be constant.

BNC cable should be connected properly.

VSWR meter readings should be taken

Measurement of Phase Shift of a Phase Shifter

Microwave source, Isolator, Variable attenuator, Frequency meter, Slotted line, Tunable
probe, Phase shifter, Movable short, VSWR meter, Cables and Accessories.

A phase shifter consists of a piece of waveguide and a dielectric material inside the
waveguide placed parallel to Electric vector of TE10 mode. The phase changes, as a piece of
dielectric material is moved from edge of waveguide towards the centre of the waveguide.

Set up the equipment as shown in the Fig. P23.

First movable short is placed at the end of slotted line.

Energize the microwave source for maximum output at particular frequency of operation.

Find out the λg with the help of tunable probe slotted line and VSWR meter. It is the twice
the distance between two minima on the slotted line.

Find out the operating frequency for frequency meter or by relation of. λg

Find out λ as

Note and record a reference minima position on the slotted line. Let it is X.

Remove carefully the movable short from the slotted line without disturbing any position
on the

set up, place the phase shifter to the slotted line with its micrometer reading zero and then
place the movable short to the other port of phase shifter.

Find out a new minima position let it is Y.

10 Change the position of micrometer of phase shifter and find out the corresponding
position of new minima, let it be yi.

Since a new minimum is multiple of half wave-length, from the short, it should be possible
to calculate the exact electrical length of phase shifter. For example suppose at 10 GHz a
reference minima is found at X = 16.08 cm.

Now suppose that phase shifter is two wave-length long and placed on the line as in step 8,
the new minima y = 14.90 cm is obtained.

Hence, short has apparently moved 16.08 — 14.90 1.18 cm. This can be written in form of
as

Since the apparent movement is in the direction the short actually moved, it is added to the
approximate number of half wave length in the phase shifter. The total electrical length is
2.393 wave lengths. The phase shift in radians is found as below:

Multiply by 2 π to give phase shift in radius or by 360 degree to give phase shift in degrees.
Phase shift in above example

=2 π x 2.393 radians

= 360 x 2.393 degrees

The phase shift for other micrometer reading position, can be found as above.

klystron power supply should be constant.

BNC cable should be connected properly.

VSWR meter readings should be taken carefully.

Aim:

To study the function of multihole directional coupler by measuring the coupling factor and
directivity of the coupler.

Apparatus Required:

Klystron or Gunn Diode, Isolator, Frequency Meter, Variable attenuator, Slotted line, tunable
probe, detector mount, matched terminator, MHD coupler, waveguide stand, cables and
accessories VSWR meter.

Theory:

A directional coupler is a device with which it is possible to measure the incident and
reflected wave separately. It consists of two transmission line, the mine arm and auxiliary
arm, electromagnetically coupled to each other. Refer to the fig. The power entering port 1
in the main- arm divides between port 2 and 3, and almost no power comes out in port 4.
Power entering port 2 is divided between port 1 and 4.

The coupling factor is defined as

Coupling factor (db) =10logP1/P3 where port 4 is terminated With built in termination and
power is entering at port 1.

The directivities of the coupler is a measure of separation between incident wave and the
reflected wave. It is measured as the ratio of the two power outputs from the auxiliary line
when a given amount of power is successively applied to each terminal of the main lines
with other port terminated by material loads.

Hence Directivity D (db) =10log P3F/P3R.

Where P3F and P3R is the power measured at port 3 with equal amount of power fed to
port 1 and port 2 respectively. Main line VSWR is SWR

measured. Looking into the main line input terminal when the matched loads are placed at
all other parts. Auxiliary line VSWR is SWR measured in the auxiliary line looking into the
output terminal when the matched loads are placed on other three terminals. Main line
insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in transmission line by insertion of coupler. It is
defined as insertion loss = 10 log P1/P2 when power is entering at port 1.

Procedure:

Set up the equipments as shown in the fig.

Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency.

Remove the multihole directional coupler and connect the detector mount to the frequency
meter. Tune the detector for the maximum [Link] any reference level of power on
VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator, gain control knob of VSWR meter, and
note down the reading (reference level let X).

Insert the directional coupler as shown in second fig. with detector to the auxiliary port 3
and matched termination to port 2, without changing the position of variable attenuator and
gain control knob of VSWR meter.

Note down the reading on VSWR meter on the scale with the help of range –db switch if
required, let it is Y.

Calculate coupling factor which will be X-Y in db.

Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and match termination from
port 2 without disturbing the set up.

Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector to port 2 and measure
the reading on VSWR meter suppose it is Z.

Compute insertion loss =X-Z in db.

Repeat the steps from 1 to 4.

Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction, i.e. port 2 to frequency meter side,
matched termination to port 1 and detector mount to port 3, without disturbing the
position of the variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter.

Measure and note down the reading on VSWR meter: let it be YD.

Compute the directivity as Y-Yd.

Tabulation

Input voltage: Frequency:

Result:
(mA)

Output Imax Imin

g/2 Distance

Result: The relation between waveguide parameters is verified

MEASUREMENT OF LOW AND HIGH VSWR

AIM: To determine the Standing-Wave Ratio and Reflection Coefficient.

Bench Set up diagram:

APPARATUS:

Klystron tube , Klystron power supply, VSWR meter , Klystron mount,Isolator(XI- 621),
frequency meter, Variable attenuator, Slotted line, Tunable probe, Waveguide stand,
Movable short/Termination or any unknown load and BNC cable, SS tuner.

THEORY:

The electromagnetic field at any point of a transmission line (eg a wave guide) may be
considered as the sum of two travelling waves. The incident wave propagates from the
generator, the reflected wave propagates towards the generator .The reflected wave is set
up by the reflection of the incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or from a load
impedance not equal to the characteristic impedance of the line. The magnitude and phase
of the reflected wave depends upon the amplitude and phase of the reflecting impedance.
The magnitude also depends on the amplitude losses on the line. On a lossy line the
reflected (and incident) wave will be attenuated. If the line is uniform and infinitely long
there would be no reflected wave. The same applies for a line of finite length which is
matched i.e. has a load equal to the characteristic impedance of the line. The presence of
two travelling waves gives rise to standing wave along the line. The electrical (and
mechanical) field varies periodically with distance. The maximum field strength is found
where the two waves add in phase and the minimum where the two waves add in opposite
phase. Figure above shows the voltage standing wave patterns for different load

impedances. The distance between two successive minima (or maxima) is half the
wavelength on the transmission line. The ratio between the electrical fields of the reflected
and incident wave is called the voltage reflection coefficient, being a vector, which means
that is phase varies along the transmission line. The voltage standing wave ratio VSWR on a
transmission line is defined as the ratio between maximum and minimum field strengths
along the line.

ρ = Er / Ei ,

S = Emax / Emin = (Ei + Er) / (Ei - Er) Reflection Coefficient =(S – 1) / (S+1)

PROCEDURE:

Set up the equipment as shown in the figure.

Keep the variable attenuator in minimum position.

Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below Range - 40dB/50dB

I/p switch - low impedance

Meter switch - normal

Gain - mid position approximate.

. Keep the control knob of the Klystron power supply as below.

Beam voltage - OFF Mod switch - AM

Beam voltage knob - fully anti-clockwise Repeller voltage knob - fully clockwise

AM amplitude knob - around fully clockwise AM frequency - mid position

Switch ON the Klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.

Switch ON the beam voltage and set beam voltage at 250V.

Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter.

Tune the output by turning the reflector voltage, amplitude and frequency of AM
modulation.

Tune plunger of klystron mount and probe for maximum deflection in VSWR meter.

If required change the range dB switch variable attenuator position and gain control knob
to get deflection in the scale of VSWR meter.

Measurement of Low and Medium VSWR

Move the probe along the slotted section to get maximum deflection in VSWR meter.

Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the meter
indicates1.0 on normal VSWR scale.

Keep all the control knob as it is, move the probe to next minimum position. Read the VSWR
on scale.

Repeat the above step for change of S.S tuner probe depth and record the corresponding
SWR.

If the VSWR is between 3.2 and 10, change the range dB switch to next higher position and
read SWR on second VSWR scale of 3 to 10.

Measurement of high VSWR (Double minimum method)

Get the depth of S.S tuner slightly more for maximum VSWR.

Move the probe along with slotted line until minimum is indicated.

Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator to obtain a reading of 3
dB in the normal dB scale (0 to 10 dB) of VSWR meter.

Move the probe to the left on slotted line until full scale deflection is obtained on 0-10 dB
scale. Note and record the probe position on slotted line let it be d1.

Repeat the step-3 and move the probe right along the slotted line until full scale deflection is
obtained on 0 – 10 dB normal dB scale. Let it be d2.

Repeat the S.S tuner and termination by movable short.

Measure the distance between two successive minima positions of the probe, twice the
distance is guide wavelength λg.

Compute SWR from the following equation

Vmax

√2Vmin

Vmin

d2 d1

OBSERVATIONS :

Low VSWR =

High VSWR =

Reflection coefficient= S-1/S+1 =

RESULT CONCLUSION
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT

AIM: To measure unknown impedance using the Smith chart.

EQUIPMENT :

STUDY OF CIRCULATOR

AIM To study the X-band Microwave circulator.

APPARATUS Microwave source, Isolator, frequency meter, variable attenuator, slotted line,
Circulator, matched termination, VSWR meter and BNC probe.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
THEORY

A Circulator is defined as a device with ports arranged such that energy entering a port is
coupled to an adjacent port but not coupled to other ports. This is depicted in fig. below.
Circulator can have any number of ports.

Port 2

P2 Output

Port 1

Port 3

Fig. A . B
P3 Input

The important parameters of Circulator are

Insertion loss

Insertion loss is the ratio of power detected at the output port to the power supplied by
source to the input port measured with other ports terminated in the matched load. It is
expressed in dB.

Isolation

It is the ratio of power applied to the output that measured at input. This ratio is expressed
in [Link] isolation of circulator is measured with the third port terminated in a matched
load.

Input VSWR

The input VSWR of a circulator is the ratio of voltage maximum to voltage minimum of the
standing wave existing in the line with all ports except the test port are matched.

PROCEDURE

Input VSWR measurement

Setup the components and equipment as shown in the figure shown above with the input
port of the circulator connected to the slotted line and matched load on other ports.

Energize the microwave source for a particular frequency of operation.

With the help of slotted line, probe and VSWR meter find out VSWR of the circulator as
described for low and medium SWR measurement.

The above procedure can be repeated for other ports.

Measurement of insertion loss and Isolation

Remove the probe and circulator from the slotted line and connect detector mount to the
slotted section. The output of the detector mount should be connected to the VSWR meter.

Energize the microwave source for maximum output for a particular frequency of operation.
Tune the detector mount for maximum output in the VSWR meter.
Set any reference level of power in VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator and
gain control knob of the VSWR meter. Let it be P1.

Carefully remove the detector mount from the slotted line without disturbing the position of
the setup. Insert the circulator between slotted line and detector mount

.Keep input port to the slotted line and detector to its output port. A matched termination
should be placed at the third port.

Record the reading in the VSWR meter, if necessary change the range (dB) switch to high or
lower position and read 10 dB change for each step. Change of switch position. Let it be P2..

Compute Insertion loss as P1.P2 in dB.

For measurement of isolation the circulator has to be connected in reverse .i.e. output port
to slotted line and detector to input port with other port terminated by matched
termination.

Record the reading of VSWR meter and let it be P3.

Compute isolation as P1.P3 in dB.

The same experiment can be done for other ports of the circulator.

OBSERVATIONS VSWR

INSERTION LOSS P1.P2=

ISOLATION P1.P3 =

RESULT

CONCLUSION
PRECAUTIONS

To protect repeller from damage the repeller negative voltage is always applied before
anode voltage.

While modulating repeller should never become positive with respect to cavity.

Cooling should be provided to Reflex Klystron.

STUDY OF MAGIC TEE

AIM To study the Magic TEE.

APPARATUS

Microwave source, Isolator, Variable attenuator, frequency meter, slotted line, tunable
probe, magic tee, matched termination, waveguide stand, Detector mount, VSWR meter,
BNC probes.

Magic TEE Diagram

THEORY

The device Magic Tee is a combination of E and H plane Tee. Arm 3 is the H-arm and arm 4
is the E-arm. If the power is spread into arm 3 the electric field divides equally between
arms 1 and 2 with the same phase and no electric field exists in arm 4. If power is feed in
arm 4 it divides into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to arm 3, further if the
power is fed into arm 1 and 2 simultaneously it is added in arm 3 and subtracted in arm 4.

The basic parameters to be measured for magic Tee are defined as follows:

Input VSWR: Value of VSWR corresponding to each port as a load to the line while other
ports are terminated in matched load.

Isolation: The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of the power supplied
by the generator connected to the E arm to the power detected at H- arm when side arms 1
and 2 terminate in matched load.

Isolation (dB) = 10 log10 [p4/p3]

Similarly isolation between other ports may also be defined. Coupling Factor

It is defined as Cij = 10-α / 20 Where α is attenuation / isolation in dB

When I is input and J is output arm Thus α = 10 log 10[p4 / p3]

Where p3 is the power delivered into arm ‘I’ and p4 is power detected at ‘J’ arm.

PROCEDURE

VSWR measurement:

Set up the components and equipment as shown in fig above keeping E arm towards slotted
line and matched termination to other ports.

Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation.

Measure the VSWR of the E arm as described in measurement of SWR for low and medium
value.

Connect another arm to slotted line and terminate the other port with matched termination.
Measure the VSWR as above. Similarly VSWR of any port can be measured.

Measurement of Isolation:

Remove the untunable probe and magic tee from the slotted line and connect the detector
to mount slotted section.

Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the detector
mount for maximum output.

With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter, set any power
level in the VSWR meter and note down. Let it be p3.

Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob, carefully place
the magic Tee after slotted section keeping H arm connected to slotted section detector to E
arm and matched termination to arm 1 and 2 note down the reading of VSWR meter let it be
p4.

Determine the isolation between port 3 and 4 as P3-P4 in dB.

Determine the coupling coefficient from equation given in the theory.

The same experiment may be repeated for other ports also.

OBSERVATIONS

VSWR =

Isolation (dB) = 10 log10 [p4 /p3] =

Cij = 10-α / 20 α = 10 log10 [p4 /p3] = RESULT

CONCLUSION

PRECAUTIONS

To protect repeller from damage the repeller negative voltage is always applied before
anode voltage.

While modulating repeller should never become positive with respect to cavity.

Cooling should be provided to Reflex klystron.

FIBER OPTIC DIGITAL LINK

AIM To study the fiber optic digital link with the help of 1310 nm laser diode.

APPARATUS

Fiber optic kit – E

Glass fiber cable

Patch cards

CRO

Signal generator

Power supply

STRUCTURE OF DIGITAL FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

BUFFER IN

TTL BUFFER

TTL

IN DIGITAL DRIVER

DIGITAL RECEIVER

DIGITAL
TTL OUT

AMPLIFIER

THEORY

The laser diode, fiber and detector can be configured for the digital applications to transmit
binary data over fiber. The digital communication system is a suitable for transmission of
TTL digital signals. The TTL signal modulates the intensity of light radiation emitted by the
laser diode. In reception the fiber is connected to the photo detector which supplies the
voltage output. There is a broad band amplifier and an interface which supplies TTL
compatible signals.

PROCEDURE

Confirm that the power switch in OFF position and then connected to the kit.

Make the jumper settings and connections as shown in the fig.

Connect external signal generator to buffer in post of TTL buffer section and keep the signal
generator in TTL mode and set the square wave frequency of about 1 MHz

Connect buffer out post to TTL in post of transmitter.

Switch on the power supply and signal generator.

Check the output signal of the TTL buffer at the post buffer out in kit. It should same as that
of the applied input signal.

Connect the fiber between laser diode and detector as per the instructions. Observe the
output signal at TTL outpost in receiver section on CRO and it should be the reproduction of
the original transmitted signal.

Vary the frequency of the input signal and observe the output response. Observe the
variation in duty cycle and determine the maximum bit rate that can be transmitted on the
digital link.
OBSERVATIONS

Input wave form

Output wave form

RESULT

CONCLUSION

PRECAUTIONS

The laser diode emits radiation at 1310 nm which is invisible to the human eye and cause
eye damage if the output beam is viewed directly.

When use never stare at the optical port of the laser diode when its dust cap is removed.

METHODIST COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHN0LOGY

A) S - MATRIX CHARACTERIZATION OF E-Plane Tee and H-Plane Tee

AIM: To Measure the power division in the E-Plane Tee, H-Plane Tee and Magic Tee.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Klystron power supply Klystron Tube Klystron Mount Isolator

Frequency Meter Variable Attenuator Slotted section Detector Mount Wave guide Stands
VSWR Meter

BNC Cable CRO

H-Plane Tee E-Plane Tee

GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

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TABULATION:

E-PLANE TEE:

PROCEDURE:

Connect the components and equipment as shown in fig. 2

Keep the control knob of klystron power supply as below: Modulation selection : AM

Beam voltage knob : Fully anti-clockwise

Reflector voltage knob : Fully clockwise

Selector switch: Beam voltage

Keep the AM modulation control knob of amplitude &frequency at mid Position.

Switch on the klystron power supply.

Now vary the Beam voltage knob to 295V. Next change the selector knob to Beam Current.
Observe the BEAM CURRENT

Now change the selector switch to Reflector voltage position.

METHODIST COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHN0LOGY

Now decrease the Reflector voltage to minimum position.

Now observe the square wave form in CRO by varying either reflector voltage or adjusting
the amplitude knob of AM.

Connect the slotted section output to detector mount , now measure the power (or) Voltage
using CRO (or) power meter

Now remove the detector mount from slotted section connect the H Plane Tee Port1 to
slotted section. Terminate the Port 3, with matched termination.

Now measure the power or voltage at Port 2 (P2) using CRO (or) power meter.

Then remove the detector mount from Port 2, and connect to port 3, terminate the Port 2,
with matched termination. Now measure the power or voltage at Port 3(P3) using CRO
meter

TABULATION:
RESULT:

METHODIST COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHN0LOGY

Viva Questions

What are the two basic types of T junctions?

Why is the H-type T junction so named?

The magic-T is composed of what two basic types of T junctions?

What are the primary disadvantages of the magic-T?

What type of junctions are formed where the arms of a hybrid ring meet the main ring?

Hybrid rings are used primarily for what purpose?

METHODIST COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHN0LOGY

B) S – MATRIX CHARACTERIZATION OF MAGIC TEE

AIM: To Measure Isolation between E and Harms of the magic tee & Demonstrate 3dB
Power Division in side arm the magic tee.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Klystron power supply

Klystron Tube
Klystron Mount

Isolator

Frequency Meter

Variable Attenuator

Slotted section

Detector Mount

Wave guide Stands

VSWR Meter

BNC Cable

CRO

Magic Tee

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

METHODIST COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHN0LOGY

PROCEDURE:

Connect the components and equipment as shown in fig. 2

Keep the control knob of klystron power supply as below: Modulation selection : AM

Beam voltage knob : Fully anti-clockwise

Reflector voltage knob : Fully clockwise

Selector switch: Beam voltage

Keep the AM modulation control knob of amplitude &frequency at mid position.

Switch on the klystron power supply.

Now vary the Beam voltage knob to 295V. Next change the selector knob to Beam Current.
Observe the BEAM CURRENT. [The beam current should not be more than 30 m amps].

Now change the selector switch to Reflector voltage position.

Now decrease the Reflector voltage to minimum position.

Now observe the square wave form in CRO by varying either reflector voltage or adjusting
the amplitude knob of AM.

Connect the slotted section output to detector mount now measure the power from the
Detector mount P1 (or) voltage using CRO or power meter. Remove the detector mount
from the slotted section then connect the magic tee collinear arm 1 to slotted section output
connect the detector mount to collinear arm 2.

Terminate the port 4 and port 3 with matched termination. Now measure the power or
Voltage at port 2 using CRO or power meter.

Now remove the detector mount from the collinear arm 2 connect the detector Mount to
port 3 terminate the collinear arm 2 and port 4 with matched termination.

Now measure the power or voltage at port 3(P3) using CRO or power meter.

Now remove the detector mount from the port3, and connect to port 4 then terminate the
collinear arm and port 3, with matched termination. Now measure the power (or) voltage
port (P4) using CRO or power meter.

FORMULA:

METHODIST COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHN0LOGY

RESULT:
Viva Questions

What are the two basic types of T junctions?

Why is the H-type T junction so named?

The magic-T is composed of what two basic types of T junctions?

What are the primary disadvantages of the magic-T?

What is magic tee?

How many ports does it have?

Difference between magic tee to directional coupler?

What is magic behind this?

A magic tee is nothing but a modification of.....................

What are the applications of magic T

Circulators

TEST SETUP:
Circulator

Y – Type T – Type

S11 S12 S13

[S] = S21 S22 S23

S31 S32 S33

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ;
Switch on the KPS after keeping reflection voltage knob to maximum and beam voltage
knob to minimum. .

Allow sufficient time & increase beam voltage to 290V or 300V.

Decrease the reflector voltage and the maximum current at the output. Note it as I1.

CIRCULATOR:

Connect the circulator before wave guide detector.

Measure currents at port B& port C by keeping matched termination at one port while
measuring at the other port.

Calculate Isolation & Insertion losses.

By varying frequency repeat the steps 2 & 3 for at least four different values. Use calibration
chart to measure frequency.
RADIATION PATTERN MEASUREMENT OF AN HORN ANTENNA

AIM: To determine the relationship between transmitting antenna & receiving antenna and
to measure radiation pattern.

EQUIPMENT:

Klystron power supply.

Klystron mount with klystron tube ( R. .K.O )

Isolator .

Frequency meter

Slotted section

Output meter

Crystal detector

Horn antennas

TEST SETUP:

Transmitter d Receiver

THEORY

A horn antenna may be regarded as a flared out or opened out wave guide. A wave guide is
capable of radiating radiation into open space provided the same is excited at one end and
opened at the other end. However, the radiation is much greater through wave guide than
the 2 wire transmission line. To overcome reflection and diffraction in the wave guide, the
mouth of the waveguide is opened out which assumes the shape of a electromagnetic horn.
If the wave guide is terminated by any type of horn, the abrupt discontinuity existed is
replaced by a gradual transformation, then all the energy incident in forward direction in
the waveguide will now be radiated, provided the impedance matching is proper. This
improves directivity and reduces diffraction. If flaring is done only in one direction, then
sectorial horn is produced. If flaring is done along both the walls, then pyramidal horn is
obtained. By flaring the walls of the circular waveguide, a concial horn is formed. The fields
inside the waveguide propagate in the same manner as in free space, but on reaching the
mouth of the waveguide, these propagating fields continue to propagate in the same general
direction but also starts spreading laterally and the wave front eventually becomes
spherical. However this may be treated as transition region where the change over from the
guided propagation to free space propagation occurs.

Since the waveguide impedance & free space impedance are not equal, hence to avoid
standing wave ratio, flaring of walls of waveguide is done which besides matching of
impedance also provide concentrated radiation pattern(ie)greater directivity and narrower
beam width. It is the flared structure that is given the name electro magnetic horn radiator.
The function is to produce a uniform phase front with a larger aperture in comparison to
waveguide and thus directivity is greater. If flare angle is very large, the wavefront on the
mouth of the horn will be curved rather than plane. This will result in non-uniform phase
distribution over the aperture, resulting in increased beam width and reduced directivity,
and vice versa occurs if the flare angle is very small. The directivity of the horn antenna is
given as D = 7.5 A/λ2 where A area of horn mouth opening. Horn antennas are extensively
used at microwave frequencies under the condition that power gain needed is moderate.

PROCEDURE:

Measure the output current in the test set up of transmitter output a frequency(f1) & note it
as I1maximum output.

the given attenuator as in the set up and measure the output (power) current & note it as Io,
for the frequency(f1) & repeat the same experimental procedure for various frequencies
upto (f6)Place Connect the antenna, after the Frequency meter.

Connect similar antenna with W.G. detector to the receiving circuit.

Turn the receiving Antenna and note the reading for the Near field and also far field pattern.

Tabular column:
Near Field d1 = Far Field d2 =

Expected Graphs:

Near field pattern

Amplitude

0 Angle

Far field pattern:

Amplitude

Angle

Study of various antennas like dipoles, loops, Yagi antenna, log periodic antenna and their
radiation pattern.

Basic dipole antenna

As seen the antenna consists of a radiating element that is split, normally in the centre to
allow a feeder to apply power to it from a transmitter, or to take power

from it to a receiver. The length of the radiating element determines many of the properties
of the dipole antenna from its impedance, centre operating frequency, etc. As such this is an
important feature of the [Link] the term dipole antenna tends to indicate a half
wave dipole. This is by far the most widely used length for a dipole. It forms a resonant
circuit which resonates where the electrical length is half a wavelength long - the electrical
length differs from the wavelength of the signal in free space because of a number of the
effects of the radiating element on the signal and it is very slightly shorter than the signal
e/m wavelength in free space..
Half wave dipole antenna

Half wave dipole radiation pattern

The radiation pattern of a half wave dipole antenna that the direction of maximum
sensitivity or radiation is at right angles to the axis of the RF antenna. The radiation falls to
zero along the axis of the RF antenna as might be expected.

Radiation pattern of a half wave dipole antenna in free space

In a three dimensional plot, the radiation pattern envelope for points of equal radiation
intensity for a doughnut type shape, with the axis of the antenna passing through the hole in
the centre of the doughnut.

Small Loop Antennas

The small loop antenna is a closed loop as shown in Figure 1. These antennas have low
radiation resistance and high reactance, so that their impedance is difficult to match to a
transmitter. As a result, these antennas are most often used as receive antennas, where
impedance mismatch loss can be tolerated.

The radius is a, and is assumed to be much smaller than a wavelength (a<< ). The loop lies
in the x-y plane.

Figure 1. Small loop antenna.

Since the loop is electrically small, the current within the loop can be approximated as being
constant along the loop, so that I= .

The fields from a small circular loop are given by:

Yagi-Uda Antenna

A Yagi-Uda antenna, commonly known simply as a Yagi antenna, is a directional antenna

consisting of multiple parallel dipole elements in a line, usually made of metal rods. It
consists of a single driven element connected to the transmitter or receiver with a
transmission line, and additional parasitic elements: a so-called reflector and one or more
directors. The reflector element is slightly longer than the driven dipole, whereas the
directors are a little shorter.[6] This design achieves a very substantial increase in the
antenna's directionality and gain compared to a simple dipole.

A log-periodic antenna (LP), also known as a log-periodic array or aerial, is a multi-element,

directional, narrow-beam antenna that operates over a wide band of frequencies, a broad
bandwidth. A particular form of the log-periodic design, the log-periodic dipole array or
LPDA, is often used in television antennas that work in the VHF band. An LPDA antenna
consists of a number of half-wave dipole driven elements of gradually increasing length,
each consisting of a pair of metal rods. The dipoles are mounted close together in a line,
connected in parallel to the feed line with alternating phase.