DELOS

C~~Ζ~~-~~ GΕ
AMPURIAS

The Housing of nree Mediterranean

Trading Centres

«L'ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER
DELOS, CARTHAGE, AMPURIAS
 DELIS, CARTHAG 1,
AMPURIAS
The Housing of Three Mediterranean
Trading Centres

BY
BIRGIT TANG

«L'ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER

ROME MMV
 CONTENTS

Abbreviations and symbols used in tables 7

Acknowledgements 9
INTRODUCTION 13
Aim and historical background 13
History of research 18
Theoretical approach 22
Method 23
Terminology and practical remarks 26
DELIS. THE SACRED ISLAND OF THE EAST 29
History of research 29
Topography and development of the city 30
Introduction to the houses 31
Architecture 32
Interior architectural decoration 44
Finds 49
The housing of Delos 57
The urban context 63
The regional context 65
CARTHAGE. THE PUNIC METROPOLIS 69
History of research 69
Topography and development of the city 70
Introduction to the houses 72
Architecture 77
Interior architectural decoration 88
Finds 96
The housing of Carthage 98
The urban context 101
The regional context 102
AMPURIAS. THE WESTERN COLONY 107
History of research 107
Topography and development of the city 108
Introduction to the houses 113
Architecture 117
Interior architectural decoration 134
Finds 147
The housing of Ampurias 148
The urban context 152
The regional context 154
THE MEDITERRANEAN CONTEXT 159
Delos, Carthage, Ampurias 159
The wider Mediterranean context 166
6

6. CONCLUSION 175
APPENDIX: TYPOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY OF PAVE-
MENTS 181
Introduction 181
Lexica 181
The literary sources and the terminological debate 182
Pavements: typology and terminology 185
Conclusion 189
GLOSSARY 193
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS 195
CATALOGUE 221
Preface to catalogue 223
Delos 226
Carthage 287
Ampurias 310
Concordance between cat. nos. and houses 333
Tables 339
List of figures 395
List of tables 397
 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
USED IN TABLES
Α = atrium
av = average
ha = bathroom
beg = beginning
bi = bicolour (black-and-white)
C = courtyard
ch = chip pavement
cor = corridor
cu = cult room
di = dining room
E =east
ff = figurative frieze
gf = ground floor
ki = kitchen
1 = litre(s)
la = latrine
LP = late Punic
m = metre(s)
ma = marble
me = monochrome
míp = mortar pavement with inset pieces
mi = mortar pavement
mot = mortar pavement with tessera design
MP = middle Punic
mr = main room
N = north
of = opus figlinum
os = opus sectile
of = opus tessellatum
itip = opus tessellatum with inset pieces
iv = opus vermiculatum
P = peristyle
pc = polychrome
pe = pebble mosaic
pi = portico/porticoes
rect = rectangular
S = south
SE = south-east
sh = shop
St = storeroom
tc = terracotta
us = upper storey
W = west
wo = workroom/workshop
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book is largely based on my Ph.D. dissertation, which was underta-
ken at the University of Copenhagen, Department of Archaeology and Eth-
nology 1997-2000 and defended in 2001. The research project has benefited
greatly from a number of people and institutions.
Thanks are due to the Board of the Danish Academy in Rome for granting
me accommodation at the academy and to the entire staff of the academy for
assistance during my stays.
I am greatly indebted to the curators at the Museu d'Arqueologia de Cata-
lunya-Empúries for permission to work on the site and for generously pro-
viding me with information: in particular, the museum's director Xavier
Aquilué, Pere Castanyer, Marta Santos and Joaquin Tremoleda. I owe spe-
cial thanks to Marta Santos for providing me with relevant literature and for
help with translation. I am particularly grateful also to Lurdes Burés for our
discussions of the cisterns at Ampurias and for allowing me to read her un-
published paper presented at the Cura Aquarum conference in Sicily.
My research in Rome was funded by the University of Copenhagen and by
the Doctor Else Nikolajsen Grant. Fieldwork at Ampurias and Carthage and
participation in conferences were made possible by financial support from
the University of Copenhagen and the Engineer Svend G. Fiedler and Wife
Foundation.
I would like to thank senior lecturer, Annette Rathje, who supervised my
work. For reading drafts, practical help, discussions and encouragement I
am indebted to a number a friends and colleagues: Carsten Jacobsen, Kristi-
na Winther Jacobsen, Mette Korsholm, John Lund, Alexandra Nilsson,
Christopher C. Parslow, Birte Poulsen, Hanne Thomasen and Christina
Trier. My thanks also go to the members of the Evaluation Committee, Prof.
Inge Nielsen, Prof. Eva Rystedt and senior lecturer Lone Wriedt Swrensen
for inspiring criticism.
A generous grant from the Elisabeth Munksgaard Foundation made it
possible for me to work intensively on the preparation of the book for publi-
cation. I wish to thank the Department of Archaeology and Ethnology at the
University of Copenhagen for providing me with facilities during the publi-
cation process. Thanks are also due to Peter Spring who revised the English.
The revision was funded by the Danish Research Council for the Human-
ities.
I am most grateful to the former director of the Danish Academy in Rome,
Dr. Gunver Skytte for accepting my work for publication in the ARID Sup-
plementum series. The publication was made possible through generous
grants from the G.E.C. Gad Foundation, the Elisabeth Munksgaard Founda-
tion, the New Carlsberg Foundation, the Politiken Foundation and the
Queen Margrethe and Prince Henrik Foundation. My special thanks to all of
them.
Finally, I would like to express my warmest gratitude to Kjeld de Fine
Licht for the drawing of Figs. 5, 14, 21 and 28, and to Kristina Winther Ja-
cobsen for her friendship and encouragement throughout.
"Una casa è come un organismo vivo.
Suo principio vitale è l'uomo che l'abita e che l'ama".
(Pesce 1957, 23)
 1. INTRODUCTION
AIM AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

This monograph investigates the urban housing of the three Mediterra-

nean trading centres of Delos, Carthage and Ampurias, from the 4th century
BC to the 1st century AD, focusing on the period from the 2nd and 1st cen-
turies BC. These trading centres were all multicultural; the aim is to elucidate
the reflection of different cultural influences in their housing.
The influence of culture on housing is particularly relevant during the pe-
riod under investigation. The 4th to 1st centuries BC was a period of intense
interaction, mobility and movement of peoples in the Mediterranean area,
primarily as a result of war, conquest and trade. Alexander the Great's con-
quest of the East was followed by the spread and reception of Hellenistic
culture. Further to the west Rome gradually extended its territory, first on
the Italian Peninsula and then overseas in the West (218 BC onwards) and
the East (168 BC onwards). Migration and cultural exchange were intensi-
fied in the 2nd century BC with the need for slave labour and demands for
luxury goods from the East in Italy. Greeks and subsequently Romans, how-
ever, were not the only expanding powers of the Mediterranean area. Carth-
age, another superpower, influenced a vast area in the West including North
Africa, western Sicily, Sardinia and the Iberian Peninsula.
The interaction and internationalization sometimes took very complex
forms. For example, according to Livy, the citizens of the Hellenized Sikel city
of Morgantina in Sicily had slaughtered the Roman garrison, and the city was
subsequently conquered by Rome in 211 BC and given over to Spanish merce-
naries by Rome as a reward for their betrayal of Syracuse to the Romans in 212
BC.' The presence of Hispani is evidenced by coinage of the 2nd and 1st cen-
turies BC inscribed HISPANORUM. Another case is the banker Philostratos
Philostratou who resided on Delos. He originated from Phoenician Askel οia,
but was also a citizen of Naples. in Delos he made dedications to a number of
Greek gods and financed a sanctuary to the gods of Askeloi and part of the
Agora of the Italians. He himself was honoured both by the Ιταλι~οι of Delos
and by the Egnatii brothers designated as Romans . 2

THΓ TRADING cEνms

Numerous trading centres existed in the Mediterranean area in thé Hel
lenistic/Repubhcan and early Imperial periods, for irista ~ce Alexandria and
Pozzuoli (the Roman Puteoh). The criteria applied to the selection óf Délos,
C~rth~gé and Ampurias are:

8
Buitrey et al. 1989, 34-67; Tsäl{írgi's Ι95
2 For the activítíes a n d doeub2ëtitatíoid of Ρiι~lostεratos ~Η belos, see Macemeik $apiamatia 1983;
tιι6heiäκ 1592, 85.
14

substantial and accessible remains of urban housing from the period

under investigation.
epigraphical and textual evidence for a multicultural population.
proximity to the sea.
position as leading trading centre of the region.
Thus one should expect a high degree of interaction between peoples of
different cultural background. -

Delos: The chronological framework for Delos, situated in the centre of

the Cyclades, is the period from 167/166 to 69 BC, also known as the Second
Athenian Domination. In this period the island played a key role in the trade
between the eastern Mediterranean and the Italian Peninsula, especially with
regard to the slave trade. 3 As the birthplace of Apollo, Delos was a sacred is-
land and a famous Pan-Hellenic Sanctuary of Apollo was situated here. De-
los'period of independence (314 —167/166 BC) ended after the Third Mace-
donian War when Rome ceded the island to Athens in 167/166 BC." The
Delians were expelled, and an Athenian cleruchy was established . 5 At the
same time Delos was given the status of a free port and together with the de-
struction of Corinth in 146 BC this benefited the commercial activities on
the island. As a result of the Mithridatic Wars, Delos was-attacked twice in
the 1st century BC, in 88 and 69 BC, and this put a definitive end to its role
as trading centre. 6 The island continued to be inhabited after 69 BC although
to a much lesser extent.' -

Judging from the epigraphical source material, three main groups lived on
the island in the period 167/166 - 69 BC: Greeks (Athenians in particular),
Italians/Romans and Syrians/Phoenicians. 8 Moreover, the abundant material
facilitates the tracing of families through generations. 9 From ancient Italy
came not only Romans and Italians, but also Ita liote Greeks. 10 The Delian in-
scriptions employ the following designations in Greek: Ρωµαιος/Ρωµαιο t,
haλικοt. In Latin the term Italicei οccurs. The question is whether the
Greeks on Delos distinguished between Romans and Italians and Ita liote
Greeks, meaning that the terms were specific, or whether the Ρωµαιοςterm
was used for anyone coming from Italy as advocated by some sch οlars. 11

Strab. 14.5.2.
Vial 1984, 3.
Epigraphical material documents the presence of Delíans after 166 BC (Couflloud 1974, 247).
6 88 BC: App. Míthr. 528; Paus. 3.23.3-4; Strab. 10.5.4. 69 BC: Phlegm of Tralles, quoted by

Photius, FGrH II B, no. 257, 1164, no. 12.

Bruneau 1968, 691-709.
Foreigners are also known before the period of the Second Athenian Domination (Laidlaw,
W.A. 1933, 201-202; Zalesskij 1983, 27-29 and 34-35). Although modern, the term `Italians' is used
here to designate all indigenous peoples of ancient Italy. `Romans' are Roman citizens. The epigraphi-
cal material has been collected by J. Hatzfeld (1912).
9 Wilson 1966, 112-113; Zalesskíj 1983, 33.

Italiote Greeks' are from the Greek colonies of Italy. For Italiote Greeks on Delos, see Appen-
dix in Lomas 1993, 191-194.
11 Hatzfeld 1912, 6 and 132; Zalesskij 1983, 30, note 51.
 15

However, Sohn rightly suggests that the term Roman when used in inscrip-
tions was reserved for people with Roman citizenship or from Rome. ~2 In any
case, it is a complex situation, as some of these Rhomaioi were freedmen of
Greek or Oriental origin working on Delos for Italic/Roman patron famil-
ies. 13 The term Ιznλtκοι appears to be a collective term for peoples from the
Italian Peninsula and its islands. 14
Carthage: At Carthage the late Punic period, from the mid-3rd century
BC until 146 BC, provides the richest material. 15 Literary sources state that
Carthage, situated to the north-east of the Lake of Tunis in North Africa,
was founded by Tyre in 814/813 BC. 16 As a Punic metropolis, it was a super-
power of the western Mediterranean from the mid-6th century BC onwards.
Its area of influence overseas comprised North Africa, Malta, western Sicily,
Sardinia, Ibiza and parts of the Iberian Peninsula where a `New Carthage'
(modern Cartagena) was founded by Hasdrubal, the son-in-law of Hamilcar
Barca, in 221 BC. 17 The last confrontation with Rome (the Third Punic War,
149-146 BC) was fatal to Carthage which was conquered and destroyed.
The epigraphical material from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC documents
the presence of Libyans, Egyptians, people from ancient Sardinia and a group
of Sidonians. 18 Several Etruscan inscriptions have been found at Carthage and
its environs. One is particularly interesting, as it shows that a Marco Unata re-
sided in the vicinity of the city. The inscription probably dates from the period
295-264 BC. 19 Furthermore, literary sources of different periods mention the
presence of Italíote Greeks, other Greeks, Etruscans and Italíans/Romans. 20
Ampurias (ancient Emporion/Emporiae): At Ampurias the chronological
framework covers the period from the 2nd century BC to the 3rd century
AD, with particular emphasis on the 2nd century BC to the late 1st centur 5y
AD. The two excavated nuclei of the city are Neapolis and the Roman city.
The houses of the former can be dated within a broad chronological period
from the 2nd century BC until its abandonment in the Flavian age. In the
Roman city, the development of the houses can be traced from around 100
BC to the 3rd century AD.
Ampurias is situated in the north-east zone of Catalonia in Spain, on the
south-west side of the Gulf of Rosas (Fig. 1). It is the only documented Grae-
co-Roman city on the Iberian Peninsula and thus represents a unique oppor-

12
Solin 1983, 114-116.
3 ΙD 2346: The freedman Lucius Spurius is a Rhomaios.
14
Poccetti 1984, 647.
s The Roman period of the city is beyond the scope of the present work.
16 According to the `early' textual tradition, the city was founded in 1215 BC. For the `early' and
`late' textual traditions, see Lancel 1995, 20-23, and for the foundation myth, Lancel 1995, 23-25.
17
For the Barcids in Spain, see for example Lancel 1995, 376-380; Richardson 1996, 16-24.
18
Halff 1965, 82. Sidonians: Grainger 1991, 203-205. Only one inscription is complete.
19
Pittau 1996, 1666-1672.
20 For instance Diod. 14.77.4-5; Polyb. 36.7. For references, see Lassére 1977, 37-42.
21
Palaiapolis, the initial settlement, is the third nucleus, but it is situated below the village of Sant
Marti d'Empúries.
16

Ι . Rosas (Rhode)
Ampnoion (Βmροι~οπ/Empcnae)
Uiiaabni. Puíg de. Sant Andrea
Caatell de Ια Foscα de Palamós
Puíg Castellet de Lincei de Ματ
Roman villa of Can Marti, Soecalda
Badolono (Banali)
Bacoelona (Boenino)
Alorda Pac k, Calafell

τη 5ο KM
~ ι

Fig. I. λiaρ of north-eastern S ρ ~Α:

ni Io study the interaction öf Hellenistic düd Italic/Roman traditions in

.

the West. The city was fö .nded at the beginning of the 6th century BC by
Phòceans who came e6t ~ex 22 directly from Phocéa ín Asia Minor or from 'Mar -
seules (ancient Massilía) The earliest evidence for the name of Emporion
cdiïsists of ínscriptíóns on lead tablets from the late 6th/early 5th century BC
and silver coinage from the last quarter of the 5th century BC onwards 23 In
21$ BC, at the beginning öf the Second Punic War, the Roman army dísem-
barked at Ampurias, marking the beginning of the Roman period of the pen-
ínsula. The war ended with the expulsion of the Carthaginians from Spain in
266 BC. Ìn 197 BC the provinces of Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior

Strabo refers to the city as a Massiliote colony (3.4.8). Sa ~tiago, taking all sóurce materials into
coa µ
τsiςeτation, advocates a Phocean founding (1994, 63-64). Maiseilles was also a Phocean colony.
S~τιtiago 1988; Santiago 1994, 69.
 17

were created. The status of the Roman city of Am?urias, established around
100 BC to the west of the Greek city, is unknown. a Shortly before, or in the
early years of, the Augustan age the different nuclei of the city were political-
ly unified in the Municipium Emporiae as evidenced by coinage (MUNICI
EMPORIΑ), 25
The archaeological and epigraphical source materials leave no doubt that
Iberians lived near and also inside the ancient city of Αmpurías. 26 Palaiapolis
(the initial settlement) was established atop a local settlement, and from the
beginning of the city's existence the presence of Iberians can be documen-
ted.27 From the 4th century BC onwards Iberians appear to have been living
inside the walls of Neapolis (cf. section on the habitation quarter extra-
muros below). Thus before the arrival of the Romans, Ampurias was already
a mixed community. The source material also attests that Iberians were in-
volved in the commercial life of the city. 28 According to Livy, the indigenous
inhabitants of Ampurias were granted Roman citizenship before the Greek
population. 29 A bilingual inscription in Greek and Latin mentions a man
named Noumas from Alexandria. He erected the temple, statues and porti-
coes of Sarapis and Isis. The inscription is dated to the mid-1st century BC. 30

In the southern sector of Neapolis structures interpreted as houses and a

deposit containing domestic refuse have been linked to a indigenous habita-
tion quarter of the 5th century BC. The quarter was destroyed in order to
make room for the new city wall erected in the second quarter of the 4th
century BC. 31 The structures were situated within the Sarapieion and consis-
ted of stone socles. A large amount of pottery was found in connection with
the structures, including two fragments inscribed with Iberian graffiti bear-
ing personal names. This enlargement of the urban area is interpreted as evi-
dence for the integration of Iberians into the Greek city and community. 32

24 Some scholars have suggested that it was a Latin colony. For the debate, see Pena Gimeno
1988.
Probably between 36-27 BC (Fabre et al. 1991, 17-18). The unification is not mentioned by lit-
erary sources.
zc
`Iberian' is used in a geographical sense to designate the various indigenous peoples living in
the coastal area stretching from southern France to southern Spain (for example Gusi/Olaria 1984,
14-16; Richardson 1996, 9-16; Aranegui Gasc ~~1998). Cf. also map in Los Iberos 1998, 40-41. This
term is, however, in dispute. Because of the variations within the Iberian culture and Iberian peoples,
Dominguez Monedero considers the term too general and thus unsuitable (1983).
ηΡ
Sant Marti d'Εmpúries 1998, 18-27. The presence of Iberians at Ampurias is documented by in-
scriptions and cremation graves (Almagro 1952, 63-83; Pena 1988, 17-19; Sanmartí-Grego, E. 1988a;
Sanmartí-Grego, E. 1993a, 21-22).
29
See for example Santiago Alvarez 1994.
29
Liv. 34.9.3.
30 Fabre et al. 1991, 46-48.

;1 Habitation: Sanmartí-Grego, Ε. et al 1986, especially 180-184; Sanmartí í Grego, Ε. et al 1991,

325-326; Sanmartí-Grego, E. 1992a, 32; Sanmartí-Grego, E. 1992b, 186; Sanmartí-Grego, E. 1993b,

88-89. City wall: Sanmartí, Ε. 1988; Sanmartí, E. et al. 1988; Sanmartí-Grego, E. 1988b; Sanmartí í
Grego, Ε. et a . 1991; Sanmartí-Grego, Ε. et a . 1992.
32 For instance Sanmartí í Grego, Ε. et al. 1991, 327; Sanmartí-Grego, E. 1993b, 89; Sanmartí-

Grego, Ε. et al 1994.
18

The location of this residential quarter is particularly interesting in the

light of descriptions of the city provided by literary sources 3 3 Livy and Stra-
bo give the most detailed information 3 4 Livy speaks of duo oppida separated
by a wall, one inhabited by the Greeks and the other by the indigenous peo-
ple. Strabo describes Ampurias as a dpolis divided into two parts by a wall
with the Greeks living in one part and the indigenous people in the other. In
time the two parts were united. 35 It is important to remember that almost
from the beginning Ampurias formed a dípolis consisting of two urban nu-
clei, Palaiapolis and Neapolis. By the first half of the 1st century BC the city
consisted of two dipoleis: Palaiapolis and Neapolis on the one hand, and the
two parts of the Roman city on the other 3 6 A hypothesis is that the Romans
lived in the southern part and the indigenous people in the northern. 37

HISTORY OF RESEARCH

The study of the Greek and the Roman house continues to be character-
ized by the problem of the relationship between archaeological and textual
evidence, especially in relation to the De Architectura written by the Roman
architect Vitruvíus3 8 . This work has been considered almost a lexicon' by
some scholars. Accordingly, his descriptions and terminology have been ap-
plied to the excavated houses in identifying room types and room functions
The uncritical application of the Vtruvian terminology is still upheld, bï ~t i~~
recent research it has been increasingly questioned.
In early scholarship purely hypothetical ground plans of houses were re-
constructed, and as houses were beginning to be excavated from the mid-
18th century (the Vesuvían cities) and the late 19th and early 20th centuries
(Greek cities: for'instance Delis and Priene), the remains were fitted into the
Vitruvian model39 The best and the worst example regarding theGreek
house is Rumpf's interpretation of the insula of the House of the Masks on
Delos.40 He identified Vitruvius' gynaikonitis,. or the women's quarter, in
House C (De115) the andronitis, or the men's quarter, in House B (D ~114),
and the hospitalia (rooms for guests) in Houses A and D (De113'' and
De1M6).4~~ Generally, scholars have been obsessed with the identification of

33
Texts referring to Ampurias are listed and commented on in Almagro 1951. See also Mar/Ruiz
de Arbulo 1993, 461-479.
34 ; Liv. 34.9; Strab.3A.8 ι; -
35 The texts .have. been studied by Pena especially (1985; 1988). Cf. also Domínguez Monedero

1986, 6-7.
36 Ruiz de Arbulo Bayons 1991, 476-477. The Roman city is divided into two parts by a transver-

se wall.
3' Cf. Aquilué 1997, 47-48. .
8
In ten books and written during th ~~reign of Augustus. The sections referring to layouts and
rooms in particular are: the Greek house:. 6.7; the Roman house: 6.3.
; 9 For an overview o£.the Roman house, i.e. the Pompeian house, and Vitruvíus, see Allison 1593,

1-2 and 6-7. For the Greek house, see Nevett 1999, 21-29.
40 Rumpf 1935:

41 Kreeb 1985a, 95-106; Raeder 1988, especially 346-368.

 19

gender separation in the archaeological material. Apart from the dining

room, the andron, female and male quarters cannot be positively identified in
the archaeological record. It was not architecture, but behavioural and con-
ceptual barriers, that separated male visitors from women. 42
The use of ancient terms to designate rooms and room functions has been
questioned by both Trümper (Delos) and Dickmann (Pom ρeii) because it is
a modern concept that a room can have only one function." The use of com-
puter programs which provide concordances of specific terms employed by
ancient authors has proved that these were not used as standard terms in an-
tiquity. Leach has shown that several words related to the atrium house are
only used by Vítruvíus. 44 This makes it even more important to study the ma-
terial in its own context. Rooms were multifunctional and were used in dif-
ferent ways at different times. In houses of modest size it is clear that rooms
must have had several functions for both daily use and social occasions. This
changeable character of rooms is also attested by textual evidence for the
Greek house, 45
On the basis of Vitruvius, the traditional typology of the Greek house was
established: prostas houses (Priene), pastas houses (Olynthos) and pastas-
peristyle houses (Olynthos) 46 The prostas is the open-fronted anteroom or
porch located in front of the main range of rooms. The pastas is normally de-
fined as the corridor or portico located in front of the main range of rooms.
It may run across the whole width of the house. This topology has been de-
veloped further in strictly architectural studies characterized by an evolution-
ary approach. Bella established links between "Innenhofhäuser" from pre-
historic times to the Hellenistic peri οd.47 According to Krause, the pastas
house developed from the three-room complex comprising a transverse front
room .with two adjacent rooms at the back, while in Hellenistic times the pas-
tas developed into the main room of the house or into the portico of the peri-
style located in front of the main room. 48
The role of the Greek house in a wider context, i.e. within society, was
treated in the study of Hoepfner and Schwandner, according to whom the
orthogonal layout with standard blocks and plots reflects the democratic po-
litical institution. 49 The orthogonal layout, however, appears to have been de-
termined more by practical reasons than by ideology. The same authors,
moreover, used reconstructions without archaeological foundation. 50 Jame-
son in an article on domestic space in the Greek city-state regarded architec-
tural history as social history. 5 Thus the house of the Classical period repre-

42
For example Jameson 1990, 93 and 104; Nevett 1994; Nevett 1995.
43
Trümper 1998, 15-16; Dickm ann 1999, 23-39.
44
Leach 1997.
45
Goldberg 1999. She gives an example from Plato's Protagoras where a storeroom is converted
into a bedroom for visitors (1999, 150).
46 Priene: Wiegand/Schrader 1904, 289. Olynthos: Robinson/Graham 1938, 141-151.

Bulla 1970.
48
Krause 1977.
49 Hoepfner/Schwandner 1994,X111.

50 Knell 1988.

51 Jameson 1990.
20

sents the private life of the family and is a closed unit. The absence of pro-
nounced variation in size of the houses and the presence of only limited lux-
ury suggested a relative equality. Moreover, Jameson questioned the useful-
ness of the traditional pastas and prostas designations. 52
The nature of social relationships in Greek households, i.e. between men
and women, household members and outsiders, is the subject for the latest
comprehensive study of Greek houses during the Classical and Hellenistic
periods by Nevett. She also reassesses the traditional typology. 53 Instead of
focusing on one particular architectural element, such as the pastas, prostas
or peristyle, she makes the overall organization of space serve as a criterion
for classification 5 4 Thus her "single-entrance, courtyard house" encompasses
both the pastas, prostas and peristyle houses, as these share the following
characteristics: a centripetal plan, a single entrance, a central open space oc-
cupying the majority of the plot and often with a portico (or a full peristyle),
and also often a dining room identified by its raised borders and decoration
(the andron). This reassessment of the typology is most welcome, as the
problem of distinguishing between a pastas and a prostas is illustrated by the
houses from Halieis 55
The study of the Roman house is inevitably linked to the Vesuvian houses
and especially the Pompeian ones. Owing to Vitruvíus' description, the at-
rium house is regarded as the Roman house per se. Like the Greek house, re-
search has concentrated on typology and again an evolutionary approach has
predominated.56 This approach is also reflected in the studies on the relation
between the Greek house and the Roman house, i.e. whether the influence
was from the West to the East or vice versa5'
In Vitruvius' ideal atrium house several roof systems were employed, both
with openings (Tuscan, tetrastyle, Corinthian, displuviate) and without
openings (testudinate) 5 8 Moreover, he reports that the atrium is spatially re-
lated to a number of rooms (fauces, alae, tablinum, and peristyle). All these
elements combined are considered to constitute the typical Roman atrium
house. In relation to the archaeological material this has meant, as Wallace-
Hadrill has shown, that when a central circulation space without an implu-
hium is found, for example in the so-called row houses, it is automatically in-
terpreted as a testudinate atrium.59 Wallace-Hadrill has argued that these
spaces might as well have been unroofed, thus being open courtyards, and he

" Jameson 1990, 110, note 5.

53
Nevett 1999. Her work includes material from Greece and Sicily, mainly from the 4rd and 3rd
centuries BC.
S4 Nevett 1995; Nevett 1999.
ss
Nevett 1999, 98-101.
56
For an overview of classifications and typologies established by various scholars, see De Kind
1998, 185-187. For the evolutionary approach, see Wallace-Hadrill 1997, 219 and note 2.
57 Tamm 1963; Graham 1966.

58 Vitr. 6.3.1.

59 Wallace-Hadrill 1997, especially 221-231. This covered space may also be called atrium (Ling

1997, 25). For the row houses, see Nappo 1997, especially 99-100 (roofed or unroofed circulation
space).
 21

uses the term "open atrium" to designate them. This term, however only
adds to the terminological confusion. If they were open courtyards, then they
should be classified as courtyards and called such. Irrespective of the termi-
nology, it is important to recognize the variations within the Roman house.
This variety is also documented by the analyses of houses from Herculaneum
made by De Kind, which show that the Vitruvian atrium house was not the
standard. ó0
Leaving the textual evidence aside, detailed analyses of architectural de-
sign and interior decoration, wall-painting in particular, have been employed
in order to define room functions and the use of space in general, including
social relationships within the house. 61 In his studies of the social structure of
the Roman house, Wallace-Hadrill has stressed the role of the house as a tan-
gible symbol of the owner's status and social position. This was achieved by a
subtle interplay of architecture and decoration differentiating between
rooms and areas, for example between low status (service zones) and high
status areas.
Another way of identifying room functions is by analysing artefact dis-
tribution, and the conclusion reached by both Allison and Berry is that many
rooms were multifunctional, including atria.62 For example, common house-
hold objects have been found in atria, which calls into question the purely
ceremonial function of the room. The problem with this method is, however,
that portable objects may have ended up in any given room by coincidence.
Research on the Carthaginian house is relatively new. Prior to the interna-
tional campaign to save Carthage, hardly anything of the habitation was
known, and if this initiative had not been taken, we might still have been ig-
norant. There is a tendency in classical archaeology to focus on the Greek
and Roman world, forgetting the other actors on the Mediterranean scene,
such as the Carthaginians and indigenous peoples. G3
In recent years the interrelation between houses and people, between the
built environment and behavioural conventions, has been the focus, especial-
ly within interdisciplinary studies encompassing a number of dísciplines. 64
The collection of articles Domestic Architecture and the Use of Space brid-
ges the disci p6 lines of prehistoric and classical archaeology, ethnography and
architecture. 5 It focuses on the interaction between domestic structures and
spatial organization, and especially the role of culture in this interaction.
Many ways of viewing architecture and houses were presented in the book.
Wilk saw the house as a consumer good. In this way the human actors them-
selves and the processes by which people balance various options are in fo-

6°
De Kind 1998, 188-193. Examples of his eight types are shown in fig. 11.
61
For example Wallace-Hadrill 1988; Roman art 1991; Functional and Spatial Analysis of Wall
Painting 1993 (Part I); Wallace-Hadrill 1994.
62
Allison 1993; Berry 1997.
63 Studies on indigenous houses of southern Italy (Apulia and Luc ania) have been done by Russo

Tagliente (1992).
69 For example Housing 1989; Domestic Architecture 1990; About the house 1995.
65
Domestic Architecture 1990.
22

cus, as people shape houses. 66 Sanders regarded architecture as one of the

most valuable artefacts. In order to get beyond description and assumption
in archaeology, he advocated the use of the mutual relationship between be-
havioural conventions and the built environment.'
Anthropologists too advocate a close link between houses and people. 68
While architectural analyses are abundant within classical archaeology (cf.
above), they have been neglected in the anthropological analyses. However,
recent anthropological studies stress the importance of the architectural sig-
nificance of houses, along with their social and symbolic significance. 69
In recent years the study of ancient houses has shown a readiness to move
away from the literary tradition. The next step ought to be the abandonment
of some of the terms from the literary sources, since they cause more confu-
sion than clarification. Scholarship has benefited from the dialogue with oth-
er disciplines, and this dialogue must be maintained. However, it should be
remembered that some scholars of classical archaeology, even in the early pe-
riod of research, were critical regarding the literary sources, and already in
1957 the archaeologist Pesce recognized the role played by the inhabitant
(see epigraph at the beginning of the chapter) 70

THEORETICAL APPROACH

The importance of viewing a house as a living structure closely linked to

its inhabitant(s) is perfectly expressed in the epigraph at the beginning of the
chapter. Housing as an essential human need constitutes a key component of
any given society. Consequently, houses must to some extent reflect the pref-
erences and behavioural patterns of the people living in them. These prefer-
ences and patterns are determined by cultural traditions, for example relat-
ing to climate, building techniques and materials, the functioning of the
house (for instance fashions of dining, drinking and bathing), and decora-
tion. The cultural make-up of the inhabitants is not the only thing to be re-
vealed, but also the names and looks of .inhabitants may be known due to
finds of inscriptions and/or portraits. However, factors such as available
space and economic resources together with possible building regulations of
which we are ignorant may reduce the choice of the individual and its possi-
bility to put its fingerprint on the house. The diachronic perspective must
also be taken into consideration, as the change of inhabitants and the succes-
sive foreign influences that occurred overtime, creating new and mixed tra-
ditions, make it problematic to detect cultural origin.
The use of the word `house' is considered by some scholars so problematic
that they prefer to avoid it and instead employ a neutral term as "unità abita-

66
Wilk 1990, 35.
6
S an ders 1990.
6a
"The house is an extension of the person" (Carsten/Hugh Jones in About the house 1995, 2).
69
Carsten/Hugh-Jones in About the house 1995, 1-6.
70 Allison 1993, 1-2.
 23

tíva" or "Wohneinheit" because these terms are not associated with a certain
physical appearance (i.e. size, number of rooms, materials etc.)." Moreover,
such neutral terms allow shops that also served as habitations to be included.
Since the present work is in particular concerned with the occurrence of the
combination of different architectural designs, shops or workshops consist-
ing of only one or two rooms are not included in the material.
According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, one meaning of `house' is a
building for human habitation, and this broad definition is employed in the
present work.' Z A house fulfils some basic needs for shelter, including a place
to dwell, sleep and eat, but other functions may also be attached to the
house, such as commercial activities. Moreover, a house is often more than
just a physical structure; it can also be a symbol of status and social position.
A house may be identified in the archaeological record by looking at a
number of criteria: typological criteria such as ground plans; functional cri-
teria including evidence of domestic activities (for instance finds of pottery,
hearths/braziers, spinning and weaving implements); furniture; location
within the urban setting. It is obvious that a minimum of elements have to be
present, but it is unrealistic to believe that it is possible to establish a defini-
tive check-list perfectly applicable to any ancient material of which we have
only fragments. Each case has to be viewed within its own context, and cases
of doubt will occur. Accordingly, the present work includes both fully and
partially excavated houses, houses with commercial purposes attached, but
not shops or workshops of one or two rooms with residential function at-
tached. Although the exact function of partially excavated houses is un-
known, they are included because of their location within residential areas.

METHOD

In order to elucidate cultural influences on housing, it is necessary to

study as many groups of material from houses as possible. However, the vari-
able state of preservation, the different circumstances regarding excavation
and publication of the material from the three trading centres, and the time
available for the present research set a limit to what is realizable. Since all
three trading centres provide substantial and accessible remains of architec-
ture and interior architectural decoration (wall decoration and pavements),
these two groups of material are treated more exhaustively than the rest of
the groups which are: sculptural and religious finds, and epigraphical materi-
al (personal names occurring in inscriptíons). 73 These latter groups may over-
lap. On the one hand, the groups of material are considered equal as cultural
indicators, meaning that a specific internal layout, room type, pavement type
or an apotropaion may indicate the origin of the inhabitant. On the other
hand, it is also clear that the culturally indicative capacity of individual ele-

" Famà 1987, 73-74; Triimper 1998, 10-12.

'Z Eighth edition 1990, 572.
73 Anonymous altars are not included.
24

rents within the various groups of material may differentiate or be of no val-

ue at all. This is for instance the case with decorative motifs being trans-
formed into widespread fashions and with Jews and Phoenicians taking
Greek names.74
The groups of material analysed are specified in the catalogue comprising
202 entries and compiled in tables. Finds from within the houses are listed in
the catalogue. In the case of Delos, detailed catalogues of sculptural finds al-
ready exist, and consequently only the numbers are recorded. Regarding the
finds from the Carthaginian houses, only a selection is presented in the pub-
lications. Therefore, complete documentation is impossible. For Ampurias,
the excavation diaries are so extensive that it was impossible to go through
them all. Judging from the sections read, the objects found within the houses
were mostly of utilitarian character.
The houses are then analysed within their urban, regional and Mediterra-
nean context.

Houses and remains situated in quarters are denoted by a code referring

to city and quarter, and by consecutive numbering within each quarter.75
Houses and remains from various locations at Carthage are denoted o~ly by
city and consecutive numbering. The codes are:

Deli = Delos, Northern Quarter

De1ST = Delos, Stadium Quarter
DelP = Delos, Peribolos Street
Dell = Delos, Inopos Quarter
DelI = Delos, House of the Masks' Quarter
DelT = Delos, Theatre Quarter
DelA = Delos, Area of the Sanctuary of Aphrodite
DelS = Delos, Southern Zone
Cares _= Carthage, `Hannibal Quarter'
Carts = Carthage, `Mago Quarter'
CarDM = Carthage, Quarter of Decumanus Maximus and Cardo X
Car = Carthage, various locations
Ampi = Ampurias, Neapolis
AmpR = Ampurias, Roman city

To facilitate comparative studies the houses are registered according to

their appearance in the last phase, but the diachronic aspect is not ignored.
In fact, it is crucial to be aware of the changes over time, their character and
date because they constitute the history of the house. However, consistency
is difficult, especially as the chronology of the alterations is often unknown.

74 Bruneau 1982a, 481; Grainger 1991, 81 and 108-109.

75 The quarters are all modern.
 25

ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS, TERMINOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF ROOMS

The aim of the architectural analysis is to register the different architectur-
al elements and their occurrence within the houses. Consequently, the analy-
sis constitutes a basis for the attempt to classify the houses. In the present
work the possible presence of characteristic types of houses is relevant in or-
der to trace cultural differences. The analysis comprises the following ele-
ments: ground plan, dimensions, internal layout (entrance room, circulation
space, main room, other rooms), presence of upper storey, water supply and
disposal.
It is difficult to determine the functions of rooms in ancient houses. The
literary sources have left us with two sets of terms, one relating to the charac-
ter of the activity conducted in the room or its furnishings such as triclinium
or bibliotheca, the other to the structure or form of the room such as exe-
dra.76 As mentioned earlier, recent research has proved that many words
were not used as standard terms in antiquity. Moreover, rooms served multi-
ple purposes depending on the chosen furnishings.
The present work covers a vast geographic area, and its source materials
comprise publications in different languages, primarily French, Spanish and
German. So in order to make the material comparable, neutral and modern
terms are generally preferred, i.e. main room and not oecus major. The fol-
lowing rooms are registered:
Entrance room: The identification is based on its location within the
ground plan of the house, i.e. a room situated between the entrance
door and the rest of the house." A second criterion is size, i.e. a small
room, leaving no space for additional functions.
Circulation space: This is defined as the space that organizes the house
in terms of access to other rooms and may take the shape of an atrium,
courtyard, peristyle or something else.
Atrium: For present purposes an atrium is defined as a roofed room
with a central opening in the roof (compluvium) and a water-catchment
pool below (impluvium). 78 A totally covered hall serving as circulation
space will be termed such: a covered hall. The question is whether ad-
ditional criteria are needed to identify an atrium. These could be the
rooms mentioned by Vitruvius or the alignment of entrance, atrium
and main room. However, the archaeological material has shown that
numerous variations of the atrium house existed.
Courtyard: The courtyard is defined as an open space. It may be pro-
vided with porticoes on one, two or three sides.
Peristyle: Supports (columns or pillars or a combination of supports
and walls) surrounding a courtyard or garden on all four sides.
Main room: The main room is identified by the following criteria: size,

6 Leach 1997, 59.

'7 •Following the definition by Triimper (1998, 19).
s The impluvium as criterion for an atrium has been questioned by Wallace-Hadríll. In the
House of the Skeleton at Cosa the circulation space is provided with an impluvium, but the drip line
within the space suggests an open space (1997, 228-229).
26

location, arrangement of doors and windows and interior architectural

decoration.79 The room may have served both as a reception room, and
as a daily living rοοm.80 The latter is especially the case for smaller
houses.
4. Other rooms: This group comprises various identifiable rooms, alpha-
betically arranged in the catalogue and tables:
Bathroom, kitchen and latrine: Criteria for identifying the different
service rooms are for example pipes, drains, wall revetment, pavement,
bathtub, wash basin, hearth and ceramic material. When it is impossi-
ble to state whether it was a bathroom or a kitchen the `bathroom/
kitchen' term is used. 81
Cult room: Cultic activities such as offerings may have taken place at
various places in a house, for instance on an altar in the courtyard or in
front of a niche provided with a sculptural representation of the divin-
ity. Therefore, the identification as cult room requires some special cir-
cumstances such as the find-context of the relief/statuette etc. within
the room or a special arrangement of niches.
Dining room: The main criterion for the identification is the pavement
design indicating the placement of the dining-couches. Additional cri-
teria may be the presence of drainage and/or the proportions of the
room.
Shop: Only shops integrated in the ground plan are included, i.e. they
interconnect with the interior of the house.
Finally there are storerooms and workrooms or workshops.

TERMINOLOGY AND PRACTICAL REMARKS

Consistency in place-names is problematic. In general, modern names are

used unless the ancient name is more commonly known than the modern, for
example Morgantina (present Serra Orlando). Abbreviations for classical au-
thors and works follow those of the Lexicon der Alten Welt, Zurich-Stuttgart
1965.

For convenience the terms `Phoenician' and `Punic' are defined in the fol-
lowing way: `Phoenician' refers to Phoenicians of the 1st millennium BC in
the East and of the 8th to 6th centuries BC in the West; `Punic' designates
the western Phoenicians from the middle of the 6th century BC onwards. 82
However, the terms are debated, and López Castro rejects the use of the
term `Punic' for the Iberian Peninsula because it implies the recognition of a
political and cultural unification effected by Carthage. 83

9 Architectural criteria before decorative ones (Triimper 1998, 17).

80 Cf. Tsakirgis 1985, 387.
81
The latterapplies to Delían houses (Trümper 1998, 20-21 and note 110).
sz
Aubet 1997, 12. For an overview of the terms and their uses, see Aubet 1997, 5-12.
83
López Castro 1995, 9-10. See also Moscati 1988.
 27

Wall-painting: For convenience the following terminology is generally em-

ployed, the First Style, the Second Style, the Third Style and the Fourth
Style, though the term `style' is highly disputed, and `decorative systems' ap-
pear to be more suitable. The word `Pompeian' is, however, deliberately
avoided, as these decorative systems are not an isolated Pompeian or Cam-
panian phenomenon. $" In this work the general definitions of the four styles,
as given by Ling, are followed despite the existence of local differences or
variants. 85 At Ampurias the system established by Nieto Prieto is followed:
"esquema 1-5 ". 86

Pavements: Due to the lack of consensus on terminology and the need for
a re-evaluation of the material, a separate chapter has been dedicated to the
pavements (cf. Appendix). The terms and their definitions reached in the ap-
pendix can be found in the glossary.

For the problems of the four Pompeian Styles established by Mau, see A llroggen-Bedel 1992.
$' Ling 1991.
86 lieto Prieto 1977, 852 and 856-866.
 2. DELOS. THE SACRED ISLAND IF THE EAST
HISTORY OF RESEARCH $'

The systematic excavations conducted by the École française d'Athènes

began in 1873, and the first location to be investigated was the west slope of
Mount Kynthos. From 1877 onwards research was carried out in the Sanctu-
ary of Apollo. In 1883 Paris excavated the first houses and concluded that
the Delian houses and Vitruvius' description of the Greek house did not cor-
respond. $$ The knowledge of the residential areas was enriched significantly
with the excavations of the Theatre Quarter in 1892-1894 and 1904-1907.
The publication of the quarter showed up in 1922-1924, and the houses were
treated exhaustively, the first part comprising detailed descriptions of the
ground plans and the second part dealing with the quarter in general (streets,
insulae, architectural elements of the houses, shops and workshops, and ob-
jects from the houses). Aspects included in the third part were for example
building technique and materials, water supply and drainage, wall decoration
and pavements. 89 A separate monograph on wall-paintings, including the re-
ligious paintings, and mosaics had already been published by Bulard in
1908.90 He concluded that the wall-paintings and mosaics were Greek,
whereas the religious paintings related to Italic/Roman domestic cults. Along
with the exploration of buildings and monuments, the abundant epigraphi-
cal material was studied, especially regarding the population of the island. 91
In the period after World War II the large houses Maison de l'Hermès
(DelI2) and Maison de Fourni (De1S2) were excavated, and research was car-
ried out especially in the Northern Quarter. With considerably more materi-
al at his disposal Bruneau presented a comprehensive study of the urban his-
tory of Hellenistic and Imperial Delos in 1968, including questions of chron-
ology and inhabitants. 92 He stressed the homogenous architecture of the
houses.
During the 20th century different groups of materials were published, for
instance religious paintings, portraits, terracottas and mosaics. 93 It was not,
however, until 1988 that the figured motifs both from sculpture, pavements
and wall-paintings were studied together in their domestic and wider con-
texts by Kreeb who concluded that there is no thematic connection between
the statuary and interior architectural decoration. 94 Rauh examined four
houses in the attempt to reconstruct the economic and social standing of the

n Focusing on the houses. For details of the history of research, see Chamonard 1922-1924, 9-14;
Laídlaw, W.A. 1933, 5-11; Plassart 1973; Kreeb 1988, 7-11; Trümper 1998, 4-8.
s
Paris 1884, especially 485-486 (De ΙI6 and De1M1).
n
Chamonard 1922-1924.
90
Bulard 1908.
91
Homolle 1884; Hatzfeld 1912; Roussel 1931.
92
Cf. Bruneau 1968; Bruneau/Ducat 1983.
93 Bulard 1926a; Bulard 1926b; Michalowski 1932; Laumonier 1956; Bruneau 1972.

94 Kreeb 1988. Religious paintings are not included in his work.

30

ínhabítants.95 The rich material at hand should rightly encourage such stud-
ies. However, Rauh did not take into consideration the diachronic perspec-
tive of the houses. Based on the reconstruction of building phases (neglected
so far) and the recording of the architectural and decorative equipment,
Tríimρer's monograph aims to elucidate changes in the Delian "Wohnkul-
tur".9 The main conclusion reached by Triimper is that many houses origi-
nated as standard units (standard size and internal layout). 97 Moreover, the
houses tended to expand vertically often with independent habitation, units,
and thus the best comparative material is that of the Vesuvian cities where
the same insu la complexes are found. That there is still new knowledge to be
obtained is demonstrated by the recent, and final, publication of the houses
from the flot des bijoux (De1N12-De1N18), Îlot des bronzes (De117-
DelN11) and the Maison des sceaux (De1123). 98 The publication deals with
topography and architecture, but important issues, such as identification of
room functions and inhabitants, are also discussed.

TOPOGRAPHY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY

The city is situated on the north-western part of the island and developed
fan-like around the Sanctuary of Apollo towards the north, south-east and
south with the so-called Sacred Harbour to the west of the sanctuary. 99 Apart
from the public buildings and monuments, our knowledge of the city prior
to the period of the Second Athenian Domination (167/166-69 BC) is poor.
Residential districts appear to have been confined to the north and the south
of the sanctuary, and the built-up area was in any case limited. 100 Traces of
habitation from the 4th and 3rd centuries BC have been located in the area
of the Agora of the Compitaliastai/Hermaistai, and some houses situated in
insula III of the Theatre Quarter may go back to the 3rd century BC. In
101
the Northern Quarter structures, interpreted as shops and workshops, ap-
pear to date from the period of independence. 102 Public buildings of the 3rd
century BC include three porticoes in the immediate vicinity of the Sanctu-
ary of Apollo, at least one palaestra to the north, a gymnasium to the north-
east and a theatre to the south of the sanctuary. Moreover, the Agora of the
Delian was begun. Sanctuaries for foreign gods, e.g. Sarapieion A, were also
erected in the 3rd century BC.
Great building activity took place in the 2nd century BC, for example new
palaestrae and no less than three agorae: the Agora of the Compitaliastai/

vs Rauh 1993, 193-249 (De1123, De1127, DelST2 and De112).

" Tríimper 1998. Ninety-one houses, all completely excavated, are included. Architecture takes
priority over decoration.
Her "kanonische Normalhaus".
" Siebert 2001.
99 Cf. Bruneau 1968. For plans, see also Bruneau/Ducat 1983, pls. I-Vfl; Trümper 1998, fig. 1.

100 Bruneau 1968, 634-640; Vial 1984, 4.

~°ι Hasenohr 1996, 907-908; Tromper 1998, 124-125 and 153.
102 Below Îlot des bijoux and Îlot des bronzes (Bruneau 1968, 670; Siebert 2001, 142-145).
 31

Hermaistai constructed between the Sacred Harbour and the Sanctuary of

Apollo around the middle of the century; 103 the Agora of Theophrastos from
the late 2nd century BC west of the sanctuary; the Agora of the Italians dated
to c. 110 BC in the Northern Quarter south of the Sacred Lake. Among the
foreign sanctuaries were the Sarapieion C, which obtained official status in
180 BC, and the Sanctuary of the Syrian Gods. Both are located to the south-
east of the Sanctuary of Apollo.
A synagogue was built in the north-eastern zone of the island no later than
the 1st century BC, 104 After the attack on the island in 69 BC a wall was erec-
ted on the initiative of the Roman legate C. Triarius. Sections of the wall
have been identified at various places. It protected an area stretching from
the Maison de Skardhana (De1129) in the north to the theatre in the south.
The eastern limit appears to have been in the area of the Maison de l'Hermès
(De112).

INTRODUCTION TO THE HOUSES

As mentioned above, the residential areas of Delos developed fan-like

around the Sanctuary of Apollo. In the Theatre Quarter the street grid is
narrow and irregular, whereas other quarters display a more orthogonal lay-
out with streets meeting approximately at right angles, for example the
Northern Quarter and the House of the Masks' Quarter. The houses are sit-
uated in eight quarters or zones where they may intermingle with shops and
public buildings of both sacred and profane function. Workshops were es-
tablished in some houses at a later time, but often it is difficult to determine
whether they date within the period of the Second Athenian Domination or
later. 105 Those that apparently were installed after the houses were aban-
doned as habitation are not recorded. 106 Other houses appear to have been
turned into storage space, at least partly, after one of the attacks on the is-
land in the 1st century BC. 107 Thus the houses display a fairly varied picture,
some were destroyed, others abandoned and others again were converted to
alternative use. The Delian material also includes several partially excavated
houses that have an accessible plan and/or are situated within a published
insu la and/or there is evidence for the cult of the Lares Compitales. There
are 111 catalogue entries; they are distributed in the following way :
118

03 The earliest dedications date to the middle of the 2nd century BC and were made by the Her-

maistai (Mavrojannís 1995, 92-95).

D4 Bruneau 1970, 480-493.
cos
Bruneau 1968, 675 and 707; Siebert 2001, 138-140. The terracotta workshop in De1T34 ap-
pears to have functioned during the period of the Second Athenian Domination (Laumonier 1956,
18-19).
roe
For instance De1N16 and De1118 (Siebert 2001, 41 and 53).
107 De1119, De1T4, De1T41 and De1T44.

108 The division and order follow Bruneau 1972. One exception is that the Area of the Sanctuary

of Aphrodite forms a separate quarter in this work instead of being part of the Theatre Quarter. For
plans, see Bruneau/Ducat 1983, pls. I-IV and VI-VII.
32

The Northern Quarter: twenty-nine houses: De1Nl-De1N29, 109

The Stadium Quarter: seven houses: De1ST1-De1ST7, 110
The Peribolos Street: nine houses: De1P1-De1P9.
The Inopos Quarter: six houses: De ΙIΙ -DeΙI6.
The House of the Masks' Quarter: six houses: De1M1-De1M6.
The Theatre Quarter: fifty houses: De1T1=De1T50. 111
The Area of the Sanctuary of Aphrodite: two houses: De ΙAΙ -DelΑ2.
The Southern Zone: two houses: De1S1-De1S2.

Note on chronology: The years, 167/166 and 69 BC, do not provide a se-
cure terminus post quern and terminus ante quern respectively. Thus houses
may be ~lder than 167/166 BC, and some continued to be used after the last
attack on the island. As regards the time of construction, however, a fairly
rigid dating has been employed among scholars, especially with respect to
the Theatre Quarter: either before 167/166 BC or after 167/166 BC. 1~~ Strati-
graphical evidence for dating the time of construction, the building phases or
the time of abandonment is only documented in some cases. 113 In the North-
ern Quarter soundings beneath the Îlot des bijoux revealed not only earlier
structures, interpreted as shops and workshops, but also ceramic and numis-
matic material belonging to the late 3rd century BC and first half of the 2nd
century BC. 114 The year 128/127 BC is referred to in an inscription on a seal
from De1N23, and thus a dating of the house to the third quarter of the 2nd
century BC is most plausible. This dating might also point to an earlier date
of the flot des comédiens which is traditionally dated to the very end of the
last quarter of the 2nd century BC. 115 The houses of the Stadium Quarter are
dated no earlier than the second half of the 2nd century BC. Den can be
dated no earlier than 150 BC. The insula of the House of the Masks is dated
to the second half of the 2nd century BC.

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHτrεcτVRAL ANALYSτS

As mentioned in the introduction, the architectural analysis comprises a

number of elements related to layout, spatial organization and water man-
agement in order to identify the possible characteristics of the houses.

109 House V situated in the Ilot des bronzes is not included, as it was transformed into a shop

complex.
11° House B in insula I was a restaurant.
111 House V and Y from insula IIΙ are not included. The ground plan of the former is too unclear,
and the latter consists of two separate units, each having two rooms.
112 Before 167/166 BC: Raeder 1988, 327. After 167/166 BC: Hoepfner/Schwandner 1994.
113 For a summary of the chronology of quarters and houses, see Triimper 1998, 121-126.
114 Siebert 2001, 142-145.
115 Siebert 2001, 141-142.
 33

Ground plan €(Table 1): Ninety houses can be analysed. 116 Three main
ground plans occur: rectangular, square and irregular. The irregular ground
plan is clearly the most common with fifty-three examples, followed by the
rectangular ground plan (thirty-two) and the square (five). Completely regu-
lar ground plans are rarely found, and there are different levels of irregularity
within this group, such as trapezoidal forms. Rectangular and square houses
with minor irregularities are for example De1N6, De1N9, De1N11, De1N13,
De1N17, De1N18.De1N20, De1121, De1123, De1ST2, 'De1ST3, DelST4,
DelST7, De1P5, Delll, DeΙI4, De1Τ7, De1T10, De1T20, De1T39 and De1T40.
It comes as no surprise that the majority of the houses .located in the crowd-
ed Theatre Quarter are irregular, but even a regular insula is no guarantee
for regular house plots, for instance the insula of the House of the Masks
where all four houses are irregular.
,

Dimensions (Table 1 and Table 2): 117 The area varies from 53 m 2 (DelT43)
to 866 m2 (Dell19). The largest group of houses has an area between
101-200 m2 (forty-two). The second largest is houses of 201-300 m 2 (fifteen),
followed by houses of 301-400 m 2 (nine). Only eight houses are smaller than
100 m2. Houses of more than 400 m2 are located in all quarters, apart from
the Stadium Quarter, the Peribolos Street and the Area of the Sanctuary of
Aphrodite. Some of the large houses owe their huge areas to the joining to-
gether of more than one house (for example De1T3 and De1T16), while oth-
ers had an original layout of such large dimensions (for instance De1N21,
De1122, De1129., De1Ml and DelS2). Due to their large areas, houses such
as Dell 19 and DelS2 may have had other purposes than habitation only,
and they may have functioned as clubhouses for associations. 118

Entrance room (Table 1): Eighty-four houses are provided with an en-
trance room. A house having two entrance rooms occurs twelve times. DelI2
had two entrance rooms as well, but here there appears to have been two
habitation units. De1S2 consisted of (at least) two units. Sometimes it is pos-
sible to distinguish between a primary and secondary entrance room, for ex-
ample in De1T41 where room a was the primary entrance, as it is broad and
provided with niches in contrast to the narrow room b with a drain running
through it. The entrance room generally takes the shape of a small rectangu-
lar room, but could also be a long narrow corridor, for instance De114. In
other houses an alley was privatized, for example De1T4. The frequent oc-
currence shows that it was a room that was appreciated.

Circulation space (Table 1 and Table 3): The most common circulation
space is the open courtyard without porticoes with a total of sixty-three ex-

116 Twenty-one houses cannot be included due to the small extent of excavation: De1N1, De112,
De113, De1115, De1124, De1126, De1128, De1129, DelST5, De1P3, Dell'4, De1P6, De127, De128,
De129, De1I6, De112, De1T19, De1T29, De1T49, De1T50.
117 All figures are taken from Tramper 1998.
118 De1119: Kreeb 1988, 155-157. De1S2: Marcadé 1969, 399-405; Bruneau 1970, 633.
34

amples and two possible courtyards. It occurs in sixty houses, and can prob-
ably be identified in two more houses. In the Theatre Quarter it is clearly the
predominant type of circulation space. The second largest group is the peri-
style occurring in twenty-three houses. ΥΥ9 The number of columns varies.
Most common is the peristyle with a column in each corner (2 x 2) (seven
houses). The largest peristyles have 4 x 4 columns and are naturally found in
large houses, De1Ν19, De1Ν21, De1Ν27 (main unit), DelI6 (partially excava-
ted), De1Ml, De1M4, De1T2 and DelS2 (main unit, special arrangement).
Two of these are so-called Rhodian peristyles, De1M4 and Del Ρ2, with high-
er columns on one síde. 12t In four houses there is no stylobate (DelST6,
De1ST7, De1T4, De1T5). Α courtyard with one portico occurs in eight houses
and possibly in two additional houses. Α courtyard with porticoes on two
sides is extant in four houses, while six houses have a courtyard with porti-
coes on three sides. 121 The Doric order is clearly prevalent with a few exam-
ples of Ionic. 122 Pillars occur in De1 Ν22 (combined with low wall), De1T4
and De1T40. Low walls and pillars with columns on top are used in De1113.
In some houses one of the porticoes Is deeper than the others and/or it may
be extended ín one or both ends into a kind of recess (De1 Ν19, De1Ν22,
.

De1125, De1Ν27, De1M1, De114, De1M5, De1T2, De1T31, De1T41). Several

houses had more than one circulation space, often due to extensions (De1 Ν7:
two courtyards and a courtyard with three porticoes; De129: two courtyards;
De115: a courtyard with one portico and a possible courtyard; De1T16: a
peristyle and a courtyard; De1T25: two courtyards). In De1 Ν27, Dell2 and
De1T40 the area appears to have been divided into two separate habitation
units, each provided with a circulation space.
Main room (Table 1 and Table 4a-4b): Several main room complexes have
been distinguished, consisting of a main room and additional room(s). The
criterion for the definition of an additional room is that the room can be en-
tered from the main room only, i.e. the main room and the additional
room(s) form an entity. 123 I refers to north, E to east etc.
Il: main room located to the north of the circulation space, two rooms at
the rear.
11* : main room located to the north of the circulation space, originally
two rooms at the rear, but in the last phase one room or three rooms.
main room located to the north of the circulation space, a room on ei-
ther side.
main room located to the north of the circulation space, two rooms on
one side or one room at the back and the one ön the side.
main room located to the north of the circulation space, a room at the
rear.

119 For details on dimensions, materials etc. 0f courtyards with peristyles and porticoes, see Trüm-
per 1998, table 1.
~29 This type of peristyle is described by Vitruvíus (6.7.3).
121
De115 and De1T46: Stylobate on three sides, but only supports on two sides.
w
Cf. Trümper 1998, table 1. - -

~2; Small recesses about one metre deep or less are not regarded as rooms.
 35

main room located to the north of the circulation space, a room on

one side.
main room located to the north of the circulation space, a room at the
front.
main room located to the north of the circulation space, without addi-
tional room(s).
main room located to the north of the circulation space, three rooms
at the rear.
Ix: main room located to the north of the circulation space, unknown ar-
rangement.
main room located to the east of the circulation space, two rooms at
the rear.
main room located to the east of the circulation space, a room on ei-
ther side.
main room located to the east of the circulation space, a room at the
rear.
main room located to the east of the circulation space, a room on one
side.
main room located to the east of the circulation space, a room at the
front.
main room located to the east of the circulation space, without addi-
tional room(s).
S1: main room located to the south of the circulation space, two rooms at
the rear.
main room located to the south of the circulation space, a room on one
side.
main room located to the south of the circulation space, a room at the
front.
main room located to the south of the circulation space, without addi-
tional room(s).
Sx: main room located to the south of the circulation space, unknown ar-
rangement.
Wl: main room located to the west of the circulation space, two rooms at
the rear.
W1'`: main room located to the west of the circulation space, originally
two rooms at the rear, but in the last phase one room or three rooms.
main room located to the west of the circulation space, a room at the
rear.
main room located to the west of the circulation space, a room on
one side.
W7: main room located to the west of the circulation space, without addi-
tional room(s).
The most common location of the main room is north of the courtyard,
and the prevalent arrangement is Il (twenty-five examples). This is scarcely
a surprise taking the climate into consideration. Apart from the House of the
Masks' Quarter, the I1-arrangement is found all over the city, and is espe-
cially employed in insu la III of the Theatre Quarter. Three houses originally
36

had the N1-arrangement, but either one of the rooms at the back was given
up or an extra room was added, thus originally there was a total of twenty-
eight examples, 124 The wish to have a more spacious room at the back, in
particular in relation to narrow plots, may explain the frequency of 14 (only
one room at the rear). There can be no doubt that the arrangement with a
large transverse front room and two smaller rooms at the back was stand-
ard. 125 This is emphasized by the fact that the arrangement occurs on all sides
of the circulation space (El, Si and W1), and with these added the number
of the complex reaches thirty-two, and including the altered arrangements
the total is thirty-six examples. 126
The symmetrical arrangement of 12 in De1121 should be noted. The
smaller room on either side is entered from the central room only. It is also
found in De1ST1 (E2), but here it is a more irregular version. Also the ar-
r an gement of De114 should be commented on (18). At the back of the main
room is a triple room complex consisting of a central room opening onto the
main room and giving access to a smaller room on either side.
In general, the Delian main rooms are broad-rooms of varying sizes. The
large ones are often provided with a central door and a window on either
side and may be on the axis of the entrance, for example De1N19, De1121,
De1122, De1M1, De1T2, De1T7 and DelT41. Del13 even has two, one on the
north side of the courtyard and one on the east side.
Other rooms (Table 1): Service rooms, í.e. latrines, bathrooms and kitch-
ens, are common in the Delian houses. Latrines are most frequent, occurring
in sixty-one houses, and ten houses may have had one. 127 Some houses appar-
ently shared latrines (De1N15 and De1N16, DelPl and De1P2). In most cases
they are located near the entrance area or in the entrance room itself. The
distinction between a bathroom and a kitchen is often blurred, especially in
those houses in which the presence of drains, waterproof pavement types
and/or hydraulic mortar on the walls is not supported by other finds or in-
stallations. This is the case in twelve houses, and in fact these rooms may
have served various purposes. Moreover, either a bathroom or a kitchen is
likely to have existed in seventeen houses. Separate bathrooms are present in
eight houses. 128 The majority of these are provided with an individual bath-
tub of the so-called "à sabot" type (De1122: room AL; De1 Τ2: room C;
De115: room j; DeiAl: room c; De1S1: room XVI Ι). In room b' in De1T31
and rooms f and i'in De1 Τ33 only the gap in the floor reserved for the bath-
tub is left. Circular structures, interpreted as sweat-baths, are found in two
houses (Del122: room AM; De1T6: room i).529 Two houses had two bath-

"" In De1Τ33 one of the rooms at the back was subdivided, and a bathroom (i') was installed.
'15 Chamonard considered it the most characteristic element of the Delian houses (1922-1924, 167).
126 The 1\11-arrangement is also present in De1T16 (not main room) and in the eastern part of
De1T25 (not main room).
n The latrine in De1113 belongs to the independent habitation unit on the first floor.
va De1122 (two), Deli7, DellS, DeΙT6, De1T31, De1Τ33 (two), DelAl, De1S1. See Trümper
1998, 347, fig. 82; 348, fig. 83; between 348 and 349, fig. 85.
129 The function of the circular structure in room EP in De117 is disputed: sweat-bath or decanta -

don basin (Trümper 1998, 180-184; Siebert 2001, 57).

 37

rooms, De1122 (bathtub and sweat-bath) and De1T33 (each room with a
bathtub), and in De1T6 the bathroom was provided with an anteroom (room
i'). A kitchen has been identified in four houses (De117, De1122, De1123 —
upper storey and De1I2).
Dining rooms have been identified in twenty houses, and there is one pos-
sible (Table 5). The identification is based on the pavement design marking
the position of the couches. As shown in Table 5, the rooms used for dining
can be categorized in two main groups. The first group consists of large
broad-rooms which often are identical with the main rooms of the houses
(De1N1, De114, De1N16, De1121, De1122, De1I4, De114, De115, De1T2,
De1T24, De1T25, De1T31). These broad-rooms are in most cases provided
with a central door or slightly off-centre door, and adjoining rooms are com-
mon. Furthermore, some of the rooms employ a pavement design with two
or three emblemata. All this points to a flexible use of the rooms, and alter-
native arrangements of the couches must be taken into consideration, for in-
stance two Pi-shaped sets of couches, one at either side of the room. 130 This is
especially evident in De1122 with two emblemata or in DelN4 where an exe-
dra with a room on either side opens onto the back wall of the dining room.
The second group includes square or squarish rooms, i.e. similar to the
andron from domestic contexts. Most are of modest size, but in De1N16 the
room has an area of c. 56 r2, thus resembling the ones found in Macedonian
palaces. Some of the rooms have a wide opening towards the circulation
space, for example room EE in Del Ν7 and room R in De112 1. Three-couch
rooms also occur, for instance rooms Q and R in De1121. The only room
with the characteristic raised platforms is room G in DelI2. The floor design
in room f/AN of DelS2 should be singled out, as it represents an early, or the
earliest, version of the characteristic T+U design employed in Roman trick-
nia. 13 " Here the length of the horizontal bar of the T corresponds to the
width of the door opening. Several houses have a combination of the two
room types (Dell 1, De1N4, De1N21, De1M4, De1T2, De1T31 and maybe
De1S2).
Dining might also have taken place in rooms where the position of the
couches is not detectable in the archaeological record. This goes for a num-
ber of square and squarish rooms often located close to the entrance, i.e. the
same location as many domestic andrones from the Classical period, for in-
stance room EW in De118 and room T in De1N14. Siebert suggests that this
room may be the only specialized room in the Delian houses. 13
A cult room has been identified to the right of the southern courtyard in
DelP9 due to the find of a relief. Also in De1123 there may have been a cult
room on the upper storey, but the context of the relief cannot be definitively
answered.
Shops are not common as an integrated part of houses. They occur in rela-

130
Dunbabín 1998, 84-86; Westgate 2000, 414; Siebert 2001, 123.
133
The design is especially known from the 1st century AD onwards (cf. Dunbabin 1998, 92). For
the design in this room, cf. Tríímper 1998, between 317 and 318, fig. 59; description by Bruneau
1972, 310.
132 His pecus minor (Siebert 2001, 122-124).
38

tun to twelve houses of which the majority are situated in the Theatre Quar-
ter. A terracotta workshop was installed in De1T34. Find complexes of sculp-
ture from within De1119, DelP1 and De1P2, including unfinished works,
have been interpreted as evidence for a sculptor's workshop. For De1 Ν19, it
has been suggested that the sculpture was carved on the spot to avoid dam-
age during transportation and therefore, the identification as a workshop
should be rejected.' 33 The most plausible explanation, however, is that the
house at the time of abandonment functioned as storage space for various
sculpture. The six basins located in room e of De1T21 have traditionally been
linked to a fullery or a dyer's shop. Trümper, however, suggests that this part
of the house may have been a bath complex for public use.' 34 If the basins
were bathtubs, three were for bathing in a seated position, and three for
bathing in a standing position. Hot water would have been provided by the
oven in the south-west corner of room d, and room b could have been the
changing room. It is not clear whether this part belonged to the rest of the
house. Room c in De1T23 has two entrances directly from the street and a
third internal door. The pavement design shows that the room functioned as
a dining room. Because of the openings towards the street, Trümper has sug-
gested that the room may have been a room which could be rented.' 35

Upper storeys (Table 1 and Table 6): Upstairs rooms were fairly common,
as they are documented in nearly eighty houses either by finds and/or by re-
mains or traces of staircases. Moreover, they are likely to have existed in
eight houses due to the presence of indicators such as downpipes and/or
beam-holes. Judging from criteria such as external staircases and internal
staircases with a separate access (for instance the presence of a double
threshold at the entrance), a number of independent habitation units existed
on the first floor (De1N7, De118, De1 Ν9, De1N13, De1N18, De1121,
De1122, DelST4, De1P9, De113, De1M4? De1M6, De1T1, De1T2, De1T3,
De1T5, De1T11, De1T18, De1T21, De1T39, De1T40, De1T41, De1T47). Con-
sequently, the first floor cannot uncritically be considered the private part of
the house.

Water supply (Table 1 and Table 7): The water supply of the Delian houses
was secured by means of cisterns and wells. In general, the cisterns are lined
with masonry and hydraulic mortar and the wells with masonry. The cover of
the cistern takes the shape of flat stone slabs supported by beams or arches.
According to ground plan and section, the following types of cisterns are
present:
Type I: Quadrangular, vertical walls.
Type 11: Circular, vertical walls.
Type III: Irregular.

"'Jockey 1995, 88 and 93.

134
Triúnper 1998, 65 and 278-279.
ss Trümper 1998, 280. Siebert suggests that entertainment of clients took place in rented rooms
(2001, 123-124).
 39

The quadrangular cistern type is almost totally predominant (fifty-two ex-

amp1 les), as there are only two examples of the circular type, and one is irregu-
lar. 36 Cisterns and wells (at least sixty-one) are almost equally common, and
the combination of one cistern and one well is the most frequent (twenty-five
houses, both in small and large ones, for instance De1Til and De1 Ν19).
Twenty-two houses were provided with a well and sixteen houses with a cis-
tern. Two cisterns occur in De1 Τ21 and De1T27. De1Τ38 had either two cis-
terns or a cistern and a well. Seven houses were provided with three or four
water tanks (De1Ν1, De117 - two houses joined, De1127 - two units, De1Ml,
De1T3 - two houses joined, De1Τ25 - two houses joined, De1T31, De1T48).
De113-De116 shared facilities, a huge cistern located in the south-western
corner of the insula. The water supply of De1T39 may have been secured by a
lead pipeline, and De1S2 may have had a kind of reservoir. In several houses
water provision is not attested in the archaeological record (De1N9, De1115,
De1Ν16, De1118, De1120, De1T5, De1T6, De1 Τ7, De1T10, De1T35).
Cisterns and wells are situated mainly below the courtyard. They may,
however, also be located in rooms (cistern: De1 Τ38 - room g; well: De1T3 -
room i; DelT4 - room e; De1T10 - room e; De1Tl6 - room i; De1 Τ18 - room
k, De1T20 - room a, De1T25 - House R, room d; De1T31- room i). Disposal
of waste water happened by means of drains and channels.

DIACHRONIC PERSPECTIVE

The Delian houses are characterized by numerous alterations ranging

from minor changes in their internal layout to their amalgamation with
neighbouring house(s). The latter is the case for De117, De1ST3, De115,
De1T3, De1T4 and De1T16. In De1T3 the project was never completed. Ac-
cording to the detailed analyses made by Triimper, many houses were pro-
vided with entrance rooms, porticoes and peristyles, additional reception
rooms, latrines and upper storeys only in later phases. 137
The prestige of having a separate entrance room is reflected by the fact
that it was added to thirty houses and probably to six more. 138 At least six-
teen houses had peristyles and porticoes constructed (cf. Table 1). The lack
of space and the need to fit the porticoes into a pre-existent structure meant
that porticoes sometimes were very narrow (for example De1T16, 1 1.5 m) or -

that they were erected on two or three sides only. In De1T31 some of the
porticoes are only 0.8-1 m deep. The original peristyles and porticoes are
characterized by the use of marble for stylobate and columns, whereas the
added peristyles and porticoes often employ reused material, while marble is
rarely found. It is clear that the presence of peristyles or porticoes regardless

16 The cistern is trapezoidal in De1114.

t3 The building history of each house is studied in detail by Trümper in her catalogue (1998,
175-318).
18 De1Ν1, De114, De1113, De1119, DelST2, De1ST6, De1P2, Deli), De1I4, DelIS, De1M6,

De1T3, De1T9, De1T16, De1T17, De1Τ18, De1Τ21, De1Τ25 (House S), De1T30, De1T31, De1T34,
De1T35, De1T36, De1T37, De1 Τ38, De1T45, DeΙT46, De1T47, DelAl, De1S2. Possible: DelΝ6, De117
(House II), De1N10, De1P1, De1T11, De1Α2 (Trumpet 1998, 34, note 185).
40

0f materials, crowded appearance or lack of stylobate, was enough to secure

the prestige attached to them. Square rooms of modest size were often added
at the expense of the area of the courtyard (for instance De1T13) or on the
side of the courtyard if possible (for example De1N1 and De117). Judging
from the floor design, some of these rooms functioned as dining rooms.
Three houses were re-orientated: DelI11 (from N-S to E-W), De1N16 (from
north to south), De1123 (from E-W to N-S).
The three following houses illustrate the different levels of architectural
enrichment. DelIi of only 70 m 2 was provided with a portico in the court-
yard (one column) and an upper storey. In De1N1 the main alterations com-
prised an entrance room to the south, a portico in the courtyard and a dining
room to the west of the courtyard. De1T16 was extended by purchasing the
neighbouring house and had a (too) large peristyle of 3 x 4 columns installed
in one of the courtyards.

CONCLUSION
Clearly defined house types cannot be established due to the various com-
binations of architectural elements, i.e. a certain ground plan is not correlat-
ed with a certain circulation space etc.). 139 From Table 1, 3 and 4a it is clear
that the most common elements are an irregular ground plan, a vestibule, a
courtyard without porticoes as circulation space and the main room complex
Ni with its variations El, S1 and W1. Furthermore, the majority of the hous-
es are provided with a latrine, an upper storey and individual water supply.
As a result of enlargements, some houses had more than one circulation
space. Although the character of the circulation space may serve as a criter-
ion for a classification (i.e. courtyard houses, peristyle houses), this can only
be a general one because of the variations within the groups. The central
courtyard with or without porticoes is an omnipresent feature.
The peristyle court forms the second largest group as circulation space
(twenty-three examples). Peristyles as part of the original layout are found in
De1N19, De1N21, De1125, De1127, DelI6, DelMi, De114, De1T2 and
De1S2. In De1ST6, De1T3, De1T5, De1T7, De1T16 and De1T47 they were ad-
ded later, while seven examples are disputed (De1N6, DelST2, Den.,
De1T4, De1T31, De1T40, De1T41). 140 Courtyards with a portico on one, two
or three sides occur in nineteen, maybe twenty houses. The original layout of
De1122 and DelI2 included porticoes, while it is not clear whether the porti-
coes belong to the first phase or are a later addition in the followíng houses:
De1N13, De1129, De1ST4, De113 and De115. In eleven houses porticoes were
added in a later phase: De1N1, De1N7, De1N12, De1123, Delll, De115,
De1M6, De1T6, De1T17, De1T21 and De1T46.
The conclusion reached by Trümper is also that the houses cannot be di-
vided into a clear typology, but she has identified one type, the so-called "ka-

19 Already Chamonard concluded that the Delían houses do not constitute distinct house types

(1922-1924, 100-102).
14° Cf. Triimper 1998, table 1. The building history of Del12 has not been investigated (partially

excavated).
 41

nonische Normalhaus". This house type is characterized by the following

elements: a narrow and rectangular ground plan, a central courtyard with
rooms laid out on two sides (opposite to each other). The vestibule and serv-
ice rooms are located in the front part of the house, and the main room with
two rooms at the rear is placed at the back. Normally, the width of the court-
yard corresponds with the width of the house. 141 Twenty-three houses can in
their last phase be ascribed to this type (Table 8). -42 Furthermore, sixteen
houses originally belonged to the type, but underwent major alterations at a
later time. 4s The total of thirty-nine houses makes it a characteristic type. It
is especially employed in the hot des bronzes and Îlot des bijoux in the
Northern Quarter and in the insula III and VI of the Theatre Quarter. The
House of the Masks' Quarter is the only residential district without this type.
Other houses are similar to the "k an onische Normalhaus": De1N4, De1N6,
De1117, De1T23, De1T39, De1T42 and maybe De1T48. 144
In addition to the "kanonische Normalhaus", De1119, De6I6 and DelIl
have a similar ground plan and internal layout: N-S orientation, entrance
area to the south, the peristyle court placed off centre towards the west or
east (i.e. rooms on three sides only), large main room north of the peristyle
(not excavated in De116). Same general layout is present in De1T2, but the
house is orientated E-W.

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES RELATED TO CULTURAL TRADITIONS

The traditionally defined Greek house types, i.e. the pastas, prostas and the
peristyle house, are all represented on Delos. However, the problem of dis-
tinguishing between a pastas and a prostas is also illustrated by the Delian
fl ouses. 145
i

Three houses are provided with a pastas-corridor whose length corre-

sponds with the width of the house (De1N10, De1125, DelST3), and also in
De117 (House II) the space between the main room and courtyard may be
described as a pastas-corridor. In De1N10 the western half of the corridor
opens onto the courtyard. De1 Ν25 is a so-called pastas-peristyle house and
has an interior layout composed of three horizontal strips. The principal
rooms are situated in the northern strip, the pastas is located in the middle
part and the courtyard in the southern strip. Moreover, a striking axial layout
was employed. There was at least one additional reception room (room e)
provided with a central doorway and a window on either side, thus identical
to the opening system of the main room (room f, 17-arrangement). De1 Ν25
is very similar to the pastas and pastas-peristyle houses at Olynthos, especially
the Villa of Good Fortune. 146 In DelST3 the pastas is located between two

141 Tramper 1998, 107. According to Kreeb, there is no Delian "Normalhaus" (1988, 13).
142
Tramper 1998, 107, note 544.
143 Tamper 1998, 109, note 553.

144 Tramper 1998, 109, note 559.

14'
Siebert prefers pastas to prostas, drawing attention to the unclear archaeological distinction
between the two (2001, 97, note 57).
146
Robinson/Graham 1938, pls. 84 and 85.2.
42

sets of rooms to the north and the courtyard to the south. The middle part of
the pastas opens onto the courtyard (one column) The present house is a re-
sult of the amalgamation of three houses and apart from the pastas, it does
not share characteristics with De1125. Originally both sets of rooms to the
north. were N 1-arrangements, but it only survived in the western suite
(slightly modified). Because of the great similarity between De1125 and the
Olynthian houses, the architect and/or the (first) owner of the house must
have been acquainted with the pastas houses of the Greek mainland It is in-
teresting to note that the Olynthian houses were destroyed in 348 BC, and
pastas houses outside Olynthos are not numerous. Isolated examples are
known from Attica (5th and 4th centuries BC) and Pella (Hellenistic peri-
od). ~4' On Delis a rural house was provided with a pastas in its second phase
dated to the 2nd century BC. 148 Moreover, a pastas like area is found in hous-
-

es from for instance Athens (5th century BC) and Phaistos (Hellenistic peri-
od). The internal layout of these houses has nothing to do with the well-plan-
ned houses of Olynthos, Attica, Pella and De1125. The perfect layout of
De1125 and its similarity with the Olynthian houses are, however, still re-
markable, and it might indicate that the use of pastas houses was more wide-
spread than the material so far has documented. This similarity applies both
to ground plan (square), size -(De1125: 307 m 2 . Olynthos, standard plot: c.
289 m2) and internal layout. In any case, De1125 documents a strong tradi-
tion of organizing space in the Greek house.
Several other houses have a more or less open-fronted area, traditionally
called a prostas, between the main room and courtyard. This applies to
De1N16, De1117, De1123, De1124 and De1T45. In the latter the arrange-
ment of the rooms is identical to the prostas houses of Priene and Abdera:
main room (room h) with an open-fronted anteroom giving access to a suite
of rooms on the northern side (a dining room and a shop) . 149 Similar room
arrangements can be found in De1 Ν16 and De1123 (column supporting the
gallery on the first floor).
Another characteristic Greek feature is the triple room complex consisting
of a large transverse room and two smaller at the back, the so-called
11-arrangement in the present work. According to Krause, it can be traced
back to Geometric times with continuity right down to the Hellenistic peri-
od. 150 In the late Classical age it occurs at Eretria in houses dated to the be-
ginning of the 4th century BC, for instance House II and the House of the
Mosaics. 151
Square or squarish dining rooms of varying sizes, well known from domes-
tic architecture and Macedonian palaces, are also common. The raised bor-
der, however, only occurs in De112 (room G). Three-couch rooms, which are
rare in general, for instance rooms Q and R in De1121, can be paralleled to

147 Cf.Nevett 1999, 80-126.

140 Pariente 1989, 812.
149
Priene: Wiegand/Schrader 1904, pls. XXI-XXII. Abdera: Nevett 1999, 102, fig. 28.
150 Krause 1977, 164-167. ..
151 The transverse front room is regarded as a pastas by some scholars. For the problems of the
closed and open pastas, see Cordsen 1995, 103-105 and.118, note 2.
 43

the andron in House B ví 7 (the House 152

of Asklepios) at Olynthos and room 5
in the House of the Mosaics at Eretría.
The broad-room used as main reception room in Delian houses was adop-
ted from Oriental architecture where it was employed in houses as well as
palaces. 153 The influence is particularly visible in the large rooms with small
side rooms, for example Dell 19, De1121, and De1M1. The main room com-
plex in De1N21 where a central room gives access to a room on either side
can be paralleled to buildings such as Babylonian houses (6th to 3rd centu-
ries BC) and the so-called Redoubt Palace at Dura Europos (middle 3rd to
first half of the 2nd century BC) 154 On the Greek mainland broad-rooms al-
ready occur in palatial architecture from the late 4th century BC, for instance
the House 0f the Rape of Helen at Pella, and later in the Hellenistic period,
for example the palace of Demetrius (western wing) 155 The three-room suite
consisting of a central room with access to two flanking rooms is documen-
ted in the southern wing of the palace at Verging (ancient Aígai) dating to
the second half of the 4th century BC. 156
De1Nl, De1119 (southern entrance), De1M1 and De1T2 (western en-
trance) are noteworthy because of their carefully designed axis from the en-
trance door to the door of the main room, thus providing lines of sight for
passers-by. This may be inspired by the fauces-atrium-tablinum sequence in
Italic/Roman houses. Other features can also be paralleled to the houses of
the Vesuvian cities. Porticoes combining low walls and columns or pillars are
employed in two houses on the ground floor (De1113 and De1122). Also
De112 and De1M4 (northern portico) were provided with walls between the
columns. 157 Several houses are provided with a portico placed c. 2-2.50 m in
front of the façades of the houses (Table 6). The porticoes supported exten-
sions of the upper storeys projecting into the street. 158 Identical arrangements
existed at Herculaneum and Pompeii, and are referred to in literary sources
regarding private houses in the vicinity of the Forum Romanum. 15 Judging
from textual evidence, extensions of first floors projecting over the street ex-
isted at Athens in the Archaic period, but supports are not mentioned. 160 It
should be remembered that an architectural element might have independ-
ently originated in more than one place, On Delos these porticoes were
probably introduced by the Italians/Romans and subsequently adopted by
anybody. Finally, the floor design in room f/AN in Del52 displays the T+U
design characteristic of Roman triclinia.

152
Room Q: 8.60 m2. Room R: 8.30 m2. Room 5 in the House of the Mosaics measures 3 m x 2.90
m and the andron in House Bu 7 3 x 2.65 m (Ducrey et al. 1993, 45; Robinson 1946, 128-129).
153
Nielsen 1994, 31-72 and 112-129; Nielsen 1998, 107-109.
54 For plans, see Nielsen 1994, 56, fig. 27 and 117, fig. 60.

ass For plans, see Westgate 1997-1998, 105, fig. 8; Nielsen 1994, 94, fig. 48.
156
Nielsen 1994, 82, fig. 41 and 84.
157
Bruneau 1978, 125-132.
158
Bruneau 1978, 138-145. In De1N4 there is no documentation for upstairs rooms, thus the por-
tico apparently had a purely prestigious function.
159
See also Wallace-Hadrill 1994, 108. Vitr. 5.1.1; Plín. nut. 35.37.113.
160
Raeder 1988, 344 and 344, note 61. Aristot. oik. 2.1347.4-7.
44

In De1ST6 a migveh is located below the peristyle. As sufgested by Triim-

per, the house functioned as a synagogue in its first phase. 16

INTERIOR ARCHITECTURAL DECORATION

The interior architectural decoration of the Delian houses has already
been extensively researched.1 62 Thus this section presents an overview of oc-
currence and motifs. Aspects related to the function of the decoration and its
reflection of taste and preferences among the inhabitants are also included.

WALL DECORATION (Table 1 and Table 6)

Numerous rooms were decorated with plain stucco. 163 Murals of the First
Style are also abundantly documented, whereas the Second Style is represen-
ted by one example οnly.164 The First Style on Delos is characterized by the
following elements from bottom to top: plinth, orthostates, string course,
isodomic courses of drafted panels, cornice and monochrome zone or entab-
lature (painted or in relief). The simplest versions of the First Style make use
of incisions and a limited range of colours, the more complex paintings of re-
lief and a wider range of colours. 165
Figurative friezes with an average height of 0.15 cm sometimes enriched
First-Style paintings. They were deliberately placed at eye-level within the
decorative system in order to be viewed in the best possible way. The motifs
comprise festoons, chariot race with Nikes, playing or running Erotes. They
occur in seven houses (De1122, De1125, DelST1, De1ST2, De1ST6, De1M1,
De1T2). The more complex motifs include scenes from various ancient plays
(De1N21), the Judgement of Paris (De1ST7), person holding a palm branch?
(De1P2), gods and an initiation scene (De1T37), battle between Greeks and
barbarians (De1T41), scene with Ariadne and Dionysos (De1T47). 166
Only three friezes are documented in ground-floor rooms: the main room
of De1121, room g (reception room) of De1M1 and the peristyle in De1T2.
The rest decorated upstairs rooms (Table 6). In De1122, De1T41 and
De1T47 these upstairs rooms belonged to independent habitation units,
judging from the location of and access to staircases, i.e. either external stair-
cases or internal staircases with separate access (Table 6). De1STl, De1ST2,
De1ST6, De1ST7 and DelΡ2 are provided with an internal staircase, and thus
the upper floor belonged to the ground floor. In De1T37 the relation

'61 Trümper 1998 , 223.

.

'62 Wall decoration: Chamonard 1922-1924, 357-391; Bezerra de Menses 1984; Bruno 1985;

Kreeb 1988; Alabe 1993; Alabe 1995. Pavements: Bruneau 1972; Baldassarre 1976; Joyce 1979; Kreeb
1988; Guimier-Sorbets/Henna 1992; Westgate 1997-1998, especially 108-115.
These rooms are not registered in the catalogue.
'64 Andreou considers it unsuitable to employ `First Style'on Greek wall-paintings because of the
differences between these and the Pompeian wall-paintings (1988, 214).
For categories, see Chamonard 1922-1924, 359; Alabe 1995, 195-196. For illustration, see also
Bruneau/Ducat 1983, 82, fig. 15.
166 Cf. Kreeb 1988, 55, table IX and 57, table X.
 45

between the ground floor and the upper storey cannot be reconstructed.
Houses particularly rich in murals on the ground-floor are De1N1, De1121,
De1N22, De1123, De1125, De1127 (main unit), De1ST3, De1ST6, De112,
De1I3, DelIS, De114, De1M5, De1M6, De1T2, De1T3, De1T6, De1T31,
De1T40, De1T41 and De1T42. It is not a coincidence that they all happen to
be houses of a certain size, i.e. that they have many rooms. The smallest
houses are DelΜ6 and De1T42 belonging to the group of 101-200 m 2 . There
are also large houses where wall-paintings are few, but of course the state of
preservation must be taken into consideration, for example Dell 19 and
De1Ml.
The Delian examples of the First Style including the friezes correspond to
the paintings of Hellenistic Greece in general, for instance murals from
Athens and Knidos (scenes of everyday life and mythological scenes). 167
The only example of the Second Style came from the upper storey of
De1124. The find comprises more than eighty fragments depicting a Corin-
thian portico decorated with festoons, and birds shown in the lower zone. 168

PAVEMENTS (Table 1 and Table 6)

The analysis concentrates on the ground-floor pavements. Tessellated mo-
saics, i.e. opus tessellatum and opus vermiculatum, pebble mosaics, chip pave-
ments, mortar pavements with and without tessera design are included in the
analysis. Their distribution is shown in Table 9. Excluded are pavements of
broken brick, tile or pottery used in service rooms or workshops, beaten
earth floors and pavements made of slabs.

Opus tessellatum and opus vermiculatum: The distinction between opus

tessellatum and opus vermiculatum depends on the size of the tesserae, the
latter employing tiny tesserae of maximum 0.4 cm. 169 The tessellated mosaics
are characterized by their polychromy and carpet-like composition consist-
ing of concentric borders framing a central field. The central field may be
left undecorated, i.e. white or black, or it may be decorated with a central ge-
ometric, floral or figural motif. This may take the shape of an inset panel, i.e.
an emblema, executed in opus vermiculatum. Sometimes there is a smaller
`doormat' mosaic which, however, is not always on alignment with the en-
trance door to the room. 170 One motif covering the entire floor surface only
occurs in three houses: Delll (courtyard, a chequer-board), DelN4 (room a
and courtyard, both with a chequer-board), Del Τ3 (room t, perspective
cubes). On the ground floor opus tessellatum is documented in twenty-five
houses and is clearly more frequent than opus vermiculatum (eight houses).
Eight houses are provided with both types on the ground floor. Emblemata

167
Athens: Wirth 1931, 55-56, pl. XX.1. Knidos: Love 1972a, 65, pl. 16, fig. 9; Love 1972b, 397,
399, ill. 4.
168
Alabe 1991, 34, figs. 1-3.
169
Thus following Bruneau (1972, 32).
v° For example De114, De1T21, De1T24, De1T25 and De1T45 (Bruneau 1972, between 256 and
257, fig. 204; 276, fig. 229; 280, fig. 234; 282, fig. 237; 296, fig. 260).
46

with figural scenes or parts of such panels are documented in Dell 13 (up-
stairs room), De1 Ν16 (ground floor), De1122 (ground floor and upstairs
room), DeΙI4 (upstairs room), Del14 (ground floor), De1T31 (upstairs
room), DelΤ41 (ground floor) and DeΙS2 (ground floor). Moreover, emblem-
ata have been removed in the following houses in ancient time: De1121
(rooms Q and R), De1122 (room AE), Dell2 (room G); De1I4 (room F),
De1Τ2 (room k) and De1S2 (rooms h/ ΑΒ and f/AN). Both opus tesellatum
and opus vermiculatum mosaics are more common in upstairs rooms than on
the ground floor.
Common geometric motifs are waves, stepped triangles or meanders,
which often decorate the borders, cubes in perspective and the lozenge pat-
tern. 171 The latter design is employed in for instance De1N16 (doormat) and
De1T41 (black grid on a white ground) 172 On a fragment from an upstairs
room of De1T4 1 stepped triangles appear to form a field with four rows of
both bl~ck and white triangles. 1'3 Chequer-boards in black-and-white with
the tesserae laid obliquely to the walls of the room decorate central fields or
entire floors, for instance De1N1 and De114. 174 The same motif is also used
as a frame, for example De1M1. Among the floral motifs a rosette forms the
central motif three times: De1128 (peristyle), De1T24 (doormat) and De1T45
(doormat). 175 A wide range of figural motifs occur: maritime motifs (dol-
phins, anchor, anchor and dolphin, trident, Triteness and Eros), theatrical
ones (such as masks), animals (for instance pigeons, leopard/panther), am-
phora (or hydria) and palm, dancing, and centaurs. Also the so-called sign of
Tanit occurs (entrance room of Dell 1). Mythological scenes include Diony-
sos riding a leopard or a Dionysiac figure riding a tiger (De114: dining
room; De1T41: peristyle), Ambrosia and Lykourgos (Dell 13, upper storey),
Athena, Hermes and a seated woman (De1N16, main room). The wheel, fre-
quent in the Classical period and symbol of Tyche, is also found (DelI2). 176
The tessellated mosaics are mainly used in covered rooms, but they are
also found in areas exposed to the weather, such as peristyles (De1127,
DelI6, De1M1, De1Τ2, De1T41) and entire courtyards (DelNl, De114,
De1I5). 17 Judging from the numerous fragments fallen from upstairs rooms,
these were also commonly decorated with opus tessellatum and opus vermicu-
latum. 17 All categories of motifs occur on the ground floor as well as on the
upper storeys. Figural motifs are found predominantly in main rooms and re-
ception rooms, while the courtyards and peristyles are decorated with geo-
metric and floral motifs. The exceptions are the Dionysiac figure in the peri-
style of De1T4I and the Erotes riding dolphins located in the corners of the

171 For details, see Bruneau 1972,.46-83.

172 Bruneau 1972, 295, no. 300, fig. 259.

Bruneau 1972, 146-149, no. 50, figs. 43-44; 295, no. 299, fig. 258.
173

174 Bruneau 1972, 127, nos. 10-12, figs. 12-15; 146, no. 45, fig. 42.

175 Bruneau 1972, 184, no. 93, figs. 102-104; 283, no. 267, figs. 234-236; 295 and 300, no. 306,

figs. 260-262.
176
For Olynthos, see Robinson/Graham 1938, 290.
177 Cf. Kreeb 1988, 53, table V-VIl.

178 Cf. Kreeb 1988, 54, table VIIl.

 47

mosaic from the peristyle in De1M1. Moreover, the two emblemata in the
porticoes of De1Τ2 depict an anchor with a dolphin and a trident.
Pebble mosaic: There are five examples of pebble mosaics: De114 (two
circles), De1N19 (plain), De1P9 (solid lozenge pattern in black and white), 179
De112 (wheel) and De1T45 (plain). The pebble mosaic and opus tessellαtum
are combined in De114 and De1T45 with the pebble mosaic decorating the
outer field. The pebble mosaic and chip pavement are combined in the peri-
style of Deli 19.
Chip pavement: This pavement type is the most common in the Delian
houses; it occurs in fifty-five houses on the ground floor, but only rarely in
upstairs rooms. Chip pavements are used in areas exposed to the weather
(for instance courtyards) as well as in prestigious rooms (main rooms and
other reception rooms). In the latter, chip pavements are most often em-
ployed in the outer field or in the border framing the central motif in opus
tessellαtum and thus emphasizing the carpet-like design. This combination of
chip pavements and opus tessellαtum is documented in several houses
(De114, De1N7, De1118 — upper storey, De1122, De1ST6 — upper storey,
DelIl — upper storey, De1I4 — the main room, De115, De1M4, De1Tl6,
De1T21, De1T23, De1T24, De1T25, De1T31).
Mortar pavement and mortar pavements with tessera design: Mortar pave-
ments are rare. There are five examples without design: De1ST2 (upper
floor), De1P1, DelI2, De1T16 and DelS2 (upper floor). The following mortar
pavements with tessera designs are documented:
Meander? Fragments from upper storey: probably from De1T2. 18o
Crosslets set in rows: DelS2, in two rooms. The crosslet is composed of
four white tesserae and one central black tessera. 181
Equally spaced rows obliquely set to the walls of the room?: DelS2. 182
The largest complexes of tessellated mosaics occur in Del Μ4 (rooms e, g,
h, í) and De1T2 (courtyard, rooms i j, k). Both are large houses with several
,

reception rooms. Moreover, a fragment of a mortar pavement with tessera

design probably came from the upper storey of De1T2. The largest complex
of mortar pavements is present in De1S2. Room AC is decorated with cross-
lets and room AH with crosslets and equally spaced rows, apparently obli-
quely set, judging from the description. Moreover, there are fragments of
mortar pavements with a scattering of tesserae from an upstairs room. This
house is also provided with tessellated mosaics including emblemata in room
h/AB (main room and dining room?) and f/AN (dining room).
There can be no doubt that the different pavement types all served the

19 Bruneau 1972, 197 and 201, no. 136, figs. 113-117.

1ß0 Bruneau 1972, 302, no. 316, fig. 269.
181
Bruneau 1972, 310, nos. 326-327, figs. 279-280.
Bruneau 1972, 310, no. 327.
182
48

function of displaying the owner's wealth, the tessellated mosaics taking the
highest position, i.e. those with figural scenes and in opus vermiculatum. In
De1T2 the mosaics are used to guide the visitor towards the main room east
of the peristyle and to stress the importance of the room with a design in
front of the entrance. The emblema in the peristyle of De1T41 is orientated
towards the northern portico. Guests arriving in the house would inevitably
see it on their way to the main room north of the peristyle or as they made
their way round the peristyle, for example to the reception room (room í) lo-
cated on the eastern side of the peristyle.
According to Bruneau, the Delian pavements chiefly date to the late 2nd
and early 1st centuries BC. 183 Thus the mosaics are a relatively late phenom-
enon in the Delian houses.

The Delian houses were in general well equipped with murals and pave-
ments. There are, however, also houses without any interior architectural
decoration, such as the 'lot des bronzes in the Northern Quarter (De118,
De119, De1N11) and in the Theatre Quarter (for instance De1T8 and
De1T17). One might wonder why some of the .large houses have no pave-
ments in the main room. This is observed in De1119, De1N21, De112, De1M1
and De1T41. Possible explanations could be that the houses were in a state
of refurbishment when the island was attacked or that carpets were em-
ployed.
The conclusion is that the interior architectural decoration is homogeneous
and that the houses display common preferences and taste. The wall-paintings
including the figurative friezes represent the Greek Hellenistic tradition. All
motifs depicted on the friezes are Greek. Apart from the Phoenician/Punic
sign of T anit, the motifs of the pavements are traditional for the Hellenistic pe-
riod in the eastern Mediterranean area. Polychrome tessellated mosaics and
chip pavements are characteristic. In De1M1 the mosaic of the peristyle was
executed by Asklepiades of Arados (ID 2497). A foreign element in Delian
floors is the Italic/Roman mortar pavements with tessera design. 184
The majority of the figural friezes came from upstairs rooms. Opus vermi-
culαtum mosaics were also a little more frequent here than on the ground
floor. In the houses from the Stadium Quarter tessellated mosaics were re-
served for upstairs rooms. Since most of the houses here have internal stair-
cases, the ground floor and the upper storey formed one habitation unit, and
these cases together with De1I4 (tessellated mosaics and figural friezes) attest
that finer decoration was reserved for the rooms of the first floor (Table b).
Independent habitation units on upper storeys also display fine decoration
(for example De1113 and De1T47).

Bruneau 1972, 99.

183

'm Simple mortar pavements without decoration are also a Greek phenomenon, for instance at
Olynthos (Westgate 1997-1998, 100).
 49

FINDS

This section concentrates on sculptural and religious finds, and epigraphi-

cal material. Contrary to the fixed decoration (i.e. wall-paintings and pave-
ments), sculpture alid altars are movable. Thus the find-spot is not necessar-
ily the original location of display. Moreover, the Delian houses display a
varying picture in their final phases. Some were emptied prior to their aban-
donment, others were destroyed and others again 'reused, for example as
storage space. Much statuary may have had a cultic function. Therefore the
groups of sculptural and religious finds overlap, and the latter only includes
dedicatory inscriptións to gods, apotropaia and paintings.

SCULPTURE (Table 1 and Table 10)

The statuary comprises sculpture in the round, reliefs, bases, in all scales
and of various materials (bronze, marble and terracotta). 185 Detailed cata-
logues of the sculptural finds have been compiled by Harvard and Kreeb.
They also provide analyses of themes, location and function. 186 The number
of finds is listed in Table 10. Portraits form their own group. The number is
reached by combining the catalogues by Harvard and Kreeb. All finds are
included, although some houses may have functioned as sculptor's work-
shops, and the original contexts of some objects are uncertain. Deli and
De1P2 are most likely to be interpreted as sculptor's workshops. De1T4,
,

De1T41 and De1T44 appear to have been used as storage space for sculpture.
This may also have been the case with De1N19. 187 The head of a portrait stat-
ue was found in De1T41 and the body in De1T4. 188 It is impossible to deter-
mine in which of the houses the statue was displayed. Moreover, the body
was found together- with a complex of statues of gods and Muses which is
traditionally supposed to come from the theatre. ~89 Queyrel, however, has
proposed that all the sculptures may come from De1 Τ41, though his conclu-
sion is that only two pieces of sculpture belong to the house with certaínty. 190

Marble statuary is the most common. The majority of the houses only have
one or two pieces. The largest number (more than thirty) came from DelI2
which is also one of the largest houses on the island. Two sculptures in
bronze were found. They came from two houses situated in the Northern
Quarter, DelΝ2 1 and De1123. The low number of terracotta statuettes, only

85
Apotropaic reliefs are dealt with in the section on religious finds.
186
Catalogues: Harvard 1987, 152-192; Kreeb 1988, 105-333. They do not always coincide.
18' Lime kilns have been found in De1Τ41 and De1T46. For De1119, Jockey has suggested that the
sculpture was carved on the spot to avoid damage during transportation (1995, 88 and 93). See also
Harvard 1987, 113.
188 For this particular case, see Queyrel 1988.

189 Mayence/Leroux 1907.

190
Queyrel 1988, 441-443.
50

in ten houses, maybe due to the fact that precise provenances are lacking for
the old excavations of the Stadium Quarter and the Theatre Qúarter. 191
The most common themes are mythological figures. Aphrodite and her
followers form the largest group, next -come Dionysos and Dionysiac image-
ry. The third largest group represents Kybele, and Herakles and herms are
also found widely. 192 Herms have been found in De1121, De1123, De1125,
DelST3, De1ST6, Delll, De112 (several), De114, De1T21, De1T34 and
De1T46.
Sculpture has been found in courtyards, peristyles, main rooms and other
rooms, and some were found in situ.193 Several finds came from upstairs
rooms including one in situ from DelI2. 194 in the ground floor most finds
came from the courtyard.
Sculpture in the private sphere appears to have originated from a purely
religious function which may explain why ancient authors do not mention it
in connection with the beginning of luxurious decoration of the Athenian
private houses in the late 5th century BC. 195 The distinction between a reli-
gious and a decorative function is difficult to determine, but in the late Hel-
lenistic period the function appears to have been primarily decorative,
though herms probably kept their religious function. In addition, other stat-
uary from the Delian houses apparently had a religious function, in the form
of apotropaia, votive offerings or cult images. This applies for instance to the
Artemis relief from De1123, the relief depicting Agathodaimon and prob-
ably Sarapis and Isis found in De1P9, the nymph statuette from the niche on
the south side of the courtyard in DelI2 and the Hermes herm from the sec-
ond floor of the same house. Furthermore, a base with a triangular hole was
found in situ in a niche in room c (main room) of De1 Ρ36. This points to the
existence of a Hekateion.
The location of display was often carefully chosen in order to impress visi-
tors to the house and to emphasize certain rooms. This is obvious in Dell2
where the statue was displayed in the main room (only the base is left). In
Del14 the herm stood in the north-east corner of the peristyle. Thus it
would be seen on the way to the reception rooms situated on the east, north
and west sides of the peristyle. In De ΙT25 the statue group of Artemis and
deer was exhibited on a raised position in the courtyard and was visible from
the entrance and from the street when the door was open. A statue of Posei-
don was displayed in the peristyle of De1T41, and it was meant to be seen
from the main room. 196
DelI2 should be commented on, as it was filled with statuary: Aphrodite,

191 The Stadium Quarter: Laumónier 1956, nos. 328, 387, 500, 592, 610, 716, 1050 and 1337; The
Stadium Quarter and the Theatre Quarter: Kreeb 1988, 178-179, 266-271, 276-278, 281, 289 and
304-309.
192 Cf. Harvard 1987, 119-120, table 1; Kreeb 1988, 58-60.

193 Cf. Kreeb 1988, 48, table I -Il and 49, table IlI.
194
Cf. Kreeb 1988, 50, table ΙΙ --.

195
Harvard 1987, especially 57-79 and 98-100. Sculpture in domestic context is referred to no
earlier than the late 4th century BC (Harvard 1987, 80).
196
For these lines of sight, see Kreeb 1988, 18, fig. 2.2; 20, fig. 2.3; 29, fig. 2.6; 34-35, figs. 2.7-2.8;
36, fig. 2.9; 41, fig. 2.11.
 51

Artemis, a nymph, several herms (both on the ground floor and upper stor-
eys) and apparently an `antique' made by the famous Praxiteles in the 4th
century BC. Of the latter only the base is left; it was displayed in the main
room, while several herms appear to have been located in the courtyard.
Portraits in domestic setting: The portraits from the houses are singled out
as they represent an important element of the private display of the inhabi-
tants; they are an example of a public element transferred to the private
sphere.
Ten portraits, maybe twelve, came from secure contexts. Unfortunately,
the base is all that is left in some of the cases, the heads are lacking in other
cases and one portrait is very fragmentary. The five portraits from uncertain
contexts will not be commented on (De1119 and De1T41).
De1N11: Several fragments of a male head in marble came from the de-
struction layer. 197 The style appears to be identical with the portraits from
De1123. Fragments of shoulders and chest were also found.
De1123: Two male busts in marble. ~98 They were displayed on the first
floor, apparently reversed around a central axis. The portraits are executed
in the verist style.
De1127: Male head in marble. 199 The precise find-spot is unknown.
De1ST2: Inscribed marble base found in room g (ID 1802). It once sup-
ported a statue in bronze displayed on the first floor: The inscription states
that three freedmen with Greek cognomina erected the statue of their patron
Q. Tullius.
DeΙI6: Part of inscribed marble base for statue (ID 1724). The exact find-
spot is unknown. The inscription states that three members of the gens Eg-
natius erected the statue of their benefactor Philostatos from Askelon.
De114: Male statue in marble. It was found in room g or room e fallen
from the upper storey. He wears a himation. According to Michalowski, the
man is Greek or Oriental rather than Roman due to his bare feet . 200
De1T7: Male head in marble 2 01 It was found in room f. The hair is not fin-
ished at the back of the head, suggesting that the portrait was displayed in a
niche or set against the wall.
De1T16: Two statues in marble of the Athenian couple Kleopatra and Di-
oskourides, from the deme Myrrinous. 202 The inscribed base was found in
situ in the door opening to room f (ID 1987). The heads are not preserved.
The inscription reveals that Kleopatra had the statue of her husband (and
herself) erected. The offerings of her husband in the Sanctuary of Apollo are
also mentioned. The inscription is dated to 138/137 BC during the archon-
tate of Timarchos. Whether this date refers to the erection of the statues or
to the votive offerings must be left unanswered. The statue of Kleopatra rep-

197Siebert _978, 852, fig, 5.

198
Siebert .969, 1043, fig. 22; Siebert 1975, 719, fig. 5. Marcadé 1990, pls. 17.5 and 17.6.
199 Míchalowskí 1932, pls. XXI-XXII. Dated to the period after 69 BC by Stewart (1979, 68).
200 Michalowski 1932, 62 and pls. ΧLΙΙ-XLΙΝ.

20! Michalowski. 1932, pl. XXIII.

202
Marcadé 1969, pls. LXV-LXVI and LXVI ΙΙ.
52

resents a Hellenistic standard type wearing a chiton and a transparent himat-

ion; her pose follows the Pudicitia type. The setting of the statues appears to
have been in a kind of naiskos which brings the couple into a divine
sphere. 203
Portraits may also have been erected on the marble bases from De1N11
and De1T25 (room c of House S). Finally, there are two inscribed marble
fragments of a statue base that might come from DelI4. The exact find-spot
in unknown. Judging from the inscription, the Roman Vicirius was honoured
with a statue because of his righteousness. 204
In three houses the portraits were displayed on the first floor (De1123,
De1ST2, De114 — probably independent unit on the upper storey) and in
one house on the ground floor (De1Tl6). The location of display is problem-
atic in the other houses. In DelT7 the ground floor appears to have been the
most likely location, since there is no evidence for an upper storey (Table 6).
Some statues or busts were erected by, and in the home of, the person
portrayed (De1T16 and most likely De1123). Others were honoured because
of their goodness and displayed either in their own home or in the home of
the donors (DelST2 and De ΙI6).
Three of the portraits are executed in the verist style which is characteris-
tic of the so-called Roman portraits on Delos (De1N11 and De1123). The
persons are identified as Romans based on the short-cropped hair and the
style of the portraits in general. 205 The assumption that the man portrayed in
the statue from the upper storey of Del Μ4 was Greek or Oriental rather than
Roman must be rejected. Maybe a forever inspired by the Greek milieu
chose to be portrayed in a mantle only. 2 It should be stressed that the Del-
ian material documents portraits of Greeks in a domestic context. Harvard
has suggested that family portraits were introduced in private houses already
during the 4th century BC as part of the ancestral commemoration and as a
parallel to the portraits dedicated in the Greek sanctuaries 2 07
The sculptural finds display homogeneity with a clear predominance of
Greek themes. However, different foreign influences are also present such as
Oriental, Alexandrinian (for example the herm of Harpokrates from
De1125) and Italic/Rοman.208 The latter applies in particular to the portraits
executed in the verist style revealing the origin of the portrayed. Statuary and
also portraits are well documented in relation to upper storeys. The prestige-
enhancing function of the sculpture is evident from the carefully selected lo-
cation of display.

203Kreeb 1985b, especially 55-59; Kreeb 1988, 20, fig. 2.3; Trümper 1998, 334, fig. 66.
204His name is written in the accusative which is the case used in relation to erections of statues
on Delos (ID 2011) (Poccetti 1984, 651).
203
Marcadé 1969, 273 and 308-336; Stewart 1979, especially 67-69 and 142-145; Smith 1981.
206 This was for instance the case with the colossal statue of C. Ofellíus Ferns who is presented in

heroic nudity. The statue came from the Agora of the Italians.
207 Harvard 1987, 140.

200 The different influences on Delian sculpture have been studied in detail by Marcadé (1%9,
307-354; 355-405; 407-467).
 53

209
RELIGIOUS FINDS
Dedications: Dedicatory inscriptions from various objects such as statu-
ary, altars and a censer reveal that the Greek gods were predominant: Zeus
Kynthios in De1114; Zeus Pasios, Poseidon, Apollo, Herakles and Artemis
(De1123, censer); Artemis (De1P3, De1T6, DelSl); Artemis Soteira (De1P8)
and Hermes (De112).
Apotropaia: Apotropaia (reliefs and mosaic motif) have been found in re-
lation to eight houses (DelNS, De1119, De1127, De1129, De1I3, DelIl,
De1T41, De1S2) 21° De1N27 was provided with three apotropaia and De1S2
with four. The repertoire comprises phalli (most common), symbols of the
Dioskouroi and Herakles. The only motif symbolizing a foreign divinity is
the sign of Tank from De1Ml.
Religious paintings (Table 1 and Table 11): The group of religious paint-
ings provides important evidence for the religious life of the inhabitants of
Delos. They were painted directly on the house façades next to the entrance
door, and/or in niches and on altars located immediately next to the en-
trance door. A few examples were painted inside rooms. The paintings are in
fresco technique and dated to the period from c. 125/120 to 69 BC. 11 They
were renewed several times. There may be up to twelve layers. The motifs
belong to two categories: 212 1) Sacrificial scenes with altar and male partici-
pants dressed in toga with covered head or dressed in himations and
wreathed. Servant with the sacrificial animal (a pig). Games (boxers or wres-
tlers) and the prizes to win. 2) Various gods, heroes and mythical figures, es-
pecially Hermes and Herakles. Various divine attributes, such as the club of
Herakles and the caduceus of Hermes.
There is now consensus that the paintings from the first group depict
events taking place in relation with the Compitalia, the festival celebrated in
honour of the Roman Lares Compitales of the crossroads. 213 The second
group of motifs relates to the other gods and heroes worshipped by the
Compitaliastai, for example Hermes and Herakles as protectors of the home.
The name comes from the Latin compitum referring to the crossroad
where the lares were worshipped. On Delos the Lares Cómpitales were wor-
shipped by the Compitalíastai. Several dedicatory inscriptions are preserved
from this college. 214 The majority of these came from the Agora of the Com-

209
Finds from houses serving as storage space or a sculptor's workshop are not included.
2~° Bruneai 1970, 643-648; Marcadé 1973.
211
Based on investigations of the paintings from De1N26 (Bezerra de Meneses/Sarian 1973, 99
and 104; Bruneau 1970, 619).
212
See for instance Bulard 1926a, pl. XI ΙΙ.
213 The paintings were originally published by Bulard who misínterpretedthe sacrificial scenes as

relating to the Roman domestic cult introduced by the Roman merchant colony. He based the inter-
pretation on the fragmentary painted inscription AGAT (from De11112), accordingly reconstructed as
Agathodaímon; the Roman Genius. Bulard admitted, however, that AGAT could be a personal name
as suggested earlier by Plassart (Bulard 1926b, 10-11; Plassart 1916, 211). For the history of research
on this particular subject, see Bruneau 1970, 589-615.
2t4 ID 1760-1771.
54

pitaliastai/Hermaista~~located next to the Sanctuary of Apollo. The agora it-

self formed a crossroad. The dating of the inscriptions, all written in Greek,
indicates that the college was established around 100 BC or a little earlier. 215
The names of the Compitaliastai reveal that they were freedmen or slaves 2 16
Heading the college were magistrates equivalent to the vico magistri or mag-
istri vicorum in Italy.217

The distribution of the religious paintings is shown in Table 11. Twenty-

five houses have remains of paintings, but counted as individual habitation
units their number is twenty-seven (De1126 consists of two units on the
ground floor, and the upper storey of De1T5 constitutes a separate unit).
This is close to one fourth of the houses included in this work (23/24 per
cent): eight houses/nine units in the Northern Quarter, three houses in the
Stadium Quarter, one house in the Inopos Quarter, two houses in the House
of the Masks'Quarter, ten houses/eleven units in the Theatre Quarter, and
one house in the Southern Zone. What is also clear from the table is that,
apart from the Area of the Sanctuary of Aphrodite (only two houses) and the
Peribolos Street, the paintings are located all over the city. The highest con-
centration is found around the Îlot des bronzes, in the Stadium Quarter (al-
most half the houses), and in the southern part of insula II in the Theatre
Quarter.
In four cases the paintings are inside a room (De1N5, De1120, De1T36,
De1S2). This is surprising, as the Lares Compitales were worshipped outside.
The indoor location of the painting of De1N5 is due to a later alteration of
the house. As far as De1T3 ~~is concerned, the state of preservation does not
allow a certain ascription to the Lares Compitales cult, but the motifs of
De1N20 and DelS2leave no doubt about the identification.
It is important to note that the cult of Lares Compitales is documented in
relation to a wide variety of houses: modest houses, larger ones, units on up-
per storeys, houses with simple courtyards and houses with porticoes and
peristyles (for instance De1N11, Dell 13, De112 and Dell 1) (Table 1).

The altar is most often placed immediately to the right of the entrance
door or to the left. Different locations also occur, for example at the corner
of the insulti (De1N10), opposite the entrance (De117), immediately inside
the alley/corridor leading to the house (DelT13) Finally, there is one altar
inside a room (De1T36), but it may have been intended for a domestic cult
instead of the Lares Compitales.
In eight houses there are altars or remains of altars without paintings
(De1113 — upper storey, De1ST4, De1ST6, De1I4, De11114, De115, De1M6,
De1T6). These altars are all located to the right of the door (at the corner of
the house in the case of DelI4), and thus it is reasonable to relate them to the

215 1)1760-1764 dated to 100/99 — 93/92 BC (Bruneau 1970, 615).

216
Boak 1916, 37; Bruneau 1970, 615-616 and 619-620.
217 Boak 1916, 38-39; Bruneau 1970, 617-619; Flambard 1983, 70-71; Bakker 1994, 202-203.
 55

Lares Compitales cult as well? 18 This brings the number of houses up to thir-
ty-three, representing thirty-five units (30/32 per cent). In total almost one
third of the houses can be related to the Lares Compitales cult.
Moreover, niches without traces of paintings have been located to the
right of the entrance in six houses (De1121, De1122, De1T2, De1T31,
De1T42, De1 Α2). Here the identification is more problematic, as these niches
may have served a purely practical function, i.e. location for lamps. But if
these are included the number reaches a total of thirty-nine houses/forty-one
units (35/37 per cent).

The analysis has shown that the cult of the Lares Compitales was wide-
spread on the island, probably from the last quarter of the 2nd century BC
onwards. The question is whether the paintings can be used as evidence for
the origin of the inhabitants of the houses, since it is not known who decided
to have them painted, i.e. the owner of the house or the magistrates of the
Compitaliastai. If the latter were the case, it would mean that the paintings
did not necessarily have anything to do with the house and its inhabitants.
But the location of the paintings in the immediate vicinity of the entrance
speaks in favour of a link between them and the inhabitants. Instead of plac-
ing them at the crossroads that were the natural location for such images in
Italy, they were placed at the door of a member of the Compitaliastai.
The combination of the Roman element (sacrificial scene) and the Greek
element (Greek gods and heroes) in the paintings reflects the influence from
the Greek setting. This also explains the existence of sacrificial scenes both
according to Roman custom (toga and covered heads) and to Greek custom
(himations and wreathed). Seven of the depicted persons are named, all
bearing Greek names. Six of the names are written in Latin. The most telling
example is a painting from De1126 where the three magistrates sacrifice in
the Greek way, and their names are written in Latin: ΡΗΕΟGIΡΙΑSΟΝ. 219

The paintings and the cult of the Lares Compitales suggest that the inhab-
itants of the house were Compitaliastai, thus a high percentage of the inhabi-
tants of Delos must have been slaves or freedmen. The paintings cannot re-
veal whether the houses belonged to freedmen or if these lived together with
their patrons in the houses. Both cases are likely.
From the Delian material it appears that the cult of the Lares Compitales
changed on foreign ground. The administration was identical to the one in
Italy, but at Delos the Compitaliastai also worshipped other gods and sacri-
ficed in the Greek way. The paintings inside the houses should probably be
seen in the same light, i.e. as a local solution or respond to the situation on
Delos.

218 According to Siebert, a small conical column in granite located to the right of the entrance of

De1114 might have formed the core of an altar (2001, 31, note 60).
219 Bezerra de Meneses/Sarian 1973, 89-90, figs. 21-22.
56

22Ο
EPIGRAPHICAL MgTF.RT Ι,

Personal names inscribed on various objects may provide the names of the .

inhabitant(s) of a given house. It should, however, be remembered that some

of the objects are easily movable (for instance altars) and that houses may
have had several owners.
The inscriptions are the following:
De117: Base. Dionysios and wife.
De1N14: Altar? Lucius Pinarius.
De1ST2: ID 1802: Statue base for portrait. Three freedmen, Herakleon,
Alexandros and Aristarchos, erected the statue of their patron Q. Tullius
who is known from other Delian inscriptions 221 A Herakleon was president
of the Compitaliastai in 98/97 BC2 22
De1ST6: ID 2329: Base. The use of the expression επι προσεΝ%Η t in the in-
scription indicates that the two Jews, Agathokles and Lysimachos, made the
dedication. 223
De1P3: ID 2370: Altar. Euporos and Kleudikos.
De1P8: ID 2378: Statuette base in situ. Spurius Stertinius dedicated a stat-
uette of Artemis Soteira. He is described as Roman in other Delian inscrip-
tions.u4
De1I2: Base of herm. Dionysios Paconius Neoteros dedicated a herm of
Hermes. He was a freedman or a slave. The gens Paconius is well knovm
from several Delian inscriptions 225
DeΙI6: ID 1724: Statue base for portrait. Three freedmen/slaves or sons of
Q. Egnatius (Publius, Gaíus and Gnaeus) are described as Romans. They
dedicated a statue of Philostratos of Askelon who is also mentioned in other
Delian inscriptions. He was a banker and dedicated gold rhyta in the Sanctu-
ary of Apollo, a sanctuary to the gods of his hometown on Kynthos, and he
financed the northern portico of the Agora of the Italians.
DelΤ16: ID 2372: Base. Thrason.
De1T16: ID 1987: Statue base for portraits in situ. The couple Kleopatra
and Dioskourides from Athens. Fifteen members of the family are known
from Delos 226
DelS1: ID 2371: Statue base. Aristoboulos.
Painted inscriptions: These are related to the religious paintings naming
the depicted persons. The inscriptions give the paintings a historic content,
but there need not be a direct connection between the persons named in the
inscriptions and the inhabitants of the house.
De1126: Three Compitaliastai: Theo(genes), Hip. and Iason.
De1ST3: Two Compitaliastai: Chrysippos and Heliodoros or Heliofon.

220 Finds from houses serving as a sculptor's workshop or as storage space are not included.
221 ID
1730 and ΙD 2628.
222 r
1761.
223
Bruneau 1982a, 467-475 and 499-502.
224 r
1687, ΙD 2155-2156, ID 2379, r 2446 and r 2499.
r Flambard 1983, 72-74; Sohn 1983, 101-104; Rauh 1993, 222-230.
226
For the activities of the family on Delos, see Kreeb 1985b, 43-45.
 57

Parmenion. Both a Chrysippos and a Heliodoros are mentioned in dedica-

tions made by the Compitalíastai. 227
De112: Servant by the name Agathokles.

THE HOUSING OF DELOS

Originally Delian housing consisted to a large extent of modest courtyard

houses of similar size and internal layout (Triimper's "kanonische Normal-
haus"), but the houses underwent numerous alterations in order to enrich
both architecture and interior decoration. The role of the house as a place
for private display and self-representation is reflected in the extensions of
plots (horizontally as well as vertically), addition of peristyles and porticoes,
large and/or many reception rooms and carefully planned interior decoration
including the display of portraits. In general, the courtyard and peristyle had
become a decorated display area. 228 Despite all these modifications, the sim-
ple courtyard, however, remained the most common circulation space with
peristyle courts forming the second largest group. Some houses were not
subjected to major changes, for example DeliTi and DelS1.
On the one hand, the character of the Delian housing testifies to the
Greek tradition represented by the pastas — or prostas-like area in front of
main room(s), peristyles, the prevalent main room complex (N1), square din-
ing rooms, and the motifs employed in the interior decoration (especially
Aphrodite, Dionysos, maritime and theatrical themes). On the other hand,
there is a considerable Italic/Roman influence, both on architecture, interior
decoration, sculpture, and the religious life. These intrusive elements include
axiality in the layout, porticoes combining low walls and supports (columns
or pillars), many upstairs units, porticoes supporting upstairs units extending
into the street, mortar pavements with tessera design, floor surfaces decor-
ated with the chequer-board design, the verist style in portraiture and the
cult of the Lares Compitales. The influence is especially detectable in the
Northern Quarter: Campanian porticoes (De112, De1113, De1122), Sec-
ond-Style wall-painting (De1124), chequer-board (Dell l, De1 Ν4, De1125),
three portraits in the verist style (De1N11, De1123), nine habitation units
with the Lares Compitales cult and possibly in connection with three more.
Another considerable influence is the multifunctional broad-room, often
communicating with small additional rooms, adopted from the Orient. Oth-
er foreign elements comprise apotropaic and decorative elements (De1M1,
DellT2) and various influences on the sculpture. As evidenced by the Lares
Compitales paintings, slaves and freedmen inhabited many of the houses.
Another characteristic feature of Delian housing is the great variety of
habitation units ranging from shops to palace-like houses and upstairs units.
This variety reflects the different needs and financial capabilities of the in-
habitants. However, it should be remembered that mere size might not nec-
essarily reflect the economic potential and status of the inhabitant, since the

22' ID
1768 and ΙD 1769 (Bruneau 1970, 600).
228 For example De1127, De112, De114, De1T16, De1T25 and De1T41.
58

freedom of choice to built at discretion to some extent must have depended

on available space. External staircases provide evidence for the existence of
independent units on the first floor, but their layouts are not reconstructible,
and at the same time the ground-floor unit may have had access to upstairs
rooms reached by an internal staircase which is not documented in the ar-
chaeological record. In all cases, however, privacy would be hard to maintain
in houses where the inhabitants of the independent upstairs units could fol-
low the activities in the courtyard. 229
Houses to be noted: The many Italíc/Roman elements in the Northern
Quarter, also including a gladius sword in De1N24, indicate that a great
number of Italians/Romans settled here. However, the `perfect' pastas-peri-
style house (De1125) is situated in this quarter, and the characteristic main
room complex (N1, 11*, E1, S1, WI) occurs several times. Furthermore,
there are pastas — or prοstas-like areas in more houses. In the following some
of the houses which display a mixture of different traditions and/or are par-
ticularly rich in interior architectural decoration and finds, and/or provide
indications of the origin of the inhabitants will be commented on.
De1N4 has an irregular ground plan of 285 m 2 and may appear somewhat
modest at first sight, but the house is particularly rich in pavements, and its
main room complex is unique on Delos. The internal layout comprises an en-
trance room (room a), courtyard (room b), service rooms (room c), square
dining room (room e). opposite the entrance and main room (room f) and ad-
ditional rooms (rooms g, h, . h') north of the courtyard. A portico is located in
front of the entrance, but apparently it did not support upstairs rooms, as no
finds from an upper floor have been recorded. The entire surface of the en-
trance room and courtyard is decorated with an opus tessellatum mosaic de-
picting a bicolour chequer-board. Also the dining room has a tessellated mo-
saic (no figurative motifs). The main room complex consists of a broad-room
(room f, dining room) and a three-room suite at the back: an open-fronted
room or exedra (room g) with a room on either side. Access to the side
rooms was achieved through the exedra only. The pavement in the broad-
room is composed of a central field in opus tessellatum (no figurative motifs)
and a pebble mosaic for the surround. Architectural decoration in the exedra
includes a pebble mosaic decorated with two circles and First-Style murals.
The layout and internal arrangement of De1121, 515 m 2, resembles the
royal architecture of Macedonia with its hufe peristyle of c. 156 m 2 (4 χ 4
columns) and dining rooms of varying sizes. 30 Judging from the presence of
drainage, the main room (N, broad-room) with a small room on either side
(rooms M, O) was used for dining. Again access to the side rooms was ach-
ieved through the central room where scenes from various plays decorated
the walls. On the west side of the peristyle two three-couch dining rooms are
located. Unfortunately, the emblemata have been removed. Sculptural finds
include pieces in both marble and terracotta, for instance a statue of Diony-
sos found in the peristyle and room AJ. The statue is weathered which indí-

229 Siebert rightly questions the strict privacy of the Dehan houses (1998, 171-173).
230 Tríimper 1998, table 1.
 59

cates that it was displayed in the open. Members of the household may have
worshipped the Lares Compitales (niche without paintings). An independent
habitation unit existed on the first floor.
In De1122 (415 m2) the courtyard was provided with two Campanian por-
ticoes. Two emblemata (one removed) decorated the central field of the mo-
saic in the dining room (room ΑΕ) north of the courtyard. The alignment of
the motif, a Triteness, in the remaining emblema and the door in the east
wall would seem to preclude a continuous row of dining couches. The large
square rooms AF and AG of c. 33-34 m2 may also have functioned as recep-
tion rooms. Furthermore, the house had two bathrooms (bathtub "à sabot"
and sweat-bath). The upstairs rooms belonged to a separate unit whose inte-
rior architectural decoration included an emblema depicting a bird and figu-
rative friezes showing Nikes.
The owners of De1123 (257 m2) were presumably the two portrayed men
(busts in marble). Judging from the verist portrait style, they can be identi-
fied as Italians/Romans. Their involvement in late Hellenistic commerce is
documented by the c. 16,000 seals coming from papyrus contracts kept in
the archive located on the upper storey and by the large amount of amphor-
ae found in ground-floor rooms. 231 According to Boussac, it is likely that the
archive was both private and public. The house has a clear internal division.
On the ground floor the western part constituted the living area with court-
yard (room 8), pastas — or prostas-like area (room 8') and main room (room
µ), while storerooms and workrooms were located in the eastern part. 232 Ac-
cess to the upper storey was by the staircase located immediately to the left
inside the entrance room (room η). On the upper storey the office with the
archive was situated to the west and living rooms to the east, including a
kitchen and a possible cult room. 233 Both ground-floor rooms and upstairs
rooms were decorated with opus tessellatum, chip pavements and murals.
Moreover, statuary was displayed both on the ground floor and upper storey.
A bronze herm (not preserved) was probably erected on the marble base in
front of the Doric column between the courtyard and pastas-like area. 234
Sculptural finds from the first floor include for instance the portraits, statu-
ary in bronze and terracotta, and a votive relief depicting a sacrifice to Arte-
mis. The marble censer with names of several Greek gods should also be sin-
gled out, as it demonstrates the mixed culture expressed by the inhabitants.
It may not be a coincidence that the Lares Compitales cult is not attested
in connection with the perfectly laid out pastas-peristyle house De1N25, and
it is likely that the house was inhabited, or at least built, by Greeks from the
mainland. Most rooms on the ground floor were provided with murals, and a
bicolour chequer-board mosaic decorated the central part of the peristyle.
The only statuary from the house is a Harpokrates herm.
De1ST2 is a slightly modified "kanonische Normalhaus" (190 m 2) with a

231 Boussac 1988; Boussac 1993. Rauh has suggested that the house belonged to the banker family

Aufidíus (1993, 215-219).

232
The main room and room λ were used as storage space (amphorae) at the time of destruction.
23 This strict division may be due to influence from the Roman villa (Siebert 2001, 95).

234 Siebert 2001, 97-98.

60

narrow, rectangular ground plan, entrance room (room a) on the west side,
latrine in the front part of the plot and main room (room g) with two rooms
at the back north of the peristyle (2 x 2 columns). It is not clear whether the
peristyle is original or was added later. The upstairs rooms (internal staircase
in the entrance room) were decorated with mosaics, figurative friezes
(Brotes, festoons) and statuary: the statue of Q. Tullius was displayed here.
Fragments of a mortar pavement also came from the first floor. It cannot be
determined whether the house belonged to Q. Tullius or his freedmen that
erected the statue. It is possible that the owner was Q. Tullius, but that most
of the time the freedmen resided in the house and took care of their patron's
business. In any case, there is documentation for the cult of the Lares Com-
pitales. On the south side paintings are located on walls (originally, the en-
trance was here), and on the west side on walls and altar.
The question is how the presence of both a migveh and a Lares Compi-
tales altar can be explained in the case of De1ST6. Rauh has suggested that
the Jews living in the house were members of the C οmpitaliastai. 235 The ex-
planation offered by Triimper is, however, more plausible 2 36 In the first
phase of the house there were two entrances directly from the street to the
courtyard on the north side. The migveh below the courtyard indicates that
the house functioned as a Jewish meeting house or that it was a private house
with facilities for the whole Jewish community on the island. In the second
phase the entrances on the northern side were closed as new inhabitants who
were members of the Compitaliastai moved in. The peristyle without a stylo-
bate also belongs to a later phase.
The statuette base of Artemis Soteira located in a niche in the entrance
room (room 28) documents that Sp. Stertinius lived in De1P8. The entrance
room, a long and narrow corridor, leads to the courtyard with the main room
on its southern side. First-Style murals are documented in relation to the
main room and upstairs rooms. Due to the row of shops facing the Peribolos
Street, most of the houses situated here were entered through long and nar-
row corridors, and upstairs rooms projecting into the street were common,
judging from the porticoes built in front of De1P6, De1P7 and De1P8.
De112 is one of the largest Delian houses with an area of c. 708 m2 . There
were four storeys, but owing to its split-level design no part of the house
comprised all four storeys. The question is whether the freedmen Dionysíos
Paconius Neoteros lived here together with other members of the college
mentioned in the dedicatory inscription of the Hermes herm or if freemen of
the gens Paconius inhabited it. The dedicatory inscription is inscribed on the
base of the Hermes herm erected in a niche located on the second floor of
the southern part of the house. According to Triimper, the first phase of the
house consisted of the upper southern part only. The two-storeyed northern
part with its service rooms, courtyard with three porticoes and a nym-
phaeum, a statue made by the famous Praxiteles, herms and dining room
(room G) was built in the second phase, and most likely the northern and

235 Rauh 1993, 204 and note 22.

236
Tiimper 1998, 223.
 61

southern part constituted two separate habitation units. 237 The southern en-
trance is generally regarded as the main entrance of the house, but there was
no axis or vista from the southern entrance to the statue located in the main
room in the northern part. 238 Moreover, the use of marble for the doorposts
and threshold of the northern entrance defines it as a primary entrance. Reli-
gious paintings related to the cult of the Lares Compitales were found to the
right of the door. Maybe the patron resided in the northern part and his
freedmen and slaves in the southern part. 239 The northern part of the house is
particularly interesting, as it comprises Greek elements well known from
Classical domestic contexts: the 11-main room complex (rooms D, E, F),
dining room or andrοn (room G) with raised platforms and pebble mosaic
decorated with a wheel, and herms. The `antique' made by Praxiteles on dis-
play in the main room and the Archaizing style of the Hermes herm from the
second floor enhance this `Greekness'. It appears that the Italic/Roman in-
habitants created their version of an `ideal' Greek house. 240 The house was
richly decorated with murals and pavements, but tessellated mosaics are only
attested from the upper storeys. Sculptural finds also include statuettes of
Aphrodite and Artemis from the upper storeys.
The Phoenician Philostratos of Askelon or the three brothers from the
gens Egnatíí may have resided in DelI6. Although the house is only partially
excavated, it appears to have been of a certain extension, as the peristyle had
4 x 4 columns.
De1M1 of 404 m2 is noteworthy for its axiality from the southern entrance
(room a) through the large peristyle (4 x 4 columns) to the central door of
the main room (broad-room, room h) with two additional rooms (rooms í, j)
to the east. There were service rooms (bath/kitchen and latrine), additional
reception rooms (rooms f, g) east of the peristyle, and upstairs rooms pro-
jecting into the street. The sign of Tanit decorating the mosaic of the en-
trance room suggests that a Phoenician built the house and inhabited it for a
period of time. The mosaic of the peristyle was made by a Phoenician too,
Asklepiades from Arados. At a later time members of the Compitaliastai may
have moved in and installed the altars and niches. Various scenes with Erotes
decorated the figurative friezes in room g. A spacious peristyle was achieved
by the layout with rooms on three sides only.
Due to its area (c. 655 m2) and four dining rooms (rooms e, g, h, i) richly
decorated with mosaics, Del Μ4 may have functioned as a clubhouse for an
association. The courtyard has a Rhodian peristyle (4 x 4 columns), and all
the dining rooms are located around the northern portico. A herm was dis-
played to the right of the entrance to the largest of the rooms (room g). The
portrait fallen from the upper storey may have belonged to a separate unit or
to upstairs rooms of the house. There is, however, no evidence for an inter-

23' Trümper 1998, 238-240. The two parts have different alignments, and also the internal door
system speaks in favour of this interpretation.
2}8 Kreeb 1984, 325-326; Kreeb 1988, 37-40.

239 Regarding the question of inhabitants, see Harvard 1987, 132-133; Rauh 1993, 223-330; Pe-

sando 1997, 329-334; Trümper 1998, 240.

240 Pes an do speaks of a kind of "musealizzazione" (1997, 332-334).
62

nal staircase. Other sculptural finds from the first floor include an enthroned
god, female statuette, a youth, and herm base. Probably there were members
of the Compitaliastai residing in the house (altar, no paintings are pre-
served).
De1T2 of 286 m2 also has an axis from the entrance (room a on the west
side) through the peristyle to the main room and dining room (broad-room,
room k). Moreover, there is a Rhodian peristyle, additional dining rooms
(rooms i, j), many tessellated mosaics and figurative friezes with Erotes and
festoons from the peristyle. A fragment of a mortar pavement (with a mean-
der?) probably came from an upstairs room. Whether the Lares Compitales
were worshipped cannot be determined (niche without paintings). The
house has both an internal staircase and an internal one with separate access.
De1T2 may have been built by a Syrian or have had a Syrian owner at a cer-
tain time because of the lion and bull protomes decorating the consoles of
the eastern portico. 241 The lion and bull are attributes of the Syrian gods
Atargatis and Ηadad. 242 The lions are executed in a style similar to finds from
the area of the Sanctuary of the Syrian Gods. 243 The combination of lion and
bull protomes occurs on two temples in Ηeliopolis. 244 Moreover, stucco
masks depicting men with tall pointed hats have been found within the
house and may be identified as S~yrían priests 24s
De1T16 with an area of 405 m represents an example of plot extension by
purchasing the neighbouring house. A peristyle (3 χ 4 columns) was added,
although there was hardly room for ít. The northern and southern porticoes
are only 1 m-1.5 m deep. In the third phase two portrait statues of the own-
ers, the Athenian couple Kleopatra and Dioskourides, were erected and dis-
played in a naiskos-like arrangement in the former door opening to the main
room (room f). The statues were visible from the entrance and demonstrate
self-representation in the highest degree. The main room (room f) is to the
north of the peristyle, and there is an additional dining room (room e) to the
south. This eastern part was clearly the reception area of the house. The
western part had a small courtyard (room i) and the characteristic triple
room complex to the north (rooms k, 1, m). A terracotta statuette of a god-
dess came from the house.
De1T41 (451 m2) had a large peristyle with 4 x 3 columns. The porticoes
on the east, south and west sides are 1.4 m-1.6 m deep. A Poseidon statue
erected in the peristyle could be viewed from the main room (room f) locat-
ed to the north of the peristyle. There are no traces of pavements in the main
room. Additional reception rooms (rooms i, 1) are located around the peri-
style whose inner part is decorated with an emblema showing a Dionysiac fig-
ure on a tiger. A Kybele statuette was found in the peristyle. Furthermore,
there is evidence for the Lares Compitales cult. Upstairs rooms belonging to

241 Chamonard 1922-1924, 144, fig. 65.

For example Bruneau 1970, 473.
242

243
Marcadé 1969, 382-385.
244
Seyrig 1929, 317.
245
Bruneau 1970, 473. For photo, see Marcadé 1952, 112, fig. 10.
 63

an independent habitation unit were richly decorated with tessellated mosa-

ics and battle scenes on the walls.
De1S2 is a large complex of c. 700 m2 constructed on three terraces and
comprising at least two units. Here only the main unit will be dealt with. Due
to area, multiple units, the row of shops forming the western and lowermost
part of the complex and various finds, it is most likely that the building func-
tioned as clubhouse for an association. The entrance room (room a) is locat-
ed on the western side between the shops. Here paintings related to the cult
of the Lares Compitales were found. The middle terrace is occupied by the
peristyle and various rooms, for instance latrine and a dining room (room
f/AN) to the south. East of the peristyle, on the uppermost terrace, the main
room (room h/AB) and other room are situated. The main room is provided
with four columns in antis forming the eastern side of the peristyle. A large
niche is located (for cult image?) in the east wall, i.e. the back wall, of the
main room. The room has a tessellated mosaic containing three emblemata in
the central field. The middle emblema depicts an offering table and may rep-
resent a real offering table placed on the mosaic. Finds are numerous, for ex-
ample two marble heads, a herm, a torso, nine altars and thirteen reliefs of
which four are apotropaic. Other motifs employed in the reliefs are Aphro-
dite, Herakles? Apollo, Apollo-Hellos and an Egyptian symbol. According
to Marcadé, the motifs and style of the reliefs no doubt offer evidence for an
Oriental association. 246 However, I do not find these arguments convincing
and consider an Italic/Roman association more likely. The following features
support this interpretation: the Lares Compitales paintings and the many
mortar pavements. In fact it is the largest complex of mortar pavements
found on Delos, and some have the characteristic Roman tessera designs
(crosslets set in rows and equally spaced rows). In addition, the layout of the
pavement in room f/AN represents the T+U design characteristic of Roman
triclinia. That an Italic/Roman association on Delos was also open to Orien-
tal influence cannot surprise. Italians/Romans made dedication in the Sanc-
tuary of the Syrian Gods, and the cult of the Lares Compitales underwent
changes on foreign ground as documented by the religious paintings.

THE URBAN CONTEXT

The mixed culture and presence of foreigners documented in the houses

also apply to the city as a whole. The foreign merchants organized them-
selves in religious associations and had buildings of their own constructed,
but this did not rule out interaction and cooperation with others. In fact, the
interaction between people of different cultural origins and social standings
is attested on several occasions such as mixed marriages, which was forbid-
den during the period of independence, and the Italíc/Roman colleges where

6
14 Marcadé 1969, 399-405.
64

freemen and freedmen were united for the purpose of profit-making 2 47 Mar-
cus Minatius financed a part of the Building of the Poseidoniasts of Berytos,
and the Phoenician Philostratos paid for the ground-floor portico on the
northern side of the Agora of the Italians2 g5 Furthermore, the Egyptian and
Syrian sanctuaries were used by Greeks and Italians/Romans2 49 Other sanc-
tuaries were private and reserved for specific communities. This goes for the
Semitic sanctuaries located on Kynthos. They comprise for example a sanc-
tuary to the Gods of Askelon. The Jewish community was probably concen-
trated in the Stadium Quarter. Here a synagogue has been identified, and
less than 100 m further to the north two honorary stelae were found. They
were erected by the Israelites on Delos and dedicated to Garizim. 250 Moreo-
ver, a migveh existed in De1ST6 (first phase of the house).
The considerable Italic/Roman impact on the housing is mirrored in the
city. This is evidenced by the existence of colleges having both a religious
and commercial character, by their monuments, and by the epigraphical ma-
terial. The island's new political situation is attested by the establishment of
the Romaia, festivals in honour of the triad of Hestia, Demos and Roma, in
166 BC or immediately after. 251 Moreover, the Phoenician Poseidoniasts of
Berytos worshipped Dea Roma in their clubhouse situated in the Northern
Quarter. Also the motif decorating the pavement of the cella (cella 11) was
inspired by mosaic floor decoration in the West: an opus tessellatum mosaic
with a black-and-white chequer-board. 252
The earliest evidence for the college of Hermaistai dates to c. 150 BC.
They established an agora between the Sacred Harbour and the Sanctuary of
Apollo, or more appropriately, a compitum where various Italic/Roman cults
were worshipped, including the Lares Compitales from 150-125 BC on-
wards.253 The Hermaistai probably installed the cult of the Lares Compitales
on Delos, and later they assigned it to the C οmpitaliastai. 254 Accordingly, the
agora is called both the Agora of the Hermaistai and the Agora of the Com-
pitaliastai. The members of the Hermaistai were freemen and freedmen. This
was also the case with the other Italic/Roman colleges: the Apolloniastaí and
the Poseidoniastai.
The influence was particularly strong from the last quarter of the 2nd cen-
tury BC onwards 255 The inscriptions from the Boulé and Ecclesia stopped
about 145/144 BC. 256 Instead honorific decrees were made by the Athenians,

247
Vial 1984, 389. According to Strabo, thousands of slaves were sold daily on Delos (14.5.2). For
the use of slaves and freedmen as middlemen in commerce in general, see D'Arms 1980; Zalesskij
1983, 22-24.
298 Mancinettí Santamaria 1983, 88; Zalesskíj 1983, 38.
249
Cf. for instance Bruneau 1970, 472; Will 1985, 140.
250 Bruneau 1982a.
251
Bruneau 1970, 444.
252
For photo, see Bruneau 1972, 145, no. 40, fig. 38.
253
Mavrojannís 1995.
254
The college of the Compitaliastaí is documented no earlier than around 100 BC.
255
The province of Asia was created in 133 BC.
256
Wilson 1966, 113.
 65

Romans and other foreigners. The first decree made by this group is dated to
126/125 BC, and from this time onwards a status as permanent residents was
assigned to the Romans in the inscriptions. 257 The role played by Rome is also
reflected in the fact that Delos sided with Rome in the Mithridatic Wars,
whereas Athens sided with Mithridates.
Another manifestation of the Italic/Roman colony on the island was the
Agora of the Italians built at the end of the 2nd century BC. The agora ap-
pears to have had several functions, for instance meeting place for the colony
and provision of office facilities. 258 But non-Italians/Romans were also do-
nors of architecture and statues. 259 Siebert's analysis of the inscriptions from
secure contexts within the agora shows that ten were written in Greek, six
were bilingual, and six were in Latin. 260 Siebert sees this as a sign of the mu-
tual influence taking place on the island where the Romans could allow
themselves to be influenced because of their political and financial control.

The adaptation to the Greek setting is also reflected in the homogenous

iconography of the funerary monuments from Rheneía. 26~~ Characteristic mo-
tifs are scenes with dexiosis and standing and/or seated persons following
idealized Greek models of the 5th and 4th centuries BC. 262 But more realistic
portraits are also extant. 263 The epitaphs are always written in Greek, and
they offer evidence for mixed marriages and a prevalence of Orientals. 264 The
funerary monuments also testify to social mobility, for example the over 3 m
high monument of the freedmen Tertia Horaria.2 5

THE REGIONAL CONTEXT

Delian housing was the culmination of a development already begun in

the late Classical period, 266 This applies to the following aspects of the house:
architecture, wall decoration, floors and the use of sculpture in the private
sphere.
In the Olynthian houses (432 BC-348 BC) plot extensions and peristyles
are documented in the 4th century BC. 267 First-Style murals occur and the
andrones are paved with black-and-white pebble mosaics employing a car-

257 Siebert 1999, 95 and 95, note 1.

258
For an overview of the different interpretations, see Bruneau 1989, 44-46; Bruneau 1995.
259
Siebert 1999, 97-100.
260 Siebert 1999.
261
Couilloud 1974. The majority of the stelae belong to the period from 167/166 BC to 69 BC
(Couílloud 1974, 243-245).
262
Couílloud 1974, 53-59.
263
Couilloud 1974, 250.
264
Couílloud 1974, 311. There are two bilingual inscriptions (Couílloud 1974, 261).
265 Couilloud 1974, no. 58, pl. 13 and 85, fig. 3.
266
Harvard 1987, 33-56; Kreeb 1988, 87-93; Walter-Karydi 1994. For mosaics, see Westgate
1997-1998.
267
Hoepfner/Schwandner 1994, 93-94, 102-103 and 108-110.
66

pet-like design. The motifs are mythological (for example Dionysos in a char-
iot drawn by leopards), geometric, floral and symbolic (wheel). The statuary
is primarily in terracotta with a few examples in marble.
The House of the Mosaics at Eretria, which was built during the first third
of the 4th century BC and destroyed c. 270 BC, illustrates the next step 268
The house consists of two parts, one to the west with a peristyle and three
dining rooms (andrones) and an eastern part with courtyard and the triple
room arrangement with a large transverse one and two smaller at the back. It
was decorated with wall-paintings, polychrome pebble mosaics, and statuary
in terracotta and marble was employed. The statue of a youth found in the
peristyle was probably displayed between the entrances to the andrones situ-
ated to the north (rooms 7, 9) 269 The mosaics are decorated with mythologi-
cal themes and a rosette.
At Pella the development is taken a step further in the last quarter of the
4th century BC. The House of Dionysos (I,1) and the House of the Rape of
Helen (I,5), which were probably private houses, have several dining rooms
located around the large peristyles. 270 Mythological motifs prevail in the mo-
saics, now polychrome and with perspective, but there is also a black-and-
white lozenge pattern (the House of Dionysos, room D). Again the motif
with Dionysos riding a leopard occurs.
Like the Delian houses, many houses at Priene (353/352 130/129 BC) — .

underwent alterations in the 2nd century BC, for instance House 33 that in-
corporated the neighbouring house. 271 While pavements are represented by a
,

few mortar pavements and beaten earth floors, wall decoration includes
First-Style murals, sometimes with entablature in relief. The statuary in terra-
cotta and marble depicts for instance Dionysos, Aphrodite and theatrical
masks.
A great variety of houses are present at Pergamon in the Hellenistic peri-
od: pastas, prostas and peristyle houses. 272 Apart from the palaces, many
houses were provided with porticoes or peristyles no earlier than the 1st cen-
tury BC. One example is the Komplex VI Ι with a peristyle court of 270 m 2
and a total area of c. 740 m2.273 A large house of the 2nd century is the Peri-
stylhaus I from the area west of the Lower Agora. 274 The peristyle has 8 x 8
columns and measures 22 m x 22 m. A characteristic feature of the houses,
especially of the peristyle houses, is the suite of three rooms lying next to
each other, also found in Macedonian palaces. Often the rooms intercon-
nect, and the central room may be open-fronted and provided with columns
towards the peristyle. The Italic/Roman influence is reflected in the pave-

268
Ducrey et al. 1993, 32, fig. 25.
269
Harvard 1987, 35-38.
270 Nielsen 1994, 86, fig. 44; Westgate 1997-1998, 105, pl. 8. The House of Dionysos has an area

of c. 5,240 m2 (Nielsen 1994, 262).

271 Wiegand/Schrader 1904, 297, fig. 316.
272
Wulf 1999, 158-191.
273 Wulf 1999, 23-58 and 184, fig. 74.1. This phase of the house is dated to the middle of the 1st

century BC.
274 Wulf 1999, 184, fig. 74.5
 67

rents combining a central field in opus sectile decorated with cubes in per-
spective and surrounded by a border in opus tessellatum. 2 'S

Though Delos was the culmination of a regional development, it is evident

that Delian housing did change under the influence of a multicultural popu-
lation and their interaction. On a small scale these changes are represented
by new motifs and styles, and on a large scale they resulted in a preference
for flexible reception rooms which testify to changing patterns in dining and
drinking. Values from the period of independence disappeared as new in-
habitants arrived, and the traditional andrones did not fit into the new com-
plex situation on the island with people from all over the Mediterranean and
of different social standings. Z It is also evident that the main concern of the
' G

inhabitants was profit-making and not to demonstrate origin.?"

275
The house of Attalos, rooms 37 and 38, dated to the early 1st century BC (Salzmann 1991,
440-442).
276
According to Vial, the main concern of the Delíans during the period of independence was to
preserve the family, their identity and traditions such as democracy (1984, especially 385-390).
27 Cf. also Siebert 1998, 174-178.
 3. CARTHAGE. THE PUNIC METROPOLIS
HISTORY OF RESEARCH

This section will only give a brief outline of the history of research, since
detailed accounts have already been provided 2 78
The map drawn by the Danish Consul-general in Tunisia, Christian Tuxen
Falbe, was a crucial factor for the outset of archaeological exploration of
Carthage. His topographical investigations took place in the 1820s, and the
map was published in his Recherches sur l'emplacement de Carthage, Paris
1833. Soon afterwards he participated in the exploration of three of the sites
recorded on the map2 79 Another pioneer from the early nineteenth century
was the Dutch engineer Jean Emile Humbert, the first to discover Punic ma-
terial at Carthage (four gravestones with inscriptions and two fragments) 28Ο
Humbert also contributed with a plan of the Carthaginian peninsula and
conducted excavations not only at Carthage, but also at other North African
sites. In the second half of the nineteenth century archaeological research in-
creased, and in 1882 the Service des Αntiquités de Tunisie was established2 81
The excavations carried out in this period concentrated on the Punic ceme-
teries and consequently, the early necropoleis of Carthage were to a large ex-
tent known by the turn of the century. On the Byrsa hill the first excavations
were carried out in 1859 bey Beulé, who was also the first to reach the de-
struction layer of 146 BC. 28 Work on the hill continued in 1880 when Père
Delattre, one of several White Fathers active in the excavation of Carthage,
began his investigations2 83
The twentieth century saw the discovery of the tophet (1921). Excavations
on the Byrsa hill were resumed in the 1920s and 1930s by Saumagne and La-
peyre, in 1947 by C. Picard, and in the 1950s by Père Ferron and Pínard. 284
The latter erroneously dated the structures to the time of the foundation of
the colonia Iunonia Carthago by the Gracchi.
New knowledge of Carthage has been obtained from the "Campagne In-
ternationale de Sauvegarde de Carthage" launched in 1972 by the Tunisian
government and UNESCO. The project is multifaceted: to excavate, pre-
serve and restore the Punic, Roman and Byzantine remains of Carthage. Ar-
chaeological teams from Europe, North America and Tunisia conducted
large-scale research in the period 1973-1979 under the direction of the Insti-

278
For example Deneauve in Byrsa 11979, 41-55 (Roman structures on the Byrsa hill); Lancet in
Byrsa I 1979, 13-39 (Punic remains on the Byrsa hill); Picard 1985; Lancet 1995, 25-26, 228-248 (the
tophet), and 438-446.
279
Lund 1986.
280 Halbertsma 1995, especially 23-28 and 39-58.

2ß1 Tunisia ΞΙad become a French protectorate in 1881.

282
Beulé 1861, 54-59.
283
Cf. Lance! in Byrsa 11979, especially 17-25.
284
For the exploration of the tophet, see Beníchou-Safar 1995. For Lapeyre and Saumagne, see
Lancet in Byrsa 11979,25-28,28-31 and 283-310; Picard, C. 1951-1952; Ferron/Pinard 1955; Ferron/
Pinard 1960-1%1.
70

tut National d'Archéοlοgie et d'Art de Tunis. 285 These excavations especially

enriched our knowledge of Punic Carthage, notably the harbours and resi-
dential quarters. About the latter, hardly anything was known before the in-
ternational campaign. In the following years, restoration work has been car-
ried out, and new investigations have begun, aimed inter alia at elucidating
the topography of the Archaic city. 28'

TOPOGRAPHYAND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY

Com?lete knowledge of the topography of Carthage can never be ob-

tained.2 7 The main reason is the fate of the Punic metropolis. First it was de-
stroyed by fire, and then by Roman levelling work carried out in connection
with the re-foundation of the city in 29 BC. The acropolis has not been locat-
ed, but the assumption that it was located on the Byrsa hill, formerly known
as the hill of Saint-Louis, seems plausible. A careful study of the topography
combined with recent archaeological research and literary sources speaks in
favour of such an identification, although the final evidence is lacking 288 De-
spite the often poor state of preservation, the results of the UNESCO cam-
paign have provided a solid base for the reconstruction of the establishment
and development of the city. It should be stressed that the earliest structures
known so far date to the first half of the 8th century BC (cf. below). Thus
one can hardly speak of a gap between the traditional date of foundation
(814/813 BC) and the earliest evidence for the existence of the city. Three
main phases have been established: 289
Early Punic or Archaic phase: 8th to 6th centuries BC.
Middle Punic phase: 5th century BC to mid-3rd century BC.
Late Punic phase (the period of the Punic Wars): mid-3rd century BC
to 146 BC.
The Archaic phase, 8th to 6th centuries BC: Judging from the excavated
remains, the core of the Archaic city was located in the northern and central
part of the coastal plain. It was bordered to the west by the Byrsa hill, to the
north by the cemeteries of the Juno hill and those of the D οuimès and Der-
mech areas. Eastward it spread towards the sea and southwards in the direc-
tion of the tophet whose earliest material belongs to the second half of the
8th century BC. 290 On the outskirts of this area, but before reaching the nec-
ropoleis, lay industrial zones. Already in this phase the alignment of the

287 For a summary of the results from this project, see Ennabli ín Pour Sauver Carthage 1992,
16-24 and bibliography 203-227.
2" See for instance Rakob 1989 with bibliography.
287 In Semitic Carthage means `New Town' (Qart Ha dasht).

288 Lance! 1988. Also the name itself `Byrsa' is still a riddle. Cf. also Lance! in Byrsa 11 1982,
379-383.
289
Cf. Lance! 1985b, 729; Rakob 1992.
298 For the extent of the Archaic city, see also Rakob 1987, fig. 2; Lance! 1995, 39, fig. 22; 42, fig.

23.
 71

structures situated on the central part of the coastal plain ran parallel to the
shoreline. Habitation structures, such as mudbrick walls on stone socles and
beaten earth floors, have been found in situ at various locations 291 Among
the earliest is the quarter situated below the intersection of Decumanus Maxi-
mus and Cardo X (cat. nos. CarDM Ι -CarDM2). It dates from the second
quarter of the 8th century onwards, and it is noteworthy that the street was
paved and constructed with a drain as early as the second half of the 8th cen-
tury BC. Apart from the cemetery on the southern slope of the Byrsa hill that
functioned only in the 7th century BC, the other cemeteries were used as ear-
ly as the end of the 8th century BC, but they date mainly to the 7th century
BC. Tombs exclusively containing Phoenician material could be older.

The middle Punic phase, 5th century BC to mid-3rd century BC: In this
phase the city underwent a major reorganization2 92 An orthogonal street grid
was employed on the coastal plain and a fan-shaped grid for the south and
east slopes of the Byrsa hill. On the coastal plain the so-called `Mago Quar-
ter' was laid out including a city wall towards the sea. The wall was built with
a monumental gate flanked by towers. The same layout from the Archaic
phase continued: a nucleus fringed by industrial zones, for example on the
south slope of Byrsa and in the southern zone towards the tophet, surroun-
ded by the cemeteries. At the end of the 5th century BC a sanctuary was
built on the site of the present-day Rue Ibn Chabâat. Votive stelae found
nearby indicate that the sanctuary was dedicated to the so-called young Baal
Hammon.293 A Roman basilica atop the Punic sanctuary points to the exist-
ence of the forum nearby, and thus the Punic agora is supposed to have been
in this area as well. To judge from literary sources, the city appears to have
expanded by the end of 4th century BC. A "Nea Po lis" is mentioned by Di-
odorus of Sicily in the passages referring to the riot of the general Bomilcar
who tried to seize power in 308 BC294 Probably the "Nea Polis" refers to a
kind of suburb situated beyond the cemetery zone towards the north.

Late Punic phase/The Period of the Punic Wars, mid-3rd century BC to

146 BC: Both the archaeological data and the epigraphical material attest
that considerable building activity took place in this period and that Carth-
age was prosperous. A Punic inscription probably from the 3rd century BC
appears to refer to major construction work. 295 The need for more residential
quarters is documented at different places in the city where areas of metal
workshops gave way to habitation, for example on the south slope of Byrsa.
The two monumental harbours of Carthage date to this period as well. 296
They were constructed at the beginning of the 2nd century BC: one was nav-
al (the circular harbour) and another commercial (rectangular). At the end of

291 Rakob. 1984, 3-4; Rakob 1989, 34-37.

292 For plan, see Lance! 1995, 138, fig. 72.
293
Rakob 199 la; Rakob 1991b.
294 Did. 20.44.1-5.
299 The inscription was found out of context (Dupont-Sommer 198; Lance! 1995, 142-144).
296 Hurst 1994, especially 40-52.
72

the 3rd century BC or the beginning of the 2nd century BC the Punic sanc-
tuary was reorganized.

INTRODUCTION TO THE HOUSES

Middle and late Punic habitation has been located in a widespread area,
including the outskirts of the city, but the only residential quarters documen-
ted until now are confined to the south slope of the Byrsa hill (the `Hannibal
Quarter'), the coastal plain (the 'Mago Quarter') and the intersection of De-
cumanus Maximus and Cardo X (Fig. 2 and Table 12). The `Hannibal Quar-
ter' and the `Mago Quarter' are always referred to when dealing with Cartha-
ginian housing. The other houses and remains from the city are, however,
equally important in order to give as complete picture as possible of the hab-
itation. It should be stressed that the Carthaginian material is often frag-
mented due to both ancient and modern destruction and/or partial excava-
tion. Therefore consistency in treatment is hard to obtain. Moreover, the ma-
terial has to be pieced together from old excavation reports and from more
recent excavations which are often rescue excavations. Given these circum-
stances, no reconstruction can be complete 2 97 The material assembled here
consists of fifty-three catalogue entries, each entry corresponding to one
house or various remains. It is organized in the following way:
The `Hannibal Quarter': thirteen individual houses: Car Η1 -CarΗ13.
The `Mago Quarter': nine individual houses and various remains: CarMl-
CarM10.
The Quarter of Decumanus Maximus and Cardo X: CarDM Ι -CarDM2.
Various locations: twenty-eight entries: Carl-Car28: Here the material is
subdivided into two groups. The first consists of individual houses, Carl-
Car 10, and Carll where it is impossible to reconstruct insulae and streets.
The second group, Carl3-Car28, forms an appendix and consists of scat-
tered remains such as wall sections and/or cisterns that are interpreted as
habitational in function.

Note on the quarters: The `Hannibal Quarter' (Fig. 3): With the exception
of the north-western and western slopes of the Byrsa hill, investigations have
been carried out on all the other slopes. The so-called `Hannibal Quarter' is
situated on the southern slope of Byrsa on a NE-SW/NW-SE alignment and
was created as a new habitation quarter at the beginning of the 2nd century
BC on top of a workshop area2 9 Apparently it was just one of several resi-
dential zones on the slopes of Byrsa which was laid out according to a polyg-
oηal system adjusted to the sloping terrain and employing an orthogonal lay-
out within each area. The `Hannibal Quarter' is the only one of which a sub-

297 An unpublished Tunisian rescue excavation in the Rue Florus on the east slope of the Juno hill

is not included, since no information of the nature of these remains has been obtained, point 16 on
Lancel's map (Lancel 1995, 145, fig. 74).
298 The name of the quarter was given by the Tunisians in 1981 due to its chronology (Lancel

1985b, 750; Lancel 1988, 82). Hannibal held the office as suffete in 196/195 BC.
 73

Ι . Car2
Carl
Car21
Car22
Car23
~ . Car24
7. Car25
S. Car7
Car20
Cα r6
Car19
CarHi - Car Η13
Car11
Car12
I5. Car13
Ι 6. Car14
17. CarS
Ιδ. Car15
C α r16
Car17
CariS
C αι-26
CarDM 1 - CarDM2
CarM1- CarM10
CarB
Cm-27
Car28
28 2 δ. Car9
29. Car10

Tophet

29

1 km

Fig. 2. Carthage, location of habitation in the middle Punic and late Punic phases (approximate loca-
tions) (based on Lancel 1995, 145, fig. 74).
74

ítií ,í.

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Fig. 3. Carthage, `Hannibal Quarter', plan (Lancel 1981, 159, fig. 1).
 Ν Μ Ψ

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Fig. 4. Carthage, `Majo Guarter', plan (Karthago 11991, plan 3).

ERSI CHT DERBEFUND EMI T
S PÄTPU NISC HEB ΕΒΑΥ ΥΝ G

ι
ro
11τΡ, ll r
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 75

stantial part remains, whereas the documentation of the other zones chiefly
consists of wall sections and/or cisterns (cf. Cari 1-Car19). Four building
phases are distinguishable: 299

The first years of the 2nd century BC: Layout of insulae C, E and prob-
ably A.
Stairway built between insulae C and E at the intersection of street II
and street III.
Stairway (A) built in street II along the short side of insula E and at the
intersection between street II and street V.
No earlier than the end of the second quarter of the 2nd century BC:
Layout of insulae B and D and stairway (B) in street I Ι, additional stair-
ways in street II.

Although the residential function of Car Η2 and CarΗ3 is questionable,

they are included. Arguments in favour of a commercial function have been
adduced because of their modest size and their many openings towards the
street. 300 One room even has two doorways (room b. of Car Η3). South of
CarΗ2 and CarΗ3 is unit B2b that served as a terracotta workshop and Bib
only consisting of a L-shaped corridor and a room with two openings to-
wards the street. These two are therefore not included in the material. It can-
not be ruled out that the whole ground-floor area of block B may have func-
tioned as a service zone with shops and workshops including public cisterns.
However, size alone is not a decisive argument, and the question of openings
towards the street will be discussed in relation to the identification of a main
room. Unit Dlb was a mill.

The Mago Quarter' (Fig. 4): The quarter is situated on the coastal plain, 301
Although no house has been fully excavated, it is possible to follow the de-
velopment of the quarter from its initial layout in the second half of the 5th
century BC until its destruction in 146 BC. It is laid out with an orthogonal
plan on a NW-SE axis following the coastline, its north-south extension
measuring minimum 95 m. The reorganization of the area in the second half
of the 5th century BC also included a wall towards the sea. Judging from the
soundings carried out west of the modern Rue Septime Sévère, two more in-
sulae existed here. 302 Three main phases have been identified:
303

1) Mid-5th to mid-3rd century BC (Phase Ia, Ib, Ic): In the 5th century

299
Lancel 1981, 177, figs. ha-1d.
goo
Lancel 1981, 180-182.
301 The name of the quarter was suggested by M. Fantar (Rakob in Karthago I 1991, 252, note 232).

302 Rakob 1989, 158-160 and 184-189, especially "Sondage Kardo XVI" and "Sondage N".

303 The houses have a complicated building history with many phases. For details, see the publica-

tion (Karthago 11991, IL "Synoptische Tabe llen", between 92 and 93 (Car Μ2, CarM6, CarM7,
CarM9); 4. "Synoptische Tabe ll en", 133 (CarM1); 187-189 (Car Μ3 -CarΜS and CarM8); Karthago I
1991, plan 26-29.
76

the quarter comprised the westernmost plots: House Ia, lb and lc

which were later amalgamated (CarMi in the present work); 304 CarΜ2;
CarM3 and House IVa of CarM4. In the 4th century BC House lib of
CarM4 and the upper part of Car Μ6 were built together with House
Vila and VlIb.
Second half of the 3rd century BC (Phase Id, le, If): Extensions of
CarM4 and CarΜ6.
C. 200 to 146 BC (Phase lia, lib, Inc): In consequence of new exten-
sions and the construction of further houses (Car Μ5, CarM8, CarM9),
the former open area of 30 m between the quarter and the city wall be-
came occupied with habitation.

The Quarter of Decumanus Maximus and Cardo X: So far six habitation

units and a street of a habitation quarter have been located in the area where
the Decumanus Maximus and Cardo X intersect. The quarter dates from the
second quarter of the 8th century BC onwards. Unfortunately, only the lay-
out and development of one of the houses, CarDMl, is detectable, and the
late phases of the quarter have not been dealt with in detail. Therefore noth-
ing can be said about ground plans and internal layouts. Contrary to the
quarters on the Byrsa hill and the coastal plain, this quarter was provided
with à paved and sewered street dating to the second half of the 8th century
BC (phase II). The street itself goes back to the first habitation phase (sec-
ond quarter of the 8th century BC). At the end of the 5th century BC (phase
VI) the street was widened and repaved in limestone slabs, and the sewer
was covered. In the second half of the 3rd century BC (phase V ΙΠ) new
limestone slabs were laid, and limestone slabs of a superior quality were used
for the sewer.
Carl1: The structures are located in the central part of the south slope of
the Byrsa hill just west of the `Hannibal Quarter', but the fragmentary state
of preservation does not allow a reconstruction with insulae and streets. 305
The remains consist of wall sections, cisterns and a large amount of large ar-
chitectonic blocks (288 pieces), many stuccoed, such as column drums of
different sizes, half columns, fluted pilasters, fragments of Doric capitals,
cornices (for example crow's beak cornices) and Egyptian mouldings. Judg-
ing from the remains, these blocks appear to come from a building provided
with a two-storeyed peristyle. Unfortunately, the foundations to this building
have not been found, as it may have been situated at a higher level on the
slope. The excavators interpret it as a luxurious private house rather than a
public monument. It has also been suggested that the blocks belong to wall
m/Μ. 306 Besides, another house, lacking foundations and obviously built in
haste, has been found together with structures predating it.

3 4 Structures within the plot of House Ic are even older dating to the 6th and first half of the 5th

century BC.
305 Lance! in Byrsa II 1982, 376. The excavators reconstructed two insulae and considered wall
rn/I an outer wall (Carrié/Sanviti in Byrsa 1 1979, 130).
306 Morel in Byrsa II 1982, 205.
 77

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS

Ground plan (Table 13): Since those houses whose ground plan can be re-
constructed are situated in the carefully planned `Hannibal Quarter'wíth an
orthogonal street grid, it is hardly a surprise that the rectangular ground plan
is the most common. The number of such ground plans increases consider-
ably if the reconstructed house plots, mainly from the `Mago Quarter', are
included. No house in this quarter has been fully excavated and consequent-
ly, no ground plan is known with certainty. All plots are, however, recon-
structed as rectangular or square (CarM8). L-shaped ground plans occur in
CarH4 and CarHl1, due to the location of independent shops and work-
shops in one of the corners. Car5 may be irregular, but the house is only par-
tially excavated (Fig. 5).
Dimensions (Table 13): In general, the Carthaginian houses are of modest
dimensions. In the `Hannibal Quarter' the house-plot size was to some ex-
tent standardized. The layout of the insulae shows an intended ratio of one
to two with a basic module of 52.18 cm (identical with one Punic cubit). In-
sula C measures 31.30 m x 15.65 m. Same dimensions are reconstructed in
insulae A and E, i.e. 60 cubits for the length and 30 cubits for the width. The
dimensions of insula B are 30 cubits for the length and about 21-22 cubits
for the width which gives a more compact layout of 15.65 in x 10.50 m. Insu-
la D was probably identical with insula B. Houses of c. 75 m2 are most com-
mon (three units: CarH6, CarH7, Car Η8). The best preserved is Car Η8
measuring 15.65 m x 5.20 m (30 x 10 cubits). The largest houses are the two
reconstructed double units of c. 150 m2, i.e. the width is twice the standard
width, c. 15 m x 10 m (CarHl and CarΗ13). Finally, CarΗ9 and CarH10 ap-
pear to have been only half the standard unit, i.e. c. 7.5 m x 5 m. Because of
this standardization, it has been suggested that the houses were made for a
homogeneous population. 307 In the 'Mago Quarter', where space was avail-
able, CarΜ6 apparently occupied an area of 1440 m2: a fact that, acc οrdín~
to the excavators, could point to its identification as a public building. 3
However, it should be stressed that there is no definite evidence that this
huge area was occupied by only one house. The identification of boundary
walls between the individual houses makes the reconstruction of the other
plots more likely. CarM8 is the smallest house in this quarter (156 m 2). In the
original layout standard units of different sizes may have been used, but the
later extension and amalgamation of two or more houses resulted in houses
of varying dimensions. Car4 occupied an area of c. 200 m2, and in Car5 the
area was larger than 50 m 2.
Entrance room (Table 13): Normally, the entrance room takes the shape
of a narrow corridor, often fairly long and with a width of c. 1 m. They are

307 Lancet in Byrsa Il 1982, 368; Lancet 1995, 157.

308
St an zt in Karthago I 1991, 31.
 78

η
r
•Ι•
~
ο

Fig. 5. Carthage, CarS, plan (drawing by Kjeldde Fine Licht).

 79

best documented in the `Hannibal Quarter': Car Η6: 1.15 m; CarH7: 1.1 m;
CarΗ8: 6.6 m x 0.9 m; CarH10: 1.35 m. 309 In Car3 the width exceeds 1 m,
but not much. In Car4 it is 1.36 m and 1 m in Car8. In the `Mago Quarter'
there is only one certain entrance room, room P 100 of CarΜ5. Here the
width is 2 m. Room P 73 in CarM4 and room P 118 in CarM8 also appear to
be long and narrow entrance rooms, although there is no evidence of the en-
trance/doorway itself. CarH4 is provided with a cruciform corridor. In rela-
tion to CarM6 a former alley (rooms P 30, P 30a, P 49, P 49a) was privatized
and converted into an entrance. The entrance room can be centrally (CarH4,
Cari5) or laterally placed. The latter is the more common. A corridor is re-
corded in connection with Car6 and Car7, but whether it served as an en-
trance room is uncertain.
Circulation space: A courtyard without porticoes has been identified in six
houses: CarΗ8 (4 m x 3.5 m), CarΗ13, CarM4, Carl, CarS and Car6. In
Carl there were two. Moreover, courtyards are likely to have existed in the
following houses: CarH6, CarΗ7, CarM2 and Car3. In CarH6 and CarH7 it
is proposed because of the similarities with Car Η8. In CarΜ2 a section of a
cistern has been located in room P 54, and in room P 55 there is a drain. The
corridor in Car3 turns at a right angle in what appears to be a courtyard.
Courtyards provided with porticoes are documented in three houses:
CarM ι (at least two courtyards), CarM4 and CarM6. The original layouts of
CarΗ8 and CarH13 also included porticoes. CarΗ8 had one portico suppor-
ted by two rectangular pillars. The portico was closed at a later time, and in-
stead three rooms were built. Among the identified courtyards there is a
preference for porticoes on three sides, a so-called porticus triplex. This ap-
plies to the two courtyards in CarM ι and to the courtyard in CarM4. In
CarM6 it is not clear whether there were porticoes on two or three sides
(north and south sides, five supports on each). Moreover, the double unit
CarH13 in the `Hannibal Quarter' had a portico-is triplex in its first phase.
There is a column in the western corner and a pillar in the northern corner.
It is obvious that the limited space of the houses on the Byrsa slope did not
allow large portico arrangements, whereas the more spacious plots on the
coastal plain could provide the required space. A characteristic feature of the
portico-is triplex is the use of pillars instead of columns Pillars are found in
CarM ι, room P 9 (c. 4.9 m x 4.9 m) and room P 18 (c. 5.8 m x 5 m). In room
P 9 there were four supports on the eastern and western sides, judging from
the remains, and three on the south. In room P 18 the number of supports
on the north and east sides is reconstructed. As to a possible third courtyard
in room P 1, a block of El-Haouria sandstone may be interpreted as a base
supporting a square pillar. 310 It cannot be ruled out that room P 13 connect-
ing the two courtyards instead of a wall and doorway towards the courtyard
in room P 18 was provided with a row of pillars. In that case it would be a
true ρerístyle, 311 In CarΜ4 there are traces of eight square bases supporting

3ο9 Thuíllier in Byrsa 11 1982, 78.

30 Wiblé in Karthago I 1991, 95-96.
3υ
Wíblé in Karthago I 1991, 101.
80

either pillars or columns. 312 Pillars also app ear to have been employed in-
stead of columns in the porticoes of CarM6. 13
The use of columns in the Carthaginian houses is documented by the fol-
lowing examples: Cari5 : a Doric capital on a half-column with smooth shaft
and stuccoed. 314
CarΜ4: Fragments of Doric columns and capitals.
Car4: Two Ionic capitals coated with stucco, but their ascription to the
house is uncertain.
Carla: Column drums, both fluted and smooth.

In the `Hannibal Quarter' the two documented courtyards are centrally

placed. Because of the very fragmentary excavation of the large plots in the
`Mago Quarter', the overall internal layout here remains unknown, i.e. the
relation between entrances and interior parts, and there may have been sev-
eral circulation spaces. However, in Can Μ4 the courtyards were at the back
of the house. This would also apply to CarM1 if the entrance was located on
the western side.
So far there is no conclusive evidence of true peristyles, i.e. porticoes on all
four sides. Among the many architectonic blocks from Carl were columns of
different sizes which may have formed a two-storeyed peristyle, but that is
purely hypothetical, since the number of porticoes is unknown. Unfortunately,
the questions regarding the exact location and function of the building to
which these blocks belonged cannot be answered. A second possible candidate
is the "<Peristyl>-Haus" from CarD Μ2, but no details are given 315
In the `Hannibal Quarter' the small units did not have any of the above
features: Car Η2 -CarΗ5 and CarH10. In CarH4 and CarH5 the corridor
served as circulation space. Also Car Μ8 appears to have been without a
courtyard. Car4 had a special arrangement of two corridors, the first serving
as the entrance room and the second as the central circulation space of the
house.
The internal arrangement of many houses is unknown, due to partial exca-
vation, destruction or lack of publication of plan or insufficient description:
CarHl, CarΗ9, CarHll, CarH12, CarΜ3, CarΜ5, CarΜ7, CarΜ9,
CarDMi, Car2 and Carl-Car10.

Main room (Table 13): The poor state of preservation and often partial
excavation make the identification of a main room problematic. Moreover,
the ground-floor rooms in the `Hannibal Quarter'appear partially to have
served commercial purposes. Main rooms have been identified in the follow -
ing houses:
CarH8: Room I. The room is provided with a pavement of opus tessella-
turn, a threshold made from a monolithic limestone block and a niche in the

312Teschauer in Karthago I 1991, 156.

313St an z! in Karthago 1 1991, 15.
34 Cf. Byrsa 11979, 197, fig. 13; Lance! 1995, 319, fig. 189.

35 Niemeyer etal. 1993, 211.

 81

wall. Due to ancient destruction, it is impossible to know whether the room

had an opening towards the street.
CarH13: Room.F whose doorway is flanked by both a pilaster and a small
column aligned with the column and pillar in the porticoes. Again the
threshold is of limestone.
CarM4: Room P 78 east of the courtyard.
Cars: Room 1 west of the courtyard. The threshold towards the courtyard
is made from a monolithic limestone block. The room has three doorways:
one on each long side and one in the south-western corner. The doorway to-
wards the courtyard is 1.9 m wide. The doorway in the north-western wall is
1.3 wide and flanked by a block towards the south-west and a small column
towards north-east. The room was altered several times.
In CarH4 room d• may have functioned as a main room because of its
opus tessellatum mosaic. Room P 13 in CarM ι is a likely candidate due to its
location between the two courtyards. In CarM8 room P 118 is the only room
not to have a beaten earth floor, instead it has a mortar pavement.
Regarding location and size, the material is too limited to draw any con-
clusions. No consistency appears. However, it should be noted that in
CarΗ8 and CarH13 the main rooms are located south-east of the courtyard.
The main rooms are of modest size. Room I of Car Η8 measures c. 4.5 m x
3.2 m. Room F in CarΗ13 is not fully excavated, but its size is estimated as c.
15 m2 (52 m x 3.3 m). The interior dimensions of room P 78 are c. 8 m x 5 m.
The size of room 1 in CarS is 6.40/8.80 m 2 .

Discussion of openings towards the street: In CarH6 and Car Η7 there is a

room with the same location and of similar size as the main room (room I) in
CarΗ8. The resemblance of these rooms suggests they may have had an iden-
tical function. In CarΗ7 the room has two openings towards the street, while
the communication between the rooms in Car Η6 and CarΗ8 and the street
is unknown due to destruction. The question is whether to interpret these
rooms as private and thus belonging to the house, that is if the room is pro-
vided with an internal door as well, or to interpret them as shops. The argu-
ment adduced in favour of the latter interpretation is the direct communica-
tion with the street. However, a doorway directly on the street does not nec-
essarily point to the identification as shop, especially not if the room into
which it leads is provided with interior architectural decoration of high qual-
ity. If the room, judging from its size, location and/or decoration, is unques-
tionably the main room, how can its communication with the street be ex-
plained? As the main room it is also the public part of the house, and thus an
explanation could be that this was the door for the guests. In this way the
guests did not have to pass through the long corridor where the drain for the
waste water was located. The house would have had two entrances, one for
daily use and one for guests. At the same time this would have been a way of
distinguishing the reception room from the rest of the house.
Other rooms (Table 13): Due to pavement type (opus figlinum or mortar),
hydraulic mortar on the walls and/or installations such as pipes, drains or ba-
sins, several bathrooms have been identified in the Carthaginian houses. In
CarΗ8 and CarΗl3 the bathrooms display an almost identical arrangement
82

(room G in both houses) and may best be described as shower baths: a small
room provided with a vertical water-supply pipe and a waste-water drain. 316
Furthermore, the bathroom in Car Η13 has two niches in the wall for bathing
accessories. The bathrooms in Car4 and Cars appear to be much alike too,
consisting of two interconnected rooms. In Car4 there is a room with a
bench (the changing room) and the washroom proper with two basins. In
Car5 the bench is located in room 3 which also has an outlet grating. Mr-
ever, both rooms have traces of what appears to be a hot-water tank or ba-
sin.317 Due to destruction the arrangement in CarM4 (room P 79) and CarM6
(room Ρ 41) is unknown or hardly detectable. A wash basin (50 cm x 34 cm)
is documented in CarΜ6 318 Traces of installations in room Ρ 52 of CarΜ2
might relate to a bath3 19 The use of the bathtub "à sabot" is attested at
Carthage. In Car10 the tub appears to be a built-up one, judging from the
photo and descriptíon320 Besides, a fragment of a portable tub in terracotta
was found in the L-shaped corridor of Car Η3 and in Car11321 According to
Cíntas, a bathtub was found in Carl and Car6, but the excavator of Carl
does not mention this322 It should be noted that the find or reports of the
presence of a bathtub is not necessarily evidence for a separate bathroom, as
the tub may have been placed in a room used for various purposes.
A kitchen occurs in Car3 (oven), Car4 and Car6 A latrine is mentioned in
connection with Carl. A room intended for a domestic cult may have existed
in CarS. This is suggested by the three niches ;in room 4 where a large central
niche is flanked by a smaller one on either side. Moreover, there is a bench
along the wall of the room3 23
The north-western area of Car Η8 towards street I is interpreted as store-
rooms. Room P 25 of CarM1 appears to have been turned into a cellar for
storae after a fire. Three levels of Punic amphorae set in rows were found
here. 24 In CarM6 there was a suite of storerooms (rooms P 31- Ρ 36). Work-
shops have been located in the following houses: Car Η13, Car5 (crushing of
pottery), Car4 (eastern wing with olive oil production). In Car Μ8 it is not
clear whether room P 111 served as kitchen or as a workshop, maybe it
served both functions. Amphorae and traces of standing vessels were found
here together with remains of an oven.

Upper storeys (Table 13): The existence of upper storeys, or at least terra-

316 The bathroom in CarΗ8 measures 1.46-1.78 m x 1.27-1.35 m, and in CarH13 the dimensions

are1.11mx0.80m.
3 17 Chélbi 1980, 31-32; Chelbi 1984, 23-24. Room 2 measures 2.15 m x 120m and room 3 2.10 m

x 1.10m.
318 Stanzi in Karthago I 1991, 17.

" Stanzi in Karthago I 1991, 11.

320
Abdallah et al. 1980.
321
Ferron/Pínard 1955, 54, n° 145, pl.. LXXVI. Carrié/San νiti in Byrsa I 1979, 106, 141, fig. 47
and 142.
322
Carl: Cintas 1976, 124-125; Renault 1911, 317; Renault 1912, 363-365 and 489-490. Car6: Cín-
tas 1976, 124.
323
Chelbi 1980, figs. 8 and 17.
324
The amphorae date to the middle of the 2nd century BC (Wíb1é in Karthago 11991, 108).
 83

ces, in the Carthaginian houses is almost exclusively documented by fallen

fragments of pavements and other objects. 325 Apart from Car5, no staircases
or even traces of them have been located within the houses. In Car5 the stair-
case is situated in the corner of the courtyard. Only the lowest steps con-
structed from large limestone blocks are preserved. External staircases have
been identified along the short side of insula A and along the north-western
side of insula C in the `Hannibal Quarter', 326 This points to the existence of
independent upstairs habitations. Also the number of cisterns indicate a
need for water provision to more people than the ones living on ground floor
(cf. below). Although the physical evidence of the staircases themselves is
lacking, it appears reasonable to suggest the omnipresent, narrow corridors
as suitable locations for staircases.

Water supply (Table 14 and Table 15): Installation of cisterns and wells
secured the water supply of the Carthaginian houses. With a few exceptions,
the cistern is an omnipresent feature, whereas wells rarely occur.
Characteristic of the construction of the Punic cistern is a double wall in
the form of an outer and inner wall, built of small stone blocks. On the in-
side the cistern is lined with hydraulic mortar, the colour ranging from grey
to black due to the admixture of ashes. The cover takes the shape of a pit-
ched roof made of sandstone slabs or they are placed horizontally. A third
method is a cover of amphorae fitted into one another. Based on ground
plan and section, the cisterns can be divided into the following two types:
Bathtub-shaped, vertical walls. The bathtub shape is defined as an
elongated rectangle finished off by two semicircles. This type also includes
variants, for instance slightly curved at one end or not perfectly semicircular.
It may be provided with a separate shaft for the wellhead, sometimes meet-
ing the main section at a right angle.
Circular, bottle-shaped, 327

The distribution of the cisterns and their types is illustrated in Table 14

from which it is clear that type IV is clearly predominant (more than eighty
examples). The precise number of the bathtub-shaped cisterns found in rela-
tion to Car8 and Car23 is unknown. As for Car27, three cisterns are securely
dated to the Punic period. A fourth has not been included because of its un-
certain date. 328 The cisterns in the `Hannibal Quarter'are all perfectly bath-
tub-shaped, whereas variants of the type occur in the `Mago Quarter'
(CarMl: room P 18; CarM4: rooms P 71b-P 72). This is most likely ex-
plained by the fact that the cisterns of the latter quarter had to be adapted to

325
According to Appian, there were houses six storeys high at Carthage (Pun. 128).
326
Lancel et al. 1980, 19. No details are given.
327 Also called bell-shaped (Vann 1981, 30).

328 No conclusive arguments for either a Punic or a Roman date can be given (Davis 1981, 45-49;

Vann 1981, 12-14).

84

pre-existent structures, while on the Byrsa hill they were part of the original
plan 329
Type V is only represented four times twice in CarH4 and on the out-
,

skirts of the city: Carl and Car3. Two cisterns are situated in the same area
as Car2, but apparently they do not belong to the house and are not includ-
ed, since their date is more likely to be Roman than Ρunic.330
The shapes of several cisterns are unknown due to insufficient informa-
tion, partial excavation or destruction. In Car Η13 the presence of a cistern
beneath the courtyard is presumed because of the inflow hole in the centre
of the courtyard, but it has not been investigated. As regards the cisterns in
rooms P 9, Ρ 19 and P 21 of CarMi, it should be noted that no traces of the
cistern from the Punic period in room P 9 exist due to destruction of the
area by Roman structures. However, remains of a channel system confirm its
existence. Room P 19 is situated outside the excavation area. In room P 21
the cistern was rebuilt in the Roman period leaving no traces of the Punic
period 331 In CarDM2 the number of cisterns and their shapes are unknown.
The houses in the `Hannibal Quarter' are all provided with cisterns. Due
to the incomplete excavation of CarHl1, it is not clear whether this house
had a cistern or not. The maximum number of cisterns is two, found in five
houses, whereas the much larger houses on the coastal plain as a rule have
several cisterns, at least in the last phase. CarMl appears to have been pro-
vided with eight and CarM6 with five cisterns. Car Μ5 had four or five de-
pending on where the boundary between this house and Car Μ9 is drawn.
No cisterns have been located in CarM8.
It is characteristic that the cistern is located below the courtyard, or partly
below this (Table 15). Another frequent location is below the long and nar-
row corridors. With respect to the houses from the `Hannibal Quarter', the
large capacity of the cisterns has been used as an argument in favour of the
existence of upper storeys. The same applies to the `Mago Quarter'. Since no
house has been fully excavated here, it is not possible to get ~~complete íi~-
pression of the relation between the area of the house and the number of cis-
terns, but so far the largest number of cisterns have (logically) been found in
the largest houses. In the 'Mago Quarter' the width of the cisterns varies
from 0.8 to 1.2 m and the longest of the fully excavated is the one from
CarΜ4 room P 75 with a length of 8.5 m and a capacity of c. 14,300 litres.
The cistern in CarM6 room P 48 is the smallest with a capacity of c. 5,550 li-
tres. In general, the Carthaginian cisterns show a striking consistency in di-
mensions, especially as regards the width.

329 In the `Mago Quarter'at least eleven cisterns have only been excavated to a very small extent.
However, one semicircular end is documented or part of one end: Car Μ2: room P 54; CarM4: room
81•; CariS: rooms P 102, Ρ 106, room 120•; CarM6: rooms Ρ 42, Ρ 44, Ρ 46, Ρ 47a; CarM7: rooms
135•, 136•. For plans showing the water supply and disposal in the `Hannibal Quarter'and `Mago
Quarter', see Lancet 1995, 158, fig. 81 and 169, fig. 90; Karthago 1 1991, plan 30.
30 They are rectangular with rounded corners (Merlin 1919, 194). This type of cistern is common

at Carthage in the Roman period (Vann 1981).

31 Wiblé in Karthago I 1991, 100 and 105.
 85

Only a few cisterns date to the middle Punic period, while the majority are
late Punic. In Car10 they can be dated before the mid-3rd century BC. The
cistern in CarDMl is from the 4th century BC. In CarM10 and Car17 the
cisterns may be middle or late Ρunic3 32 All the cisterns in the `Hannibal
Quarter' date to the first half of the 2nd century BC (Table 15). This corre-
sponds well with the late installation of the cisterns in the houses on the
coastal plain from the second half of the 3rd century BC onwards (Table 15).
The majority of the cisterns here date to the second quarter of the 2nd cen-
tury BC, for example one of the cisterns in Car Μ2. In CarM3 the cisterns are
supposed to be contemporary with the securely dated ones from CarM4 and
CarIS, i.e. the second quarter as well. The cisterns of Car Μ6 are said to be-
long to the first quarter of the 2nd century BC.333 According to the publica-
tion, the cistern in room P 48 was constructed in "Phase 2" (after the middle
of the 3rd century BC), while the cisterns in rooms P 42 and P 46 cannot be
dated. However, the one in P 42 dates before the second quarter of the 2nd
century BC (before "Phase 4") 3 34
It should be stressed that if only the cisterns from the `Hannibal Quarter'
and the `Mago Quarter' were taken into consideration, one would get the im-
pression that the cistern is a late feature of the domestic architecture at
Carthage.
No wells have been located in the `Hannibal Quarter', but they exist in
three houses on the coastal plain (CarMi, CarM4, CarM6). The wells occur
in the largest houses suggesting the need for additional water supply in these
houses. Wells appear to have been the main water supply in the `Mago Quar-
ter' in the second half of the 5th century BC (Carli, CarM4). The well in
room P 75 of CarM4 was replaced by a new one at the end of the 3rd or dur-
ing the first quarter of the 2nd century BC, while the others located in rooms
P 72 and P 78 were converted into overflows for the nearby cisterns in the
second quarter of the 2nd century BC. Thus only one well was in use in this
house in the last phase. Furthermore, wells are mentioned in connection
with the following locations: Car2, Car4, Car6, Cara, Car10 and Car17. On
the Byrsa hill waste water from the houses in the `Hannibal Quarter' was dis-
charged by pipes and channels into soakaways situated beneath the streets or
allowed to flow directly down the slopes. 335 In the `Mago Quarter' the same
soakaway system existed, but here they are situated within the houses. Soak-
aways are also mentioned in connection with Carl and Car3.

DIACHONIC PERSPECTIVE

The housing of the middle Punic period is best documented in the `Mago
Quarter'3 36 The plots were narrow, the width ranging from 11 m to 30 m.

32 Rakob 1989, 162 and fig. 7.

3" Wiblé in Karthago I 1991, 95.
i4 Stanzi in Karthago I 1991, 20.

33 Lancel 1981, 182.

336 Cf. Rakob 1981, 129-131.

86

House IVa had a corridor leading to the courtyard at the rear of the house.
Two porticoes existed in the courtyard of House lib in the 4th century BC.
Wells appear to have prevailed over cisterns as systems of water provision.
CarDMl was provided with a cistern in the 4th century BC, and its southern
part served again as habitation after having been temporarily converted into
a Tanit sanctuary. An extension of the city northwards is likely to have taken
place in this period, i.e. the "Nea Po lis" mentioned by Diοdοrus.337 On the
heights of Bordj-Djedíd walls dating no earlier than the 4th century BC,
Car22, have been located and may document this expansion.
In the late Punic period two tendencies are clear: on the one hand, houses
were enlarged. On the other hand, there was a need for more housing. The
extensions of plots are particularly attested in the `Mago Quarter' where re-
planning and more luxurious furnishings took place from the second half of
the 3rd century BC onwards, including the amalgamation of two or more
houses and the installation of cisterns and porticoes. This applies for in-
stance to CarMi where three houses were joined: In Car Μ2 new pavements
were laid, and a bath appears to have been installed. Car Μ4 was created by
the amalgamation of two house units, and a new large, courtyard was built.
CarM6 was extended towards the east and was provided with porticoes in
the courtyard. The same happened in the Quarter of Decumanus Maximus
and Cardo X, according to the excavators. They refer to a room of 60 r 2, ex-
tension of plots, a "<Peristyl>-Haus" and the installation of cisterns in
CarDIl and House II. They also speak of a monumentalizatíon of the quar-
ter in the second half of the 3rd century BC, including the placing of hexago-
nal terracotta tiles in front of the entrance to one house. 338 This quarter is ex-
tremely important because of the documentation of a paved and sewered
street.
The need for more habitation is documented all over the city. The houses in
the `Hannibal Quarter' and also Car9 and Car10 were built on top of work-
shop areas or converted from workshops into houses. New houses were con-
structed in the `Mago Quarter' where all available ground became occupied.

CONCLUSION

Distinct house types are not present, but two features stand out: the use of
standard plots to a certain extent in the `Hannibal Quarter' and the prefer-
ence for porticus triplex supported by pillars. So far no true peristyles have
been documented in the Carthaginian houses. As circulation space the open
courtyard is most frequent, but is not omnipresent. The most common fea-
tures are the planned quarters with rectangular houses; the narrow, laterally
placed corridor serving as entrance room and thus protecting the privacy of
the inhabitants; the bathrooms and the characteristic bathtub-shaped cistern
often situated below the courtyard or corridors.

"' Dud. 20.44.1.

338 For instance Niemeyer et al. 1993, 211; Ríndelaub/Schrnídt 1996, 51.
 87

The internal layout of the best preserved house, Car Η8, can be described
as an U-plan with a laterally placed corridor leading to a central courtyard
and the main room in the front part of the house (the relationship between
entrance room, courtyard and main room). "' This plan may also have been
present in CarΗ6 and CarH7 if the rooms towards the street functioned as
main rooms and not as shops. In Car5 the courtyard also appears to have
been centrally placed, whereas the courtyards in the `Mago Quarter' were sit-
uated at the back of the house plots, judging from the excavated remains.
In addition to the long and narrow corridors, a characteristic succession of
narrow and wide rooms occurs in the 'Mago Quarter', for example in Car Μ2
and CarM3. In CarM3 there are two room complexes; each comprises one
large room with a small room on either side - (rooms P 50, P 51, P 52 and
rooms P 53, P 57, P 58).

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES RELATED TO CULTURAL TRADITIONS

The Doric order was adopted from Greek architecture, but the most com-
mon supports were pillars. According to Lézíne, both the Doric order and
the crow's beak cornice were imported to Carthage from Sícíly. 340 Egyptian
elements are the so-called Egyptian mouldings, in particular found in rela-
tion to Carl1. The preference for pillars may be explained by the tradition of
employing pillars in the. architecture of the Phoenician homeland. They are
especially attested in houses of the Iron Age (late 12th century BC-7th cen-
tury BC) 341 The internal division was often achieved by means of pillars, and
one house type is characterized by three parallel rooms separated by pillars.
The central room is normally identified as an open courtyard. 342 Morever, the
central room is often broader than the two side rooms. This tripartition re-
sembles the arrangement of the porticus triplex in the 'Mago Quarter'. The
persistence of the tradition in Phoenicia is illustrated by the sanctuary at Am-
rith built during the Persian period (end of the 6th century BC to mid-4th
century BC). The shrine was surrounded on three sides by porticoes consist-
ing of píllars.343 The general layout of rooms in the `Mago Quarter', for in-
stance the alternation of narrow and broader rooms, and the long narrow
corridor also find parallels in architecture of the east Mediterranean, espe-
cially the palaces of the Achaemenid Empire. 344
The Carthaginian material testifies to the coexistence of different bathing
installations. Shower baths along with the use of the bathtub à sabot" and "

wash basins are attested. The use of this type of bathtub must be seen as in-
fluence from the Greek world including Sicily and North Africa. Here porta-
ble and built-up bathtubs are well-documented in private houses and public

339
For this type of plan, see Daniels 1995.
340 Lézine 1968, 152.
;41 Braemer 1982.
342
Especially type Illl of Braemer (1982, 71-73, 84 and 72, fig. 24).
343
Durand/Saliby 1985.
344
For plans of these palaces, see Nielsen 1994, 35-72.
88

baths dating from Classical and Hellenistic times, for instance in houses at
Olynthos, the public baths at Gela (c. 310-280 BC) and the baths in the
Sanctuary . of Apollo in Cyrene (early Hellenistic period). 345 Immersion tubs,
representing the tradition of the Oriental world, are lacking so far. 346

INTERIOR ARCHITECTURAL DECORATION

WALL DECORATION (Table 13 and Table 16)

The remains give a rather incomplete picture of the wall decoration in the
Carthaginian houses which is due to the poor state of preservation and often
only pàrtial excavation. Moreover, the publications of the `Hannibal Quar-
ter' and `Mago Quarter' include only a selection of the finds. Based on this
material, identification of different categories of-wall decoration is confined
to the First Style, while a group of miscellaneous remains is too fragmentary
to provide evidence for a particular decorative system.
Wall decoration in situ has been found in the following houses: Car Η3,
CarΗ4, CarH5, CarΗ8, CarH10, CarΗ l3, CarΜ4, CarM6, Carl, Car2, Car4
and CarS. In general, it consists of remains of plain white or grey stucco. 347 In
the corridor of 'CarΗ8 there is a slightly projecting socle 0.65 m high in hy-
draulic mortar. Above is a plain white zone. Hydraulic mortar is also attested
in Carl, Car4 and CarS (bathroom). Remains of a panel with drafted margins
are documented in CarM4.
Fragments of mouldings came from CarDM2, Car4, Cars and Car25. The
latter may include traces of painted decoration, especially in blue, red and
yellow. The finds from CarDM2 consist of two painted fragments of a Lesbi-
an cyrnatium and two painted fragments of egg and dart mouldings. 345 Wall
decoration from upper storeys occurs in CarH5 (many fragments of moulded
architectural stuccoes) and CarH13 (debris of stucco). Moreover, there are
finds of uncertain provenances from the `Hannibal Quarter' (Table 16). Al-
though they cannot be assigned to a specific house, they supplement the ma-
terial. As to nos. 1-6 in the table, Ferron and Pinard write that the majority
of the finds listed in this part of their publication came from the habitation
described earlier in the text. 349 The problem is, however, that more than one
house are mentioned in this section, thus it is not clear which house they re-
fer to. There are three options: Car Η3, CarΙ7 and CarΗ8 of which the latter
is the most likely because it is described in detail.. Fragments from upper
walls (no. 7 in the table) document the existence of more complex decora-
tion including painted mouldings with the following elements, reading from

Robinson/Graham 1938, 198-204; Yegíil 1992, 25 and 48.

345
346
Fantar 1985, 342 and 354-355.
347 Plain stucco is not listed in the catalogue or tables.
348
Niemeyer et al. 1996, 60, cat. nos. 65 and 66.
;49 "Comme ces monnaies le matériel que nous allons maintenant inventorier provient, dans sa

majeure partie, de l'habitat décrit plus haut. Outre les fragments de décor architectural, il comprend
du mobilier, de la cYrarnique et d'autres objects usuels" (Ferron/Pínard 1960-1961, 127).
 89

top to bottom (reconstruction): Lesbian cymatium, egg and dart, dentil

frieze, bead and reel, flowered frieze. 350
The First Style is documented in CarM4 (House 1Vb). The fragments
were found in a deposit sealed under a pavement and are dated to the late
4th century BC, i.e. before the amalgamation of House IVa and IVb which
took place at the end of the 3rd or in the first quarter of the 2nd century BC.
They comprise the following elements (approximate numbers): six possible
column flutes (one Ionic), two probable pilaster edges, thirty-one white draf-
ted edges or corners of panels, one black (?) panel with a red draft, twelve
moulded pieces and fifteen plain white. 351 Unfortunately, no drawings or
photos of these finds are shown in the publication.
Murals of the First Style also occur in CarM6 where the debris dates from
the end of the 3rd to the middle of the 2nd century BC. The material consists
of (approximate numbers): five pieces of drafted coloured panels (two red
edges with yellow drafts, one black with yellow draft, two red with a white
bevelled edge, two solid white and two black), twenty-five moulded pieces,
some with paint (for instance colonnette, base and capital of pilaster, flutes,
denticulated cornices, eggs and darts, Lesbian cymatium, flowered frieze),
fifty plain white, nine red, five black, one yellow (?), seven varicoloured, thir-
ty-five miscellaneous, one large painted moulding with Lesbian cymatium,
egg and dart and dentils. 352
The First Style present in the Carthaginian houses can be paralleled in
Pompeii, Delos and Sicily, especially as regards columns, colonnettes and
denticulated mouldings. 353 The Lesbian cymatium finds parallels in Carthage
itself and other Punic sites including Solunto in Sicily. The flowered frieze
composed of white flowers set against a blue ground also appears to be char-
acteristic for the Punic world (including one find from Marsala in Sicily).
The questions of placement and arrangement cannot be answered. More
colours are present in the material from the last phase of the 'Mago Quarter'
than in the material from the 4th century BC, but white appears to be the
predominant colour of both groups.

The analysis shows that wall decoration occurred in houses situated in the
very centre of Carthage as well as on the outskirts of the city. CarM4 and
CarM6 provide the richest material, but finds from Car Η5 (upper storey),
CarΗ8 (including the fragments of uncertain provenances) and CarH13 (up-
per storey) also point to decoration of a certain quantity.

PAVEMENTS

Both pavements in situ and fragments from upper storeys or destructions

layers are included. Lancel has produced an illustrative plan for the `Hanni-

3θo Cf. Lance! 1995, 319, fig. 190. Nothing is said about the find-spot.
„1 Laidlaw, A. in Karthago Π 1997, 228.
,xi
Laidlaw, A. in Karthago 11 1997, 228.
,s3
For exact parallels, see Laidlaw, A. in Karthago 111997,215-225.
90

bal Quarter', showing the distribution of types. 354 Types and distribution are
shown in Table 17.

Opus tessellatum mosaics on the ground floor only occur to a modest extent
(nine catalogue numbers), and they are mainly monochrome white employing
marble and limestone tesserae. 355 In the courtyard of CarM4 the tesserae are
regularly set, whereas they are laid obliquely in the porticoes in order to distin-
guish the two different zones. 356 Sometimes the monochrome mosaics are em-
bellished with tesserae of dark coloured limestone (or marble?) randomly or
regularly set. This applies to Car Η8 (room G, threshold mosaic) (Fig. 6),
CarΜ2 and CarΜ3 357 Α bicolour mosaic depicting a black-and-white chequer-
board frames the opus figlinum pavement in one of the courtyards of Carl. 358
The only polychrome mosaic on ground-floor level documented so far is the
threshold mosaic from the bathroom of Cars. It has a geometric pattern con-
sisting of nine rows of stepped triangles in black, red and white surrounded by
a lead band. 359 It is the only more complex design found so far at Carthage. 36°
However, a fragmentary tessellated mosaic from CarDMl may depict a poly-
chrome or at least bicolour motif. Judging from a photo, it appears to be a
monochrome white field with a central design. 361 The latter consists of a frame
with what looks like a chequer-board and a dark square in the centre.
Fragments from upper storeys and/or destructions layers are both mono-
chrome and polychrome. Α selection from the `Mago Quarter'is shown in
the publicatíon3 62 Unfortunately, information of exact find-spots is lacking
except for one3 63 One of the fragments is decorated with a chequer-board
pattern in black, white and red. 3 The remaining polychrome fragments are
too small to give an idea of the design.

354 Lance' 1985a, 176, fig. 12.

355
There is divergent information of the material used in the main room of Car Η8: Limestone:
LancelTi,illier in Byrsa I 1979, 232. Marble: Lancel 1995, 165.
356
Karthago 11991, pls. 52.a-c and 52.e; colour pls. 70.22-23.
357 As to CarΜ3, this can be concluded from the publication (Karthago 11991, ρl. 51.b and colour

pl. 7021). According to the text, the mosaic came from room P 90 or House 111. However, in the sec-
tion on this room it is stated that no pavement was preserved here (Teschauer in Karthago I, 1991,
151). The mosaic therefore appears to have fallen from an upper storey.
358 For photo, see Renault 1912, 364, fig. 11.
359 For photos, See Chelbi 1980, 33, fig. 7; Chelbi 1984, 31, fig. 1 and 32; fig. 3; Dunbabin 1494,

35, fig. 11; Dunbabín 1999, 103, fig. 102.

365
A fragment of a pavement found at the intersection of the Rue Didon and Rue Arnobe com-
bines opus figlinum and opus tessellatum. Here it is a band decorated with a chequer-board in black,
red and white. This pavement is said to date to the 4th century BC (Chelbi 1985, 83), but in the
Carthage National Museum it is more circumspectly dated 4th — 2nd centuries BC. For photo, see
Dunbabín 1994, 38, fig. 15.
361
Niemeyer et al. 1996, 32, fig. 36. .
362
Karthago 11991, pls. Sia, 51.g, 51.h (CarM6, room P 31) and 51.j; colour pls. 70.18-7020.
Colour pl. 7020 depicts a fragment from CarM10.
363 In
general, the only information is that the fragment came from the destruction layer without
further details.
364
Karthago I 1991, pl. 70.19.
 91

Fig. 6. Carthage, Hannibal Quarter', Car Ηδ, room G (bathroom), opn.r tesselhtum and opus fighnui7
(author's photo).

Opus figlinum is widely used (fifteen catalogue numbers and possibly one
more). This type of pavement is laid in areas exposed to water and humidity:
Corridors: CarΙ5, CarH6, Cari- 112 (immediately inside the doorway) and
CarM6. Bathrooms: CarΗ8 (Fig. 6), CarΗ13, CarM4 : Carµ6 and Cars.
Basin: CarMi (room P 7).
92

Courtyards: CarM6 (last phase), Carl (both courtyards, one combined

with framing band in opus tessellatum).
In room ß of CarH10 a few fragments are recorded in the preliminary re-
port, but these are not shown on the plan made by Lance13 65 Apparently some
sort of hydraulic installation existed here some time. Fragments from upper
storeys were also found in CarH13. Judging from photos and a caption, there is
an opus figlinum pavement in Caro, but this is not mentioned in the text. 366
Sometimes the opus figlinum mosaic is embellished with white tesserae of
marble or limestone. They are randomly set or forming geometric patterns:
equally spaced rows laid parallel to the walls of the room: for example
CarDMl, CarM4, Car2 and Car5; 367 or laid obliquely to the walls of the
room: for example a fragment from the `Mago Quarter', destruction layer. 368
In Car10 the pavement is decorated with white marble tesserae evenly set.
As regards Car8, the presence of this pavement type is indicated by the fol-
lowing description: "un des facies est constitué par de petits cubes de poterie
de 0 m. 010 à 0 m. 015 de côté, juxtaposés et liés par un ciment blanchâtre "3 69

Chip pavements: Chip pavements were employed in the `Hannibal Quar-

ter'. However, this does not appear from the table, since no specific proven-
ances of these fragments are given3 70 This pavement type is also employed in
the `Mago Quarter'. This conclusion is, however, based on photos from the
publication371 Insufficient information of provenances only allows one as-
cription: the upper pavement of room P 9 (courtyard) in CarMl which is
made from limestone chips3 72

Tile pavements: Opus sectile made of terracotta tiles occurs on four loca-
tions. In Car8 and Car17 the tiles are lozenge-shaped3 73 In CarDM2 they are
hexagonal and laid in front of the entrance to a house. Carl is the fourth lo-
cation.

Mortar pavements: This pavement type is the most common. Many sub-
types are distinguishable of which at least three exist in the `Hannibal Quar-
ter' (`h' refers to the `Hannibal Quarter'):
hi: with a dense scattering of white fragments and tesserae3 74
h2: with a sparse scattering of white fragments and tesserae. 375

365
Lancel/Thuillier in Byrsa 11979, 234.
366
According to the caption, the pavement is composed of "tessélles de poterie" (Fantar 1985, 52,
pl. VIIl.c and 53, pl. IX.b).
367 For CarDMl, see Niemeyer et al. 1996, 32, fig. 36.

368 Karthago I 1991, pl. 51.1.

369
Vézat 1946-1949, 677.
370 Lancel 1985a.

37 ` Karthago 11991, pls. 50.j, 50.1 and 51.d-51.e; colour pls. 69.10-69.12 and 70.13-70.14.
372
Karthago 11991, pls. 50.j, 50.1 and 51.e; colour pl. 69.12.
373 Car8: 024 x 0.12 x 0.05 m, corridor. Car17: 0.195 x 0.090 m, black, yellow and red (Saumagne

1924, 186).
374 Lancel 1985 a, 171, no. 2.
373
Lancet 1985a, 171, no. 1.
 93

h3: with a "surface lissée stuquée ".376

In general, hl and h2 are both polychrome with many fragments of stone
and ceramic. Sub-type h3 can be monochrome white as well as polychrome.
Only fragments from upper storeys have been recorded.
The analysis of the mortar pavements from the `Mago Quarter' is prob-
lematic and cannot be accurate, since the finds still await their publicatíon. 377
Moreover, there is the problem with the use of the terrazzo term (cf. Appen-
dix). Two large sub-types exist according to the excavators, but one of them
(the terrazzo group) covers a large range of variants and ought to be divided
into several sub-types (`m'refers to the `Mago Quarter'):
ml: mainly monochrome, termed "Mörtelestrich" by the excavators.
polychrome with admixture of many ceramic and stone fragments,
called "Terrazzo" by the excavators. Often a dense scattering of white frag-
ments or tesserae. Sometimes this term is described as a fine red terrazzo that
only adds to the problematic use of ít. 378
In order to obtain some kind of distribution pattern, this division is fol-
lowed in the tables, but with the possibility that some of the terrazzo pave-
ments are in fact chip pavements. A third sub-type has been added:
monochrome and coarse ground of red or reddish colour. Scattering
of white fragments or tesserae may occur. 379
The identification of the pavement types occurring at various locations at
Carthage is to some extent based on more or less detailed descriptions and
photos of varying quality. If terms like opus scutulatum and opus segmenta-
turn are used without explanations and if no photos illustrate the text, the
precise character of the pavements in question remains uncertain. In those
cases, references must be made to the terms used.
Carl appears to have the same kind of mortar pavement as Car3. 380 In
Car2 the pavements are described in the following way: "le sol est pavé, en
général, de mosaïques dont les éléments, d'ordinaire blanc, parfois de toutes
nuances, semés sans ordre, sont de forme irrégulière" 381 To judge from this,
it appears that pavements were made of mortar with scattered white and/or
coloured fragments. The pavement of the corridor in Car3 is a reddish mor-
tar pavement due to the admixture of crushed terracotta. Furthermore, it
contains limestone fragments3 82 In Cars it appears that two sub-types occur:
The first has an admixture of ceramic and stone or marble fragments (court-
yard and room 1), termed opus segmentatum by the excavator. The second is
not described, but termed opus signinum (room 4). Thus it may be a variant

36 Lancel 1985a, 174, no. 8. This sub-type includes the pavements termed lithostroton in the pre-

urinary reports.
377 Pavements, wall decoration and architectural finds will be published in a separate volume (Ra-
kob in Karthago I 1991, 223).
3'8
"...aus feinem, rotem Terrazzo..." (St an zi in Karthago I 1991, 10).
3'9
Karthago 1 1991, colour pl. 69.7.
380 Fantar 1985, 14.

381 Merlin 1919, 193-194.

382 Fantar 1973, 242; Fantar 1985, 14.

94

Fig. 7. Carthage, `Hannibal Quarter', CarH13, room E (courtyard), detail of mortar pavement with
tessera design (author's photo).

containing only a small amount of fragments or tiny ones. Car8 has a mono-
chrome mortar pavement 3 83 In Car10 some of the pavements are termed
opus segmentatum and opus scutulatum, but as they are not described fur-
ther, their precise character remains unknown. These terms, however, often
relate to mortar pavements, and therefore mortar pavements are likely to be
present here. The pavements of Car11 are made of a "mortier friable" .384 In
the case of Car25, opus signinum and opus scutulatum allegedly occur. The
latter term is given in a photo caption. The photo a&ears to show a mortar
pavement with white fragments randomly scattered.
Mortar pavements with tessera design: At least two patterns occur:
1) Tesserae arranged in equally spaced rows laid parallel to the walls of a
room: CarH7 (corridor), Car Ηl3 (courtyard) and Car4 (corridor, red-
dish colour). 386 Ιn CarΗ7 and Car4 the individual tesserae are set obli-
quely to the walls and far apart, whereas the tesserae of the courtyard
in CarΗ13 are laid parallel to the walls and densely (Fig. 7)3 87 In gen-
eral, the Carthaginian mortar pavements have a polychrome effect due
to the many fragments of varying colours. The overall design of the

Vzzat 1946-1949, 677: "...en ciment uni ".

' Lancel/More1 1992, 63.
385 Chelbi 1985, 85, fig. 1.
386
Fantar 1985, 53, pl. IX.a; 56-57, pls. XIII.a-XIIl.b.
387 For the pavement of Car4, see Fantar 1985, 57, pl. 1(11th.
 95

courtyard pavement in Car}13 is a combination of the regular geomet-

ric design in the courtyard itself (except from a small area with a later
alteration) and the scattering in the portico zones (hl). This is the same
design for differentiation between the two areas as in CarM4 (tessellat-
ed mosaic).
Tesserae arranged in equally spaced rows laid obliquely to the walls of
a room: Car10 (reddish colour, room 9).
Unknown design: Judging from two photos in the publication, mortar
pavements with geometric design occur in the `Mago Quarter'. 388 The
provenances of these pavements are not indicated, and the designs can-
not be determined by the photos only, but it appears to be rows equal-
ly spaced with the tesserae densely set. Both Car8 and Car9 appear to
be provided with mortar pavements decorated with equally spaced
tesserae. 389
Isolated finds (not included in the table): A fragment of a disc found with-
in the area of CarMl should be mentioned. It is made of black limestone and
has circular carvings for inset tesserae. 39° The disc may have served as an em-
blema.391 Finally, a fragment of a pavement without any parallels in the Punic
world also came from the `Mago Quarter'. 392 It is composed of irregular
pieces of coloured limestone and sinter lime densely set in a mortar mixed
with fine stone chips The surface has been ground and polished. 393
The greatest range of pavement types occurs in Car Η l3 and CarS. The
ground floor of CarΗ13 contains an opus fig/mum mosaic and different mor-
tar pavements including tessera design. The upper storey made use of opus
tessellatum, opus fig/mum and mortar pavements. CarS is provided with
white monochrome mosaics in the courtyard and room 6, and a polychrome
threshold mosaic in the bathroom. The opus figlinum pavement of the bath-
room is embellished with white marble tesserae laid in rows parallel to the
walls. Various mortar pavements are also present.
Dating of pavement types: Fragments of à green mortar pavement embel-
lished with white marble tesserae were found in connection with CarMil.
They date no later than the early 4th century BC. 394 The monochrome tessel-
lated mosaic located above these fragments can be dated as early as the sec-
ond half of the 4th century BC. 395 Thus the Carthaginian material attests the
existence of both these pavement types in the 4th century BC. The earliest

388 Karthago 11991, pls. 49.f and 50.c.

389
Car8: "un autre par un magma de tessons de brique, piqué à intervalles réguliers de cubes de
marbre blanc" (Vézat 1946-1949, 677). Car9: "un pavement en opus signinum à incrustations régu-
lières" (Arenabi, C. 1978, 19).
390
Karthago I 1991, 224, fig. 47, pls. 53.d and 53.g.
391
A similar find has been made in the `Hannibal Quarter'(Rakob in Karthago I 1991, 223, note 64).
392
It came from the destruction layer.
393 For photos, see Karthago I 1991, pls. 50.a and 70.24.
394
Rakob 1989, 184.
395 Rakob 1989, 183.
96

example of a polychrome opus tessellαtum mosaic dates no later than the

beginning of the 3rd century BC. 396 The pavement from the Rue Didon/Rue
Arbobe may go back to the 4th century BC (opus figlinum with band of poly-
chrome chequer-board in black, white and red). 397

From the analysis it is evident that the characteristic Carthaginian pave-

ment types are opus figlinum and mortar pavements characterized by a great
variety and scattering of white fragments and tesserne. Both types are quite
durable and hard-wearing. At the same time they are the least expensive. The
pavement of prestige is opus tessellatum. It is found in connection with
courtyards and (possible) main rooms plus room 6 of Cars. Another use of
the tessellated mosaic is as threshold mosaic in relation to bathrooms (Car Η8
and Car5). The motif of stepped triangles is so far the only polychrome pat-
tern found in situ (Car5). CarDMl may be a second example. Besides the tri-
angles, the other design attested is the chequer-board. This pattern is com-
bined with opus figlinum in Carl (bicolour) and in the fragment from the
Rue Didon/Rue Arnobe (polychrome). However, tessellated fragments,
some being polychrome, from upper storeys indicate a more frequent use of
opus tessellαtum than documented in the material in situ. The geometric de-
signs of the mortar pavements are confined to equally spaced rows laid paral-
lel or obliquely to the walls of a room and covering the whole floor surface.
They date no earlier than the 3rd century BC. This motif is also used in opus
figlinum mosaics. It applies for instance to the bathroom of Cars where the
tesserae are set far apart and laid obliquely to the walls of the room, i.e. ex-
actly as in the mortar pavements of Car Η7 and Car4.

FINDS

Despite the severe destruction of the city, it is possible to gain an impres-

sion of the occurrence of sculptural themes, whereas religious finds and epi-
graphical material are rare.

Scr Trani
The sculptural finds include sculptures of all dimensions and materials.
Only finds that have been found within the house units are included in the
catalogue. Finds of uncertain provenance, but found within habitation' "regs,
are listed in tables in order to supplement the material.
Finds found within the houses (Table 1 and Table 18): Only statuary in
terracotta came from precise contexts. The most frequent mythological theme
is the enthroned Baal Hammon documented in four houses. A fragmentary
sphinx that most likely decorated the throne of the god was found in

svs
Rakob 1979, 26.
397 Chelbi 1985, 83.
 97

CarΗ13. Another common type is the female figure, also attested in four
houses. There is one example of a male figure and of an animal (ram). Finally,
a group consisting of a man and a female idol appears to represent a scene
from comedy (the area of CarM1).
The largest amounts of finds came from CarHl and Car Η13, the two dou-
ble units of the `Hannibal Quarter'. Of course, reservations about quantity
and distribution are obligatory due to the inaccurate information about find-
spots and the selective ,publication of finds.

Finds of uncertain provenance (Tables 19-21): Statuary in terracotta is the

most common. The group of marble and stone consists of four finds that can-
not be ascribed to a specific house. Two fragments of stone came from the
`Mago Quarter' (Table 20, nos. 1-2) and a marble statuette of Artemis, a Greek
import, was found in Carl l (Table 21, no. 1). Finally, a life-size marble frag-
ment of a right hand came from the `Hannibal Quarter' (Table 19, no. 1).
According to the excavation report by Ferron and Pinard, a large amount
of objects in terracotta was found within the coordinates C,D,E-1,2,3 on Byr-
sa which means that they either came from within CarH3 or just outside this
house.398 In the later publication a list of finds is included again. According
to Ferron and Pinard, the majority of these came from the habitation descri-
bed earlier in their text 3 99 There are three options: Car Η3, CarH7, or
CarΗ8.
A more complete impression of the variety of iconographic themes is ob-
tained by including the finds of uncertain provenance. It is clear that Baal
.

statuettes were even more frequent, and there were several Bes statuettes.
Less frequent are Herakles (Table 19, no. 7) and Pan (Table 19, no. 38? and
Table 20, no. 3). Masks are also common.
The finds within the area of Carl l should be singled out. Numerous terra-
cotta statuettes of Baal (enthroned) and Bes were found. 400 More finds of ter-
racotta are listed in Table 21. One is remarkable because it is almost life-size
(Table 21, no. 3). Unfortunately, only parts of the hair are left.

The setting of the statuary cannot be reconstructed. Statuettes of Baal

were predominant, but Egyptian (Bes) and Greek divinities (Herakles, Pan
and Artemis) are also attested.

RELIGIOUS FINDS
Censers representing Demeter are documented in CarHl3 and Cars.
There are three examples of uncertain contexts from the `Hannibal Quarter'.
One was found within the coordinates C,D,E-1,2,3, meaning that it came
from CarΗ3 or just outside this house 401 Two came from coordinate I-7 and

398 Ferron/Pinard 1955, 60 and 73-77.

399 Ferron/Pinard 1960-1961, 127.
400 Carrié/Sanviti in Byrsa 11979, 136.

401 Ferron/Pinard 1955, 76, no. 154, pl. LXXXI.

98

may be ascribed to Car Η7 or CarH8 402 Both the cult of Demeter and.Kore
and the prototypes of the censer were introduced from Sicily 403

EPIGRAPHICAL MATERIAL/GRAFFITO

Two black glazed vases, probably Campanian A, are of special interest be-
cause the name of the owner is inscribed on them: SPASINII. 404 They came
from coordinate I-6 and can be ascribed to either Car Η6 or CarH7. The in-
scription may be reconstructed as SP[UR[I] ASINII. It is tempting to sug-
gest a direct connection between the owner of the vases and the inhabitant of
the house, but the vases themselves are not conclusive evidence, since they
may have ended up in the house by accident. In any case, the presence of
Italians/Romans right down to the outbreak of the Third Punic War is attest-
ed by literary sources 405 Moreover, trade continued between Carthage and
Rome despite hostilities. This is documented by the large quantities of Italic
amphorae imported to Carthage between the end of the 3rd century BC and
146 BC 406

THE HOUSING OF CARTHAGE

The housing of Carthage is characterized by regularly planned quarters

where the development of housing is best documented. But a more balanced
picture is obtained by including the scattered finds of houses and those of
suburban areas. Houses of all sizes existed, but within the quarters a certain
standardization of house-plot size existed, at least in the original layout. The
laterally placed corridor and angled passage to the interior of the house make
the Carthaginian house an inward-looking unit. The courtyard is not an om-
nipresent feature; for example, it is absent in the small houses in the `Hanni-
bal Quarter' and in Car4, and no true peristyles have been found so far.
Some houses were provided with two (and maybe more) courtyards which
may indicate a division between functional areas and reception sections. As
Carthaginian houses have not been subjected to investigations of artefact dis-
tribution, the function of the Punic courtyard, besides providing light and
air, is difficult to determine. Moreover, one should not forget that one func-
tion does not exclude another, meaning that domestic as well as more public
activities took place in the same courtyard, but not at the same time. In
CarM4 it is clear that the eastern courtyard (room P 75) is the one of prestige
having a porticus triplex and an opus tessellatum pavement. Both courtyards
of Carl have an opus fig/mum pavement, and the bicolour frame decorating

402 Ferron/Pinard 1960-1961, 153, nos. 457 and 458, pl. LXXXI. Additional .fragments were

found at the same spot.

403 Pena 1991.

404 Ferron/Pinard 1960-1961,142, nos. 393 and 394, pls. LXVI and LXVIl. These vases appear to

be lost today, since it has not been possible to locate them in the museum (Lancel in Byrsa 11979, 34,
note 64).
4"
Polyb. 36.7.
406 Fulford 1983, 7-8.
 99

only one of the pavements may indicate a hierarchy between the two. Fina lly,
the courtyard in Cars also appears to be of importance due to its opus tessel-
latum mosaic consisting of marble tesserae.
Already by the 4th century BC there is evidence for the use of porticoes,
the bathtub-shaped cistern, opus tessellatum (monochrome), mortar pave-
ments and murals of the First Style. In the late Punic period enrichment of
the architecture is evidenced by the extensions of plots and addition of porti-
coes in the courtyards. This led to the creation of palatial houses (especially
in the `Mago Quarter' and the Quarter of Decumanus Maximus and Cardo
X). In the `Hannibal Quarter', by contrast, the porticoes were closed. The
majority of the bathtub-shaped cisterns date to this period. Geometric pat-
terns were employed in both tessellated mosaics and mortar pavements. The
lack of figurative motifs may admit of several explanations: that they have
not yet been found; that there was no taste for them because the Carthagín-
íans preferred simpler decorations; that Carthage was cut off before the in-
fluence from the Hellenistic East reached its culmination in the West. The
statuary mainly depicts Punic gods, Baal Hammon in particular, but Greek
and Egyptian influences are also present (various gods and theatrical
themes). Judging from the amount of terracotta statuettes found in the 'Han-
nibal Quarter', these must have been quite common.
Despite the adoption of foreign elements, for instance the Doric order,
bathtub "à sabot", First-Style wall-paintings and Egyptian mouldings, the
Carthaginian houses remained essentially Punic as evidenced by the opus
africanum technique, the Punic cubit, the long narrow corridors, porticoes
supported by pillars and the predominant bathtub-shaped cistern. Moreo-
ver, opus figlinum (sometimes combined with opus tessellatúm), floors of ter-
racotta tiles and especially the mortar pavements with their wide range of
colours (such as red, green, grey, yellow, brown in various shades) are char-
acteristic of the houses. The flowered frieze from the wall decoration is also a
specific Punic element.

Houses to be noted:-In the `Hannibal Quarter' CarH8 and CarH13 stand

out because of their internal layout including elements such as a vestibule, a
courtyard, a main room and a bathroom (both shower baths). Furthermore,
a wide range 0f pavement types was employed, and the use of statuary is also
documented, although its provenance is only possible in the case of CarH8
(cf. Table 19, nos. 13-37).
CarΗ8 represents the standard unit of 75 m2. The vestibule takes the shape
of a long narrow corridor (6.6 m x 0.9 m) leading to the courtyard (room H).
Here a decorative detail was a stuccoed column, now disappeared, hiding a ver-
tical water-supply pipe (for the cistern) in the eastern corner. The main room
(room I) is provided with a monolithic threshold, a niche in the wall and an
opus tessellatum mosaic. Unfortunately, we shall never know whether the room
had a door towards the street. The pavement in the bathroom (room G) com-
bines a small field, i.e. the threshold, in opus tessellatum and a large one, i.e. in
the room proper, in opus figlinum embellished with white tesserae (Fig. 6). The
house, and its upper stories, might have been decorated with terracotta statu-
ettes of gods, such as Baal and Bes, and comic masks.
100

CarΗ13 has been reconstructed as a double unit of 150 m 2. Here the vesti-
bule (room Β) is a small room of 3.10 m x 1.76 m. Special attention was giv-
en to the courtyard and main room. Despite the limited space, the courtyard
(room E) originally had a pórticus triplex and was distinguished from the
portico zones by the regular tessera decoration of the mortar pavement
(equally spaced rows) (Fig. 7). A pilaster and half-column decorated either
side of the entrance to the main room (room F), again having a monolithic
threshold. Fragments of wall decoration and of both opus tessellatum and
opus figlinum provide evidence for a richly decorated upper storey that may
have been reached by a staircase next to the bathroom (room G). Other
finds from the house include terracotta statuettes, for instance a sphinx
(from an enthroned Baal statuette) and female heads, and a censer.
Before leaving this quarter the graffito SPASINII inscribed on two vases
should be mentioned, as it might refer to inhabitants of either CarH6 or
CarH7. If so, Italians/Romans were living in the very heart of the Punic
metropolis.
The `Mago Quarter' is characterized by its large houses in its last phase.
Despite the severe destruction and incomplete ground plans, it is clear that
these houses made use of porticoes, various pavement types, including poly-
chrome opus tessellatum, and murals of the First Style, whereas sculptural
finds are rare. Due to the destruction, however, room identification is almost
ímpossiblé and as to the bathrooms most details of the installations, whether
wash basins, immersion tubs etc., have not survived.
CarM1 had at least two courtyards (rooms P 9, P 18), each with a porticus
triplex employing pillars. Apparently these two courtyards were part of a
symmetrical arrangement centred round room P 13. Mortar pavements pre-
dominate. A terracotta group, maybe representing a comedy scene, came
from the Punic destruction layer.
CarM4 was divided into two zones of which the ' νestern with an open
courtyard (room P 72) is interpreted as a service area and the eastern as the
reception area of the house. The eastern courtyard (room P 75) was provided
with a porticus triplex and an opus tessellatum mosaic. There are traces of
eight square bases for either pillars or columns. Both a main room (room P
78) and a bathroom with opus figlinum (room P 79) have been identified in
the eastern zone. The murals of the First Style belonged to an earlier phase
of the house. Other important finds are fragments of Doric columns and
capitals and a fragment of a Baal statuette (filling beneath Roman pavement).
CarM6 may have been the largest house of Carthage (1440 m 2). A corridor
(rooms Ρ 30, P 30α, Ρ 49, P49a) paved with opus figlinum gave access to the
house from the east side of the insula. The following elements are documen-
ted: a courtyard with two or three porticoes (room P 40), a bathroom (room
P 41), storerooms (rooms P 31-P36), five cisterns and one well, murals of the
First Style, opus figlinum and various mortar pavements. Upstairs rooms
were decorated with opus tessellatum mosaics.
Unfortunately, the latest phases of the Quarter of Decumanus Maximus
and Care/o X have not been dealt with in detail. However, there are indica-
tions of rich material: a paved street, a "<Peristyl>-Haus", the extension of
 101

houses, several cisterns (only one identified as type I), opus tessellatum with
motif (only shown in photo) and terracotta tiles.
In Caro a corridor served as circulation space partitioning the house of c.
200 m2 in two halves with habitation in the western part and production in
the eastern part. The house was provided with a kitchen and a bathroom.
The latter consisted of two rooms, a changing room and the bathroom prop-
er. Interior architectural decoration includes mortar pavements, some with
tessera design (equally spaced rows), opus figlinum and mouldings in stucco.
Despite incomplete excavation and irregular shapes, Cars is noteworthy
because of the monochrome opus tessellatum mosaic of marble and staircase
in its courtyard (Fig. 5). Furthermore, the polychrome opus tessellatum mo-
saic decorated with stepped triangles from the bathroom, i.e. from the door-
way between the two rooms forming the bathroom, is unique. The three ni-
ches and bench in room 4 suggest that it served as a cult room. Fragments of
wall decoration and terracotta statuettes together with a censer have been
found
Finally, Car10 should be mentioned, as it has the only built-up bathtub "à
sabot" so far documented in Carthaginian houses. This stresses the impor-
tance of including the scattered remains from the city.

THE URBAN CONTEXT

Remains of public buildings at Carthage are rare, thus there is not much
comparative material.
The Punic sanctuary located at the Rue Ibn Chabâat dates to the end of the
5th century BC and was renovated at the end of the 3rd or beginning of the
2nd century BC. Judging from the votive stelae that were found nearby in the
19th century, this sanctuary was dedicated to the so-called young Baal Mam-
mon (assimilated with the Egyptian Harpokrates) 4 07 Greek influence is attested
in the architectural elements coated with white stucco, for example Doric capi-
tals, Doric half-capitals and Aeolic capitals. Also a spout in the shape of a lion's
head from the early phase of the sanctuary follows Greek models4 08
A Tanit sanctuary was installed in the southern part (room E) of CarDMl
in phase V (6th and early 5th century BC) and was given up again in the 4th
century BC The most remarkable feature of the sanctuary is the five sym-
. 409

bols set with irregular tesserae in the surface of the mortar pavement dating
to the late 5th century BC. The symbols depict a sign of Tanit, a cross set
within a circle (related to Baal Hammon), a rosette (which may represent
both Astarté and Tanit), and the last two symbols probably depict a fish and
a rosette. These symbols prove that the Carthaginians used figurative and
floral motifs in pavements, but apparently only in a religious context. The
most important thing to note is that the use of tesserae in mortar pavements
is documented as early as the end of the 5th century BC.

907 Rakob 1991a; Rakob 1991b.

908 Niemeyer et al. 1996, 28.
409 For example Niemeyer et al 1996, 8-10 and 36; Rindelaub/Schmidt 1996, 49-50.
102

Judging from textual evidence and epigraphical material, a number of

Phoenician and Punic gods had temples at Carthage, but from the beginning
of the 5th century BC onwards the main gods were Tanit and Baal Ham-
mon. 410
The influence from the Greek world and Egypt attested in the private
sphere is mirrored in the public sphere. The archaeological and epigraphical
source material together with textual evidence show that several foreign gods
were worshipped in the Punic metropolis, for instance Isis, Osiris, Horns
and Bast 411 A temple of Isis existed in Hellenistic time, and the cult appears
to have continued in the Roman period. 412 Bes is only documented through
archaeological finds. According to Diodorus, the Carthaginians adopted the
Sicilian cult of Demeter and Kore in 396 BC 4 13 Simultaneously the censer in
the shape of a woman's head was introduced.

THE REGIONAL CONTEXT

The question is how the housing of Carthage relates to other Punic sites in
North Africa. Phoenician/Punic sites are located in a zone stretching from
present-day Libya to Morocco, and according to literary sources, they were
numerous 414 For the purposes of this work only sites within present-day Tu-
nisia are included.415 Unfortunately, only a few cities provide comparative
material.
Punic remains are scant at Utica. However, soundings below the Roman
insulae 1-3 have documented that an orthogonal layout of houses was em-
ployed sometime between the 4th century BC and the middle of the 1st cen-
tury BC when a major reorganization took place 416 Remains of mudbrick
walls and mortar pavements date to the 3rd century BC. The use of white
tessellated mosaics was introduced at the beginning of the 2nd century BC.
Remains from the 2nd century BC comprise stone socles, mudbrick walls
and bathtub-shaped cisterns. Houses with walls entirely built of stone also
occur.
Different stuccoed fragments from architectural decoration (for instance
two Ionic capitals) have now been dated to the Hellenistic period, and some
of the fragments have parallels at Carthage (the Byrsa hill) 417 Moreover,
First-Style wall-painting appears to be present. As to pavements, the motif of
stepped triangles occurs at Utica, but only in the Roman period. 418

410 For references, see Fantar 1986, 16-22.

4""
Ηalff 1965, 74-75.
412
Leclant 1995, 4748.
417
Díod. 14.77.5.
414 Fantar 1994, 106-108.

48 For map, see Fantar 1994, 107, fig. 1.

406
Remains of Punic Utica: Lézine 1968, especially 147-148 and 152-153; Lézíne 1971.
417
Ferchíou 1995.
418
For example Maison au Grand Oecus, room V11(Duliere et al. 1974, 5-6, No. 147, pl. I).
 103

Kerkouane, whose ancient name is unknown, is situated at the tip of the

Cap Bon promontory. It provides the largest complex of Punic houses with a
terminus ante quern of the mid-3rd century BC when the site was destroyed
and abandoned. 419 This destruction and abandonment have been linked with
the First Punic War during which the Romans occupied Can Bon (256-255
BC). Prior to this event the town had suffered a partial destruction at the end
of 4th century BC with subsequent rebuilding. 420 Judging from various
source materials, for instance epigraphical material and burial customs, in-
habitants of local origin lived together with the Punic people. 421
Neither insulae nor house plots are standardized, and in most cases they
are of irregular shape. In general, the socles and the lower parts of the walls
are of stone, whereas the upper parts of the walls are built of mudbrick.
Most houses consist of the following elements: an entrance room placed lat-
erally (a corridor or vestibule), courtyard, bathroom with a changing room
and a bathtub (a built-up "baignoire à sabot" with a seat at the back) and
various rooms arranged around the courtyard. 422 A few houses were provided
with porticoes in the courtyard 423 Columns appear to be more common than
pillars. In two houses the porticoes were closed at a later time, probably in
connection with the rebuilding at the very end of the 4th century BC. 424 The
dimensions of main rooms range from 10 m 2 to 19 m2, and they are located
towards the street (for example Rue Deux Places no. 3, U-plan like Car Η8)
as well as opposite the entrance (for instance Rue de l'A ρotrοpaïon no. 4). 425
Like the `Hannibal Quarter' at Carthage, the houses often have a small room
next to the entrance. This room communicates both with the street and the
interior of the house (for example Rue de l'Apotropaion no. 2).426 Fantar has
suggested that the room may have served as a storeroom, workshop or recep-
tion room.427 Staircases are located in entrance rooms or in the courtyards.
Often the lowest steps of stone are preserved 4 28 Water supply was secured
by means of wells of which most are located below the courtyard. 429 For liq-
uid waste a drain ran along one side of the corridor or vestibule.
Both Egyptian mouldings (stone) and crow's beak cornices (stucco) were
used in the wall decoration at Kerkouane. White and coloured stucco has
been found. Some are divided into zones by incised lines. Different pave-
ment types are documented4 30 A fragment of a tessellated mosaic in white

419For an overall plan, see Fantar 1985, between 8 and 9.

420
Morel 1969, 513-518; Fantar 1984b, 14-19, 63-74 and 77-79.
421
Fantar 1986, 414-427.
422
For plans, see Fantar 1985,295-301, figs. 1-7. For bathrooms, see 363-389, pls. I-XLII.
423 Peristyle: Rue de l'Apotropaïon no. 35 (3 x 3 columns), Rue de l'Artisans no. 7 (2 x 2 col-

umns). Porticoes (one, two or three): Rue de l'Apotropalon no. 21, Quartier du Four nos. 1 and 2,
Quartier du Boulevard no. 1. See table Fantar 1985, 127-128.
424 Quartier du Four nos. 1 and 2 (Fantar 1985, 139).
427
Fantar 1985, 148.
426
Fantar 1985, 297, fig. 3.
427
Fantar 1985, 572.
428 Fantar 1985, 603-617, pls. I-XXI.
429
Fantar 1985, 401-402. According to Fantar, no cisterns have been documented (1975, 10, note5).
430 Fantar 1984b, 499-514.
104

and red is dated to the 5th century BC by Morel. 431 However, no details on
the stratigraphy are given. The opus sectile pavements are of terracotta, the
tiles being lozenge-shaped, hexagonal and quadrangular. Several sub-types
of mortar pavements exist 432 They may have a densely set scattering of mar-
ble or limestone fragments. Mortar pavements with tessera design also occur.
It should be stressed that both geometric designs, floral and figural motifs
are present. The motifs are set with white marble or limestone tesserae:
equally spaced rows laid parallel to the walls of the room, uncertain linear
design 433 The figural and floral motifs include the sign of Tanit, fish and
flower. 434 The sign of Tank occurs three times. It is located in the courtyard
in front of the threshold to the main room. 435
The most characteristic features of the houses at Kerkouane are the open
courtyards provided with a well, the bathtubs and mortar pavements. 436 Por-
ticoes in courtyards were in use before the first destruction in the late 4th
century BC. Features to be singled out are the modest, but true peristyles,
the installation of bathrooms in almost all houses, the sign of Tanit decorat-
ing domestic pavements and mortar pavements with geometric patterns be-
ing earlier than the mid-3rd century BC.
The fort situated at Ras ed-Drek at Cap Bon should be mentioned in this
section, as it apparently Rrovídes the earliest examples of the bathtub-shaped
cistern in North Africa. ' The fort dates to the 5th century BC and contin-
ued to be used until the fall of Carthage. However, no information on the
stratígraphy is given. The fort had five large cisterns with an average length
of 5.28 in and an average width of 1.04 m. A bathtub-shaped cistern
(L-shaped) is also present in the sanctuary at Ras ed-Drek. It dates no earlier
than the 3rd century BC. 438
Punic sites and Punic influenced sites outside North Africa: In order to
supplement the material, some sites in Sicily and Sardinia will be commented
on. A general problem of the sites in Sardinia is the difficulty in distinguish-
ing between Punic and Roman phases (from 238 BC onwards) due to the
persistence of Punic building techniques (opus africanum) and architectural
elements. 439 In Sicily many cities were alternately under Greek and Cartha-
ginian control prior to the Roman conquest.
In Casa II A at Herakleia Mínia in Sicily the bathtub-shaped cistern be-
low the courtyard is dated no later than the first half of the 3rd century BC

431 Morel 1969,.499-500.

432 Fantar uses the following terms: opus signinum, opus barbaricum, opus segmentatum (1984b, 502).
433
Fantar 1985, 537, pls. L-LI.
434
For the flower, see Fantar 1985, 538, pls. LIl-LIl bis.
3s
Fantar 1985, 539-540, pls. LIIl-LV.
436 The bathtubs have also been linked with the production of purple dye which took place at
Kerkouane, judging from the piles of murex shells found in the city. This interpretation, however,
finds no acceptance today (Fantar 1986, 507-511).
437 Barreca 1983, 22-24.

438 Fantar 1986, 48.

439 For example Mezzolani 1996. For sites on S ar dinia, see Barreca 1986, especially 185-194.
 105

(as is the layout of the house), and probably it goes back to the 4th century
BC. The courtyard is paved with square tiles of terrac οtta.44° Casa II B at
Herakleia Minoa was built in the first half of the 3rd century BC and is de-
scribed as a square closed unit having a corridor leading to the central court-
yard or the "atriolo". Upstairs rooms were decorated with First-Style wall-
paintings, mosaics and red mortar pavements with white tesserae. 441
Figurative motifs set with white tesserae in mortar pavements are docu-
mented at Selinunte in Sicily. The sign of Tanit between two caducei occurs
in a house situated on the acropolis, and in Temple A there are several mo-
tifs: the sign of Tank, a bull's head in a wreath and a caduceus. They prob-
ably date to the first half of the 3rd century BC, i.e. before the destruction of
the city in the First Punic War.
From Monte Sirai in Sardinia two buildings should be commented on.
The so-called Mastío on the acropolis was provided with a bathtub-shaped
cistern in the 5th century BC. 442 The second is the so-called Casa Fantar situ-
ated in zone B on the acropolis and built before the end of the First Punic
War (264-241 BC). 443 The rooms are arranged around a central courtyard.
Like CarH8 and the houses from Kerkouane, a drain for waste water is locat-
ed in the entrance room (corridor). Room c served as a domestic shrine.
At Tharros the bathtub-shaped cistern is documented in twelve houses
(casa n. 40, 41, 52, 51, 49, 64, 66, 6, 17, 21, 34 and 79) and in one public
building (Tempio delle semicolonne doriche), 444 A variant has rounded cor-
ners (casa n. 58, 68). Some of the cisterns date to the Punic period. However,
it is difficult to determine the time of construction, and the repair of the hy-
draulic mortar shows that the cisterns were used fora long period. 445

This brief comparison has demonstrated the existence of Punic cultural

characteristics within a vast area with the bathtub-shaped cistern and the
mortar pavements with tesserae as the most characteristic features. Carthage
and Kerkouane in particular have several similarities: the long laterally
placed corridor and the room communicating both with the outside and in-
side, the use of porticoes in the 4th century BC, and interior architectural
decoration, for instance the terracotta tiles of various geometric shapes. The
importance of bathrooms is also attested at both sites. While different instal-
lations occur in the Carthaginian houses (shower baths, wash basins and
bathtubs), Kerkouane demonstrates a clear preference for the bathtub with a
seat at the back, a type widely used in Greek baths in Sicily and North Afri-
ca, for instance in the public baths at Gela (c. 310 280 BC) and in the Sanc-
-

440 De Miro 1966, 228-231.

441 De Miro 1966, 227 and 233.
442
Bartoloni 1995, 103. The building had a religious function (Bartololi 1995, 105). For plan, see
Bartoloni 1989, 27, fig. 11.
443 Fantar/Fantar 1967, 53-54. For plan, see Fantar/Fantar 1967, fig. 2.

444 Bultrini et al. 1996.

945 Bultríni et al. 1996, 109 and 124-127.

 4. AMPURIAS. THE WESTERN COLONY
HISTORY OF RESEARCH

A very detailed account of the research and excavation of the city has al-
ready been given by E. Sanmartf and Rípoll and later by Mar and Ruiz de Ar-
bulo.447 Thus this section presents only an overview of the investigation of
the city.
The identification of modern Ampurias, Empúries in Catalan, with the an-
cient city of Emporion-Emporiae is ascribed to the bishop of Gerona, Joan
Margarit (1421 1484). Unlike most of his contemporaries in the Renaissance,
-

whose studies were purely philological, he actually visited the site (Paralipo-
menon Hispaniae libri decem, Granada 1545).448 A description of the ruins,
however, did not appear until 1609 (Jeroni de Pujades, Cor~nica universal
del Principat de Cathalunya, Barcelona). The first plans of the site were pub-
lished by Jaubert de Pass in his Notice Historique sur la ville le comté d'Em-
púrias, Paris 1823. He correctly identified the village of Sant Marti d'Empú-
ries as Palaiapolis mentioned by Strabo. 449
The first excavations financed by public funds were carried out in the pe-
riod 1846-1848 in the north-eastern part of the Greek city, i.e. Neapolis, and
in the forum area of the Roman city. The most renowned find of the nine-
teenth century is the mosaic depicting the Sacrifice of Iphigeneia in Aulis. 45°
The architect and archaeologist Puig y Cadafalch presented his project for
the excavation of the site in 1907; work began at the southern gate of the Ro-
man city in the following year, before being transferred to Neapolis a little
later in the same year. The systematic excavation took place in the period
1908-1936 with Gandía as field director. 451 During these years Neapolis was
totally unearthed. The Spanish Civil War brought the fieldwork to a tempo-
rary halt, but excavations were resumed by Almagro in 1940. In the 1940s
and 1950s work concentrated on the Roman city (city wall, houses and fo-
rum) and the necropoleis. Moreover, soundings were made in Neapolis. In
the period from the 1960s to the 1980s special interest was devoted to strati-
graphical studies, especially in the forum area of the Roman city and the
northernmost and southernmost parts of Neapolís. 452 In 1983 a study of the
architecture of Neapolis was presented. 453 But it was not till 1993 that the
first monograph to include all structures of the city, also comprising descrip-
tions of all houses, was published by Mar and Ruiz de Arbulo, 454 This work

447
Sanmartf, E./Rfpoll 1981; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 49-102.
448
Sanmartf, E./Ripoll 1981, 21; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 50.
449 Strab.3.4.8.
450
The mosaic was found in 1848 in the Roman city to the north-west of the forum. For photo,
see Marcet/Sanmartí, E. 1990, 147; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 55; Dunbabin 1999, 146, fig. 150.
Gandía's excavation diaries (Diarios de Eχcavaci~n) are kept in the museum at Ampurias.
452
For the latest bibliography on the city, see Sanmartf-Grego, E. 1996. For the forum, see Aqui-
lué et al. 1984.
453 Aquilué et al. 1983.
454
Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993.
108

not only gives important information on the topography and architecture,

but also places the city in a wide historical context. The water management
of Ampurias has been studied by Búres Vilaseca, and her work including
both private and public areas is another major contribution to our knowle-
dge of the city. 455

TOPOGRAPHYAND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY 456

The ancient city of Ampurias consisted of three urban nuclei. In the pres-
ent work they are named as follows: Palaiapolis, Neapolis and the Roman
city (Fig. 8) 457 The first harbour lay to the north of Neapolis. At the end of
the 2nd century BC a breakwater was built to protect it. Due to increased
trading activity in the 2nd century BC, new facilities were required, and a
second harbour was established further to the south-east in the area of Riells-
La Clota. 458
The initial settlement, Palaiapolis, was originally located on a small island
just off the coast at the mouth of the river Fluvíà. Today the island is joined to
the mainland, and the ancient city is situated beneath the image of Sant Martf
d'Emρ ries that has been inhabited continuously and thus inaccessible for
major archaeological investigations. However, recent excavations have re-
vealed a part of the earliest Greek settlement dating to 575/550 BC. The re-
mains include for instance rectangular houses with stone socles and beaten
earth floors. 459 Traces found below the church of Sant Marti d'Em ρ~ries have
been interpreted as belonging to a temple of Artemis of Ephesos, the goddess
of the Iοnians.460 According to Strabo, a cult of the Ephesian Artemis existed
at Emρorion.461 The traces date to the last third of the 6th century BC, and a
fragment of an Archaic frieze depicting two sphinxes is supposed to come
from this temple together with an Ionic capital and an altar. 462 The late Impe-
rial city wall is partly preserved. 463 After the abandonment of both Neapolis
and the Roman city, Palaiapolis was the only inhabited nucleus.
The name Neapolis is modern. It was given by Puig y Cadafalch in 1908 in
order to define the urban area south of Sant Marti d'Empúries (Fig. 9). 4'
Life in this part of the city lasted from the 6th century BC into the second

455 Búres Vilaseca 1998.

45~ For an overview of the historical and topographical development, see Sanmartí-Grego, E.
1992a; Sanmartí-Grego, E. 1992b.
457 The latter is also called "Indica", "Ciudad 'beno-rom an a", "Ciudad Helenístico-rom an a",

"Ciudad Republicans", see Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 43-46.

458
'Viet() Prieto/Nolla 1985; 266, fig. 1.
59
Below Plaça Major (Sant Marti d'Empúries 1998, 26-28).
460 Sanmartí-Grego, E. /Santiago 1988, 4.
q61 Strab.3.4.8.
462
SantMartí d'Empúries 1998, 27.
4fi3 The wall has earlier been dated to the 2nd century BC (Almagro 1964, 97-98; Mar/Ruiz de Ar-

buio 1993, 156).

4w
Puig y Cadafalch 1908.
 ~_~-__".~
109

—~~

-_ — -.___ . __~~ -

~~r--
%_~ `
~~ ,
,
~
;

~~
~
~
`~r. '
...-

®\~^ξ
~~~ ~

~ω. Roman city 3

/Ι

r~ ~ -,Neaιiö~1 5
α alaíaplis

~~ ~ ~

Fig. 8. The three urban nuclei of Ampurias (Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 204).

half of the 1st century AD. In its last phase Neapolis occupied an area of c.
465
3.6 hectares or c. 250 m x 145 m The city grew from the north towards the
south, since the earliest material comes from the northern sector and can be
dated to the first half of the 6th century BC. In the southern part of the city
the oldest remains date to the first half of the 5th century BC. 466 The earliest
part of the city wall goes back to the third quarter of the 5th century BC. A
rectangular tower located behind the so-called Asklepios temple was part of
this wall. A suburban sanctuary dating to the second half of the 5th century

465
Domínguez Monedero 1986, 3.
466
Sanmartí-Grego, E. 1992b, 178-179.
110

BC was situated in the south-western area. Fragments of architectural dec-

oration (terracottas) found in the area are supposed to belong to this sanctu-
ary 467 In the first half of the 4th century BC the sanctuary was reorganized,
and the sanctuary traditionally regarded as dedicated to Asklepios appears to
have been created at this time. The expansion of the city is testified by the
construction of a new city wall to the south during the second quarter of the
4th century BC. 468 A proteichisma (defensive parapet) was erected in front of
the southern city wall in the last third of the 3rd century BC. A major pro-
gramme of building activity took place in the 2nd century BC. A new defen-
sive wall was erected c. 25 m further to the south shortly before the middle of
the century, 469 while a new agora with a stoa on the northern side and porti-
coes on the other sides was built in the first half of the century. The Askle-
pieion was reorganized, and to the south-east a precinct was created consist-
ing of a rectangular space surrounded by porticoes and structures in the
west. South of the city a building of unknown function was constructed
around 200 BC.470 Public baths were built in the north-eastern part of the
city around 100 BC 471 A Sarapieion was established in the south-east pre-
cinct in the 1st century BC. Neapolis was abandoned in the Flavían period in
the second half of the 1st century AD.
The earliest structure from the area of the later Roman city dates to the
first half of the 2nd century BC (Figs. 10-11). 472 Only the foundation consist-
ing of megalithic limestone blocks is left together with four large cisterns.
The building is interpreted as a Roman praesidium. Around 100 BC a Roman
city was established on the hill 150 m west of Neapolis covering an area of c.
750 m x 350 m. The city was surrounded by a wall and laid out on an ortho-
gonal grid divided into rectangular insulae, each being 1 x 2 actus (i.e. c. 35
m x 70 m). Apparently the city was divided into a northern and a southern
part by a transverse wall. Unfortunately, the northern part has not been in-
vestigated. In the middle of the southern part the forum was situated occu-
pying the space of four insulae.473 At its northern end stood a tetrastyle tem-
ple probably dedicated to Jupiter Optimus Maximus or to the Capitoline tri-
ad. The temple was surrounded by a portico standing atop a cryptoporticus.
In the southern part of the forum a basilica and shops were located. An
amphitheatre and a palaestra were constructed immediately outside the city
to the south in the Imperial period. The abandonment of the Roman city
took place gradually from the Flavian period to the last third of the 3rd cen-
tury AD 474
In the 1st century BC Neapolis and the Roman city were united. The west-

461
Sanmarti- Grego, Ε. 1990, 399-405. -

468 Sanmartí- Grego, Ε. et al. 1986; Sanmarti, Ε. et al. 1988; Sanmarti- Grego ; E. 1988b; Sanmarti ~~
Grego, Ε . et al. 1991; Sanmartí- Grego, Ε . et al. 1992.
469
Sanmartí, E./Noila 1986. .

470 Sanmarti, Ε . et al. 1984, 125, 150 and 152.

471
Ραlαυ~/Vivó 1993 α.
472
Aquilué et α 1. 1984, 1, 36-47 and 427-463.
73 Aquilué et al. 1984; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1990.

474 lieto 1981; Castanyer et al. 1993.

 - ιπ ν.ι —mu; 1 ~ 111

~ιι ~`τ""'tí■ιιιιΠ Ε . ~

·
Street 9 1 ~ Ü . .

1 ~~ ^y
r'. ~ Jr ιιi'~ ιM .νπl ~
..ιιΥ
ι ~± *
τl ατMtEwιιιTσ~rn..T~ιτuw λl
i Í θι σ.- υ7 ~πχι nm J ι { Π ι.fiΛσι.ιιηΝ g νι.ι
í αΡ1. ~~αW
~ι. , ι ιυιιιυπι ι
.η.ι~ α ~αι•

9~

Street 5
Ampurías, Neapolis, plan (Mat/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, sep arate

υ.. η..• •ι ..
rr υ,..•.ω.~
 1 11

Transverse wall
j l
~~ Γ `s-J1 Jt ~~

----- --•-- fi~---~

Amphitheatre Palaestra

100m.

Fig. 10. Ampurias, Roman city, plan (Aqullué et al. 1984, fig. 13).
112

,.......η., .........., ..,~,...,.η ~;

~~~ι ~~~~ Praesidium

~

~.

s~

ο + + + + + + + + + + + ε ο

o ο — σ
+

F ττ

σ
-50R1

i ❑

0 Ι❑
—

~
ε_ ~

.-.

σ Q D
loB

li
Fig. 11. Ampurias, Roman city, plan, forum and so-called praesidium (Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 190).
 113

ern city wall of the former and the eastern of the latter were dismantled, and
a new wall was erected between the two nuclei. This fusion of the two urban
nuclei is connected with the creation of the Municipium Emporiae which ap-
pears to have taken place between 36-27 BC 475

INTRODUCTION TO THE HOUSES

The material from Ampurias consists of a total of thirty-eight houses of

which thirty-four are situated in Neapolis, Ampi Ι -Αmρ134, and four in the
Roman city, AmpR1-AmpR4 (Fig. 9, Figs. 12-14). 476 The uneven distribution
is due to the very limited excavation of the latter. With the exception of a
few examples, the houses are completely excavated.
Neapolis is characterised by an irregular street grid and insulae of varying
shapes and sizes. Apart from the southernmost zone reserved for sanctuaries,
the houses are distributed all over the city where they intermingle with for
instance shops, a small market and a salting factory. The gradual and unplan-
ned development is particularly clear in the intersection between street 1 and
street 5 where two houses were added at a later time to the detriment of the
streets themselves 4 7 As mentioned earlier, the present appearance of the
houses is supposed to date to the late Republican period and early Imperial
times only. In a few cases the date of construction and modifications can be
dated more precisely. This is the case with Ampli where ceramic material
from the stratum below the floor level dates the time of construction to the
2nd century BC ΑmρN7 was built or remodelled before the last third of the
1st century BC. 478 Material from the time of the abandonment, i.e. the late
1st century AD, is documented in several houses and other structures. 79 It
should be stressed that the plan of Neapolis includes all structures without
regard to chronology. With respect to the boundaries between the house
plots, the work by Mar and Ruiz de Arbulo is fοllowed. 48o
Three of the houses from the Roman city are situated in the north-eastern
part (not including the northern half of the city), AmpR1— ΑmρR3, and the
fourth lies south-east of the forum, AmpR4. The houses cover a period from
the beginning of the 1st century BC to the last third of the 3rd century AD.
However, the abandonment did not take place simultaneously. The original
layout of the two eastern insulae appears to have consisted of two or three
standard plots per insula occupied by atrium houses with a garden at the rear
laid out on an east-west alignment. 48 This, however, rapidly changed, as two
of the three houses, AmpR1 and ΑmρR3, underwent extensive alterations.
Although stratígraphical studies are lacking, several building phases have

475
Fabre et at.. 1991, 17-18.
476
A fifth house has been located west of AmpRi (Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 94).
47 Ampli and AmρΝ9.

478 Santos 1998, 558 and 558, note 7.

479
Cf. catalogue; Campo/Ruiz de Arbulo 1986-1989.
480
Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 353 -3 90 and 403-407.
481 Santos Retolaza 1991, 25; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 240. The authors erroneously call the Ro-

man house 2A (AmρΕ2) for 2B (AmρΕ3) and vice versa.

114

Second phase
j 43 42 41

1,1

49.
Fourth phase
II 55.
50·
a

lo η.

Fig. 12. Ampurias, Roman city, AmpRi, plan, last phase with indication of building phases (Santos
Retolaza 1991, 30, fig. 13).

been identified on the basis of differences in building techniques and the

decoration 0f waΠs and floors.482
Note on identification of c ο~rtyards: Before going intd detail about the
houses, it should be emphasized that due to the poor state of preservation of

' Santos Retolaza 1991, 22; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 395; Carri ~n Masgrau!Santos Retolaza
1995, 113.
 ο
Μ
~Φ

C)
Μ
η
Μ
J' ❑

Γ
η
M
Γ

Q
Ε
ο'-

η
α

~
Μ
Ν
~

Ν~')
tú
~~
~
Μ

~r

on ofbuilding phases ( Santos Retolaza 199 1, 3 2, fig. 15 ).

115
116

Fig. 14. Ampurias, Roman city, AmpR4, plan (drawing by Kjeld de Fine Licht).

the houses in Neapolis, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish uncovered

zones from covered ones within the house plots. This especially affects the
identification of a possible open courtyard. An identification criterion could
be the pavement type, for example stone slabs or another durable material.
However, this criterion is of little value if the same pavement type was em-
ployed in several or all rooms of the house, including beaten earth floors, or
if no pavements are preserved. Another criterion could be remains of drain-
age systems (drains or pipes) and finally, there is the question of the cistern.
On the one hand, the presence of a cistern points to the existence of an open
 117

area within the house plot. On the other hand, the cistern in a given room is
not necessarily evidence for a courtyard in that particular room, as the rain-
water could reach the cistern situated below a covered room by means of
pipes or channels. Consequently, when roof systems and water collection sys-
tems remain unknown, and other evidence is lacking, the cistern alone is not
conclusive evidence. At the same time some courtyards may not be detect-
able in the archaeological record. Apart from the obvious courtyards (pro-
vided with porticoes), courtyards have been identified in the present work
when more criteria appear to be present, for example cistern and inflow
channel and/or drainage channels.

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS

Ground plan (Table 22): Four types of ground plans occur: rectangular,
square, irregular and L-shaped. Most frequent is the rectangular ground plan
with a total of sixteen examples. However, some of these have minor irregu-
larities and/or trapezoidal shapes ( ΑmρΝ3, ΑmρΝ8, Ampi 12, ΑmρΝΙ5,
ΑmρΝΙ ~, ΑmρΝΙ7). The second largest group consists of irregular ground
plans (nine houses). There are five more or less square houses. Finally, three
houses are L-shaped. The ground plan of five houses is unknown ( ΑmρΝ22,
ΑmpΝ25, ΑmpΝ27, ΑmpΝ31, ΑmρR4).

Dimensions (Table 22 and Table 23): The largest houses are situated in
the Roman city. AmpRi occupies an area of 3492 m 2 and AmpR3 an area of
2128 m2. These huge areas were achieved by several extensions. In leapolis
the areas range from c. 50 m2 (Ampli) to more than 868 m2 (Αmp134). 483
The majority of the houses where the area is known belong to the group
101 200 m2.
-

Entrance room (Table 22): Almost half the houses (seventeen) have a sep-
arate entrance room. Sometimes it is a long and narrow corridor. This is the
case when the house is situated in the middle of an insula (ΑmρΝ21,
Αmρ125, Αmρ127). Corridors also occur in Αmρi6, ΑmρΝi4 and
ΑmρR4. However, the majority of the entrance rooms are small rectangular
or square rooms. In ΑmpΝ34 there is an arrangement consisting of an
L-shaped room (room 2) which opens onto a rectangular room (room 3a)
and a corridor (room 3b). Both the rectangular room and the corridor lead
to the peristyle. The entrance door of Am ρ 3 is recessed from the street.

Circulation space (Table 22): Judging from the presence of an impluvium,

eight houses are provided with an atrium: Amply (Tuscan), AmρΝ7 (Tus-
can), ΑmρΝ i3 (tetrastyle), Ampl1S (Tuscan), Αmpi31 (tetrastyle),

463 The eastern part of the house is situated below the modern coastal path.
118

AmpRi (Corinthian), AmpR2 (tetrastyle) and AmpR3 (Tuscan). AmpR1 had

two atria.
The simple courtyard without porticoes occurs in eleven houses. In
AmpR1 the courtyard forms a secondary circulation space (room 50). More-
over, a courtyard may have existed in Am ρΝ2 and AmρΝ28 due to the pres-
ence of a cistern. A courtyard with porticoes on three sides is attested in two
houses: ΑmρΝ2 and AmpR1.
Peristyles occur in five houses. In AmρΝ21 and ΑmρΝ34 the peristyle is
more or less centrally placed, whereas they are located at the margin of the
plots in AmρΝ5, AmpR1 and AmρR3 (two peristyles). The peristyles of
AmpR1, AmpR3 and probably ΑmρΝ34 surrounded gardens. 484
Αr ιρΝ14 had a corridor serving as circulation space and ΑmρΝ23 a cen-
tral covered room. In ΑmρΝ22 (room 1), AmρΝ26 (room 1), AmρΝ27
(room 2) and AmρΝ29 a circulation space is distinguishable, but the nature
of this cannot be identified more precisely.
Finally, there is a group of houses without an easily identifiable circulation
space: Ampil, ΑmρΝ4, AmρΝ9, AmpliO, AmρΝ18, AmρΝ20, AmρΝ24,
AmρΝ30 and AmρΝ33. The possibility of identifying courtyards and atria in
these houses will be commented on in the conclusion of the architectural
analysis.
Main room (Table 22): The identification of main rooms in the houses of
Neapolis is difficult, and sometimes it is a qualified guess more than a certain
identification. The reason is the poor state of preservation. Moreover, several
houses are laid out with rooms of similar size. These houses may have had a
main room, but it is not detectable in the archaeological record. Main rooms
have been identified in the following houses:

AmρΝ2: Room 1 or 2 (location, pavement).

AmρΝS: Room 5 (size, location).
AmpΝ7: Room 2 (location, pavement).
AmpliO: Room 1 (size, pavement).
Ampi 13: Room 8 (size, location, pavement).
ΑmρΝ14: Room 2-3 (size, pavement).
AmρΝ15: Room 7 (location).
AmρΝ17: Room 2 (wall decoration, pavement).
ΑmρΝ22: Room 4 (location, pavement).
AmρΝ25: Room 2 (size, pavement).
AmρΝ26: Room 2 (size, location).
AmρΝ32: Room 2 (size, location).
Αmpi34: -Room 4 (size, location, pavement).
The most plausible candidate for Ampi17 is room 2. It is an almost
square room of a slightly trapezoidal shape. According to Mar and Ruiz de
Arbulo, the room functioned as a shop for luxury goods. The identification

The northern peristyle (room 35a•) of ΑmpR3 is provided with porticoes on three sides and a
wall on the fourth side.
 119

as a shop is based primarily on the door opening onto the street. This argu-
ment, however, is not conclusive, since the doorway directly to the street
may be explained by the wish to have a separate entrance for guests.
The original layout of the houses in the north-eastern part of the Roman
city included a tablinum east of the atrium constituting the main room
(AmpRi: room 37; ΑmρR3: room 52•). On either side of the tablinum in
AmpRi is a smaller room opening onto the atrium. The present main room
in ΑmpR2, judging from the size, is room 9, which is not on alignment with
the atrium. The extensions in AmpRi and ΑmρR3 included numerous large
reception rooms and the old tabling probably became less important. The ta-
blinum was maintained in AmpRi, while in AmpR3 it was reduced to a pas-
sage. A hierarchy of reception rooms may have existed, but it cannot be de-
termined which one was the most important.
Ampi21 only consists of four rooms: the entrance room, the peristyle and
two large rooms of almost identical size situated to the north of the peristyle.
Room 3 is c. 38 m2 and room 4 c. 33 m2 (interior dimensions). Judging from
size alone, room 3 ought to be the main room. As to Am ρΝ29, it has been
suggested that room 2 served as the main room because of its ceramic pave-
ment 485 However, the relationship between this room and the rest of the
house is not clear, as the room is situated on a higher level. Furthermore, the
pavement is modern, and the identification must be rejected. 486 In AmρR4
the largest room is room 13 of c. 24 m2 situated to the north of the courtyard.
Another argument in favour of its identification as the main room is its mor-
tar pavement embellished with a central emblema measuring 1.2 m x 1.2 m.
The majority of the main rooms do not have additional rooms: In
AmpliO there is a smaller room at the rear (room 2). The main room of
AmρΝΙ3 is combined with a smaller room on either side, only accessible
from the main room.
The location of the main room is often to the north of the circulation
space or in the northern part of the house. This occurs in eight houses
(AmρΝ2, ΑmρΝ5, ΑmpN7, ΑmρN13, ΑmρN22, AmρΝ26, ΑmρΝ32,
AmρΝ34). In three houses the main room is situated to the west (AmpliO,
AmρΝ17, AmρΝ25) and in two houses to the south (AmρΝΙ4, AmpliS).
In the houses situated in the north-eastern part of the Roman city the main
rooms are situated east of the atria. The size ranges from c. 17 m2 to c. 29 m2.
One exception is AmpN34 where the main room is c. 57 m2.
Other rooms (Table 22): Only a few service rooms have been identified
comprising one bath and five kitchens. The bath complex (rooms 30, 31, 32)
belongs to ΑmρR3 where it was added in a later phase. It consists of a set of
three rooms built behind one another on a N-S alignment: the southernmost
room is the apodyterium (room 30), followed by the tepidarium (room 31)
and the caldarium (room 32). Room 33 is a combined kitchen-ρraefurnium. 48'
Four houses in Neapolis had a kitchen, judging from the presence of a

485 Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 407.

486 Personal communication with M. Santos.

487 Ρa1auí/Viν~~1993b. The authors date the bath complex to the middle of the 1st century AD.
120

hearth: ΑmρΝ3 (room 2), AmpΝ6 (rοοm3), AmpliS (room 2) and

ΑmρΝΙΙ (room 3) 488 Moreover, the area east of the atrium zone in AmpRl
is interpreted as a service area.
Dining rooms have been identified in three houses based on the central-
ized pavement design indicating the position of the couches: ΑmρΝ5 (room
6), ΑmpΝ7 (room 2, also main room) and ΑmρΝ22 (room 2). Because of the
inscription in the pavement of the latter room, it has also been interpreted as
a bedroom (cf. section on pavements). limos Romera has suggested a recon-
struction of the interior arrangement comprising eight or nine small dining-
couches, one person per dining-couch. 489 Leaving the floor design aside,
these rooms are very different. Room 6 in ΑmρΝ5 is a broad-room with a
wide opening towards the circulation space. Room 2 in Am ρΝ7 is a triclin-
ium designed to hold three couches and with a wide opening towards the at-
rium. Room 2 in ΑmρΝ22 is squarish with an off-centre door, thus resem-
bling an andron.
Judging from the proportions and position of the main room in Am ρΝ34
(room 4), it was used for dining. It is an example of a large dining room (c.
9.4 m x 6.1 m) with more than three couches. Room 3, a broad-room with
the entrance in the north-western corner, in Am ρ127 may have served as a
dining room due to its pavement design, but its function as a cult room has
also been suggested because of the inscription set in the mortar pavement
(cf. section on pavements).
In the Roman city the identification is based οn floor design and/or pro-
portions of the rooms, i.e. either rooms for three couches or large long-
rooms for more than three c οuches.4 In AmpR1 several rooms in the north-
ern and southern zones may have been used for dining, at least rooms 5, 42,
43 and 53?; in ΑmpR2 rooms 6 and 9; in AmρR3 at least rooms 15, 16, 21
and 25.
Shops may have belonged to three houses (AmpliO, ΑmρΝ12,
ΑmρΝ27). A bronze workshop was installed in Ám ρΝ21.

Upper storey (Table 22): Upper storeys are very difficult to detect ar-
chaeοlοgically when the site is poorly preserved. Conclusive evidence does
not exist, apart from the lowermost step of a staircase in room 17 of ΑmρR4.
Due to large differences in levels within the house plots of ΑmpΝ2, ΑmρΝ3,
ΑmρΝ8 and AmρΝ30, an upper storey is reconstructed above the area of
the houses situated on the lower part of the plot. Mar and Ruiz de Arbulo
suggest that ΑmpΝ9 also had an upper storey because of the thickness of the
walls 491 However, the thickness of the walls of this house (c. 0.5 m) is not ex-
traordinary. The thickness of walls of other houses ranges from approximate-
ly 0.45 to 0.95 m492 In ΑmρΝ7 the small corridor situated between rooms 3

488
Puíg y Cadafalch 1915 1920, 700; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 357, 369 and 403.
-

489
limos Rimera 1989, 50-52.
490 Proportions alone are not conclusive evidence (cf. Dunbabin 1996, 67-70).

491 Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 355.

492
Dimensions at preserved surface.
 121

and 4 is a suitable location for a staircase. In AmpR1 an upper storey appears

to have existed to the north and east of the atrium. 493

Water supply (Table 24 and Table 25): 494 The cisterns are characterized by
walls built in either sandstone or limestone masonry lined with hydraulic
mortar. The cover takes the shape of slabs placed horizontally or of a vault. 495
Based on their ground plan and section, the cisterns can be divided into the
following types:
Quadrangular (rectangular and square), vertical walls.
Circular, vertical walls.
Irregular.
Bathtub-shaped, vertical walls (Figs. 15-16).
Circular, bottle-shaped.
As it appears from Table 24, type IV (bathtub-shaped) is predominant
with a total of twenty-three examples. It is predominant in Neapolis (seven-
teen out of eighteen). The only other type represented here is type I (quad-
rangular). The alignment of this cistern is different from the present house
(AmpΝ7), and the cistern is therefore ascribed to an earlier period. On the
other hand, Burés Vilaseca has suggested that the different orientation may
be explained by the presence of earlier structures. 49εΡ In the Roman city a
greater variety of shapes occurs, but still type IV is the most frequent. How-
ever, it should be stressed that this type has often been modified with respect
to shape (broader, for instance Am ρ 3 ), materials (limestone instead of
sandstone) and cover .(always a vault). Nevertheless, it is worth noting that
even here all houses made use of the bathtub-shaped cistern. Type II, III and
V are represented by one example each.
Only one house in Neapolis is provided with more than one cistern
(AmρN29). In the Roman city AmpRl, the largest house at Ampurias, has no
less than nine cisterns. There is documentation for cisterns in half the houses
in Neapolis and in all excavated houses of the Roman city. 497 The inhabitants
of houses without private water provision had to use the public cisterns. In
Neapolis these are situated for example in the stoa and the small market. It is
clear from Table 25 that the cistern in most cases is located below the atrium,
courtyard or peristyle. The cisterns in AmpNS, Am ρΝ26 and ΑmρΝ32 are
partly situated under covered rooms (main rooms). In AmpN 13 the cistern is
situated beneath a covered area. This shows that one cannot be sure that the
space occupied by a cistern is always an open courtyard, since the cistern sit-
uated below a covered room may be supplied via pipes from the uncovered
area. The average capacity of a cistern in Neapolis is 14.8 m 3 . In AmpR1 the

493 Santos Retolaza 1991, 25.

494 As far as dimensions of the cisterns are concerned, all figures are taken from Búres Vilaseca 1998.
For plans showing the water supply and disposal, see Búres Vilaseca 1998, 322-323, 325 and 335.
493
For details, see Burés Vilaseca 1998, 75-103.
496
Burés Vilaseca 1998, 102.
497 According to Mar and Ruiz de Arbulo, a cistern is present in both Ampli and Ampl15
(1993, 355 and 369). Ιn the light of Burés Vilaseca's investigations this must be rejected, as she did not
locate any.
122

Fig. 15. Ampurias, Neapolis, ΑmρΝ16, cistern (auiior's photo).,

 123

Fig. 16. Ampurias, Νeaρ~is, ΑmρΝL32, cistern (authors's photo).

124

total capacity was 349.3 m3 and in AmρΕ3 106.5 m3 498 In Neapolis the cis-
terns often have a width of approximately 1 m, whereas they are broader in
the Roman city.
The question of the dating of the cisterns in Neapolis must be left open. It
cannot be determined whether they all belong to the late Republican/early
Imperial period or whether they were reused in the houses from this period.
Burés Vilaseca has suggested the following development of the cisterns
based on shape, materials and cover: The oldest is the bathtub-shaped type
built in sandstone and with a flat cover. Next comes the bathtub-shaped type
in sandstone and covered with a vault. The latest group consists of rectangu-
lar and bathtub-shaped cisterns built in limestone and with a vault in opus
caementicium4 99 In the Roman city the cisterns situated in the atrium zones
belong to the earliest phases of the houses, i.e. the beginning of the 1st
century BC.
The use of wells is documented in three houses only. All are situated in
Neapolis (AmρΝ21, ΑmpΝ31, AmρΝ34). These houses are also provided
with a cistern. Two of them, Am ρΝ21 and AmρΝ34, have large peristyles,
and ΑmρΝ31 is an atrium house.
It is hardly a coincidence that the cisterns of largest capacity, i.e. size or
number, or the combination of cistern and well occur in the largest houses:
ΑmρΝ34 (cistern and well), ΑmρΝ29 (two cisterns), ΑmρΝ25 (cistern with
three chambers), AmρΝΙ3 (cistern of 17.3 m3) and AmρΝ21 (cistern and
well). However, ΑmρΝ2 with its 370 m2 only has a cistern of 12.1 m 3 . The
opposite occurs in AmρN32 having an area of 84 m 2 and a cistern of 26.7 m 3 .
In the Roman city the largest capacities and numbers of cisterns occur in
AmpR1 and AmpR3 which also are the largest houses here. In Αmρ 3 there
was an extra need because of the bath.
Disposal of waste water occurred by means of drains and pipelines. In
Ampi 15 the rainwater collected in the impluvium was channelled directly to
the street via a drain.
Gardens: Urban gardens belonged to the plots of ΑmpΝ6 and AmρN7.
Both houses are situated at the western edge of the city, and the garden
zones are to the west of the houses, thus occupying the area bordering the
city wall. Also AmρN22 and ΑmρΝ25 at the western and northern edge re-
spectively appear to have been provided with,gardens or terraces. In the Ro-
man city the addition of large peristyles with gardens and other garden ar-
rangements in AmpR1 and AmpR3 is not surprising, since this was the
standard way to enrich atrium houses as documented in the Vesuvían cities.
Whether the gardens in Neapolis were utilitarian gardens or flower gardens
cannot be answered. However, it is important to note their presence, since
both the archaeological and literary sources show that in Greece gardens
were chiefly confined to suburban and rural habitation in the Classical and
Hellenistic periods 500

498 Burés Vilaseca 1998, 121, fig. 52.

499 Burés Vilaseca 1998, 102.
500 Carroll-Spillecke 1989.
 125

DIACHRONIC PERSPECΙIVÉ

In Neapolis changes are visible in Am ρΝ4 where a corridor was added

in front of the house and in AmpNS with the construction of a peristyle at
the margin of the plot. Since this extension towards the west goes beyond the
city wall, it probably happened after the creation of the Municipium Empor-
iae in the early Augustan period when the city walls were dismantled. In con-
trast, alterations were numerous in the Roman city.
The phases of AmpR1, according to Santos Retolaza, are as follows
(Fig. 12) 5 ο1
First phase, first quarter of the 1st century BC: 502 Conventional atrium
house with fauces-atrium-tablinum sequence and a service sector situated to
the east on a lower level. Tripartition of the tab/mum zone with one narrow
room on either side of the tablinum (rooms 36, 37, 38). Three rooms per side
range. The original atrium appears to have been tetrastyle. Second phase, no
later than the second half of the 1st century BC: The entire insula was occu-
pied due to the extension towards the south with a peristyle surrounding a
garden and standing atop a cryptoporticus (room 46). The rooms south of
the atrium were remodelled, and north of the peristyle large reception rooms
were built. Third phase, first half of the 1st century AD — probably the later
part of the first half: Extensions to the north and to the east beyond the city
wall. The eastern part is centred around a courtyard with porticoes on three
sides (room 12). A large room (room 11) on the eastern side opens onto the
courtyard in its entire width. The western part has several large rooms and a
central circulation space (room 18) which can probably be interpreted as a
second atrium. A drainage system located below the central area and the mo-
tif of the mosaic point to the existence of an impluvium. 503 Fourth phase, end
of the 1st century AD: Rooms were added on the southern side of the peri-
style, including the largest room of the house (room 53·). The garden was di-
vided down the middle by low walls aligned with the corridor leading to the
atrium zone. Unknown phase: A Corinthian atrium was installed instead of
the old one.
A slightly different view of the development of the house is presented by
Mar and Ruiz de Arbulo. 504 They suggest that the house occupied the whole
insula from the beginning, i.e. comprising both an atrium and a peristyle. In
the second phase the eastern part of the northern sector was built followed
by the complex of rooms centred round an atrium testudinatum in a third
phase. The rooms to the south of the peristyle belong to the fourth phase.
This development, however, is not in accordance with the captions of the
ground plans. 505 Here the construction of the rooms south of the peristyle is
ascribed to the second phase, and there are only three phases.
The development suggested by Santos Retolaza is the most plausible, since

sa
Santos Retolaza 1991, 22-30.
502 Sanmartí-Grego, E./Santos Retolaza 1986-1989, 297.
τΡο; Santos Retolaza 1991, 29. Mar and Ruiz de Arbulo suggest a testudínate atrium (1993, 395).
5Ó4 Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 395-397.
sis
Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 396-397.
126

earlier structures beneath the peristyle confirm the existence of an independ-

ent house lying in this zone as part of the initial layout of the insula. Moreo-
ver, the building technique used in the peristyle area differs from the one of
the atrium area.
AmpR2 (Fig. 13): The first phase is difficult to detect. Its circulation space
was a tetrastyle atrium. The tablinum is supposed to have been located to the
north of the atrium.506 A triple door opened onto the garden. In a later phase
the area of the house was reduced due to the expansion of the neighbouring
AmpR3.
AmpR3 (Fig. 13) 507 First phase, first quarter of the 1st century BC: Atrium
house with fauces-atrium-tablinum sequence and alae. Tuscan atrium and tri-
partition of the tab/mum area (room 52·). Second phase, second third of the
1st century BC: A peristyle with garden (room 40a•) and adjacent rooms was
added beyond the city wall to the east. Moreover, a series of rooms were
built further to the east (rooms 42-49). Room 15 that formerly belonged to
AmpR2 was incorporated. The tab/mum was reduced to a passage. Third
phase, 1st century AD: Bath (rooms 30, 31, 32) and peristyle with garden
(room 35a•), and a symmetrical arrangement of three rooms were added to
the north. The peristyle had porticoes on three sides and a wall on the
fourth, probably with windows, extending the middle room into the garden.
Fourth phase, end of 1st or beginning of 2nd century AD: The eastern fa-
cade was rearranged, including a huge room (room 46, the largest of the
house) with a triple entrance Immediately to the east there was a new garden
zone with porticoes.
An almost identical development of the house is suggested by Mar and
Ruiz de Arbulo. sos

CONCLUSION
From the analysis it can be concluded that the elements in consideration
do not constitute a distinctive typology or well-defined types of houses, í.e. a
certain ground plan is not related to a certain size, circulation space and
main room. Houses of all shapes and sizes are present, from the most simple
consisting of only three or four rooms to huge villa-like houses. This applies
both to Neapolis and the Roman city. The most common features are the
rectangular ground plans, the simple courtyards without porticoes and the
main rooms located north of the circulation space. As regards the circulation
space, the majority of the houses have courtyards followed by houses with an
atrium. Main rooms are oblong, broad or squarish. The water supply of the
houses depended mainly upon cisterns. Wells are rare. Upstairs rooms do
not appear to have been common, but this may be due to the poor state of
preservation.
A criterion for a general classification could be the nature of the circula-
tion space, i.e. atrium, courtyard, peristyle, but this cannot be a rigid classifi-

506
Santos Retolaza 1991, 31.
507
Santos Retolaza 1991, 31-33.
500
Mar/Ruiz de Arbúlo 1993, 391-394.
Fig. 17. Ampurias, Neapolis, atrium houses and atrium-peristyle house (plans of the individualhouses, /Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, sep arate plan
127
128

cation and sub-types or variations should be allowed to exist within this clas-
sification.

Atrium houses and atrium-peristyle houses (Fig. 17): There are five atrium
houses and three atrium-peristyle houses. The atrium houses situated in Nea-
polis display fairly individual layouts due to the fact that they had to be in-
stalled in a pre-existent urban setting. It was not possible to lay out a conven-
tional atrium house with fauces-atrium-tablinum sequence as it can be ob-
served in the first phase of the houses in the Roman city. In this connection it
should be noted that according to Zaccaria Ruggiu, there are no atrium
houses in Neapolis 509 Despite the individual solutions, some common fea-
tures also occur. One of the atrium houses in Neapolis, AmpNS, developed
into an atrium-peristyle house. In the Roman city AmpRl and AmpR3 had
more circulation spaces, including peristyles.
' AmρΝ7 has a more or less square ground plan, a laterally placed entrance
room, a Tuscan atrium (room 1) and a main room (room 2, also dining
room) north of the atrium. Moreover, the northern zone is divided into three
with a room on either side of the main room (rooms 4, 5). These side rooms
are of different sizes. The house is provided with a garden to the west.
In AmpI 13 the ground plan is irregular. There is a laterally placed en-
trance room (room 1), a tetrastyle atrium (room 2), a main room (room 8)
north of the atrium and tripartition of the northern zone. The main room has
a room on either side (rooms 9, 10). Access to these side rooms was gained
via the main room. The southern zone of the atrium extended towards the
west (room 3).
AmpI 15 is rectangular. There is a laterally placed entrance room on the
west side (room 5) and an entrance on the north side through room 2. A
double door divided by a column separates room 2 and the Tuscan atrium
(room 1). The main room (room 7) is situated south of the atrium.
In AmρΝ31 the tetrastyle atrium is entered directly from the street. The
rest of the house has disappeared.
AmpR2 of a rectangular ground plan has an entrance room (room 1) and a
tetrastyle atrium (room la.), but no tαblinum. There is a fauces-atrium se-
quence, but the main room (room 9) situated east of the atrium is not on
alignment with the fauces and atrium.
Amρi5 is irregular. There is no entrance room, but the-entrance is oppo-
site the tαblinum (room 5), however, it is not on alignment. The house has a
Tuscan atrium (room 1), a main room (room 5) north of the atrium, a dining
room (room 6) west of the atrium and a laterally placed peristyle (room 9).
In AmpRi the fauces-atrium-tablinum sequence is present. There is a Co-
rinthian atrium (room 30a•), a laterally placed peristyle (room 46), two
courtyards (rooms 12, 50•) of which one has three porticoes and a second at-
rium (room 18, Tuscan?).
ΑmpR3 also has the fauces-atrium (Tuscan)-tablinum sequence. Moreover,
the house has two peristyles (rooms 40a•, 35a·) of which the southern was

509 Zaccaria Ruggiu 1995, 380.

 Ε

—
o

Ε
Ε

2:

οο
'-

Ε
Ε
 129

added on the axis of this sequence. Further towards the east was a garden
zone with porticoes.
Houses with courtyard (Fig. 18): Although an open courtyard is present in
ten houses, these do not constitute a homogeneous group 5 1 The houses vary
in shape (rectangular, L-shaped, irregular) and number of rooms. Moreover,
the courtyard itself is located very differently:
At the front: Amp ΝΙ9.
At the back: Amp Ν3.
Centrally: ΑmρΝ8, AmpΝ25, and AmpR4.
Laterally: Ampl\i32.
Laterally, at the front: Am ρΝΙΙ.
Laterally, at the back: Amphi, AmρΝΙ2, and AmρΝΙ ~.
Two of the houses have an internal division with four rooms of almost
identical size: Ampiii (irregular ground plan) and Ampi16 (more elongat-
ed ground plan).. AmρΝ3 and AmpΝ8 are both rectangular but of a more
elongated and narrow shape. Ampi 17 only has three rooms: one large room
and two small ones.
ΑmρΝ2 may have had two courtyards: room 9 (porticoes on three sides)
and perhaps room 3 where the cistern is located. This may have been sup-
plied via a pipe from the room 9. Ampi28 perhaps had a courtyard due to
the presence of a cistern beneath room 1. Courtyard with three porticoes oc-
curs in AmpΝ2 -and AmpR1 (room 12).
A group of houses has no identifiable circulation space and no cisterns:
Ampli, Amρl4, AmρΝ6, Ampl9, Ampl10, AmpΝΙ8, Amρl20,
Amρ124, AmρΝ30 and Amρl33. Several of these are similar in ground
plan and internal division. The first type consists of houses with three rooms,
one large and two small ones: Ampli, ΑmρΝ18, Amρl20 and Amρ133.
The second type has four rooms of almost identical size: Ampi4 (plus front
corridor), Amp Ν6 (plus corridor down the middle of the plot), Am ρΝ9,
Amp124, Amp Ν30. Their layouts are identical with or similar to Amphi,
AmρΝ16, AmρΝ17 and Amp128 where a courtyard has been documented
(AmρΝ28 only likely), and thus it cannot be ruled out that they were provid-
ed with a courtyard, although the final evidence is lacking. More important,
however, is that all these houses are the most common at Ampurias.
Peristyle houses (Fig. 19): According to Zaccaria Ruggiu, the houses situ-
ated in ieapolis "si articolano alla «maniera greca» con al centro il peristi-
h ο ".511 However, only two peristyle houses are documented, thus her sen-
tence does not make sense. Maybe Zaccaria Ruggiu regards the tetrastyle at-
ria as small peristyles. This, however, would only add two houses to the
group (Amph13 and Am ρΝ31) and even with the peristyle of Am ρΝ5 and
the courtyard with three porticoes of Amp12 included, six out of thirty-four
houses hardly form a majority. Moreover, with respect to the latter two hous-

510 Since the open courtyard (room 50•) of AmpR1 was a secondary circulation space, it is not in-
cluded here.
51 Zaccaria Ruggiu 1995, 380.
130

Fig. 19. Ampurias, Neapolís, peristyle houses (plans of the individual houses, Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo
1993, separate plan).

es, the peristyle and the courtyard with porticoes are placed at the margin of
the plots.
The peristyle houses are: AmρΝ21 that has a rectangular ground plan, an
entrance room (narrow corridor), a peristyle a nd two rooms north of the
peristyle. Amp34 has an irregular ground plan, many rooms and an axial se-
quence of entrance room, peristyle and dining room. It belongs to the group
of so-called axial peristyle houses: a type which was widely used in the Impe-
rial period in the western empire 512 The main features are an entrance area, a
peristyle at the centre of the house (formerly placed at the rear or at the mar-
gin of the house plot) and a dining room. Moreover, there is a fountain in the
peristyle located opposite the main room.
Other houses (Fig. 20): Several of the houses from Neapolis do not fit into
the above categories. Am ρΝΙ4 is L-shaped and the rooms are arranged
around the corridor. In Am ρΝ23 a central covered room with a pillar func-
tioned as circulation space.
As mentioned earlier, a circulation space occurs in Am ρΝ22, AmρΝ26,
ΑmρΝ27 and AmρΝ29. Cisterns are present below this space in ΑmρN26
and Amρ129. According to Mar and Ruiz de Arbulo, AmρΝ26 and
ΑmρΝ27 should be interpreted as atrium houses, although there is no evi-
dence for an impluvium. The identification of Am ρΝ26 is based on the inter-
relationship between the circulation space and room 2 to the north, thus be-

512
Meyer 1999.
 131

Fig. 20. Ampurias, Neapolis, other houses (plans of the individual houses, Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993,
separate plan).

íng the tablinum. Room 3 is consequently interpreted as an a~a 513 In

ΑmρΝ27 two broad-rooms open onto the circulation space: room 3 in the
south (cult room or dining room?) and room 4 in the west. Mar and Ruiz de
Arbulo believe that it was a Tuscan atrium because of the interrelation
between the circulation space and the room to the west which is identified as
the tablinum. These arguments are not convincing; courtyards are likely too.
The architecture of the houses has been studied in detail by Mar and Ruiz
de Arbulo who classify the houses of Neapolis in four main groups s 14
"casas de núcleo central o de atrio, organízadas en torno a un patio
central descubierto que evoluciona hasts convertirse en las formas can-
~nicas de atrio toscano y de atrio tetr~stilo".
"casas de peristilo o patio porticado".
"casas de patio lateral organízadas en dos pisos".
"casas no estructuradas en torno a un patio y que podrían defínirse
como casas de pasillo o de distribuidor central cubierto".
Their groups are listed in Table 26 from which it is clear that houses with
a laterally placed courtyard (group 3) are most frequent with a total of four-

513 Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 374.

514 Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 346. Shops form a fifth group.
132

teen examples. Houses with a central circulation space or an atrium form the
second largest group (group 1). Six houses are not arranged around a court-
yard but defined by their corridor or covered central distributor. Finally,
there are four houses with a peristyle or porticoes in the courtyard.
Group 1 is problematic because it includes houses with an open courtyard
as well as atrium houses. An open courtyard and an impluvíate atrium are
two distinct architectural elements. In AmpI 12 Mar and Ruiz de Arbulo
suggest that room 3 was the courtyard. Room 5 is a more likely candidate be-
cause of the drainage and in that case, the courtyard is laterally placed at the
rear. The courtyard in Ampi Ι ~~(room 1) is not at the centre of the house,
but laterally placed at the back. Am ρΝ23 does have a central circulation
space (room 1), but it appears to have been covered, judging from the pillar
at the centre of the room. Thus it would be more appropriate to place the
house in group 4. At the same time Mar and Ruiz de Arbulo suggest to iden-
tify room 4 to the north as a courtyard. The ground plan of Am ρ125 is not
perfectly clear, but the courtyard (room 1) appears to be more or less cen-
trally placed. As regards group 2, Am ρΝS is an atrium-peristyle house and
may be placed in their group 1 as well. Of the fourteen houses ascribed to
group 3 there are only three (Ampli l, Αmρi17, Amp132) with evidence
for a courtyard 515 The rest of the houses are ascribed to the group because of
resemblance to Ampli i, AmpΝΙ7 and Αmp128 (possible courtyard in
room 1), i.e. a more or less square or rectangular ground plan with an inter-
nal division into three or four rooms of which one is supposed to be the
courtyard 516 However, some houses have more rooms and different internal
layouts (AmpliO, Αmp122). Moreover, there are examples of inconsisten-
cy. The ground plan of Amρ132 occurs together with the houses defined by
their corridor or covered central distributor. 517 ΑmpΝ14 is arranged around
a corridor and thus belongs to group 4. Am ρΝ3 and AmpΝ19 are also pro-
vided with a courtyard located at the back (Amp13) or at the front
(AmρΝ19). As to Amp18, the basis for the classification should be the
courtyard (room 2) rather than room 1 at the front. Am ρΝ29 has a circula-
tion space connecting the two wings of the house. The presence of cisterns
and drainage points to an open space rather than a covered one.
In summary, Mar and Ruiz de Arbulo do not distinguish clearly between
atria and central courtyards. Furthermore, they do not even consider that
there might have been houses without courtyards. Am ρΝ14 is the only house
where they have not tried to identify either a courtyard or an atrium. Houses
with courtyards not centrally placed are instead classified on the basis of: 1)
A covered room located centrally, but in Am ρΝ8 this covered room is not
central; 2) The lateral location of the courtyard. It appears, however, more
reasonable to keep the courtyard houses together and subdivide them within
the group if necessary. Despite the different classifications, it is clear that the

In AmpΝ6 Puig y Cadafalch identifies room 1 as the courtyard (1915-1920, 701).

15

516 "La cοnserνación del sistema hídraulíco en la mayoría de los ejemplos emporitanos permíte
identificar uno de los cudrantes comp el patio de la casa" (Mar/Ruíz de Arbulo 1993, 353).
517 Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 405.
 133

Fig. 21. Alorda Park, houses in the western sector, 4th century BC (drawing by Kjeld de Fine Licht).

simple houses of three or four rooms with or without courtyard represent a

consistent way of organizing space in Neapolis.

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES RELATED TO CULTURAL TRADITIONS

Because of the Greek origin of the city, the traditional typology and termi-
nology of Greek houses have been employed to some extent, but there are
no pastas, prostas or pastas-peristyle houses. 518 Greek features in the domestic
architecture of Ampurias are confined to courtyards with porticoes, the peri-
style court in AmρΝ21 and the preference for locating the main room to the
north of the circulation space. Moreover, the room complex in Am ρΝ13
with main room and a room on either side (rooms 8, 9, 10), accessible from
the main room, can be paralleled with palaces and houses from the Hellenis-
tic East, for instance at Pella, Pergamon and Delos.
Roman features are the vault used as cover for cisterns, impluviate atria, the
axial peristyle house where a centrally placed peristyle displaced the atrium
(AmρΝ34), peristyle gardens and peristyles added at the margin or at the rear
of the houses (AmρN5, AmpRi and AmpR3). There is a clear difference
between the atrium houses of the Roman city and those of Neapolis where they
were fitted into a pre-existent urban setting. The bath in AmpR3 follows a

518 Balil identifies the main room of Am ρΝ7 as a prostas and finds the layout similar to the houses
at Olynthos and Priene (1972a, 43).
134

model used in Roman houses and villas in Italy, both with respect to the layout
(the rooms built behind one another) and the location next to the kitchen, for
example House VI.11, 8-10 in Pompeii (Casa del Labirinto). 519
The Punic element is represented by the bathtub-shaped cistern. Both
shape, technique, dimensions and cover can be paralleled in the Punic world
(Table 15 and Table 25).
The internal layout of three or four rooms represent the most characteris-
tic element of the houses in Neapolis. Houses of an identical plan, with three
rooms, and size are documented at the Iberian site of Alorda Park (Fig. 21).
Two house units display this arrangement: C-D-O and L-S-V 5 20 There is one
large rectangular room occupying half the plot and two smaller ones, almost
square. The size of this house type is approximately 60-70 .m 2 . The largest
room is identified as "l'habitació «noble»" used as living room and reception
room521 Both units go back to the beginning of the 4th century BC and con-
tinued to be in use until e. 200 BC5 22 Ampli is composed of a transverse
front room with two rooms at the back. To some scholars the front room
would be a pastas, but this arrangement can also be found in House E3 at the
Iberian site of Puff Castellet de Lloret de Mar, though the ground plan here
is more elongated. 23

INTERIOR ARCHITECTURAL DECORATION

WALL DECORATION

In Neapolis the only remains in situ are confined to room 3 of AmρN7

and room 2 of AmρN17. At the time of the excavation a plinth was visible in
the former524 Moreover, three fragments of mouldings came from
AmρΝΙ7525 In AmplS sixteen fragments of red stucco were found in the
cistern. The richest material is provided by the three houses from the north-
eastern part of the Roman city, AmpR1-AmpR3, and has already been stud-
ied extensively. 526 Plain stucco is recorded in three rooms of AmpR4.
Judging from available sources, i.e. the present remains and the excavation
diaries, many rooms in AmpR1, Αmρ12 and ΑmpR3 were decorated with
murals whose standard elements are as follows: plinth, low socle zone, string
course, main zone composed of large monochrome orthostates. Figural mo-
tifs are rare. The majority of the wall paintings belong to the so-called esque-

519
Fabbricotti 1976.
520 For plan, see also Sanmartí, J. 1998, 92.
521 Belarte/Barberà 1994, 45.
522
Sarimarti, J./Santacana 1992.
523
Lu rens í Rams et al. 1989, 112 and 113, fig. 2.
524
Description and sketch by Gandía (1918, 305).
525
Made of "morter" (Gandía 1935, 103-104).
526
lieto Prieto 1977; lieto Prieto 1979-1980; Carrión Masgrau 1992; Carrión Masgrau/Santos
Retolaza 1993; Carrión Masgrau/Santos Retolaza 1995.
 135

ma 3 of lieto Prieto: pronounced horizontal and vertical tripartition of the

wall, occurrence of pedestals and columns 527
In AmpRl rooms 26, 15 and 47 have paintings in situ. These rooms be-
long to the first, third and fourth phase of the house respectively, but all
paintings are of esquema 1 which is the most simple scheme comprising only
the standard elements and resembling the First Style 5 28 Traces of colour are
recorded in rooms 10, 12, 17, 18 and 42. Finally, there is the so-called Panel
A depicting architectural elements and a female figure on a black back-
ground. 529 The panel can be paralleled to the Third Style. Various fragments
are ascribed to the house, but their precise contexts are unknown 530
Esquema 1 is also documented in AmpR2 (room 6) 5 31 A 0.9 m tall ?anel
depicting an animal scene was found in situ in room 7 on the west wall. 32 To
the left is a gallinaceous bird and to the right a hare. A twig carrying three
fruits is in between. Probably broad panels with animal scenes alternated
with narrow panels imitating marble revetment. Based on parallels (the
Third and especially the Fourth Style) and the chronology of the house, Car-
rión Masgrau has dated the painting to the period between the last quarter of
the 1st and the end of the 2nd century AD. 533 Room 9 has a black socle, and
in room 10 only traces of colour are left. According to the excavation diaries,
paintings, now disappeared, existed in the atrium, impluvium, and rooms 4,
6 and 8-12.
In AmpR3 several murals belong to esquema 3 and only one to esquema 1
(southern wall of the peristyle). 534 Esquema 3 is in situ in rooms 16, 17 (pre-
served almost to the height of 2.30 m), 26 and 37. These paintings can be
paralleled to the Second Style with respect to perspective and colours. Re-
mains are also present in rooms 41 (ornamental motifs close to the Third and
Fourth Style), 47 and on the parapet of the peristyle. In the excavation dia-
ries paintings are referred to in relation to rooms 15-21, 24, 26, the southern
peristyle, 30, 31, 32, 38, 40-45 and 47.

PAVEMENTS (Table 22 and Table 27)

The publication of the pavements from Ampurias is still being prepared. 535
Therefore, the registration of pavements in both Neapolis and the Roman city is
based on various references, including plans and photos. Since several of the
pavements are covered today, verification has not been possible in all cases. On-

527
There are five categories in all: esquema 1-5 (lieto Prieto 1977, 852 and 856-866). lieto Prie-
to 1979-1980, 329, fig. 64.
528
lieto Prieto 1977, 856-858; lieto Prieto 1979-1980, 283-313. For room 26, see lieto Prieto
1979-1980, 284, fig. 2.
529
lieto Prieto 1979-1980, figs. 3-14. It was found in the north-western zone of the house.
5"
lieto Prieto 1979-1980, figs. 15-56.
531
lieto Prieto 1977, 856; lieto Prieto 1979-1980, 319-322; Carrión Masgrau 1992.
532
Carrión Masgrau 1992, 82-83, figs. 2-3.
533
Carrión Masgrau 1992.
534 lieto Prieto 1977, 859-862; lieto Prieto 1979-1980, 322-335; Carrión Masgrau/Santos Retola-

za 1993; Carrión Masgrau/Santos Retolaza 1995.

535
Barrai í Altet 1979; Barrai i Altet 1979-1980.
136

site observations have, however, provided additional information 5 36 The regis-

tration includes pavements in situ, and their distribution is shown in Table 27.
The distinction between mortar pavements and mortar pavements with
tessera design is.not"always clear. The problem arises when the pavement in
question is described as an "opus signinum con decoración de teselas" 537 As
long as a specific design is not mentioned, this can both be interpreted as a
mortar pavement with randomly set tesserae (belonging to the first group) or
with tesserae forming a pattern (belonging to the second). In these cases, the
pavement is registered in the `mortar with tessera design group' but followed
by a question mark. Accordingly, the pavements ascribed to the `mortar
group' are those called opus signinum without further details and where
there is no evidence for a design from plans or photos. Another problem is
the use of the term `mos aico'. Usually it denotes an opus tessellatum mosaic,
but in one case it refers to mortar pavements as well. Room 2-3 in ΑmρΝΙ4
is first described as having a mortar pavement (" pavímentada con opus signi-
num"). Then. it is called a mosaic ("dotada de mosaico")5 38
Four pavement types are represented in Neapolis: opus tessellatum, mortar
pavements, mortar pavements with tessera design and mortar pavements with
inset pieces. Opus tessellαtum is a rare pavement type in Neapolis, whereas
mortar pavements and mortar pavements with tessera design form the pre-
dominant types. The houses in the Roman city display a much greater variety:
opus tessellαtum (monochrome, black-and-white, polychrome), opus tessellαtum
with inset pieces, opus vermiculatum, opus sectile, mortar pavements, mortar
pavements with tessera design and mortar pavements with inset pieces.

Opus tessellatum and opus vermiculatum: Opus tessellatum pavements are

only found twice in Neapolis (Am ρΝ2, Amρ122). 539 The one in Amp Ν2 is
described as black-and-white, whereas there are no details of the one from
AmpN22 54o Apparently a black-and-white threshold mosaic depicting a loz-
enge rattern is present in one of the houses of Roman type situated in Nea-
polis. 41 Unfortunately, it has not been possible to identify this house. Mono-
chrome white mosaics are recorded in relation to the rooms located north of
the peristyle in AmpRl. Probably rooms 40 and 43 in AmpR3 had white tes-
sellated mosaics, but in both cases only the central emblema is preserved 542

556
The large collection of black-and-white mosaics in opus tessellatum and the opus sectile pave-
ments from the houses in the Roman city will not be dealt with in detail (for example motifs), since
they are part of the doctoral thesis being prepared by M. Santos on these houses. Furthermore, these
pavement types cannot be paralleled to material from Neapolis. Therefore, the focus is on the mortar
pavements with tessera design widely employed in both nuclei.
53' For instance Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 386 (impluvium of Amp Ν5).
538 Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 406.
539
Room 4 of AmρN34 might have had an opus tessellαtum pavement ("pavimentada en mosaí-
co"), but only the preparation layer is left (Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 389).
540 AmρΝ2: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 387.
541
Ping y Cadafalch 1908, 191, fig. 40: "Casa romana en el recinte grec, ab el paument d'opus
testaceum en l'habitació, y ab el marxapeu de la porta decorat ab mosaích".
542
For photos, see Marcet/Sanmarti, E. 1990, 162.
 137

Fig. 22. Ampurias, Roman city, AmpRi, room 49, opus tessellatum (author's photo).

Black-and-white tessellated mosaics with geometric designs are common in

the houses in the Roman city in contrast to Neapolis. They decorate many
rooms situated in the northern part of AmpRi and also rooms 49 and 51
south of the peristyle (Fig. 22). In Am ρR2 only room 9 has this pavement
type. A black-and-white emblema occurs in room 40 in Amρ 3. A poly-
chrome opus tessellatum mosaic with inset pieces decorates the impluvium in
AmρR3 (Fig. 23). The marble inset pieces are randomly set. In room 43 of
the same house there is a polychrome emblema.
Opus vermiculatum is employed in three emblemata which came from the
rooms north of the peristyle in AmpRi. They depict the following motifs:
theatrical mask; bird stealing jewellery from a box; xenia (the precursor of
the still life) where the motif is composed of a cat attacking a gallinaceous
bird in the upper zone and two ducks in the lower zone. 543 Only the one with
the theatrical mask was found in situ 544 Balil dates them to the Julio-Claudi-
ti~~ρ riód whereas Santos Retol~za prefers a date no later than the second
half of the 1st century BC and most likely earlier 545 The xenia motif can be
paralleled by emblemata from Pompeii and Rome. These date to late Repub-

543 The latter is very fragmentary. For photos, see Balíl 1961, 42, fig. 1; 49, fig. 2 and 51, fig. 3;

Marcet/Sanmarti, E. 1990, 142 and 157; Santos Retolaza 1991, 27, fig. 9.
544 There appears to be some confusion of the provenances of the emblemata. According to Balil
and Santos Retolaza, the three panels all came from AmpRl (Bali' 1961, 41; Santos Retolaza 1991,
27). Ma_cet and Sanmarti write that the one with the mask came from a house of uncertain location in
the Roman city, while the one with the partridge was found in the Roman city (1990, 142 and 157).
545
Balil 1961, 47 and 51-52; Santos Retolaza 1991, 27.
138

Fig. 23. Amρurías, Roman city, ΑmpR3, implu νiu;z, opus tessellatum with inset pieces (author's photo).
 139

Fig. 24. ρLrias, Ν·mρ lis_ ΑmρΝΝT7, atrium, mortar pavement with inset pieces (anth οr's photo).

lican time (end Df the 2nd/early 1st century BC and the Sul=an period). 546
The twn other motif=_ also find counterparts in Pompeii. The Pompeian ex-
ample with the bird and box dates no later than 70-60 BC 54 '

Gpu_ se:tile: This type is only present in the Roman city where it is found
in Amp•Ri. Αmρ13 and ΑmρR4. As to the latter house, only the imprint of
sixteen slabs forming: an emblema of 1.2 m x 1.2 m is left in room 13. J48 Ac-
ccrding tc the e ζcaνator, the slabs were of terracotta, but marble or lime-
stone has also bin suggested 549
Mor_ar bavelnents: In general, the mortar pavements have a monochrome
reel or :eddish colour. Some contain a scatter of sma π irregular marble frag-
m: ts. An apρaηntht common variant is provided with a dense admixture of
broken terracotm fragments, probably to be identified with the opus testa-
certra or o3us testacic pavements mentioned by B:alíl in relatior_ to the Ro-
man city (Fig. 24). The term is also used by Puig y Cadafalch to describe a
pavement in ΑιπρΝ&755 This variant is often combined with inset pieces or
an emb'emr-a. In AmpR1 :t occurs in rooms 24, 34, the porticoes of the peri-

' Guimi.r-Sorbs 199). The Pompeian xenia comes from House VI.12, 2 (Ca del Fauno).
_i.
See
a1 FPM 1994, 105, 27.
Labirinto)
Βi:d stralirg j veller -i House VI.11, 8-10 (Casa del (PPM 1994, 49, fig. 78). Theat-
ri1 mask: House VIl 16, 1 ~~(PPM 1997, 908-9)9, figs. 40-41).
' - ΑΡL~nag:ο Βasc- 19cí211.
i4' BYIíl 1172
2 b, U~ .
5" Púg yiCadafa_ch 1915-1920, 701.
140

Fig. 25. Ampurias_ Nea_no lis, AmρΝ22, room 2, mortar pavement with tessera design and inscription
(author's phnto).

style and of the cryptoporticus. Moreover, these pavements are also present
in `Casa 2' and rooms 13 and 14 of AmρR4. 551
Mortar pavements with tessera design: Α number of patterns and compo-
sitions is employed:
1) Tesserae arranged in equally spaced rows.
Equally spaced rows running parallel to the walls of the room.
Equally spaced rows laid obliquely to the walls of the room.
The pattern of rows parallel to walls is used for the outer field in room 2
of Amp2 (Fig. 25). During on-site research a small part of rows parallel to
the walls was found in room 2 of Amp ΝΙ4. Α verification of the presence of
the same design in room 3 was not possible 552 The pattern of rows laid diag-
onally decorated the outer field of room 3 of Αmp127."
2) Lo2enge pattern
This is by far the most common pattern. It is predominant as the main de-
sign of th= floor in: Àmp Ν2 (room 1), AmρΝ7 (rooms 2, 3), ΑmpΝ17 (room
2), Amphl22 (room 2), Amp Ν25 (room 2), AmρΝ27 (room 3), AmpR1
(rooms 36, 38), ΑmρR3 (rooms 15, 17, 19, 26) and ΑmpR4 (room 14, eastern

55ι 'Casa2": Bain 1972b, 102. AmρR4: Almagro

Basch 1962, 11; BaJil 1972b, 107.
552 " 1ια7~tα~~η doble pavímentada con opus signinum';
"...la habitacidn 2-3, dotada de mosai-
co" (Mar/Ruiz de.Arbulo 1993, 406).
Sss
Mart✓ t/Sanmartí, Ε. 1990, 112, bottom.
 141

half). In AmρΝΙ3 and Amρ 3 (room 8, and opening between rooms 31• and
32) only a small section of the pattern could be observed. Four main variants
of arrangement occur:
Covering the entire floor surface: Amp Ν7 (room 3) and AmρΝΙ7
(room 2). Probably also in AmρΝ2 and AmρΝ25. For the latter a bor-
der composed of two wavy lines encloses the lozenge pattern s54
Decorating the central rectangular field or panel only: Am ρΝ7 (room 2),
Amρ122 (room 2), AmpR1 (room 38) and AmρR3 (room 17) (Fig. 26).
_c) Decorating a circle forming a star-like composition: Am ρ127 (room
3), AmpR1 (room 36) and AmρΕ3 (room 26). In room 3 of Amp Ν27
there are two large juxtaposed circles of this kind, each is set within a
square enclosed by a meander 555
d) Doormat or entrance panel. In room 15 in ΑmpR3 two small rectangular
panels placed next to each other and with identical lozenge pattern (the
grid made by lines of white and black tesserae) are located immediately
inside the room between the doorway and the rest of the room (Fig. 27).
Rosettes
Judging from the plan of room 6 in AmpNS, there is a circle in the centre
decorated with a rosette motif. A 12-petalled(?) rosette decorates the implu-
vium in AmρΝ31. Small rosettes or flowers form the secondary decoration of
room 26 in AmpR3 (between the threshold and the rest of the room).
Meander
The typical meander is composed of alternating swastikas and squares and
serves as a border. Each square may have a single tessera placed in the cen-
tre. The pavement of room 21 in AmpR3 is described as having swastikas
and squares 556
Crosslets
Small crosslets composed of five tesserae (a white as the centre and the rest
being black, or vice versa) are used as secondary decoration or fill, for example
placed in the centre of each rhombus of the lozenge pattern (AmpR3: doormat
in room 15, opening between rooms 31 and 32), central field and or outer bor-
der (for example AmpR1: room 38), or band between the central field and the
meander border (for instance AmpR3: rooms 17, 26).
Others
The tessera design of room 15 in AmpR3 is special. The decorated field,
covering almost the entire room, is enclosed by a frame in opus tessellatum
(black-and-white) (Fig. 27). The area inside the frame is divided into squares
by lines of black and white tesserae, the north-south lines being black and
the east-west lines white. A crosslet occupies the centre of each square.

554
Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 372. This can also be observed on the plan.
sss
For photo of the pavement and its design, see Marcet/Sanmartí, E. 1990, 109.
„6 Carri~n Masgrau/Santos Retolaza 1995, 117.
142

Fig. 26. Ampmias, Roman city, AmpR3, room 17, mortar pavement with tessera design (author's phom).
 143

Fig. 27. Ampuurias, Roman city, ΑmpR3, room 15, mortar pavement with tessera deign and opus tesse/ta-
turn (authcr's ρhoto;.
144

7) Unknown design
The pavement of room 7 in AmpR2 is decorated with two different motifs,
thus marking a subdivision of the room. The motifs are, however, not descri-
bed.557 Whether the impluvium of ΑmρΝ5 and some rooms situated north of
the peristyle in AmpR1 are provided with tessera design cannot be an-
swered 558

Mortar pavements with inset pieces: Marble fragments densely set in a white
mortar are often used for impluvia. This applies to ΑmρΝ5, AmρΝ13 and
AmpR1. Because of the densely set pieces the impression may be that of an
opus sectile pavement rather than of a mortar pavement. 559 Moreover, the tabli-
num (room 37) in AmpR1 and two rooms belonging to the bath complex in
AmρR3 have this type of pavement (rooms 30,3 ι).5 To the left of the implu-
vium in AmρΝ7, a section of a mortar pavement with a dense admixture of
large terracotta fragments has been observed. Inset pieces of stone form two
lines that are more or less parallel (Fig. 24). In room 12 of Am ρR4 the frag-
ments are evenly set and form a pattern of interrupted lines Ss'
Inscriptions: Mortar pavements with inscriptions occur in three houses sit-
uated in Neapolis. The inscriptions are in Greek and set in white marble tes-
serae. All inscriptions are in situ. Several scholars have dealt with them, most
recently Gómez Pallarès in 1997. 362 Regarding the dating of the inscriptions,
there is consensus of the 1st century BC. 563
Key to symbols: [ Ι = restitution of the text
+ = the letter is illegible

Cat. no. Room Function Inscription

ΑmρΝ5 6 dining room EY[T]YXE+

7 passage XAIPETE

ΑmρΝ22 2 dining room Η∆ΥΚΟΙTOO

ΑmρΝ27 3 cult room/dining room XAIPE AfAOOO

∆ΑΙΜΩΝ

Carridn Masgrau 1992, 85.

s58 Santos Retoläza 1991; 27: "..:signιn4 teselados...".
559
The pavements in AmplS and Ampli) are called opus scutulatum by some and a "white mo-
saic floor" by others (Burés Vilaseca 1998, 203 and 216; Marcet/Sanmartí, Ε. 1990, 11). Santos Reto-
laza uses both opus sedile and scutulatum to described the pavement in AmpR1 (1991, 25).
56°
The pavement of the tab/mum in AmpR1 has disappeared, but according to the description by
Gandía, it was similar to that of the impluvium (Balil 1972b, 94-95). For AmpR3, see Palauí/Vi ν~~
1993b, 121-123.
561
"...de opus signínum con incrustaciones de mY.rmoles darns, colocados regularmente formais-
do lineas discontinuas" (Almagro Basch 1962, 11). This type of pavement is called scutulatum by San-
tos Retolaza(1991, 33).
5ó2 Gómez Pallarès 1997, with bibliography on each inscription.
563
1st century BC: Santiago 1993, 282 and 287. 1st century BC, "avanzado": limos Rimera 1989,
45. Second half of the 1st century BC: Almagro 1952, 39; Gómez Pallarès 1997, 92-93 and 95-96.
 145

ΑmρΝS: Due to the incomplete preservation of the inscription in room 6,

different interpretations are possible: 564
an invocation of Tyche as protectress of the house, female parallel to
Agathodaimon.
a general allusion to good luck.
a parallel to salve in Latin, i.e. a farewell greeting.
Inscriptions mentioning Tyche already occur in pavements at Olynthos in
the 4th century BC. Here they are found in the Villa of Good Fortune in two
interconnected rooms of which room f appears to be a shrine with an altar in
the centre. Gomez Pallarès prefers the third interpretation stressing that it ma-
kes most sense because of the welcome greeting in the adjoining room 7 565
AmρΝ22 (Fig. 25): 566 One interpretation is that the word alludes to the re-
laxed position held when dining which accounts with the identification of
the room as a 'dining room 5 67 Olmos Romer' has reconstructed the room
with nine small couches. 568 Other scholars interpret the word as meaning
`sweet dreams' and prefer to identify the room as a bedroom. 569 The overall
design of the pavement and the door placed off centre speak in favour of the
first interpretation.
Amp127: 570=The inscription is normally interpreted as a salutation to the
deity Agathodaimon as protector of the home and as guarantor of the fertil-
ity of the land571 The latter function especially relates to viticulture that sup-
ports the Identification of the room as a dining room. An additional argu-
ment in favour of this room function is that Agathodaimon was honoured
with an offering of pure wine at Greek banquets. 572 Gomez Pallarès has re-
cently suggested that the inscription is evidence for a private cult to the deity
and that the house was dedicated to Agathodaimon57 3 His identification is
based on the hypothesis by S. Schröder stating that a public cult of Agatho-
daimon existed at Ampurias5 74 According to Schröder, the statue traditional-
ly identified as Asklepios should instead be identified as Ag ~thοdaimon575 In
this case there would be both a public and private aspect of the cult as in
Alexandria. 576

564
Gómez Pallarès·1997, 93-95. For photo, see Almagro 1952, 38.
567 Room 7: For photo, see Almagro 1952, 39. Gómez Pallarès 1997, 95-96.
566
Gómez Pallarès 1997, 92-93.
567
For example Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 359.
568 Olmos Romera1989, 46-52.
569
Aim agro 1-952, 38; Santiago 1993, 287.
57° Gómez Pallarès 1997, 90-92.
571 Almagro 1952, 37; Olmos Rimera 1989, 57.
572
Durand 1981, 277.
" Gomes Pallarès 1997, 91.
574 Schröder 1996.
575
For photo of the statue, see LIMC 1I.2, 647, no. 153.
576
Schröder 1996, 232.
146

Occurrenceof different pavement types withinthe same house in Neapo-

lis is confined to Amp Ν2 and Amρ122 (opus tessellatum and various mortar
pavements). Both houses belong to the larger houses of the city. Besides
these, houses with pavements in more than one room are Am ρΝ5, AmρΝΙ,
AmρΝ13, Ampi 14, AmρΝ27 and AmρΝ34. The largest range, however, of
different pavement types occurs in the houses of the Roman city, especially
AmpR1 and Amp3. The latter also provides the most varying motifs among
the mortar pavements with tessera design.
In AmpR1 mortar pavements with tessera design occur in rooms 36, 38
(the rooms flanking the tablinum) and a room situated in the northern zone.
This room was later given up as consequence of the alteration of the house.
Both rooms 36 and 38 are decorated with a rectangular field enclosed by a
meander and within the rectangle a lozenge pattern covers the centre, in
room 38 it is set within a small rectangle ~nd in room 36 within a circle 57
The room in the northern zone appears to have had a design similar to the
one in room 36. 578 Furthermore, mortar pavements with tesserae are men-
tioned in connection with the rooms north of the peristyle 5'9
AmρR3: Almost the same arrangement as in AmpRi can be observed in
the rooms flanking the tablinum. Again a rectangle of lozenges decorates the
floor of room 17, and the star-like composition of lozenges decorates room
26. There are some differences. First of all, the lozenge patterns of AmpR3
cover almost the entire floor surface. Secondly, additional designs are em-
ployed. In room 17 ~~scale-pattern lies between the threshold and the mean-
der enclosing the larger field of lozenges. Room 26 has rosettes or flowers in
this place. Furthermore, a shield decorates each corner of the square with
the star. The pavement in room 19 should be mentioned. It has the typical
lozenge pattern, but instead of being white as usual the tesserae are black
with a few green and red ones. Our knowledge of the decoration in room 21
comes from an old _ descriρtion, according to which there are squares and
swastikas, i.e. a meander. 58

The houses in the Roman city were lavishly decorated with murals resem-
bling the First, Second, Third and Fourth Styles. As far as the houses in Nea-
polis are concernëd, no conclusions can be reached due to the extremely
sparse remains. The mouldings from Amp Ν17 indicate the existence of more
complex wall decoration.
It is interesting to notice the widespread use of mortar pavements with
tessera design in Neapolis. They were preferred to figurative tessellated mo-
saics, the tradition of the eastern Mediterrranean area. Moreover, the same
geometric patterns are employed in Neapolis and the Roman city. The only
motif in opus tesse ilatum known from Neapolis is the lozenge pattern (not lo-
cated). The pavements in the houses of the Roman city closely follow the

57 Santos Retolaza 1991, 25. Only the pavement in room 38 is visible today.
578 Barn 1972b, 95 and 99-100.
579
Santos Retolaza 1991, 27.
580 Carrion Masgrau/Santos Retolaza 1995, 21.
 147

trends of the homeland. 581 First the houses were provided with typical mor-
tar pavements, assuming that they date to the first phase as well, then they
made use of black-and-white opus tessellatum mosaics, emblemata in opus
vermiculatum and opus sectile. The earliest securely dated mortar pavements
with designs are those from the houses in the Roman city, i.e. around 100
BC/first quarter of the 1st century BC. Most likely they were immediately
imitated in the houses in Neapolis.

FINDS

Apparently the inhabitants emptied the houses of valuable belongings pri-

or to the abandonment, since sculptural finds are confined to the Roman
city.

SCULPTURE

The finds came from AmpR1 and include two herms with drapery (heads
not preserved) and a female head in marble. The portrait was found in one
of the rooms adjoining the large room 53• on the south side of the peri-
style. 58z Almagro dates it to early Imperial time on the basis of the hairstyle, a
nodus coiffure (variant of Octavia). Since this part of the house dates to the
end of the 1st century AD, this was not the original place of display. The
portrait shows clear signs of advanced age such as hollow cheeks, deep naso-
labial folds and a thin lipped mouth, and has resemblance to late Republican
matrona portraits. Fittschen and Zanker have categorized the portrait as a
provincial or an uncertain replica of Livias Marburg Hall type, whereas
Winkes advocates a certain ascription to the Marburg Hall type. 583 The por-
trait is the only one, if Livia, with such veristic facial features. According to
Winkes, this is due to a deliberate local concept. This is, however, always an
(too) easy way of explaining divergent elements.

RELIGIOUS FINDS

A domestic cult existed in ΑmpR3 and perhaps in Am ρΝ27. The altar in

the peristyle garden of AmpR3 is decorated with a cock and snakes. 584 It is
likely that room 3 of ΑmρΝ27 served as a cult room for Agathodaímon be-
cause of the inscription in the pavement.

581 For instance House 11.11, 8-10 (Casa del Labirinto) and House 111.2, 45 (Casa de ll'Orso) in

Pompeii. Cf. Dunbabin 1999, 306-307.

582
Almagro 1947-1948, 43-49 and pls. I-111. For photos, se also Winkes 1988, 77, figs. 1-3;
Winkes 1995, 85; Gartman 1999, 166, figs. 151-152.
S8í
Fittschen/Zanker 1983, 2-3, note 7. Winkes 1988; Winkes 1995, 25-28 and 84.
Ssa
Barn 1962. For photo, see also Marcet/Sanmartí, E. 1990, 160.
148

EPIGRAPHICAL MAIΣRIAL

A fragmentary inscription (consisting of eight adjoining fragments) came

from the area of AmρR1-AmpR3. It dates to the 1st century BC and men-
tions two slaves. The cognomina are Celsus and Xanthipo (or Xanthipus) 585
It has been suggested that the inscription refers to a college of magistrates
where slaves could be members. 58' Due to the circumstances of the finding
and the fact that one of the fragments came from a secondary context (re-
used as revetment in a cistern), there is no conclusive evidence to support an
identification of one of the houses as a clubhouse for this college 5 87

THE HOUSING OF AMPURIAS

The architecture of the houses in Neapolis displays a unique mixture of

Greek, Iberian, Punic and Italic/Roman elements. Thus the inhabitants of
different cultural origins left their marks on the city. Greek elements, howev-
er, were almost non-existent by the late Republican period/early Imperial pe-
riod. The housing of the Roman city closely follows the development attested
in Italy: an axial atrium house with tab/mum and hortus at the rear. The earli-
est pavements were mortar pavements with tessera design. Soon the houses
were enlarged with peristyle gardens, a columnar atrium (AmpRl), reception
rooms and decorated with tessellated mosaics, including emblemata in opus
vermicutatum, and opus sectile 5 88
A great variety of dimensions, ground plans and internal layouts occur.
This can even be observed within the group of atrium houses. The courtyard
is the most common circulation space, but there is no fixed location within
the house plots. However, the house of three or four rooms constitutes a
standard and finds counterparts in Iberian domestic architecture. Moreover,
the local element is reflected in the buildings technique and materials in the
form of mudbrick walls or walls built in ρisé. 89
The Greek features are confined to courtyards with porticoes, one central
peristyle court (Am ρΝ21), a main room complex (ΑmpΝ13), location of the
main room, an andron (ΑmρΝ22) and Greek inscriptions in mortar pave-
ments (AmpNS, AmρΝ22 and AmρΝ27).
The influence from the Punic world resulted in the adoption of the bath-
tub-shaped cistern. The great similarity tc the cisterns from the sites in
North Africa, Sicily and Sardinia speaks in favour of a direct importation.
The Romans also adopted the cistern type but modified it eventually, using a
vault as cover. This hybrid cistern is also present in Neapolis, both in private
houses and public buildings (for example Amp Ν5, ΑmρΝ7, AmpΝ13,
AmρΝ26, ΑmρΝ29 and AmρΝ31; taberna 51 and the stoa).

585
Almagro 1952, 160, no. 112; Fabre et al. 1991, 114-115, no. 90.
588
Fabre et al. 1991, 114-115.
587
Fabre et al. 1991, 115, note 295.
568 Santos Retolaza 1991, 32-34. For the development in Pompeii and Herculaneum, see for ex-

ample Dickmann 1997; George 1998 (also including the display of statuary).
589 Gusí/Olaria 1984, 19-20; Maluquer de Motes et al 1986, 15-17.
 149

While the architectural layout is fairly varied, the interior architectural

decoration is homogeneous. Wall-paintings similar to the First, Second,
Third and Fourth Styles are documented in the houses situated in the Ro-
man city. No specific decorative systems are detectable in the houses from
Neapolis, but probably they were identical with the examples from the Ro-
man city. A wide range of pavement types occurs in the Roman city, whereas
there is a preference for mortar pavements with tessera design in Neapolis.
They are found in the most simple types of houses (for instance Am ρΝΙ4
and ΑmρΝΙ7), in atrium houses (AmρΝ7, ΑmρΝΙ3) and in large houses
such as AmρN2, ΑmρΝS (atrium-peristyle house) and Am ρ125. The motifs
employed in the two nuclei are identical. It is also important to note that one
of the houses of Roman type in Neapolis had a threshold mosaic, i.e. repre-
senting the Roman and Punic tradition'
Houses to be noted: The generally poor state of preservation and the lack
of for instance sculptural finds leave us with a fragmentary impression of the
houses. Fortunately, architectural layouts and elements together with interior
architectural decoration (mainly pavements) and cistern techniques are com-
bined in multiple ways creating hybrids and revealing the mixture of differ-
ent cultural traditions, and in some cases pointing to the origin of the inhabi-
tants.
Ampi5 belongs to the group of large houses in Neapolis (477 m 2 and at
least ten rooms) (Fig. 17). It started out as an atrium house, and later a peri-
style was added at the margin of the plot towards the west. The entrance is
located on the south side with the main room (room 5) on the opposite side
of the atrium. It has a Punic cistern, but the cover is in the shape of a vault,
i.e. the Roman way. Fragments of red stucco were found in the cistern. The
pavements of the dining room (room 6) and passage (room 7) west of the at-
rium are mortar pavements, each having a Greek inscription (EY{T]YXE±
and XAΙΡΕΤΕ respectively), and the one in the dining room is also decor-
ated with a rosette motif set within a circle.
ΑmρN7 is a square atrium house of 217 m2 with a garden towards the west
(Fig. 17). The main room (room 2) is situated to the north of the atrium and
is to be identified as a triclinium with three benches, judging from the tessera
design set in the mortar pavement (lozenge pattern in a small central field).
Mortar pavements are also employed in room 3 (again with a lozenge pat-
tern) and in the atrium (with inset pieces). Furthermore, wall decoration in
room 3 was recorded by the excavator. Between room 3 and 4 there is a nar-
row space which would be suitable for the location of a staircase.
Ampi 13, a tetrastyle atrium house of 272 m2, is noteworthy because of its
separate entrance room with a door towards the atrium (Fig. 17). The main
room complex also deserves special attention (rooms 8, 9, 10). It is com-
posed of a large central room giving access to a smaller room on either side.
Such room arrangements are well known in the East Mediterranean. In room
8 the mortar pavement is decorated with a lozenge pattern. The cistern is
bathtub-shaped, but covered with a vault.

590 For description and photo, see Puig y Cadafalch 1908, 191, fig. 40.
150

AmρΝ17 has a trapezoidal rectangular shape and consists of three rooms,

representing the Iberian house type (108 m 2) (Fig. 18). From the street there
is direct access to the courtyard (room 1) provided with a Punic cistern.
Room 3 served as a kitchen, and probably other domestic activities took
place here as well. The main room of the house is to be located in room 2
where fragments of mouldings have been found. The room has a mortar
pavement with tessera design (lozenge pattern) and a door towards the street
through which guests could enter.
AmρΝ22 had at least six rooms and was probably provided with a garden
zone (Fig. 20). From the street there is direct access to the circulation space
(room 1) with the main room (room 4) on its northern side. Room 2 on the
south side of the circulation space is to be identified with an andron with its
more or less square shape (c. 4 m x 3 m), a slightly off-centre door and eight
or nine benches. The central field of the mortar pavement in the room is dec-
orated with a lozenge pattern, and the inscription Η∆ΥΚΟΙΤΟΣ is set im-
mediately inside the door. Because of the andron it is probable that a Greek
inhabited the house.
The ground plan of ΑmpΝ27 is not clear, but a long corridor (room 1)
leads to a central nucleus (room 2) (Fig. 20). Room 3 on the south side of the
nucleus is a broad-room. It might have functioned as a cult room for Agatho-
daímon due the inscription set in the mortar pavement (XAIPE AAAEOO
∆ΑΙΜΩΝ) and the suggested reference to a public cult of Agathodaímon as
well.591 If so, this would be a parallel to the situation in Alexandria. Besides
the inscription, the pavement in room 3 is decorated with two juxtaposed
squares enclosed by a meander. A circle forming a star-like composition is
set within each square. Maybe the water supply of the house was secured by
the cistern located in taberna 81 which may have belonged to the house 592
AmρΝ34 is a large axial peristyle house of more than 868 m 2 and a mini-
mum of twelve rooms (Fig. 19). It is provided with an entrance zone on the
south side (rooms 2, 3a, 3b), a large peristyle (7 x 5 columns) and a huge din-
ing room (room 4) of c. 57 m2 on the north side. Another luxurious element
in the house is the fountain in the peristyle facing the dining room. Like most
houses in the city, the bathtub-shaped cistern is also employed here. Since
the axial peristyle house is a Roman invention, the house must have been
built and inhabited by Italians/R οmans.
In the Roman city AmpR1 and AmpR3 developed into villa-like structures
with garden areas overlooking the Gulf of Rosas. Their areas match and ex-
ceed houses from the Vesuvían cities, for example House 1112, 2.5 (Casa
del Fauno) in Pompeii of c. 2865 m2 and House IV, 1.2 (Casa de ll 'Atrio a
Mosaico) in Herculaneum of c. 1150 mz 593
In its last phase AmpRi comprised an area of 3492 m 2 with three main
zones (Fig. 12). The middle zone is occupied by the atrium (Corinthian) and
adjoining rooms, for instance the tablinum (room 37). Mortar pavements,
some with tessera design, are the most common pavement type in this area.

591 Schröder 1996.

592
Burés Vilaseca 1998, 239-240.
59,
Wallace-Ηadrill 1994, 199 and 210.
 151

The rooms in the northern zone are arranged around two nuclei: a courtyard
with three porticoes (room 12) and probably a second atrium (room 18).
Characteristic pavements here are black-and-white opus tessellatum mosaics
and opus sectile. A huge peristyle garden (room 46) dominates the southern
zone. Reception rooms of varying sizes are located on its northern and south-
ern side. The importance of this zone is evidenced by the opus tessellatum
and opus vermiculatum mosaics employed here. Three emblemata of opus
vermiculatum are documented; they depict a theatrical mask, a bird stealing
jewellery and a xenia. Besides, a female portrait (perhaps Livia) was dis-
played in one of the rooms adjoining the huge room 53·. The walls were dec-
orated with murals resembling the First and Third Style, for instance rooms
15, 26 and 47.
AmpR3 had an area of 2128 m z in the last phase and is made up of four
main zones (Fig. 13). Luxurious elements in the house are no less than three
garden areas, numerous reception rooms and a bath complex. The atrium
zone (Tuscan and the oldest part) is located to the west, and access to a peri-
style garden with a huge reception room (room 40) is achieved by a wide
passage made at the rear of the former tablinum (room 52•). This creates an
impressive line of sight from the entrance through the atrium and peristyle
garden to the reception room. The third zone is formed by a second peristyle
garden (room 35a•) with adjoining reception rooms and the bath complex
(rooms 30, 31, 32). Towards the east the house is provided with additional
rooms, including the largest room (room 46) of the house, and a huge garden
area with porticoes. The reception rooms are characterized by wide openings
towards the gardens. Interior architectural decoration includes murals of dif-
ferent decorative systems (close to the First, Third and Fourth Styles) and a
great variety of pavement types (opus tessellatum, opus tessellatum with inset
pieces (impluvium), opus sectile (reception room 35), mortar, mortar with
tessera design (rooms 15, 17, 19, 21, 26, and opening between rooms 31 and
32), mortar with inset pieces). An altar decorated with a cock and snakes was
found in the first peristyle garden (room 40a•).
Because of the Greek inscriptions, the inhabitants of Am ρΝ5, AmρN22
and AmρN27 should be expected to be Greeks or Hellenized Iberians, but
that only Greeks and Iberians lived in Neapolis, as assumed by Marcet and
Sanmartí, is unlíkely. 594 It cannot be ruled out that Italians/Romans bought a
pre-existing house in Neapolis or had one built, for instance Am ρΝ34. Fur-
thermore, Punic people may have settled here, though conclusive evidence is
lacking. Likewise, it would be wrong to assume that only Iberians lived in
the modest houses consisting of three rooms. Greeks, Iberians, Italians/Ro-
mans and others living in Neapolis may have imitated the atrium houses in
the Roman city. In fact, several of the inhabitants of Neapolis were living `à
la romaine', judging from the atria, cisterns covered with vaults and mortar
pavements with tessera design, but the language used in the inscriptions of
the mortar pavements was still Greek.
That Neapolis displays this mixture and non-Greek appearance is not sur-

594 Marcet/Sanmartí, Β. 1990, 113.

152

prising. The interaction between Greeks and Iberians took place from the
beginning of the cítys history. In the 2nd century BC the Italic/Roman im-
pact began to be felt, and from the late 2nd century onwards there was a
massive Roman influence. The Italians/Romans not only introduced their
own traditions such as the atrium house, but also the traditions of the Hel-
lenistic :East, however modified by the Romans (for instance the axial peri-
style house), and Punic elements such as the building technique of opus afri-
canum.

THE URBAN CONTEXT

In the 2nd to the 1st centuries BC different cultural influences are also
documented in the public sphere of Ampurias.
The Greek origin of the city is reflected in the new agora and stow con-
structed in the centre of Neapolis towards the middle of the 2nd century
BC 595 Domestic structures were dismantled to make way for the new com-
plex, but later on parts of the complex were privatized again. Two bathtub-
shaped double cisterns covered by vaults are located inside the stoa. A third
cistern with a flat cover is situated below the agora and thus antedates it. The
second major building activity took place in the Asklepieion whose area was
enlarged, raised and provided with a temenos wall to the east in the third
quarter of the 2nd century BC. 596 Also the public baths built around 100 BC
in the north-east area of the city had Greek elements such as a palaestra and
sweat-bath. 597
Simultaneously with the Greek manifestation in Neapolis the Romans in-
stalled a military camp on the hill west of Neapolis, represented by the so-
called praesidium building with a complex of four large bathtub-shaped cis-
terns placed next to each other. Their length is 11.5 m and width 1.3 m.
Their cover was most likely flat. They can be dated around 175 BC and are
the earliest securely dated examples of the Punic bathtub-shaped cistern.
However, there is no consensus on the interpretation of the earliest remains
from the area. Pena has suggested that Iberians lived here, resettled under
Roman control 5 98 This would have taken place in relation to the general or-
ganization of the territory by the Romans which resulted in the abandon-
ment of several local settlements from the late 3rd century BC onwards (for
instance Ullastret) 599 Pena has also stressed some peculiarities of the layout
of the later Roman city such as a dismantled tower located immediately out-
side the present southern gate and the slightly different alignments of the city

"s
Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1988.
596
Sanmartí i Grego, E. et al. 1990, 136-139 and 144. There is no consensus on the dating and
number of phases of the sanctuary. The second phase is also dated to the first half of the 2nd century
BC (Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 173-179).
"' Ρalauf/Ιν~~1993x, 109-110. The alteration in Augustan time removed the Greek elements.
5" Pena 1989.
5"
For the subdivision of the territory of Ampurias, see Plana Mallart 1989; Plana Mallart 1994,
chapter Π.
 153

wall and the street grid. 600 Furthermore, several silos, characteristic for Iber-
ian settlements, are located in the area around the building. This argument,
however, is not convincing, since the Romans may have adopted the local
custom. The Roman influence is also reflected by the importation of Italic
products in large quantities and by the building constructed in opus africa-
num south of Neapolis. This building was constructed directly on top of a
Greek necropolis. Moreover, the bronze coinage introduced at the beginning
of the 2nd century BC followed the Roman weiht standard, but it had Iber-
ían monetary magistrates and an Iberian legend. 01 Pena's interpretation is ar-
guably supported by the Las Corts necropolis containing only cremation
graves. It dates to the period from c. 200 to the late 1st century BC or early
1st century AD. G02 According to Almagro, Greeks were buried here. He con-
siders the cemetery too Hellenized and too monumental to be Iberian. In
view of the fact that Greeks and the indigenous population had been living
next to each other and together for a long time, this is only a natural conse-
quence. Nonetheless, it is more likely that the necropolis was Iber ~an than
Greek due to the cremation rite or it may have been used by both. If Iberians
were resettled here in the 2nd century BC, they might have been living in the
area that became the northern part of the later Roman city. Unfortunately,
this area has not been investigated. G03 In summary, both a Roman praesidium
and a settlement inhabited by Iberians may have existed in the area of the
later Roman city.
Iberian personal names inscribed on the bronze coinage of the 2nd cen-
tury BC show that Iberians held offices as monetary magistrates. 604 Further-
more, the coinage is inscribed with the Iberian UNTIKESKEN (the name of
the indigenous people in this particular area) and UNTICA which could be
the Iberian name for the Greek Emporion. 605 On the same bronze coinage of
the 2nd century BC Latin names in Iberian script occur: Tiberi and Luci.
These forms may be the Iber~an version of the Latin names or a dialect from
southern Italy. G06 In the case of the latter, Iberians apparently adopted the
Latin names as written in dialect because some of the Italians who settled at
Ampurias came from southern Italy.
In the 1st century BC the Roman impact is strong. The forum and the tem-
ple in the Roman city were built after late Republican models from Central and
South Italy, and in its second phase the temple here imitated the Temple of Di-
vine Julius in the Forum Romanum. 607 The sanctuaries situated in Neapolis also
followed models of Central and South Italy (inspired by the Hellenistic world).

600 Cf. Barberà/Μοrral 1982. Soundings made in relation to the "muralla Rubert" and "muralla
Roura" have revealed material dating no earlier than the late 2nd and early 1st century BC (Sanmarti-
Grego, E./Santos Retolaza 1986-1989, 304-306).
6°1 ViHaronga 1977.
602 Jones 1984, 238 and 240-241.
603 Ruiz de Arbulo Bayona 1991, 477-478; Aqui1ué 1997, 47-48.
604 Villarοnga 1977, 12; Pena 1988, 21.

603 Ruiz de Arbulo Bayons 1991, 474.

606 Siles 1981, 106-113; Pena 1989, 222-223.
607 Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1986; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1990, 149-150; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993,

224-228.
154

This applies for instance to the layout of the Asklepíeíon. 608 The bathtub-
shaped cistern and the mortar pavement decorated with a lozenge pattern
known from the houses are also found in this sanctuary. 6Ó9 The Egyptian divin-
ities Sarapis and Isis were worshipped in the Sarapíeion built around the mid-
dle of the century and financed by the Alexandrian louras.

The great building activity that took place in Neapolis in the 2nd century
BC is traditionally seen as a sign of the prosperous situation of the trading
centre. Recently Kaiser has offered a new and more convincing interpreta-
tion: the building projects were an attempt by the Greeks to create a strong
group identity because they felt under pressure both as a result of the Ro-
mans favouring the Iberians and their own loss of political and economic sta-
tus (Iberians as monetary magistrates and with citizenship before the Greeks
etc.). 610 Kaiser stresses the non-Greek character of the city prior to the 2nd
century BC: there was no theatre, only a small agora and no orthogonal street
grid. With the new projects the Greeks tried to make the city look like Mar-
seilles (Massalia) or a Greek city in Magna Graecia.
This interpretation is particularly interesting in relation to the houses of
Neapolis. As already attested, they display a lack of Greek elements. Howev-
er, there is the problem of chronology, since several houses in their last
phase, i.e. after the establishment of the Roman city and the political unifica-
tion of Neapolis and the Roman city in early Augustan time, were influenced
by Roman architecture and pavement types. Thus the houses of the 2nd cen-
tury may to a large extent be unknown to us. Nonetheless, following the in-
terpretation of Kaiser, one may conclude that the Greeks manifested them-
selves via traditional Greek public architecture and not in their homes. One
the other hand, it is also likely that they tried to be as Greek as possible in
the private sphere. This could have been done by ways not traceable in the
archaeological record, for instance clothing.

THE REGIONAL CONTEXT

In this section Ampurias is compared with material from various sites in

order to elucidate the character of the housing in general in the region, fo-
cusing on the area stretching from the Pyrenees in the north to the river
Ebro in the south, but also including southern France. It should be remem-
bered that as the only documented Graeco-Roman city on the Iberian Penin-
sula Ampúrias does not find exact matches. Literary sources mention a num-

608 Sanmarti í Grego, E. et al. 1990; Padr~/Sanmartf, E. 1993, 615-620.

609 The cistern is divided into four chambers and dates from the fourth phase of the sanctuary

(third quarter of the 1st century BC). The mortar pavement with tessera design is employed in the cel-
la of Temple P.
610 Kaiser 2000. He follows the phases and datings suggested by Mar and Ruiz de Arbulo (1993)
which means that he places the second phase of the Asklepieion in the first half of the 2nd century BC.
 155

ι Ι ι ι ι ι
ι ι ι ι ι Ι
I `
-----_-- ~__-
Γ'

ι
G F σ
~~ Α
ι
ι

ι
Ι

L ~~ Σ? ο
α

ε
5 10

Fig. 28. Rosas, House Α-II-3, plan (drawing by Kjeld de Fine Licht).

ber of Greek colonies, but only Ampurias and Rosas have been identified in
the archaeological record. 611
Rosas (ancient Rhode, Roses in Catalan) is situated on the northern side of
the Gulf of Rosas and was probably founded by iassíliotes, but literary
sources also refer to Rhodes as founder (Fig. 1). 612 The earliest material dates
to the 5th century BC. Remains of residential character go back to the begin-
ning of the 4th century BC, and in the 3rd century BC a new habitation area
was laid out on an orthogonal street grid, the so-called "Hellenistic Quar-
ter".613 The remains are sparse, but apparently the plots were of equal size, at
least at the beginning. Another characteristic element is the combination of
habitation and workshop in one and the same building. The following four
houses are the best preserved. House A-II-3 is, according to li d, a pastas
house with tendency to symmetry in the ground-plan (Fig. 28). The rooms
are arranged around the courtyard (room e) like a i. A portico may have ex-
isted on the northern side of the courtyard. Thus this northern portico or
part of the courtyard together with room b would have formed the pastas.
Vivd suggests that room d was the main room because of its size, and room a

61 For a summary of the Greek colonies, see Richardson 1996, 14-15 and especially note 17.
612
For the textual evidence, see Vivó 1996, 82.
613
For plan, see Vivó 1996, 84, fig. 4.
156

was the dining room (andron). In House A-II-1 the courtyard has been iden-
tified in room a and the main room in room c. 614 Inside room c there is a
smaller room, and this arrangement resembles the so-called "oecus unit" in
Olynthian houses. House B-II-1 is square and apparently divided into four
rooms of which the largest, room b, is identified as the main room. G15 The
workshop area (f) attached to the house is located to the west. House B-II-2
probably comprised a residential unit, a pottery and perhaps a shop where
the products were sold. 616
With its orthogonal grid, standardization in house-plot size, a possible
pastas and oecus unit the quarter is quite different from Neapolis and has af-
finities to the Greek world, for example the pastas houses of Olynthos and
Attica. Rosas was abandoned in the 2nd century BC, and thus it would be
more appropriate to compare it with the Ampurias of the 3rd century BC,
and not the city in its existing state, but the domestic architecture of Neapo-
lis prior to the 2nd century BC is unknown. When compared with Rosas the
Iberian impact on Ampurias is even more evident.
Ullastret is one of the best documented of the Iberian settlements. G17 It is sit-
uated on the hill of Puig de Sant Andreu c. 14 km from Ampurias and was
abandoned around the middle of the 2nd century BC (Fig. 1). The urbanism
of the settlement, including houses with rectangular ground plans, stone socles
and mudbrick walls of the mid-6th century BC and the city walls, is ascribed to
the Greek influence in the area. 618 In general, the houses are described as hav-
ing one or two rooms. The presence of three bathtub-shaped cisterns should
be noted. One is dated to the 3rd century BC and thus appears to antedate the
cisterns from Ampurias (earliest securely dated: around 175 BC). G19 However,
several of the cisterns in Neapolis cannot be dated precisely.
The Punic cistern is also documented from other local settlements. Two
have been found at Castell de la Fosca de Palam ~s (Fig. 1). 620 At Ensérune in
southern France both bathtub-shaped and rectangular cisterns occur. The
latter have rounded corners. They date to the 2nd and 1st centuries BC.
Apart from one cistern, the cover is flat and may be supported by pillars. 621
In the case of Roman colonies and villas, atria, the First Style, opus tessel-
lαtum mosaics and mortar pavements with tessera design are standard ele-
ments. A good example is the villa of Can Marti at Samalús built between the
end of the. 2nd and the first half of the 1st century BC (Fig. 1).622 A mono-
chrome white opus tessellatum mosaic (originally with an emblema) and a

614
Vivó 1996, 87, fig. 5 and 105, fig. 17.
615
Vivó 1996, 93, fig. 10 and 106, fig. 18.
616
Vivó 1996, 95, fig. 11 and 107, fig. 19.
617 Martin i Ortega 1997.
618
For example Padr ~/Sanmartí, J. 1987, 24-25.
619
Martin i Ortega 1997, 22-23. The dimensions are: length 5.3 m, width 1.25 m, depth 3.7 (Oliva
Prat 1960, 346-349).
620 Pericot/Oliva Prat 1949, 320-321.

621 Jannoray 1955, 108-109, 170-185 and 465-466; pls. XIII, XXVII.2 and =01.2.
622
Aquilué í Abadías/Pardo í Rodriguez 1990.
 157

mortar pavement with the characteristic design of a meander (swastikas and

squares) are partly preserved.
At Badalona (ancient Baetulo), which was founded at the beginning of the
1st century BC, the best-preserved house is the so-called Casa de la ca ll e Lla-
dΟ.6~3 It has a Tuscan atrium. Among the earliest pavements is the mortar
pavement with lozenge pattern from a room to the north-east of the tabli-
num. The motifs and designs decorating the opus tessellatum mosaics include
a central field with dolphins in the corners and a threshold mosaic with alter-
nating swastikas and squares. Identical motifs occur in AmpR1. 624 Moreover,
the design with a central field and dolphins or fishes in the corners is fairly
common: Barcelona, Sant Iu, Rue Comtes; Badalona, Roman baths and Clos
de la Torre/Maison Pin~s. 625
At Velilla de Ebro east of Zaragoza (Colonia Victrix Iulia Lepida-Celsa),
which was founded in 44 BC and abandoned in AD 58-60, there are several
atrium houses. 626 Again the geometric designs of the mortar pavements are
identical with the ones from Ampurias: meander and lozenge pattern inscri-
bed in a rectangle or a circle. Casa A in insu la I has an inscription (SALVE)
in the mortar pavement of room 6.
The characteristic Roman mortar pavements with tessera design are well
documented along the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula from Ampurias
in the north to Cartagena (ancient Carthago Nova) in the south. They are es-
pecially numerous in the middle Ebro valley, both in Roman colonies and on
indigenous sites. 627 According to Lasheras Corruchaga, the presence of these
mortar pavements point to the presence of people of Italic/Roman origin. 628
As regards Cartagena, the pavements date no earlier than the second half of
the 2nd century BC and most probably from the last quarter of the century.
They all came from Roman Republican contexts. This pavement type was
used to a high extent from the end of the 2nd century BC and continued in
Augustan time. 629 Some have inscriptions in Latin. 630
The lack of Greek features in the houses of Neapolis is additionally
stressed when compared with material from southern France where houses
with a pastas-corridor situated between the circulation space and the main
room(s) were fairly common both before and after Roman contro1. 631 At 01-
bia-de-Provence (near modern Hyères -les-Palmiers), a Massíhote colony
founded around 340 BC, a pastas house is situated in insulte VI. The house
was built in 40-30 BC and abandoned in AD 50-60. In a habitation quarter at

~3 Guítart et al. 1991, especially 35-40.

624
Ba1il 1972b, pl. XXI.
625 Barrai I Altet 1978: no. 26, pls. XXVa-XXVIII; no. 43, pls. XXXV Ι-ΧΧΧVΙζ
no. 50, pl. XL,
1; no. 57, pls. XLV,2-XLVII.
626
Beltran Lions 1991, 135-161.
627
Lasheras Corruchaga 1984; Ramallo Asensio 1985.
628
Lasheras Corruchaga 1984, 188.
629
Ramallo Asensío/Ruíz Valderas 1994, 93-94.
63ο
Gómez Pallarès 1997, 115-119.
63ι
Bouet 1997.
 5. THE MEDITERRANEAN CONTEXT
In this chapter the three trading centres are compared and then placed in
a wider Mediterranean context in order to clarify the different cultural influ-
ences.

DELOS, CARTHAGE, AMPURIAS

To establish clear typologies of houses requires several shared characteris-
tics, and the analyses have shown that ground plans, sizes and internal lay-
outs vary to a large extent, and that the architectural elements are combined
in multiple ways. The most obvious criterion is the nature of the circulation
space (if this can be identified or is present at all), where one should allow
variants to exist within the groups. Another criterion could be the relation-
ship of the house to the world outside and the way of controlling space, for
example Nevett's "single entrance, courtyard house" which includes pastas,
prostas and peristyles houses all together. On Delos several houses originally
constituted a characteristic house type, Triimper's "kanonische Normal-
haus": a narrow and rectangular ground-plan, an open courtyard, the service
rooms at the front of the house and a triple room complex at the rear (one
transverse room at the front with two small rooms at the back). At Carthage
a certain standardization of house-plot size and internal layouts are detect-
able both in the `Hannibal Quarter' and the `Mago Quarter'. At Ampurias it
is reasonable to identify a house type in relation to the houses consisting of
three or four rooms regardless of the presence of a courtyard or not. Further-
more, there is a group of very different atrium houses.
In all three cities there are examples of houses symbolizing the status and
wealth of the owners and attesting the demand for decorative items. Prestige
and luxury were achieved by elements such as porticoes, reception rooms,
mosaics and the display of sculpture. The tendency is strongest on Delos, in
the `Mago Quarter' of Carthage and in the Roman city of Ampurias. As far as
Carthage is concerned, the enrichment can be traced back to the middle of
3rd century BC. On Delos this happened no earlier than during the Second
Athenian Domination (167/166-69 BC). At Ampurias the establishment of
the Roman city around 100 BC was the key factor for instigating the altera-
tions of the houses in Neapolis as the people living there began to adopt Ita-
lic/Roman features along with both Greek and Punic features modified by
the Italians/Romans. It is also possible that this adoption was intensified af-
ter the creation of the Municipium Emporiae in the early Augustan period
when the city walls between the two nuclei were dismantled. Delos provides
the richest material: addition of porticoes and peristyles in many houses,
widespread use of wall-paintings, tessellated polychrome mosaics and statu-
ary of every dimension. The largest house is De1119 of 866 m 2 . At Carthage
private ostentation is best illustrated by the plot extensions, for example
CarM6 of 1440 m2 (reconstructed area). So far only statuettes are documen-
ted from the houses, but the fragment of an almost life-size statue, though of
uncertain provenance (Carl1), suggests that also large-scale statuary was dís-
160

played. Two of the .houses from the Roman city of Ampurias developed into
villa-like structures (AmpR1, Am ρR3) with areas of 3492 m 2 and 2128 m2 re-
spectively. Moreover, AmpR1, ΑmpR2 and AmpR3 were lavishly decorated
with murals and various pavement types. In ieapolis ΑmρΝ5 had a peristyle
built at the margin of the plot, and the large axial peristyle house ΑmρΝ34
had an area of more than 868 m2 and was provided with a fountain in the
peristyle.
An element documented in all three cities is the room opening directly to
the street (not anentrance room). In De1T23 room c has two openings to-
wards the street and one internal doorway, and the pavement design leaves
no doubt that it functioned as a dining room. At Αmρurias room 2 of
AmρΝΙΙ is provided with one opening towards the street and one internal.
The mortar pavement with tessera design and wall decoration suggest that it
was the main room of the house. The main room (room I) of CarH8 may
have had an opening directly to the street as well. The same phenomenon
can also be observed in the house of insula VI at Olbia-de-Provence. In
phase lb, dated around AD 10, room 2 was converted from a shop into a re-
ception room with one opening towards the street. 633 Thus an opening di-
rectly to the street is not necessarily evidence for a shop or workshop. All as-
pects of the room must be taken into consideration.
Another shared feature is the presence of foreign divinities, especially
Egyptian gods. Some were recognized at an official level (for example the
cult of Demeter and Kore at Carthage), while others were private (for instan-
ces the Semitic sanctuaries on Delos).

EAST AND WEST: DELIS AND AMPURIAS

Since Ampurias was a Greek colony, one would expect to find some char-
acteristic elements from Greek domestic architecture, at least a pastas or a
prostas, which, irrespective of the terminology, represent a characteristic way
of organizing space in the Greek world. This is not the case, but the eager-
ness to apply the traditional terminology to the Ampurian material is demon-
strated by Bahl who identifies the main room of ΑmρΝ7 as a prostas, and
Zaccaria Ruggiu who speaks of Greek peristyle houses in Νeaρolis.634 There
is no open-fronted anteroom in Am ρΝΙ (atrium house), and there are only
two houses with a peristyle court as central circulation space, AmρΝ21 and
ΑmρΝ34, of which the latter is a Roman axial peristyle house. According to
Bali], the tetrastyle atrium in AmρΝ31 is a tetrastyle peristyle because the in-
ternal layout does not share characteristics with Roman atrium houses. 635
Delos and Ampurias overlap in the 2nd to 1st centuries BC, and both
came under Roman control in the first half of the 2nd century BC, so it is
natural to look for similarities and differences. As regards ground plans, a
tendency towards trapezoidal shapes occurs in both sites. The central peri-

b3 Bouet 1997, 444-445 and 445, fig. 1. As a shop it had two doorways.
634
Bali11972a, 43; Zaccaria Ruggiu 1995, 380.
6i5 Bahl 1972b, 44-45. The northern and eastern parts of the house are situated below the modern

pathway.
 161

style court characteristic of Delian houses is only found twice at Ampurias

(cf. above). Other peristyles are peristyle gardens and may be placed at the
margin of the plots. So far no atrium houses have been found on Delos, and
it appears that neither Italians/Romans nor other residents on the island had
the wish or need to built or imitate one. The atrium houses of the Roman city
of Ampurias come as no surprise; it is more surprising to find atrium houses
in Neapolis. The question is whether Greeks and Iberians built atria because
they wanted something new, i.e. imitating the form not the content, or
whether Italians/Roma ~s had settled in this part of the city. If the former was
the case, it attests a willingness to be influenced, but whether it resulted in
new behavioural patterns among the non-Italians/Romans is difficult to an-
swer. In addition to AmρΝ34, the Roman way of dining is documented in
AmρΝ7 with its three-couch triclinium (room 2) north of the atrium. The
next questio~~is how the absence of atrium houses on Delos can be ex-
plained. First of all, the Romans did not lay out a new city as they did at Am-
purias. At this time the Italians/Romans had already adopted several ele-
ments from Hellenistic architecture and interior decoration as shown in the
Vesuvían cities. Another reason could be that Delis was not considered a
permanent residence. Though some families can be traced through genera-
tions, it does not mean necessarily that it was a permanent home. Trading
families resided at séveral places in the Mediterranean area. 636 Moreover,
many Italians/Romans had their business transacted by freedmen and slaves.
Thus the houses would have been mainly occupied by slaves and freedmen;
this is supported by the presence of the cult of the Lares Compitales. The pa-
trons only stayed for shorter periods. On Delos the concern was the business
life and the entertainment of guests, not the political life.
The two sites share the preference for main rooms located to the north of
the circulation space. The typical Delian main room is a broad-room, and the
characteristic Delian main room complex with a large transverse room and
two smaller rooms at the back is not present at Ampurias, instead there is
more variation, and main rooms may be oblong or broad. However, one
main room complex is similar: a central main room giving access to a smaller
room on either side. This occurs in De1121 and Am ρΝΙ3. Moreover, in
AmpΝΙ3 the area south of the tetrastyle atrium is extended towards the
west, ending in a kind of recess (room 3). Areas or porticoes are elongated in
a similar way in Delian houses: Del Ν7 (north), De1N10 (north), De1119
(north), DelST3 (north), De1T2 (east), De1T6 (west), De1T31 (east) and
De1T41 (north). Such a recess in the Delian houses is termed a porticus exe-
dra by Tri mper. 637 This architectural element occurs both in connection with
a pastas, i.e. a Greek house, and an atrium, i.e. the Italic/Roman house,
where it is called an ala. It is the same architectural concept, but the one did
not necessarily evolve from the other; rather, both developments are inde-
pendent of each other and represent a basic mode of organizing living space.

636 For families with widespread activities, see D'Arms 1980, 85; Wíkander 1985; Rauh 1993, 218.

See also Wilson 1966, 111-113.

~i7 Triimper 1998, 54.
162

Service rooms commonly found on Delos, especially latrines, are rare in the
houses of Neapohs.
The use of polychrome figured mosaics, characteristic of the Hellenistic
world and in particular on Delos, is only documented in the Roman city of
Ampurias. The situation is reversed when it comes to mortar pavements with
tessera design. They are rare in Delian houses, but common in the houses of
Ampurias, both in the Roman city and Neapolis.
Unfortunately, Only AmpRi has provided sculptural finds (one female
portrait and two herms). Thus the occurrence of iconographic themes and
the display of statuary cannot be compared.

CARTHAGE AND THE EAST MEDITERRANEAN: DELIS AND BEYOND

The Carthaginian material simultaneously testifies to a strong Phoenician/
Punic tradition and various foreign influences from the East, sometimes
transmitted via Sicily. The latter applies for instance to the cult of Demeter
and Kore (introduced in 398 BC, according to textual evidence), the censer
in the shape of a Demeter head and probably also the Doric order. Moreo-
ver, the use of First-Style murals in domestic architecture is attested already
in the 4th century BC. The general trend of employing luxury in private
houses was also followed, but while full peristyles (if space was available)
supported by columns were preferred in Delian houses, the porticus triplex
consisting of pillars is characteristic of the houses at Carthage. This architec-
tural feature together with the alternation of narrow and broad rooms or use
of room modules common in the `Mago Quarter' (for example CarΜ2:
rooms P 50, Ρ 51, Ρ 52 and rooms P 53, P 57, P 58; CarM4: rooms P 70, P
71, Ρ 72) and the narrow (angled) corridors has marked similarities to both
domestic and palatial architecture of the Orient (such as Phoenician houses
from the Iron Age and palaces of the Achaemenid Empire at Susa and Lach-
ish). On Delos only the broad-room was adopted from Oriental architecture.
Houses with two or more circulation spaces occur at both sites, and the divi-
sion of the house into a representative section and a private/practical one is
also documented, fir instance De1T16 and CarM4. In some Delian houses
the courtyards were converted into decorated areas for display. This phe-
nomenon cannot be investigated at Carthage due to the severe destruction of
the Punic city. However, judging from the amount of fragmentary terracotta
statuettes found in the `Hannibal Quarter', statuary primarily depicting Baal
Hammon was common in the houses and probably had both a religious and
decorative function. Greek and Egyptian divinities are also attested among
the statuary (uncertain provenances). Moreover, theatrical masks, character-
istic of the Hellenistic period in general, include several finds but also of un-
certain provenances. Theatrical themes were also employed in Delian murals
and mosaics, such as in the various ancient plays depicted in De1121 and the
theatrical masks decorating borders of mosaics (De1Nl6, De114).
The two cities shared an interest in bathrooms. Two sweat-baths have
been identified in houses on Delos (De1122, De1T6), but the most common
is a terracotta bathtub "à sabot" placed in one of the corners of the room. At
Carthage the picture is more varied: shower baths, bathtubs (one built-up "à
sabot", Car10) and two-room complexes with benches and basins (Car4,
 163

Car5). Unfortunately, it is not possible to determine the character of the

bathing installations in the `Mago Quarter'. In general, the Carthaginian
bathrooms are more elaborate because of their pavements. Two of them are
decorated with threshold mosaics, Car Η8 (monochrome white with scatter-
ing of black tesserae) and Car5 (polychrome stepped triangles). Moreover,
the opus fig /mum pavement may be embellished with white tesserae forming
a geometric pattern. This is the case in CarH8 (irregular), CarM4 and Car5.
It is important to note the existence of tessellated mosaics and mortar
pavements with white marble/limestone fragments and/or tesserae as early as
the 4th century BC. Moreover, the use of irregular tesserae forming religious
symbols is attested as early as the end of the 5th century BC. 638 This calls into
question the origin and development of the tessellated mosaic (cf. section on
the wider Mediterranean context). It should also be pointed out that the few
geometric designs of tessellated mosaic known from Carthage (chequer.
board, stepped triangles and the unknown design from CarDMi) are earlier
than the Delian examples, as the latter are dated to the late 2nd and early 1st
century BC. 639 The threshold mosaic decorated with stepped triangles from
the bathroom of Car5 finds a parallel in a fragment from an upstairs room of
De1T41 where stepped triangles appear to form a panel with four rows of
both black and white triangles. 640 At Carthage the chequer-board design is
used for frames (bicolour, Carl; polychrome, fragment from the intersection
of the Rue Didon/Rue Arnobe that might be as early as the 4th century BC;
there is also a polychrome fragment from the `Mago Quarter'). On Delos the
motif, often in a diagonal version, decorates frames, central fields and entire
floor surfaces (bicolour, for instance De1N1, De114 and De1125). The de-
sign is also used in the Building of the Poseidoniasts of Berytos (small central
field). The Carthaginian houses make use of threshold mosaics and the Del-
ian of doormats.
Pavements, pebble or tessellated mosaics, with figured decoration are a
characteristic feature of Greek andrones from domestic contexts and also of
the Delian main rooms and dining rooms. 1 But so far they have not been at-
tested at Carthage. At first sight this might seem surprising due to the influ-
ence from the Greek world otherwise attested in the Punic metropolis, and a
possible explanation could be that such figured pavements did not survive
the Roman destruction or have not yet been found. However, a more plausi-
ble explanation is the prevalent Carthaginian tradition of non-figurative de-
signs (apart from symbols). In addition, the figured mosaics were at the out-
set exclusively related to the andron, a type of room not documented at
Carthage. 64z
Comparative material of the Hellenistic period from the Phoenician

638 From the Tanit sanctuary installed in CarDMl.

639 Bruneau 1972, 99.
640 Bruneau 1972, 295, no. 299 and 295, fig. 258.
641 Westgate's analysis shows that figured motifs are less common in tessellated mosaics than in
pebble mosaics (1997-1998, 112-115).
642
Westgate 1997-1998, 94-97.
164

homeland is provided by the site of Oumm el-`Amed located 19 km from

Tyre. Apparently the site displays no signs of Hellenization. The houses have
a corridor leading to two, three or more rooms. Two features are notewor-
thy. The cisterns are described as having an elliptic ground plan or a rectan-
gular ground plan with very rounded corners, and they are covered with
slabs. 643 The temples of the city have no Greek elements. 644 This corresponds
with the conclusion reached by Grainger that only the Phoenician cities on
the coast were Hellenized to some degree, whereas the countryside remained
Phoenician, revealing that "Hellenization was a desperately slow process" .645
The study of the interplay between Greek and Phoenician cultures is also
provided by the late Hellenistic settlement of Tell Anafa located 30 km east
of Tyre. Here a large building (c. 38 m x c. 38 m) interpreted as a private
house was constructed around 125 BC. 646 The architecture is a mixture of
Greek and Phoenician elements, for instance building techniques. The lay-
out resembles the large courtyard houses of Delos and Pergamon, and also
the stucco decoration can be paralleled to Delos. The tradition of employing
pillars is represented by the four pillars marking the corners of the court-
yard, and the bath complex, situated on the east side of the courtyard, con-
sists of a suite of three rooms. The basin was located in the central room
(room 16) and the southern (room 15) functioned as the heating room. The
inner field of the mosaic decorating the central room is divided into three
panels of which the westernmost has a diagonal chequer-board design. 647 The
excavators suggest that the builders of the house most likely were Hellenized
Phoenicians from Tyre.

The strong Phoenician/Punic cultural factor at Carthage is easily compre-

hensible when including epigraphical material and literary sources. These
source materials indicate that a close link between Carthage and the mother
city and the Phoenician homeland continued right down to the end of the
city's life.648 Every year Carthage sent an offering to the Temple of Melqart in
Tyre, and this practice was referred to as late as 162 ΒC.TM9 Thus the Cartha-
ginians were continuously reminded of their origin. When Hannibal fled
from Carthage in 196 BC he first went to Cercína Island in the Bay of Syrtis
Minor (present-day Gulf of Sidra) where there were ships from Phoenicia,
and Phoenician ships must have landed at the ports of Carthage too. 650 More-
over, there is a religious dedication from Malta made by Tyrians in the 3rd
century BC. 651

643
Dd/D 1962, 80-85.
Dunand/Duru 1962, 234.
645 Grainger 1991, 109.
696 Herbert 1994, 14.
64,
Herbert 1994, 62-72; pls. 38 and 40.
as
Millar 1983, 58.
649 Arr. anab. 2.24.5; Ροlyb. 31.12.11-12.
650
Liv. 33.48.3-8. Grainger 1991, 201-205.
651
Grainger 1991, 214.
 165

mAS AND THE PUNIC WORLD

Αµρυ
The Punic influence on the housing of Ampurias is reflected by the bath-
tub-shaped cistern (type IV). Because of correspondence in details such as
technique, dimensions, cover and separate well-shaft, for example in
AmpNS and CarMi — room P 26, it is likely that Punic people were present
to some extent at Ampurias (Table 15 and Table 25). At least they must have
been responsible for the earliest examples of the type dated around 175
BC. 652 These occur within the praesidium in the Roman city (complex of four
cisterns) and have a striking resemblance to the cistern complex from the
fort at Ras ed-Drek in North Africa. The Punic cistern was eventually modi-
fied due to the Roman influence at Ampurias (such as materials and vault).
The same process is documented at Utica where the Romans likewise adop-
ted the bathtub-shaped cistern with minor modificatíons.`.3 Before arriving
on the Iberian Peninsula in 218 BC, the Romans were already acquainted
with the bathtub-shaped cistern from the Punic sites in Sicily and Sardinia
which became provinciae in the 3rd century BC. Thus one possible sugges-
tion is that the Romans introduced the cistern at Ampurias. However, as ar-
gued above, the similarities point to direct Punic influence. In North Africa
(Ras ed-Drek) and in Sardinia (Monte Sirai) the cistern type is attested as
early as the 5th century BC and in the light of the general Punic influence on
the Iberian Peninsula, it is likely that the type was introduced prior to the
2nd century (a cistern at Ullastret is dated to the 3rd century BC). The Punic
impact already began in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. 654 This corresponds
with the commercial role played by Ibiza (ancient Ebesos) from the 5th and
in particular from the 4th century BC onwards. 655 At Ampurias the influence
is especially visible in the coinage issued by the city and in the ceramic mate-
rial. At the end of the 4th and beginning of the 3rd century BC a Carthagin-
ian model was adopted: Persephone on the obverse and on the reverse a
standing horse. Around the middle of the 3rd century BC the obverse shows
a Sicilian Arethusa surrounded by three dolphins and a Pegasus on the re-
verse. 656 Garcia BeRido has suggested that Ampurias was much more incor-
porated into the Iberian and Punic economic world than with Marseilles and
that this happened in the late 5th or early 4th century BC. 657 The importation
of Punic products, especially Ebusitanian amphorae, indicates that Punic
ships may have landed at Ampurias in the 4th century BC. 658
On the other hand, the majority of the Carthaginian cisterns date to the

Another early candidate is the cistern located below the pronaos of Temple P in the Askle-
píeíon. It is bathtub-shaped and with a flat cover. A dating before the 2nd century BC cannot be ruled
out (cf. Burés Vílaseca 1998, 281).
6" Lézine 1968, 101, note 3.
654
For Phoenician imports along the coast of Catalonia and Languedoc in the last quarter of the
7th to the first quarter of the 6th century BC, see Arteaga et al. 1986.
6" For example Gómez Bellard 1992, 385-386. According to Diodorus, Carthage founded its col-
ony on Ibiza in 654 BC (Dud. 5.16).
636
Villaronga 1977, 2.
657 García Bellido 1994.
658
Oliver Fox 1995; Sanmartí-Grego, E. et al. 1995.
166

first half of the 2nd century BC. Thus it is also possible that the cistern was
introduced, or more plausibly revived, in relation to the increased commer-
cial activities of Ibiza in this period. 659 Although the Carthaginians were de-
feated by the Romans in 206 BC, Punic people continued to live on the'Iber-
ían Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. This is evidenced by Phoenician and
Punic inscriptions of which more than half belong to the 4th to 1st centuries
BC.660 An indicator of the close trade connections between the Punic me-
tropolis and Ampurias is that outside the Iberian Peninsula the largest con-
text of Ampuritan grey ware has been found at Carthage. 661
As regards other water installations at Ampurias, three houses reused Pu-
nic amphorae as overflow drains for cisterns ( ΑmρΝ16, AmpΝ21,
Amp129).

The difference between Delos and Ampurias is not surprising. Late Hel-
lenistic housing as represented by Delos was in fashion, i.e. imitation of pala-
ces and palatial houses of the East and Macedonia. The housing of Neapolis
in Ampurias was a veritable mix of several cultural traditions owing to its
long history and location on Iberian ground. Some of the Punic elements
were the result of a direct contact with Punic merchants (and inhabitants?)
(bathtub-shaped cistern with flat cover), while others were transmitted
through the Romans (opus africanum, mortar pavements). Elements from the
eastern Hellenistic world were likewise transmitted through the Romans
from c. 100 BC onwards (peristyle gardens, emblemata). Here too the Italic/
Roman influence eventually became the most visible.

THE WIDER MEDITERRANEAN CONTEXT

`HOUSE TYPES' AND THE MUTUAL INFLUENCES BETWEEN THE HELLENISTIC, PUNIC
AND ROMAN WORLDS

As mentioned earlier, the traditional typology of the Greek house has

been reassessed by Nevett who instead of focusing on one particular archi-
tectural element, such as the pastas, prostas and peristyle, makes the overall
organization of space serve as a criterion for a classification. 662 Thus her "sin-
gle-entrance, courtyard house" encompasses the pastas, prostas and peristyle
houses because of shared characteristics (a single entrance, a central open
space often with a portico or full peristyle and also often a dining room).
These three types are always referred to when dealing with Greek houses,
but they were not omnipresent. Another type is the "Herdraumhaus" where
the courtyard is reduced in size and lacks a portico. The type takes its name
from the large room provided with a hearth. Finally, there is a group of hous-

659
The Punic Wars did not effect the activities of the island, and these increased after the Roman
conquest (Gomez Bellard 1992,387-389).
660
Koch 1976.
662
Morel 1990, 88-91.
662
Nevett 1995; Nevett 1999.
 167

es with two courtyards. Nevett concludes that despite variations, also within
the groups, the Greek house of the 4th and 3rd centuries BC is characterized
by the segmentation of space in order to regulate social relationships within
the domestic environment. This segmentation is most evident in the houses
with two courtyards. Nevett's reassessment is timely and reasonable because
it replaces the rigid and dubious typologies. Since there is no clear archaeo-
logical distinction between the pastas and prostas, and there is no consensus
on the use of terminology, the pastas/prostas should be considered a flexible
room as regards both length and width, as well as the degree of closeness and
openness. The criterion for its identification is the location within the inter-
nal layout, i.e. between the circulation space and the main room(s). Houses
in southern France dated to Augustan time testify to the persistence of this
way of organizing space.
The importance of the house as a status symbol is already attested in the
4th century BC in the Greek world and was a result of a self-centred trend
replacing the values of the Classical polis. This trend towards private ostenta-
tion escalated throughout the Hellenistic period with the elite and wealthy
imitating the royal architecture of the Hellenistic East in their homes. The
culmination of this development is represented by Delian and Pergamene
houses with their large peristyles, many reception rooms and demand for
decorative items. On Delos the main room used for reception and dining in
these large houses is the Oriental broad-room, while a suite of three rooms
similar in size and shape is typical at Pergamon. Often these rooms intercon-
nect, and the central room may be open-fronted with columns in antis, for
instance Bau Z. This room complex clearly imitates the palatial versions from
Macedonia. ó63 These late Hellenistic houses also testify to influence from the
West owing to the Roman involvement and presence in the East, especially
after the creation of the province of Asia in 133 BC. The Roman features are
for example parapets between the columns (for instance De112, De1122 and
Komplex VII) and various pavement types: mortar pavements with tessera
design (for example the House of Attalos and DelS2) and opus sectile of
stone tiles depicting perspective cubes with a surround of opus tessellatum
(the House of Attalos). On Delos there is a concentration of tessellated che-
quer-boards decorating larger fields or entire floor surfaces in the Northern
Quarter. This is no coincidence, since this quarter in particular displays Ita-
lic/Roman features, and also this motif can be ascribed to the Italic/Roman
influence. Unlike motifs such as the lozenge pattern and meanders, the che-
quer-board does not occur in Greek pebble mosaics probably because it de-
pends on regular tesserae. G64 In contrast, the motif used for both frames and
larger fields is widely documented on the Italian Peninsula (especially Pom-
peii), in Sicily and North Africa. Examples from the Italian Peninsula are for
instance: House 111.1, 40 at Pompeii (Casa di M. Caesius Blandus, late Re-
publican date, threshold mosaic in bath), Villa Prato at Sperlonga (third
quarter of the 2nd century BC, threshold mosaic in bath and also decorating

663
For instance the southern wing of the palace at Verging (Nielsen 1994, 82, fig. 41).
664
Tsakirgis concludes that the pattern must be late for the same reason (1989, 411).
168

the borders of the bathtub), a now disappeared villa at Ciampino (the bor-
ders of the bathtub) and the maison du Cryptoportique at Vulci (last quarter
of the 2nd century BC, threshold mosaic in bath). 665

Simultaneously in Italy the aristocracy and wealthy were busy incorporat-

ing various eastern Mediterranean elements such as peristyle gardens, recep-
tion rooms, triclinia and emblemata in the impluvíate atrium house, the Ita-
lic/Roman house per se. 666 However, it is also clear that other type s of houses
existed, such as row houses that probably had open courtyards. ' Moreover,
the atrium house itself displays numerous variations. 668 There are convention-
al atrium houses with fauces-atrium-tablinum sequence, alae and three rooms
per side range as well as non-canonical atrium houses.669 The latter are also
known from Herculaneum. The `complete' atrium house, i.e. De Kind's type
1 with two side ranges, was not the standard (only four houses belong to this
group).670 Instead type 2 (atrium with a single side range) was the most com-
mon. At Fregellae (328/313 — 125 BC) the atrium houses dated to the first
half of the 2nd century BC are typical: 671 Tuscan atrium, two rooms per side
range, tablinum and garden at the back of the plot. Murals of the First Style
have been documented in a partially excavated house from the northern sec-
tor dated to first phase of the city, i.e. the end of the 4th to the first half of
the 3rd century BC.
Another characteristic feature, perhaps the most characteristic, of Italic/
Roman housing is the mortar pavements decorated with geometric tessera
designs. This tradition originated in Punic North Africa no later than the 3rd
century BC, but the symbols set with irregular tesserae from the Tanit sanc-
tuary in the Quarter of Decumanus Maximus and Cardo X at Carthage docu-
ment the use of tesserae as early as the end of the 5th century BC. Moreover,
fragments of a mortar pavement with a scatter of white tesserae date no later
than the early 4th century BC (CarM10). 672 Finds from Sicily and the Italian
Peninsula dated to the 3rd century BC show that this pavement type must
have spread almost instantaneously northwards. 673 The development of the
characteristic range of motifs decorating the mortar pavements must be as-

665 Lafon 1991. For the Pompeian house, see PPM 1996, 380, 435, figs. 106-107 and 437, fig. 110.
666 Zanker 1995, especially 20-43; Dickmann 1997; Dickm an n 1999, especially 125-158; George

1998. The origin of the atrium house will not be discussed in the present work.
66, Nappo 1997; Wallace-Hadrill 1997.
668 For example Wallace-Hadrill 1994, 63-90. See also Wallace-Hadríll 1997, 219, note 2 for
references.
669
For canonical atrium houses, see for example Pompeii, Regio VI, insulae 13 and 14 (Wallace-
Hadríll 1994, 211, fig. Α 10).
670
De Kind 1998, 189-193. His classification of the houses from insula III and IV at Herculaneum
is based on the way in which the available space was organized and not on the atrium.
671 Coarellí 1995, 18; Coarelli in Fregellae 1998, 64-65.
699
Rakob 1989, 184.
693
For example Selinunte, first half of the 3rd century BC (Dunbabin 1994, 32); Morgantina, first
half of the 3rd century BC (Tsakírgis 1990, 441); Pompeii, 3rd century BC (Pesando 1997, 17); Fre-
gellae, middle of the 3rd century BC (Coarellí 1995, 19); Rome, late 3rd century BC (Papi 1995,
341-342).
 169

cribed to the Italians/Romans, as these have not been documented in Punic

North Africa prior to 146 BC. 674
The Punic and Italic/Roman worlds shared the pattern of equally spaced
rows laid parallel or obliquely to the walls, the individual tesserae laid either
parallel or obliquely. 675
It should be stressed that the variant with large tesserae closely set and
parallel to the walls (courtyard of Car Η13) (Fig. 7) also finds exact matches
in Pompeian pavements. 676
Tessellated mosaics with tesserae of a different colour forming equally
spaced rows parallel to the walls also occur both at Carthage and in the Ital-
iαη Peninsula, all tesserae laid obliquely: the reddish opus figlinum pave-
ments decorated with white tesserae from Carthage find an exact match in
Villa Prato at Sperlonga, and in Pompeii several black tessellated mosaics are
decorated with white tesserae. 67
The typical Italic/Roman motifs are (all examples from Pompeii):
Lozenge pattern; 678 lozenge pattern with crosslet in the centre of each
rhombus; 679 crosslets forming equally spaced rows laid parallel or obliquely
to the walls of the room; 680 alternating swastikas and squares, a tessera in the
centre of each square; 681 rosette formed by lozenges, set into a square with a
palmette in each corner, frame decorated with alternating swastikas and
squares, a tessera in the centre of each square. 682 This range of motifs formed
a standard in the 2nd to 1st centuries BC not only in Italy itself, but also in
the East and in particular in the West as evidenced by the material from both
the Roman city and Neapolis of Ampurias. 683
Leaving the Vesuvian cities aside, Fregellae should be mentioned, since
early examples of both on us tessellatum and mortar pavements with tessera
design have been found. a A circular emblema in opus tessellatum depicting
a bicolour rosette is dated to the first phase of the city, i.e. the end of 4th to

674 Motifs such as the lozenge pattern and ctosslets are documented in the 'Mago Quarter' in the

Roman period (Karthago I 1991, Taf. 52.e-k).

675
Equally spaced rows laid parallel to the walls of the room and the tesserae laid obliquely or
parallel: for instance Pompeii: House I.6, 4 (Casa del Sacello [taco), room cl ; House I.7, 19, triclinium
(b) (PPM 1990, 292, fig. 15; 755, fig. 9). Equally spaced rows laid obliquely to the walls of the room
and the tesserae laid obliquely: for example Pompeii: House 1I.7, 19 (PPM 1993, 447, fig. 29).
676
For example House I.10, 2.3 (tab/mum, 6, murals of the First Style), House VI. 9, 3.5 (room 2,
murals of the First Style) and House 11.14, 43 (room 8, murals of the First Style) (PPM 1990, 239, fig.
1; 1993, 820, fig. 1; 1994, 439, fig. 26).
677 Carthage: for instance rooms 2-3 of CarS. Pompeii: for example House 111.16, 17: rooms 11,

16-17 and 33-35; House VIII. 2, 14-16: room e'and eastern part of portico f (PPM 1997, 958, fig. 19;
961-963, figs. 24-25; 999, fig. 94; 1000, fig. 98 and 1002, fig. 102; PPM 1998, 84-85, figs. 19 and 21).
678 For example House I.6, 4, tab//rim (f) and fauces (g) (PPM 1990, 306-307, figs. 44-45).
679
For example House 1X.2, 22.29 (PPM 1998,971, fig. 30).
680
For example HouseΝI.9, 2.13, room 28; House I.6, 4 (PPM 1993, 789, fig. 245; 1990, 306,
fig. 45).
661 For example House I.13, 2, ala (PPM 1990, 865, fig. 6).
682
For example House I.16, 4, atrium (PPM 1990, 999, fig. 1).
683
Rome and its environs: Morricone Matini 1967; Morricone Matini 1971; Papi 1995. Fregellae:
Coarelli 1995. Northern Italy: Conti 1996.
684 Coarelli 1995.
170

the first half of the 3rd century BC. The emblema is combined with a mortar
pavement. The impluvium of House 7 was provided with lozenge-shaped
tiles in terracotta, and other rooms had mortar pavements in its first phase. A
mortar pavement decorated with equally spaced rows parallel to the walls of
the room was laid in the tablinum in the middle of the 3rd century BC. All
houses underwent alterations in the second phase of the city, around 200 BC
or a little later. As far as pavements are concerned, there is documentation
for mortar pavements with various designs (equally spaced rows laid parallel
to the walls of the room, the lozenge pattern and meander), mortar pave-
ments decorated with fragments of coloured stone and white marble, and
monochrome white opus tessellatum mosaics.
The meeting and intermingling, of traditions from the Greek and Punic
worlds, and later on also the Italic/Roman world, is illustrated by the cities of
Sicily. Here Monte Iato and Morgantina will be commented on.
Eight houses dating to the Hellenistic period have been located at Monte
Iato (ancient Ietas) situated in north-west Sicily.8 5 While the general layout
and room complexes belong to the tradition of the Hellenistic East, the most
common pavements are mortar pavements with and without tessera designs.
At least four houses are provided with peristyles. Both Peristyle House 1 and
Peristyle House 2 had a two-storeyed peristyle and probably also House Si.
Peristyle House 1 built around 300 BC has a peristyle with 4 x 4 columns.
The suite of reception rooms is located to the north of the peristyle and finds
an exact counterpart in the palace at Verging dated to the second half of the
4th century BC: a central room with two columns in antis giving access to a
dining room on either side. The mortar pavement of the bathroom is decor-
ated with equally spaced rows laid parallel to the walls of the room. In Peri-
style House 2 there is documentation for mortar pavements decorated with
the lozenge pattern (porticoes and upper storey).
The houses from Morgantina situated in central Sicily cover the period
from the 3rd century BC to the mid-1st century AD. They display a similar
pattern, i.e. general layouts and architectural elements following models of
the Greek world and a predomination of mortar pavements with tessera de-
signs. In 211 BC the city came under Roman control and was given to Span-
ish mercenaries. In the archaeological record this new situation is documen-
ted by coinage inscribed HISPANORUM, but the houses do not testify to
the presence of people of Iberian origin. The majority of the houses are ar-
ranged around a courtyard, Reristyles are common, and there may be more
than one circulation space. 6 In the 2nd to 1st centuries BC some houses
were subdivided into two units, for instance the House of Ganymede and the
House of the Arched Cistern. Again three-room suites (central room, some-
times open-fronted, and one room on either side) are documented, for exam-
ple in the Southwest House (rooms 1, 2, 3).687 The Pappalardo House con-
structed in the 3rd century BC shoùld be singled out, since the ground plan

685
Fuchs 1997; Islet. 1997. See also Trumpet 1998, between 356 and 357, fig. 95; 357, fig. 96.
686
For plans, see Tsakirgis 1990.
687 For plan of the Southwest House, see Trümper 1998, 360, fig. 99.
 171

(elongated rectangle) and the internal layout with off-centre peristyle (rooms
on three sides only), main room and entrance room located opposite each
other resemble houses on Delos, for instance De1N19 and De1M1. 688
The tessellated mosaics, some using irregular tesserae, are mainly decor-
ated with geometric motifs such as waves, meanders, cubes in perspective
and chequer-board (only frames). The earliest mosaics belong to the House
of Ganymede and the House of the Official and are dated to the 3rd century
BC.689 The combination of opus tessellatum (central panel) and mortar pave-
ment with tessera design occurs in the House of the 'Tuscan Capitals (room).
This house was rebuilt in the 2nd century BC. 690 The Roman impact is clearly
visible in the interior architectural decoration. The standard range of geo-
metric designs is employed in the mortar pavements: equally spaced rows,
lozenge patterns, meanders, crosslets and rosettes. 691 Different motifs are
used within the same room in order to differentiate between zones, for in-
stance the House of the Arched Cistern (rooms 9, 24 and 25) and the House
of the Tuscan Capitals (room 6). Moreover, there are traces of early Second-
Style murals in rooms 20 and 21 in the House of the Tuscan Capitals. 692

THE INVENTION OF TESSELLATION AND THE CARTHAGINIAN-SICILIAN-ROMAN

CONNECTION

The most famous mosaic from Morgantína is beyond a doubt the Gany-
mede mosaic with an apparently secure dating to c. 260-250 BC.693 Based on
this dating the invention of the tessellated mosaic has been ascribed to Sicily.
Other places suggested are: the eastern Mediterranean (Greece and Asia Mi-
nor) and Alexandria. G94 But as Baldassarre and Dunbabin have clearly dem-
onstrated, the invention of the tessellated mosaic was not a single invention,
meaning that independent and different developments took place in the east-
ern and central Mediterranean area respectively. 695 This was the case with
pebble mosaics found both in the East (Asia Minor and Greece, 8th century
BC onwards) and on the Iberian Peninsula (7th to 4th centuries BC).6 6
Moreover, the evolutionary theory (first pebble, then irregular tesserae, and
finally regular tessellation) must be rejected, since different techniques were
used deliberately in one and the same mosaic in order to create specific ef-
fects. There can be no doubt that the tradition of the figured tessellated mo-
saic belongs to the East, but the examples from North Africa together with a

688
For plan of the Pappalardo House, see Tríimper 1998, 365, fig. 104.
689
Tsakirgis 1989, 408.
690 Tsakirgis 1989, 404, figs. 20-21. The pavement appears to be later than 150 BC.

fi9! Tsakirgis 1990, 438-441.

692
Tsakirgis 1995, 142.
693
From the House of Ganymede, room 14. Tsakirgis 1989, 412-413. There is no consensus on
the dating. Salzmann: second half of the 3rd or the beginning of the 2nd century BC (1982, 75); von
Boeselager: probably the second half of the 2nd century BC (1983, 24).
694
For the different theories, see Tsakirgis 1989, 395-396; Baldassarre 1994, 436-437; Dunbabín
1994, 26.
695
Baldassare 1994; Dunbabín 1994. See also.Pedroní 1991-1992.
696
Fernandez-Galiano 1982.
172

group of finds from Sicily and southern Italy show that there was a inde-
pendent tradition in the central Mediterranean area. 697 The group includes
finds of tessellated mosaics from Gela (before or after 282 BC?), Herakleia
Minoa (terminus ante quern of c. 300 BC or terminus ante quern of the 2nd
century BC), Monte Iato (3rd century BC?), the baths at Megara Hyblaía
(terminus ante quern of 214/213 BC), Buccíno (ancient Volcei) (late 4th cen-
tury BC?) and Elea/Velia (first half of the 3rd century BC). 698 At Carthage
regular tessellation is documented as early as the second half of the 4th cen-
tury BC in the `Mago Quarter' (monochrome white) 699 To my knowledge
this is the earliest securely dated example of the technique. The mosaic frag-
ment from the Rue Didon/Rue Arnobe combining opus figlinum and a poly-
chrome chequer-board is dated to the 4th century BC by the excavator, and
a tessellated fragment (red and white) from Kerkouane has been dated to the
5th century BC. 70°
To sum up, judging from the evidence of North Africa, Sicily and the Ital-
ian Penisula, a Carthaginian-Sicilian-Roman connection can be traced with
respect to the development and spread of both mortar pavements with tes-
sera design and the tessellated mosaic in this area. At Carthage mortar pave-
ments with scattering of fragments and tessellation go back to the 4th cen-
tury BC. Moreover, irregular tesserae forming religious symbols and decora-
tive motifs are known from the city (the end of the 5th century BC) and Ker-
kouane (before 256 BC). Mortar pavements with tessera design (confined to
the pattern of equally spaced rows) covering whole floor surfaces existed in
the 3rd century in North Africa (again before 256 BC at Kerkouane), in Sici-
ly (for instance at Selinunte, first half of the 3rd century BC) and the Italian
Peninsula (Fregellae, mid-3rd century BC). In Sicily and the Italian Peninsu-
la regular tessellation goes back to the 3rd century BC, maybe the end of the
4th century BC. Influences from Sicily and Egypt are attested at Carthage,
and both areas have examples of figured mosaics owing to the interplay with
Greek culture. These mosaics date to the 3rd and first half of the 2nd cen-
tury BC, but as mentioned earlier this tradition was not adopted in the Punic
metropolis.701 Instead there was a preference for non-figurative pavement de-
signs. This preference is attested at Cyrene as well. Here the tessellated mo-
saics, dated to the 3rd to 1st centuries BC, are characterized by white central

69'
Baldassarre 1994; Dunbabín 1994.
698
For photos, see Dunbabín 1994. The 3rd-century dating of the baths at Megara Hyblaia only
applies to the structures (Lafon 1991, 113).
699
Rakοb 1989, 183.
' Rue Didon/Rue Arnobe: Chelbi 1985, 83. For colour photo, see Chelbi 1985, 78, fig. 9. Ker-
kouane: Morel 1990, 499-500.
70
Sicily: Besides the Ganymede mosaic, there is the pebble mosaic from Casa dei Mosaici at Mo-
tya (isolated example), dated to the 3rd century BC by Salzmann (1982, 97). Egypt: Various examples
from Alexandria (combination of tesserae and pebbles) and Thmuís (irregular tesserae). One is dated
to the late 4th century BC by Daszewskí (1985, cat. nos. 1-2 and 5-6, 101-104 and 111-113). Daszew-
skí's `high' chronology of the Egyptian mosaics has not found wide acceptance. See for example Hel-
lenkemper Salies 1986, 242-244.
 173

fields and frames decorated with geometric patterns such as meanders and
wave bands. 702
A Carthaginian-Sicilian-Roman connection should also be advocated as
regards the chequer-board design. The Carthaginian examples with a termi-
nus ante quern of 146 BC comprise both bicolour and polychrome ones. The
earliest example may be the polychrome fragment from the Rue Didon/Rue
Arnobe (4th century BC?). From Sicily the pattern spread to the Italian Pen-
insula where the motif was favoured in threshold mosaics in baths. 703 The
Italians/Romans brought it to Delos where a diagonal design often occurs.
This diagonal version of the motif was brought even further east, namely to
the settlement at Tell Anafa, probably by Hellenized Phoenicians who knew
it from Delos. Also here it is found in relation to a bathroom. 704 Thus an orig-
inally Punic motif, but in Hellenistic/Roman disguise was brought to the
Phoenician homeland. This complexity of influences is reflected by the Ro-
man triclinium. In the late Republican period the Roman elite and wealthy
adopted the great longitudinal Hellenistic hall in their houses, sometimes in
a modest version (the three-couch triclinium), and in the 2nd century AD it
appears to have been brought back to the Greek East as a Roman fashion.' 05

702 Baldassarre 1976, especially 214-215.

703 The examples from Sicily date to the 2nd and 1st centuries BC (von Boeselager 1983, 62-63
and 70-73; Tsakirgis 1989, 403). As mentioned earlier, the terminus ante quern of 214/213 BC for the
baths at Megara Hyblaia apparently only applies to the structures (Lafon 1991, 113). On the Italian
Peninsula the examples date from the third quarter of the 2nd century BC onwards. The motif is used
for a frame in the Shatby Stag Hunt mosaic from Alexandria dated to the end of the 3rd to the first
half of the 2nd century BC by Salzmann and to 290-260 BC by Daszewskí (Salzmann 1982, 116; Das-
zewskí 1985, 103-104).
70Λ Herbert 1994, 66.

705 Dunbabín 1998, 90-98.

 6. CONCLUSION
In order to elucidate how different cultural influences are reflected in
housing, I have investigated the urban housing of the three trading centres of
Delos, Carthage and Ampurias, from the 4th century BC to the 1st century
AD, focusing on the period from the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. To do so a
number of aspects of housing have been studied: architecture, interior archi-
tectural decoration, sculptural and religious finds, and epigraphical material.
Moreover, the housing of each trading centre has been placed in both a re-
gional and a wider Mediterranean context. The conclusion reached is that
along with cultural interaction, internationalization and the creation of cul-
tural hybrids, culturally distinct characteristics are detectable in the Mediter-
ranean area in the period under investigation; that the culturally related fac-
tor is strong, but the extent to which it is expressed physically in the houses
depended highly on the nature and history of each city. The houses as living
structures changed as history changed, meaning that the arrival of foreigners
did effect the components of the housing.
To use the above aspects as parameters for cultural traditions requires that
cultural differences exist. In relation to architecture it is still reasonable to
distinguish between a roofed circulation space with or without a central
opening (as seen in the Italic/Roman house) and an unroofed circulation
space in the shape of a courtyard, often with an anteroom or corridor in
front of the principal rooms (as seen in the Greek world). At the same time it
is clear that a much wider range of layouts and organization of space were
employed both in Italic/Roman and Greek domestic architecture, owing to
factors such as available space and economic resources. On the one hand,
this variation calls into question the usefulness of rigid typologies and, on the
other hand, makes it more difficult to identify distinct cultural traditions.
Moreover, integration and cultural exchange disguise the differences origi-
nally present. Punic domestic architecture also displays a varying picture:
houses with courtyards were common, but not predominant.
It is necessary to employ a more flexible view of Mediterranean housing.
Similarities found in the different areas should not necessarily be connected
by evolutionary links, but may be a coincidence or represent independent
developments, reflecting a basic way of organizing living space in a Mediter-
ranean climate. This applies in particular to the characteristic corridor-like
area in front of the principal rooms of the house, often extending the whole
width of the house plot, both found in the Greek house (whether called a
pastas or prostas) and in the Italic/Roman house (alae). Another `grey area' is
the problem of distinguishing between a tetrastyle atrium and a peristyle
with one column in each corner. Independent developments are documen-
ted in the field of pavements, for instance pebble mosaics existing simultane-
ously in the East and West, and from the research done especially by Baldas-
sarre and Dunbabin it is clear that tessellation was not a single invention, and
the question of its origin is a false one. 706 An east Mediterranean invention

706
Baldassarre 1994; Dunbabin 1994.
176

has not been challenged, as far as the figured tessellated mosaics are con-
cerned. A non-figurative tradition that developed in Punic North Africa is
evidenced by the early Carthaginian material comprising a fragment of a mo-
saic from the second half of the 4th century BC and the symbols set with ir-
regular tesserae in a mortar pavement dated to the end of the 5th century
BC. Moreover, there is the fragment (opus fig /mum and opus tessellatum)
from the Rue Didon/Arnobe dated to the 4th century BC and the mosaic
fragment from Kerkouane dated to the 5th century BC.
Different traditions took new forms as they met and were developed fur-
ther, as illustrated by the Punic mortar pavements brought to the Italian
Peninsula via Sicily. Judging from the early examples from houses at Fregel-
lae, the spread of this pavement type appears to have taken place almost in-
stantaneously. The Italians/Romans refined and widened the range of de-
signs and the introduction of these pavements with their standard designs in
the Mediterranean area followed the Roman expansion: the Iberian Peninsu-
la (such as Ampurias), the East (for example Delos and Pergamon), and back
to North Africa where it all began. The use of the Punic bathtub-shaped cis-
tern at Ampurias, however, should be ascribed to direct Punic influence,
though the Romans had been acquainted with the type since their conquest
of Sardinia and Sicily in the third quarter of the 3rd century BC. A hybrid
cistern, bathtub-shaped with vault, was created in the city due to the Ro-
mans.
The internationalization of the Mediterranean area in the period under in-
vestigation is reflected by the interior architectural decoration in particular
and the statuary (Dionysiac and theatrical themes). This applies to the range
of decorative motifs for pavements (both mortar pavements and tessellated
mosaics) and First-Style murals occurring simultaneously within a vast area.
In the period from the late 4th to the first half of the 3rd century BC this
decorative system is attested both at Carthage, in Sicily (for example Hera-
kleia Mínoa) and at Fregellae. The internationalization is seen in the religious
sphere too. Foreign divinities, especially Egyptian gods such as Sarapis and
Isis, were adopted owing to the immigration of different peoples and reli-
gious syncretism.
The function of the house as a symbol of the owner's status and wealth
was also an international phenomenon. The enrichment was achieved by
shared characteristics such as enlargements of plots, porticoes or full peri-
styles, reception rooms, wall-paintings, various pavement types and the dis-
play of sculpture.
It is also necessary to recognize a flexible use of space in the ancient
house. This is obvious in houses of modest size, but even the andron may
have been used for other social occasions than the symposium and in the
daytime as indicated by the presence of windows. 707
The direct correlation between the individual house and the inhabitants is
difficult to reconstruct. Though the name of the occupant has come down to
us, this person may not be the builder of the house, or maybe this person was

707 Cf. Nevett 1999, 19 and 164.

 177

only partly responsible for its layout and interior decoration, and perhaps the
last occupant moved in without changing anything. Another question is also
whether a given house was considered a permanent residence, and how great
an effort the owner would invest in redecoration, if the house was just a tem-
porary or seasonal residence. The question whether the master of the house
was owner or tenant of the house must also be taken into consideration.
Moreover, once a foreign element was introduced, anybody could adopt it.
Finally, there is the question of specialized craftsmen offering a standard rep-
ertoire of motifs etc.

On Delos the multicultural population, sharing the same preferences and

desire for self-ostentation, was at the very centre of late Hellenistic culture.
This is hardly surprising, since the Orientals arriving on the island had been
in continuous interaction with Greeks and were acquainted with Greek cul-
ture (for instance at Tell Anafa), especially after Alexander the Great's con-
quest. Simultaneously with the movement of Italic/Roman people to the East
the same people were adopting elements from the Hellenistic culture back
home.
The arrival of foreigners from all over the Mediterranean broke down ear-
lier social patterns of behaviour, and with this new complex situation the
broad-room adopted from Oriental architecture was apparently the most
suitable as main reception and dining room. Some of the houses were pro-
vided with dining or reception rooms of various sizes (for example De112 1
De1T2 and De1T31), giving the host the possibility to differentiate his dinner
parties.
Italians/Romans formed the largest foreign group. The presence of Ital-
ians/Romans is especially documented from the last quarter of the 2nd cen-
tury BC onwards. This corresponds with the installation of the cult of the
Lares Compitales. There is no doubt that the Italians/Romans left the strong-
est foreign element in the houses (for instance axiality, parapets in porticoes,
mortar pavements with tessera design and Second-Style wall-painting) and
also in general, a fact that should be stressed. This group had special de-
mands, as reflected for example in the portraiture and the construction of
their own agora (with a donation from a Phoenician with citizenship of Na-
ples). The Agora of the Compitaliastaí/Hermaistai located between the Sa-
cred Harbour and the Sanctuary of Apollo and the many commercial-reli-
gious associations also demonstrate their importance.
The question is what Delos meant for the merchants, shippers and bank-
ers involved in Mediterranean trade and whether Delos had a status as per-
manent residence. Some families can be traced through generations on the
island, indicating that Delos was considered a home by some. At the same
time many of the wealthy families appear to have had residences in other
Greek cities as well. Furthermore, the numerous slaves and freedmen pres-
ent on the island took care of their patrons' business and the patrons prob-
ably only occasionally spent time there or took up seasonal residence. This is
an important factor as regards how much effort and money were invested in
the house. Well-to-do merchants and bankers may have settled for a minor
house or upstairs apartments. However, status could still be displayed
178

through interior decoration, and consequently mere size may not necessarily
reflect the status and wealth of the inhabitant.
Delian housing gives the impression of a high degree of cultural exchange,
the vivid activities taking place here and the need for more habitation space
reflected in the many upstairs units. The sacred island was turned into a
place for profit-making where wealthy inhabitants displayed their success in
their houses. The most obvious example of self-ostentation is in De1T16
where statues of the owners, the Athenian couple Kleopatra and Dioskour-
ides, were displayed in a divine or cultic setting.
Unfortunately, the life of Punic Carthage already ended in the mid-2nd
century BC, and only a fraction of the Carthaginian houses are preserved.
Thus the results must be taken with some reservations, but judging from the
material at hand, the cultural exchange was neither so intensive nor extensive
as documented at Delos and Ampurias. The presence of foreign residents
did not lead to the introduction of new house types or room types. The es-
sentially Punic character of the housing is represented by elements such as
opus africanum, the Punic cubit, the modules employed in the `Hannibal
Quarter' and the `Mago Quarter', the long and narrow corridors, the prefer-
ence for pillars rather than columns, the bathtub-shaped cistern, the wide
range of mortar pavements, opus fig/mum and the non-figurative pavement
designs. Apparently there was a continuous influence from the Phoenician
homeland, subject to Hellenistic Greek influence as well. Epigraphical and
textual evidence document Phoenician merchants in the vicinity of Carthage
and maintenance of contact with Tyre right down to the fall of the Punic me-
tropolis.
Foreign elements in the Carthaginian housing include for instance the
Doric order, the bathtub "à. sabot", murals of the First Style and Egyptian
mouldings. Both Greek and Egyptian influences are also present in public
buildings, but again it is difficult to judge to- what extent the city was Helle-
nized and Egyptianized due to the scanty remains. Likewise, the possible
presence of statuettes of Greek and Egyptian gods ín the houses may reflect
the presence of Greek and Egyptian inhabitants as well as Carthaginians
adopting foreign themes.
Before the fatal years of 149-146 BC, the Punic metropolis had influenced
a vast area in the central and western Mediterranean, and the important role
played by Carthage as regards the development of both tessellation and mor-
tar pavements with tessera design should be emphasized.
Different cultural influences are clearly reflected in the housing at Ampur-
ias. One could say that all the peoples who are known to have lived here,
judging from archaeological and epigraphical evidence and literary sources,
left their distinct fingerprints on the houses. However, the different cultural
traditions are combined in many ways in the houses in Neapolis. Thus it is
hardly reasonable to relate a specific house to a specific origin, and it would
be wrong to assume that only Iberians lived in the houses of three or four
rooms and that only Greeks lived in the houses with Greek inscriptions.
Moreover, it is possible that Italians/Romans settled here; perhaps they had
the atrium houses built. A Roman must at least have been responsible for the
 179

construction of ΑmρΝ34. The presence of the Punic bathtub-shaped cistern

alone is not conclusive evidence that Punic people settled at Ampurias, but
neither can it be ruled out. In the 2nd century BC the different cultural
groups clearly manifested themselves. In Neapolis a new agora with stoa was
constructed, and the new bronze coinage of the city had a Roman weight
standard with Iberians as monetary magistrates.
The Greek origin of Ampurias is hardly detectable in the housing of Nea-
poli s by the late Republican and early Imperial period, and it is clear that it
was influenced strongly by its west Mediterranean setting with impact from
both the Iberian and the Punic world and later on from the Italians/Romans.
We do not know how space was organized within the houses prior to the
2nd century BC or which architectural elements were employed. But since
houses provided with the characteristic pastas-corridor have been located at
nearby Rosas and in southern France as late as the Augustan period, it is in-
teresting that these elements are not present or at least did not survive. Ap-
parently the Greeks did not feel a need to manifest their origin through ar-
chitecture at this time. In this relation it should be remembered that the dif-
ferent nuclei of the city were politically united shortly before or in the early
Augustan period. Ampurias was a Graeco-Roman city, but the indigenous el-
ement must not be forgotten. The houses with an internal layout of three or
four rooms represent an Iberian type of house that is one of the most consis-
tent elements of the housing in Neapolis. This local appearance is owing to
the fact that Greeks and Iberians lived next to each other right from the be-
ginning of the city s life.
The atrium houses of the Roman city followed faithfully the development
of the houses from the Vesuvían cities both in relation to layout, interior ar-
chitectural decoration and display of sculpture, though hardly anything can
be said about the latter. The pavements in particular are similar, whereas the
murals represent a local variant. From the 1st century BC onwards the hous-
es situated in Neapolis adopted several Italic/Roman elements imitating the
houses of the Roman city: atria and mortar pavements with tessera design.
Moreover, Punic and Greek elements modified by the Italians/Romans were
employed such as the bathtub-shaped cistern covered with a vault, the axial
peristyle house and peristyles placed at the margin of the plots.
It is also interesting to note that typical elements from Hellenistic culture
as represented in the Delian houses are almost non-existent in Neapolis.
There is only one peristyle court functioning as the central circulation space
of the house ( ΑmρΝ21), and mortar pavements with tessera design were pre-
ferred to the tradition of figurative tessellated mosaics favoured in the Hel-
lenistic East. It is clear that the colony was far from home.
 APPENDIX. TYPOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY
OF PAVEMENTS
INTRODUCTION

Working in the field of pavements, the absence of a standardized interna-

donal nomenclature for pavement techniques and designs, added to diver-
gent interpretations of the terms used by ancient authors, necessitates meth-
odological considerations. Pavement techniques and designs have been com-
piled in various works of lexical character, and the answer to the challenge
could be to refer to one particular system or scholar. 708 Though such works
are useful, they do not provide what is really required: a re-evaluation of the
terminological debate, the terms and the pavements themselves.
From a simplified point of view, one could say that there are two approa-
ches when dealing with the terminology and typology of ancient pavements.
The first approach is to let the literary sources serve as starting point and
then adapt the archaeological material to the interpretation preferred. The
second is the exact opposite, í.e. to establish a classification and terminology
based on the material found and then, if possible and relevant, to examine its
relationship to the written sources. 709 The present appendix advocates the
latter approach, with the aim of reaching a higher degree of agreement. Since
it concentrates on the material from the trading centres re-examined by the
present work, it is not to be considered exhaustive. Given the priority it atta-
ches to finds, and not to the terminology used in the literary sources, new
translations or interpretations of ancient texts will not be presented.

LEXICA

Among the existing classifications of pavement types two should be sin-

gled out and commented on, as both represent important, although rather
different, contributions. The first is Le décor géométrique de la mosaïque ro-
maine. Répertoire graphique et descriptif des compositions linéaires et iso-
trορes.710 It is an impressive work comprising a catalogue of more than 1600
pen-and-ink drawings of geometric decorative motifs, each being described
in five different languages. The contexts of the motifs are intentionally ig-
nored. Instead the aim is to establish a catalogue of all the geometric forms,
to systematize the descriptive vocabulary applied to these forms, and to es-
tablish precise correspondences between these descriptions in the major lan-
guages employed in this field of study. 711 While this approach is reasonable,

708 For example Gauckler 1904; Morricone 1970; Fischer 1971, 147; Balmelle et al. 1985; Gi-

nοuνès/Martin 1985, 147-152; Fiorentini Roncuzzi 1990; Farneti 1993.

709 For general remarks on combining philology and archaeology in this field of study, see Bru-

neau 1988.
710 Balmelle et al. 1985.
711 Balmelle et al. 1985, 4.
182

and the correspondence between the different languages valuable, the desig-
nations themselves sometimes tend to be too lengthy. 12 This applies for in-
stance to the well-known lozenge pattern which is described in the following
way in the English version: "Lattice pattern in dotted simple fillets of tesser-
ae" or "Lattice pattern in serrated simple fillets of tesserae". 713 More open to
criticism, however, is the fact that this study does not define a `mosaic'and is
in fact a mixture of motifs and different pavement types. Consequently, the
terms sometimes relate to technique and material and not geometric decora-
tive patterns: for example opus segmentatum, opus signinum, opus pseudo fäg-
linum.714 Definitions of these techniques are given in the "Lexique francais",
but without references.
The second work is the bilingual Glossario tecnico-storico del mosaico/
Technical-Historical Glossary of Mosaic Art.715 It has 258 entries of ancient
and modern terms related to mosaic typologies (comprising a large range of
different pavements), mosaic materials and execution techniques. As a refer-
ence book, it is extremely useful and particularly with regard to the listing
under each term of the different definitions and usages such as no. 12. Li-
th~strοtοn. 716 However, some minor uncertainties exist, for instance opus fig-
linum that occurs twice in the list.''

Although Dunbabin's Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World cannot be

characterized as a lexicon, it should be mentioned, since, besides represent-
ing outstanding scholarship, it provides the most comprehensive account of
ancient mosaics including other pavement types as well. 718 Part I deals with
the historical and regional development of mosaics, while technique, produc-
tion, architectural context and social functions are treated in Part II. The
problem of terminology is not dealt with specifically, but it is alluded to in
the general glossary where Dunbabin explains the terms as used in the book,
but at the same time points out that their usage is not universal. 719

THE LITERARY SOURCES AND THE TERMINOLOGICAL DEBATE

The main literary sources are Vitruvíus and Pliny the Elder. Both dedicate
long passages to the subject and thus provide important inf οrmatiοn.720
However, the textual evidence and the archaeological material are two dis-

72 The authors are well aware that there are different ways of reading a pattern, but at the same

time they consider their own descriptions simple and expressed in ordinary language (Balmelle et al.
1985, 4 and 7).
'l' Balnelle et al. 1985, 316 and 317, ρls. 201b-201c. Their terms have been adopted by Tsakirgis
in her work on the pavements from Morgantína (1989; 1990).
74 Balmelle et al. 1985, for example 158, pls. 103a and 103c; 160, pls. 104c-104d.
715
Farneti 1993.
76 Farneti 1993,134-135.

717 Farneti 1993, 145, no. 48 and 156, no. 81.

718 Dunbabin 1999.

719
Dunbabin 1999, 342-343.
720 Plín. nat. 36.184-189; Vitr. 7.1.1-7.
 183

tinct source materials, and an exact correspondence between the two cannot
be taken for granted. Furthermore, the diachronic and polysemic aspect of
ancient terms should not be ignored.' 21
The purpose of this section is to give an example of the use of a term and
the corresponding terminological debate.' 22 The unfruitfulness of using an-
cient terms can be exemplified by the passage in Pliny the Elder on the word
scutulatum. 723 According to Pliny, this kind of pavement was employed for
the first time in the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitol af-
ter the outbreak of the Third Punic War in 149 BC. There are several inter-
pretations of the scutulatum term: 724
an opus sectile pavement whose surface is made from tiles cut into a
number of geometric shapes such as squares, rectangles, triangles,
hexagons and lozenges. 725
a sub-type of opus sectile where the term describes the motif: cubes in
perspective formed by lozenges of different colours. 726
an instrument for levelling the surface of the pavement. 727
a pavement with inset pieces of stone or marble of various shapes and
sizes . X28
a mortar pavement with tesserae forming a lozenge pattern. 729
It is beyond the scope of the present work to render the complex discus-
sion in detail. I will concentrate on the main arguments in favour of the two
most widely adopted interpretations: nos. 2 and 4.

Interpretation no. 4: Morricone has classified a group of Re~ublícan pave-

ments as "scutulata pavimenta" based on inserted fragments. 30 These frag-
ments (scutulae) are of stone or marble and have various sizes and shapes.
They occur in mosaics as well as mortar pavements: "sono i pavimenti cospar-
si di scaglie policrome che possono essere sia battuti (bianchi, se di calce e tra-
vertino; neri, se di lava; rossi, se di coccio pestato), sia commessi di tessere re-
ttangolari, sia tesseHati" 731 Morricone has dated these pavements no earlier

721 Gioseffi is aware of this and suggests how the meaning of scutula might have developed (1955,

581-583; 1975, 36).

722
Another term much in dispute is pavimenta poenica. For this debate, see Picard, G.-Ch. 1965,
510; Bruneau 1982b; Gaggiotti 1987; Gaggíotti 1988.
723 Plin. nat. 36.185.

724 Cf. Farneti 1993, 148, no. 57.

725
Gioseffi 1955, 579-583.
726
Blake 1930; Pernice 1938; Pesando 1997, 227-228.
727 Börker 1975.

728 Morricone 1980; Morricone latini 1994.

729
Donderer 1987.
730 Morricone 1980, 5 and 9-14. The catalogue consists of sixty pavements found in situ within se-

curely dated (according to her) buildings from Rome and its environs. She repeated the interpretation
in 1994 (Morricone latini 1994). Her definition of scutulatum is followed by Tsakirgis (lorgantína)
and Spanish scholars (Ampurías and Velílla de Ebro (Colonia Victrix Iulia Lepida-Celsa)).
731 Μorricbne latini 1994, 283.
184

than the second half of the 2nd century BC. Her arguments can be summa-
rized as follows: Scutulatum cannot refer to a single decorative motif, in this
case cubes in perspective (interpretation no. 2), as Pliny deals with pavements
as such in this passage and not their decoration, i.e. scutulatum refers to the
technique of the pavement. Nothing in the passage indicates that this pave-
ment type is to be considered a rarity. If the pavement in fact depicted cubes
in perspective, its rarity would have been alluded to in the text, as the motif
had gone out of use at the time of Pliny. Passages in Vitruvius and Palladíus
support the interpretation of scutula as a "piastrella" in Feneral of different ge-
ometric shapes and not only the shape of a lozenge. 73 Another set of argu-
ments is provided by Greek transcriptions of the Latin word scutula occurring
in inscriptions from the Greek area and dated to the Imperial period. 733 In one
case (Sardes) the inscription is accompanied by drawings of different geomet-
ric figures (triangles, squares, hexagons and curved ones). All this speaks in fa-
vour of the interpretation of scutulatum (adjective to scutula) as referring to a
pavement technique employing fragments.
Interpretation no. 2: Pesando has recently rejected the interpretation sug-
gested by Morricone. Instead he argues in favour of interpretation no.
His arguments can be summarized in the following way:
Pavements with inset pieces of coloured stone are documented before the
second half of the 2nd century BC. 735 They have been found in houses from
Fregellae and the Palatine in Rome dating to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.
When the term is being used in relation to the Temple of Jupiter it must re-
fer to an extraordinary pavement. It is hardly likely that a mortar pavement
with inset fragments or tessera decoration forming a lozenge pattern (inter-
pretation no. 5), already in common use, was employed in the temple and
furthermore commemorated. A passage in Vitruvius confirms that scutula-
turn is a sub-type of opus sectile as scutulis should be translated with lozen-
ges.736 Republican pavements in opus sectile depicting cubes in perspective
have been found in various buildings of prestige: Pompeii: the cella of the
Temple of Apollo (terminus ante quern of 80 BC); the tab/mum of Casa del
Fauno; perhaps the Temple of Jupiter at the forum (a copy of the Capitoline
one). Rome: the cella in the Temple of Castor and Pollux (beginning of the
1st century BC, only the imprints are left); an emblema in room B of Casa dei
Grifi (last decade of the 2nd century BC) . 737 Finally, the motif also appears to
decorate polychrome marble tiles from Greek buildings of Imperial time.
The motif is defined in the Greek inscriptions by transcriptions of the Latin

732
Vitt . 7.1.4; Pallad. 1.9.5.
733 An inscription from Tralles and on buildings at ~phesos (dated to early Hadrianic time) and
Sardes (first half of the 3rd century AD).
7i4 Pesando 1997, 221-234. Earlier Gaggiotti has argued against Morricone's interpretation (1988,

217).
733
Primarily found in mortar pavements.
736 Vitr. 7.1.3-4.

737 For buildings with this design, see also Guímíer-Sorbets 1994, 19-21.
 185

word. All this supports the interpretation of scutulatum as referring to the

motif of cubes in perspective formed by lozenge-shaped tiles.
The example speaks for itself, but the following should be stressed: It is
noteworthy that the two scholars share the same references (Vitruvius and
the Greek inscriptions with transcriptions of the word), but end up with dif-
ferent interpretations. Pavements with inset fragments did exist before the
second half of the 2nd century BC. The question is whether inset fragments
are to be considered a decorative rather than a technical element. The pre-
cise character of the pavement, if named after its inset fragments, remains
unknown. It could be a tessellated mosaic or a mortar pavement or maybe a
third type. There is a long time span between a pavement laid in the 2nd cen-
tury BC, Plinys recording of it in the 1st century AD and Greek transcrip-
tions of the Latin word in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.
The conclusion is clear: As the interpretations of ancient terms are ex-
tremely divergent, it is preferable not to use them.'' $ The pavements them-
selves must serve as the starting point for classification.

PAVEMENTS: TYPOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY

The following is a survey of the pavements and their terms occurring at

Delos, Carthage and Ampurias (Table 28). To avoid confusion, provisional
and general definitions of the pavements treated in this work will be given.
They are divided into three main categories according to technical criteria:
Mosaics: a separate surface composed of inserted small elements.
Tile pavements: a separate surface made up of tiles cut into geometric
and other shapes.
Mortar pavements: a mortar mixed with aggregates of various mate-
rials. Decorations consisting of tesserae set in the mortar surface may
occur.

DELIS
The Delían pavements have been classified by Bruneau. 739 According to
his typology, there are six categories of mosaic techniques: 1) "Pavements cé-
ramique"; 2) "Pavements de galets roulés "; 3) "Pavements en éclats de mar-
bre et d'autres pierres "; 4) "Pavements de ciment "; 5) Opus tessellatum; 6)
Opus vermiculatum.
The categories relevant for the present work are nos. 2-6. The pavements
of category 2 are termed pebble mosaics in English. Category 3 consists of
two sub-types that belong to the group of chip pavements: 1. "Pavements en
longs éclats" (6-24 cm). 2. "Pavements en éclats de dimensions moyenne"
(3-7 cm). The latter is the most common and has two layers of mortar, the

"e Same view held by Bruneau and Guídobaldí (Bruneau 1988, 52; Guídobaldi 1994, 455-456).
79 Bruneau 1972.
186

upper one being finer than the lower one, 740 The "pavements de ciment"
from category 4 are subdivided into two groups: 1. Those containing a dense
admixture of ceramic fragments and embellished with white tesserae. 2.
Opus signinum is defined in the following way: "un ciment très fin, formant
une surface lisse, et d'un rose vif".741 Both groups have inset tesserae forming
geometric patterns. Opus tessellatum and opus vermiculaturn are applied to
mosaics, the latter making use of tesserae with a maximum size of 0.4 cm
square. 742

CARTHAGE

Even within the area of Carthage a standardized nomenclature is non-exi-

stent, and the Punic pavements still await a detailed classification.
In the `Hannibal Quarter' the mosaics are consistently called opus tessella-
tum and opus figlinum, 743 but in a caption opus fig /mum is equated with
"opus segmentatum en terre cuite ".744 In describing the mortar pavements of
this quarter the following terms are employed by different scholars: opus seg-
mentatum; 745 opus signinum, terrazzo, terrazzo-signinum. 746 Within the same
article both terrazzo-signinum rustique and signinum-terrazzo occur. 747 Crite-
ria for the use of one term or another are not given, but the combined term
terrazzo-signinum clearly reflects the insufficiency of using the opus signinum
term as defined traditionally (fine-ground mortar pavements of red or red-
dish colour). 748 Finally, the term lithostroton is used in relation to fragments
fallen from upper storeys, some being monochrome white and one fragment,
according to the caption, polychrome (black, ochre, green and white) . 749 To
judge from the photo, the term appears to refer to mortar pavements contai-
ning an admixture of stone and or marble fragments. Apart from the polych-
rome fragment having a carefully polished surface, the distinction between
this type and the other mortar pavements is not explained.
In a more recent work Lancel has divided the pavements into two main
categories 750
Category 1: "Pavements d'agglomerats or pavements d'agrégats ". This

740 Bruneau 1972, 21.

741 Bruneau 1972, 23.
742
Bruneau 1972, 32.
743 For example Lancel in Byrsa 11979, 77 and 90-91.
744
Lancel in Byrsa 11979, 91, fig. 49.
745 ' Ferron/Pinard 1955, 80: "...une mosaïque soigneusement poncée et composée de débris de po-

teries de diverses couleurs, mêlés à de petits fragments de marbre blanc, sans aucun souci d'organisa-
tiοn géométrique... ".
746
Opus signinum: Lancel in Byrsa 11979, 81; terrazzo: Lancel in Byrsa 11979, 87 and 89; Thuilli-
er in Byrsa I1 1982, 71; terrazzo-signinum: Lancel in Byrsa 11 1982, 118 and 121.
747 Thuíllier 1986, 113 and 115.

748 It is a widespread definition, for instance Bruneau 1972, 23; Beltr ~n-Llοris et al. 1984, 81-82;

Lancel 1985a, 160-161; Rakob in Karthago I 1991, 220.

749 Lancel/Thníllier in Byrsa 11979, 195, 198 and 202, fig. 20.

750 Lancel 1985a.

 187

group comprises pavements called opus signinum, opus segmentatum, chip

pavements and cement pavements by other archaeologists. Lancel finds it
preferable to avoid the term opus signinum as a general term for this group,
since opus signinum should be applied solely to pavements made of a "ci-
ment très fin, formant une surface lisse et d'un rose vif", for which there is
no evidence on the Byrsa híll. 751 He provisionally adopts the term "pave-
ments de ciment" awaiting a detailed classification of the Punic pavements,
but considers the term "sols d'agglomérés" most suitable in French.
Category 2: Opus tessellatum ("pavements à tesselles jointives "). The cate-
gory also includes the variant opus figlinum (tesserae of terracotta). An analy-
sis by Lancel of the construction technique of the pavements normally called
chip pavements ("pavements à tesselles pseudo- jointives ") has proved that
they can be ascribed to this category forming a sub-type. 752 Like the tesserae
of the opus tessellatum mosaics, the chips are set into a fine-grained layer
(nucleus) which does not exist in the mortar pavements, but unlike the tes-
serae the chips do not adjoin. The term in French for these chip pavements
would be "pavements d'agglomerats or "pavements d'agrégats ", which
would lead to a merging with some of the pavements from category 1.
For his fig. 12 in the same article Lancel has chosen to make use of the tra-
ditional terminology and distinguishes between the following types of opus
signinum pavements all belonging to category 1: opus signinum with tessera
decoration (equally spaced rows laid parallel to the walls of the room), opus
signinum with a dense scattering of white marble fragments, and opus signi-
num with a sparse scattering of white marble fragments. 753

The pavements from the houses situated in the `Mago Quarter' on the
coastal plain are treated in chapter XI Ι of the more recent German excava-
tion report. 754 The mosaics are termed opus tessellatum and opus figlinum
(tesserae of terracotta). Regarding mortar pavements the German excavators
distinguish two types with the following terms:

"Terrazzo": pavement with a dense admixture of limestone. The range

of colours is large (for instance red, green, white, grey and various
shades). The pavements may have a scattering of ceramic fragments
(red, green, yellowish) and/or limestone tesserae in white or black. Due
to the polychromy of the pavements this modern term was chosen.
"Mörtelestrich": Pavement often coloured by lumps of green, yellow or
brown terracotta aggregate.

The German excavators reject the term cement pavements because it can-
not be translated into German. Nor can they accept the opus signinum term
because of the variety of colours to be found in the Punic material. This term

751 Lancel 1985a, 160-161 (following the definition by Bruneau 1972, 23).
752
Lancel 1985 α, 163 -164; 172, figs. 3 and 5; 173, fig. 9.
753 Lancel 1985 α, 176, fig. 12.

754 Rakob in Karthago 11991, 220-223. Α separate publication of the pavements and fragments of

wall decoration and columns is planned (223). .

188

the excavators reserve for the pavements of red colour embellished with geo-
metric tessera decoration, all dating to the Roman period of Carthage. Their
definition of opus signinum is thus identical with Lancel's.
In the light of Lancets sub-type "opus tessellatum, tesserae not adjoining"
(i.e. chip pavements), it is worth reconsidering some of the illustrated pave-
ment fragments found in the `Mago Quarter'. 755 All these fragments are
termed "Terrazzo", but judging from their surface appearance they are simi-
lar to, if not identical with, the analysed fragments from Byrsa. 756 Only a clos-
er investigation, such as sections and/or description of the layers, of the frag-
ments could confirm this. In fact, some of these fragments ought to be re-de-
fined as chip pavements. This means that when the terrazzo term is used in
the publication of the `Mago Quarter'without further description, one can-
not be certain whether the pavement in question should be classified as a
mortar pavement or as a chip pavement.
The remains of houses situated at various locations form a somewhat het-
erogeneous group with respect to time of excavation and methods of excava-
tion. Descriptions and terms vary likewise. Sometimes the lack of informa-
tion, for instance descriptions or photos, makes it impossible to identify the
specific type of pavement the term refers to. The most frequent terms are:
opus signinum, signinum, opus segme ~tatum, opus tessellatum, opus figlinum.
Besides, opus scutulatum/scutulatum occurs and, at least in one case, it ap-
pears that the term is used to denote a mortar pavement containing frag-
ments.757 In one case opus segmentatum is described as a mortar pavement
with a scattering of small fragments of ceramic in different colours, white
marble and greyish limestone. 8

As
No publication has so far been dedicated to the pavements of Ampurias. 759
The terms used for classifying the pavements are as follows: opus signinum,
signinum, opus tessellatum, opus vermiculatum, opus sectile, sectilia, opus scu-
tulatum, scutulata, opus testaceum or opus testacio.
Opus tessellatum and opus vermiculatum are employed for mosaics and
opus sectile for tile pavements of marble. In general, details on the opus signi-
num p avements are not given. 760 One is described as a "simple opus signi-
num". 61 The use of the opus testaceum/opus testacio term in relation to pave-
ments should be rejected and reserved for wall construction only. The cha-
racter of the opus testacio itself is not described, but one should expect it to

75θ Karthago I 1991, pis. 69.10-12 and pis. 70.13-14.

756 Cf. Lancel 1985a, 172, figs. 3 and 5; 173, fig. 9.
797 Judging from the photo, Car16 (Chelbi 1985, 85, fig. 1).

758 Chelbi 1980, 31; Chelbi 1984, 22-23.

7"
A publication is, however, being prepared (Barra' í Altet 1979; Barrai í Altet 1979-1980).
760 An exception is the description of pavements from Am ρR3 given by Carri~n Masgrau and San-

tos Retolaza (1995, 114 and 115).

761
Carri~n Masgrau/Santos Retolaza 1995, 116.
 189

characterize a pavement composed of or with a high content of terracotta

fragments. Since these pavements often have inset tesserae and pieces of
marble which sometimes form emblemata, they appear to be coarse mortar
pavements. 762 This interpretation is confirmed by the description of the pave-
ment in room 5 of AmpNS. First it is termed opus testaceum and later opus
signinum by the same scholar. 7G3 Moreover, such pavements have been obser-
ved on-site (Fig. 24).
The opus scutulatum term as defined by Morricone is used by the Spanish
archaeologists to denominate the pavement of the impluvium in AmpR3
which is a polychrome opus tessellatum mosaic with inset fragments of mar-
ble (Fig. 23). The same term is used to describe a mortar pavement with inset
pieces of marble in AmpR4. 764 As stated above, this term cannot be accepted,
neither can Morricone's category of pavements. The opus tessellatum and
mortar pavement belong to distinct groups.

CONCLUSION

The survey has shown that some of the terms are used with a high degree
of consistency. This applies especially to the mosaic pavements (Opus tessella-
tum, opus vermiculatum, opus figlinum). The system of combining opus with
an adjective of more or less ancient origin is convenient, as translation prob-
lems are avoided in this way. Of course, the system only functions as long as
scholars can agree on the definitions. On the basis of the above-mentioned
considerations, the following typology and terminology are suggested:
Mosaic pavements:
A mosaic is defined by its separate surface made up of small elements.
Opus tessellatum: The surface is made up of tesserae. These can be square,
oblong or irregular. Opus tessellatum may also be embellished with inset
fragments of marble or stone.
Opus vermiculatum: A variant of opus tessellatum consisting of tiny tesser-
ae (maximum size of 0.4 cm x 0.4 cm) used for emblemata and details.
Opus fig [mum: The surface is made from terracotta tesserae of square or
oblong shape. 765 White inset tesserae may occur.
Chip pavements:
Common for pavements of this type is the insertion of not-adjoining chips
into the mortar surface. The size and setting of the chips vary to a large ex-
tent, for example the Delian pavements that make use of larger chips than
the Carthaginian ones. The crucial point is how to classify these pavements:

762
Almagro Basch 1962, 10-11: rooms 7 and 8 in the insola situated to the south-east of the forum
in the Roman city, and room 13 of AmpR4 situated in the same insu la. These pavements are covered
today.
° Puig y Cadafalch 1915-1920, 701; Puig í Cadafalch 1934, 249.
64 The scutulatum term is used by Santos Retolaza (1991, 33), whereas Almagro Basch and Bald

call it opus signinum and signinum respectively (Almagro Basch 1962, 11; Balíl 1972b, 106).
765
Dunbabín 1978, 176.
190

are they to be considered mosaics, to constitute a type of their own or do

they form a variant of the mortar pavements? A criterion may be the method
of construction as documented in the analysed fragments from the `Hannibal
Quarter'on the Byrsa hí11, i.e. the presence- or absence of a separate fine-
ground upper layer in which the chips are inserted. From this analysis it is
clear that some of these pavements should be categorized as mosaics, i.e.
chip mosaics. As long as an analysis of the construction technique, i.e. sec-
tions of the pavements, is lacking, the generai term chip pavement must be
employed constituting a type of its own. With regard to the terms `chip pave-
ment'and `chip mosaic', they are highly appropriate. However, more interna-
tional terms inspired from the system of using opus + ad6ective are preferable
in order to avoid confusion with other pavement types.'

Tile pavements:
These pavements should all belong to one category with the following
term and definition:
Opus sectile` Pavement whose surface is made from tiles cut into geomet-
ric and other shapes. The term covers the whole range of materials (such as
terracotta, glass, stone and marble) and designs, Subdivision may be done ac-
cording "to the material, but not the design, for instance pavements made of
terracotta tiles. However, the different materials are sometimes combined
within the same pavement.'G'

Mortar pavements:
This pavement type is the most problematic, reflected in the variety of
terms employed, for example opus signinum, signinum, cement pavements
and terrazzo. 768 As the general term for this pavement type, I °consider mortar
pavements the most suitable in English because the mortar is the basic com-
ponent and at the same time the most neutral term. It is the aggregate or ad-
mixture of various materials which gives the individual character to the sin-
gle pavement. The opus signinum term should be rejected because tradition-
ally it is defined as a red mortar pavement sometimes being embellished with
tesserae. The use of the term cement may give associations to modern ce-
ment and is thus an unsuitable term.
Of course, the general term `mortar' does not account for the great variety
present within the group, and subdivisions are required. But one should bear
in mind th~t this pavement type cannot be fitted into a rigid system. In order
to distinguish sub-types or variants, a detailed classification within each site
or even excavation is needed comprising descriptions, sections and photos of
the pavements or fragments. Standard elements included in such descrip-
tions could be: the colour of the mortar; materials, colours, shapes and sizes

%6
Cf. Lancel 1985a, 163.
767 Guidobaldi 1994. He operates with two main categories: "...que ll a marmorea..."; "que lla non
marmorea...". The latter comprises for instance various limestones and artificially made materials like
brick and glass.
768 In Italian the term cocciopesto is widespread.
 191

of fragments; density or sparsity of fragments; decorative elements such as

tesserae or larger inset pieces.
As an example of how to deal with this pavement type the works by Dun-
babin should be mentioned. She has distinguished several categories of mor-
tar pavements excavated b ey the American archaeological mission (University
of Michigan) at Carthage.' 9 Below are listed those found during the excava-
tions of 1975:
"Type I: small irregular pieces of white stone (usually marble), close set,
generally in white cement. These sometimes form a rudimentary mosaic, with
the fragments of stone nearly square, but more often use chips of all conceiv-
able shapes.
Type II: pieces of colored stone set in a cement of a contrasting color. The
pieces are generally close-set, but consist of irregular chips of varying size
and shape; more than one type of stone might be used together.
Type III: regular tesserae scattered at random over the surface. The basic
matrix here generally belongs to Type IV.
Type IV: cement with substantial ceramic inclusions. These may be large
pieces of sherd or tile, in which case color effects are often sought, with
pieces of red, pink, greenish or buff material (frequently two colors com-
bined) set in a contrasting cement; or the aggregate may consist of much
smaller pieces, usually of the same material, ground up fine for an overall
effect.
Type V: pieces of stone and ceramic fragments together, more or less
evenly mixed. Here too a polychrome effect is aimed at, with a variety of dif-
ferent colors in both materials.
Type VI: a uniform cement, without substantial inclusion. Tiny ceramic
fragments are sometimes used to create a slightly speckled appearance, but
their effect is minimal".
The survey of the mortar pavements found in the three trading centres has
shown that several sub-types exist. Though the majority of these are incom-
parable due to the individual character of each variant, the following general
subdivision has been chosen according to the presence or absence of distinct
decorative elements:
Mortar pavements including innumerable sub-types that again can be
grouped in two large categories: 1. Monochrome variants; 2. Poly-
chrome variants with an admixture of a large range of different frag-
ments. Both sub-types may be embellished with tesserae or fragments
randomly set.
Mortar pavements with tesserae forming geometric designs.
Mortar pavements with larger inset fragments of stone or marble.
As for more detailed subdivisions, these must be left to the excavators.

769
Dunbabín 1976, 46; Dunbabin 1978, 172-176. She uses the opus signinum term.
 GLOSSARY
Chip pavement: a surface made up of densely set, but not-adjoining,
chips of stone or marble. The term includes all variants of the type.
Column: a vertical support of circular section.
Emblema: a panel, worked separately, set into the centre of a mosaic or
other pavement type.
Mortar pavement: a mortar mixed with aggregates of various materials,
decorations with tesserae and/or inset pieces may occur.
Mudbrick: a sun-dried clay brick.
Opus africanum: vertical chains of large stone blocks in which upright
blocks alternate with horizontal ones, infillíng of rubble masonry
between the chains.
Opus figlinum: a separate surface consisting of tesserae (square, oblong)
made of terracotta, decorations with white tesserae may occur.
Opus sectile: a separate surface made from tiles cut into various geomet-
ric shapes and of various materials (stone, marble, terracotta, glass).
Opus tessellatum: a separate surface composed of tesserae (square, ob-
long or irregular), decorations with inset pieces may occur.
Opus vermiculatum: a surface made up of tiny tesserae (maximum size
of 0.4 cm x 0.4 cm), used for emblemata and details.
Peristyle: a four-sided portico surrounding a courtyard or garden.
Pilaster: an .engaged pillar.
Pillar: a vertical support of square or rectangular section.
Pisé: packed mud/clay mixed with straw and ceramic, kept in place
during the drying process by shuttering.
Porticus triplex: a three-sided portico surrounding a courtyard or gar-
den.
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CATALOGUE
 PREFACE
Houses and remains situated in quarters are denoted by a code referring
to city, and quarter, and by consecutive numbering within each quarter.
Houses and remains from various locations at Carthage are denoted only by
city and consecutive numbering. The codes are:

Dell = Delos, Northern Quarter

De1ST = Delos, Stadium Quarter
De1P = Delos, Peribolos Street
Dell = Delos, Inopos Quarter
Dell = Delos, House of the Masks' Quarter
De1T = Delos, Theatre Quarter
DelA = Delos, Area of the Sanctuary of Aphrodite
De1S = Delos, Southern Zone
Cares = Carthage, `Hannibal Quarter'
Carts = Carthage, 'Mago Quarter'
CarDM = Carthage, Quarter of Decumanus Maximus and Cardo X
Car = Carthage, various locations
AmpI = Ampurias, Neapolis
AmpR = Ampurias, Roman city
In order to present the catalogue as clearly as possible, certain information
common to houses situated in the same quarter is contained in a general section.
Abbreviations and symbols used in catalogue:
BZ bronze
E = east
FS = find-spot
L = length
MA = marble
N = north
NW = north-west
REC = reconstructed
REF = reference
S = south
SE south-east
TC terracotta
W = west
WI = width
+ = presence
= absence
= no information obtained due to poor preservation or insufficient
excavation. Nothing to be commented on.
? = possible presence or identification.
224

> = greater than/more than

= greater than or equal to/more than or at least
/ =or

Designations of rooms marked by a solid circle (•) are the author's own.
Measurements marked with an asterisk (*) are the author's own.
As regards the number of supports (columns or pillars) those in the cor-
ners are counted twice.

Two sets of registration are used:

1)
Cat. no.: Code in the present work. Designations given by the excavators.
Reference to plan(s).
Topography: Location in the city, quarter or insula.
Time of excavation:
State of preservation:
Dimensions: Length and width or total area.
N-S x E-W.
Building technique and material:
Date: Time of construction and abandonment or destruction.
Building history: Alterations and phases in general. For complicated cases,
references are given.
Orientation: The orientation of the house within the insula or city.
Ground plan: The shape of the ground plan. Number of rooms.
Entrance room: Identification based on location and size.
Atrium: Roofed room, identification based on the presence of an impluvium.
Courtyard: Open courtyard, may be provided with porticoes on one, two or
three sides.
Peristyle: Courtyard or garden with porticoes on all four sides.
Main room: Identification based on size, opening system, location, decora-
tion.
Delian houses: Reference to main room complex.
Other rooms: Identifiable rooms, alphabetically arranged.
Staircase: To upstairs rooms or terrace. Location.
Upper storey: Documented by fallen objects and/or staircase and/or other
indicators.
Water supply:
Drainage:
Wall decoration: Murals in situ of the First Style etc. Upper storey: Frag-
ments.
Pavements: Pavement types in situ. Upper storey: Fragments of pavement
types.
Finds: Sculpture, religious finds and epigraphical material (personal names).
These groups may overlap. Only finds from within the houses are included.
Miscellanenous:
Literature: Main references, chronologically arranged.
 225

2)
Cat. no.: Code in the present work. Designations given by the excavators.
Reference to plan(s).
Topography: Location in the city or quarter.
Date: Time of construction and abandonment or destruction.
Description: The character of the remains.
Literature: Main references, chronologically arranged.
226

DELOS
General section:
Topography:
(Plan: Bruneau /Ducat. 1983, pls. I-IV and VI-V ΠΡ; Trümper 1998, fig. 1).
The Northern Quarter: North of the Sanctuary of Apollo.
The Stadium Quarter: North-eastern part of the island.
The Peribolos Street: Immediately, east of the Sanctuary of Apollo.
The Inopos Quarter: South-east of the Sanctuary of Apollo.
The House of the Masks' Quarter: South-east of the Sanctuary of Apollo.
The Theatre Quarter: South of the Sanctuary of Apollo.
The Area of the Sanctuary of Aphrodite: South of the Sanctuary of Apollo.
The Southern Zone: Southern part of the island
Time of excavation:
The Northern Quarter: Cf. the individual house.
The Stadium Quarter: 1912-1913.
The Peribolos Street: 1903-1904, 1906-1907.
The Inopos Quarter: Cf. the individual house.
The House of the Masks' Quarter: Cf: the individual house.
The Theatre Quarter: 1892-1894, 1904-1907.
The Area of the Sanctuary of Aphrodite: 1958.
The Southern Zone: Cf. the individual house.
State of preservation: Height of walls ranges from floor level to c. 4 m - 4.5 m.
Building technique and material: Outer and inner walls of roughly dressed blocks of
varying sizes bound with clay. More regular blocks may be used at the corners. Inter-
nal partition walls also built in pisé or with the lower part in stone and the upper part
in pisé.

THE NORTHERN QUARTER

Cat. no.: Dell 1: House north of the French School

(Plan: Triímper 1998, 175, figs. 3-4).
Topography: North of the French School.
Time of excavation: 1948. Partly excavated.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: > 180 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Later phase: First quarter of the 1st century BC: Extensions to the
east, south and west. Alterations in courtyard (portico) and main room. REF: Trüm-
per 1998, 176.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: >_ nine rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room c, one portico (south side).
Peristyle:
Main room: Room f (and dining room), two rooms at the back (g, h), north of the
courtyard (Ni).
Other rooms • Dining room (e, f); latrine in room a.
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: Two cisterns, one well.
 227

Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (a, b-c, e, f). Upper storey: Fragments (for example half-
columns and entablature).
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (a, b-c, e, f). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum. Opus ver-
miculatum.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Treheux 1949; Bruneau 1972, 127-130; Trümper 1998, 175-176.

Cat. no.: De112: House east of the French School

Topography: East of the French School.
Date: Late Hellenistic or Imperial period.
Description: Peristyle (3 x 2 columns).
Literature: Bruneau 1978, 130-132.

Cat. no.: De113: House A west of the Building of the Poseidoniasts of Berytos
(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pl. XXIX)
Topography: Southernmost house in the insula west of the Building of the Poseido-
niasts of Berytos.
Time of excavation: 1904. Partly excavated.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history:
Orientation: -
Ground p1a~ : -
Entrance room:
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Drainage: -
Wall decoration:
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 439.

Cat. no.: De114: House B west of the Building of the Poseidoniasts of Berytos
(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pl. XXIX; Trümper 1998, 177, fig. 5; 329, fig. 60).
Topography: Insula west of the Building of the Poseidoniasts of Berytos, north of
De1N3.
Time of excavation: 1904.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 285 m2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: In use after 88 BC or 69 BC.
228

Building history: Later phase: Alterations in the courtyard and south-eastern part.
Portico in front of the entrance. REF: Triimper 1998, 178.
Orientation: N-S/E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Nine rooms (without room i and j).
Entrance room: Room a (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room b.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room f (and dining room), three rooms at the back (g, h, h'), north of
the courtyard (18).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen (eastern part of c); dining room (e, f); latrine (east-
ern part of c).
Staircase: -
Upper storey:?
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (g).
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (a, b, e, f). Pebble mosaic (f, g).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: Portico in front of the façade.
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 440-441; Bruneau 1972, 146-151; Triimper 1998,
178.

Cat. no.: De115: House C west of the Building of the Poseidoniasts of Berytos
(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pl. XXIX)
Topography: Insula west of the Building of the Poseidoniasts of Berytos, between
Del14 and DeΙN6.
Time of excavation: 1904. Partly excavated.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: -
Ground plan: -
Entrance room: Room a (east).
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds:
Religious: Apotropaíon.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 441.
 229

Cat. no.: De1N6: House D west 0f the Building of the Poseidoniasts of Berytos
(Plan: Chamonard 19224924, pl. XX ΙΧ; Trümper 1998, 177, fig. 5; 179, fig. 6).
Topography: Insula west of the Building of the Poseidoniasts of Berytos, north of
De1N4.
Time of excavation: 1904.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 209 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Shops (h, i) incorporated, peristyle? REF: Trümper
1998, 179-180.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Nine rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (east). Entrance on the south side, admitting directly to the
peristyle.
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room b (2 x 2 columns).
Main room: Room c, two rooms at the back (d, e), north of the peristyle (11).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen (eastern part of g); latrine (h).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (b).
Pavements: Chip pavement (b).
Finds:
Religious: Lares Compitales: paintings on northern wall of room f, originally to the
right of the southern entrance, later inside the room. REF: Bulard 1926a, 70.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 441-442; Bruneau 1972, 151; Trümper 1998,
179 - 180.

Cat. no.: De117: House I-II, Îlοt des bronzes

(Plan: Trümper 1998, 181, fig. 7, 182-183, figs. 8 - 9; Siebert 2001, pl. III).
Topography: Eastern part of the Ilot des bronzes.
Time of excavation: 1967.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 371 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Buildíng history: Later phase: House I converted into a service area for House II.
House II: Extensions to the north and west, porticoes. REF: Trümper 1998, 180-186;
Siebert 2001, 58-60 and 62-64.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Eighteen rooms.
Entrance room: Room ΕA (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Three courtyards: North: Room ΕI. East: Room EO. West: Room EB,
three porticoes (eastern, southern and western sides).
Peristyle:
Main room: Room EF, two rooms at the back (EG, EH), north of the courtyard EB
(N1).
230

Other rooms: Dining room (ΕΕ); kitchen (ED); latrine (EI); workshop? (EP, EQ).
Staircase: Internal, room EB. Internal and separate, room ΕI, closable.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, two wells.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style ( ΕΒ', EE, EF).
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (ΕΕ). Chip pavement (ΕΒ, EB', EO). Upper storey:
Opus tessellatum.
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 1 (base with inscription. REF: Siebert 1968, 1123, fig. 28).
Religious: Lares Compitales: Paintings on walls and altar; niche without paintings.
REF: Bulard 1926a, 64-69; Bruneau 1970, 591 and 599; Couílloud-Le Dinahet 1991,
111.
Miscellaneous: A column at the south-east corner of the insula.
Literature: Siebert 1968; Bruneau 1972, 151-152; Kreeb 1988, 125-126; Trümper
1998, 180-186; Siebert 2001, 55-73.

Cat. no.: De118: House III, Îlot des bronzes

(Plan: Trümper 1998, 181, fig. 7;183, fig. 9; Siebert 2001, ρl. III).
Topography: Middle part of the Îlot des bronzes.
Time of excavation: 1968.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 110 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Area reduced in the north and east. REF: Trümper
1998, 186-187; Siebert 2001, 82-84.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Five rooms.
Entrance room: Room EU (south).
Atrium: +
Courtyard: Room EV.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room EX, one room at the back ( ΕΥ), north of the courtyard (11*).
Other rooms: -
Staircase: Internal and separate, room EU.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: - .

Literature: Siebert 1969; Trümper 1998, 186-187; Siebert 2001, 73-75 and 82-84.

Cat. no.: De119: House IV, Îlot des bronzes

(Plan: Trümper 1998, 181, fig. 7; 183, fig. 9; Siebert 2001, p1.II1).
Topography: Îlot des bronzes, west of De118.
Time of excavation: 1968.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 117 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
 231

Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 187-188; Siebert 2001, 82-84.

Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Six rooms.
Entrance room: Room FA (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room FB.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room FD, one room at the back (FE), north of the courtyard (14).
Other rooms: -
Staircase: Internal and separate, room FA.
Upper storey: +
Water supply:
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Siebert 1969; Trümper 1998, 187-188; Siebert 2001, 75-76 and 82-84.

Cat. no.: De1N10: House VI, Îl οt des bronzes

(Plan: Trümper 1998, 181, fig. 7; 183, fig. 9; Siebert 2001, pl. III).
Topography: Western part of the Îlot des bronzes.
Time of excavation: 1968.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 128 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: The present layout appears to date from the period after 69 BC.
REF: Trümper 1998, 188; Siebert 2001, 80.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Eight rooms.
Entrance room: FJ (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room FL.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room FP, with one room at the back (FQ), north of the courtyard (14).
Other rooms: Latrine (FK).
Staircase:
Upper storey: ? (Internal and separate staircase in House V, Îlot des bronzes).
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style? (FP).
Pavements: Chip pavement (FL).
Finds:
Religious: Lares Compitales: Paintings on wall and altar. REF: Bruneau 1970, 591;
Couílloud-Le Dinahet 1991, 1111
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Siebert 1969; Bruneau 1972, 152; Trümper 1998, 188; Siebert 2001,
78-80.

Cat. no.: De1N11: House VII, Îlot des bronzes

(Plan: Trümper 1998, 181, fig. 7; Siebert 2001, pl. III).
Topography: Middle and northern part of the Îlot des bronzes.
232

Time of excavation: 1968.

State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 113 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: REF: Triimper 1998, 189; Siebert 2001, 82-84.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Six rooms.
Entrance room: +. Entrance in the north.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room FR.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room WU, two rooms at the back (FV, FW), west of the courtyard
(W1).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen (FT); latrine (FS).
Staircase: Internal, room FR.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Sculpture, ΜΑ: 4 (1 portrait).
Religious: Lares Compitales: Paintings on altar. REF: Bruneau 1970, 591; Couilloud-
Le Dinahet 1991, 111-112.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Siebert 1969; Siebert 1978; Harvard 1987, 152; Kreeb 1988, 125; Triim-
per 1998, 188-190; Siebert 2001, 81-84.

Cat. no.: De1112: House I, tot des bijoux

(Plan: Triimper 1998, between 190 and 191, fig. 10; Siebert 2001, pl. I).
Topography: tot des bijoux, west of Dell 19 and east of Dell 13.
Time of excavation: 1964-1965.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 137 r2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Porticoes. REF: Tríimper 1998, 190; Siebert 2001,
17-18.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Five rooms.
Entrance room: Room A (north).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room B, two porticoes (southern and western sides).
Peristyle:
Main room: Room C, south of the courtyard (S7).
Other rooms: Latrine (room A').
Staircase: Internal, room A.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Chip pavement (B).
 233

Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Bruneau 1965; Bruneau 1966; Siebert 1969, 1039-1042; Bruneau 1972,
156; Siebert 1985; Trümper 1998, 190; Siebert 2001, 15-22.

Cat. no.: De1113: House II, Îlot des bijoux

(Plan: Trümper 1998, between 190 and 191, fig. 10; Siebert 2001, pl. Ι).
Topography: Îlot des bijoux, west of Dell 12.
Time of excavation: 1964-1965.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 195 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Porticoes? REF: Trümper 1998, 191-192; Siebert
2001, 25-26.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Six rooms.
Entrance room: Room J'(north)l Room J (south).
Atrium: +
Courtyard: Room G, two porticóes (northern and western sides), combination of low
walls and pillars, columns on top of the pillars.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room E, one room at the back (D), north of the courtyard (11*).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen ( Ι); latrine in J'.
Staircase: Internal and separate, entrance room J'.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (E, H).
Pavements: Chip pavement (G, J). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum. Opus vermicula-
tum. Chip pavement.
Finds:
Sculpture, MA and TC: Fragments.
Religious: Lares Compitales? Altar without paintings.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Bruneau 1965; Bruneau 1966; Bruneau! atin 1966; Siebert 1969,
1039-1042; Bruneau 1972, 156 and 169-172; Siebert 1985; Kreeb 1988, 128-130;
Trümper 1998, 191-192; Siebert 2001, 23-31.

Cat. no.: Dell 14: House III, Îlot des bijoux

(Plan: Trümper 1998, between 190-191, fig. 10; Siebert 2001, pl.I).
Topography: Îlot des bijoux, south of Dell 12 and Dell13.
Time of excavation: 1964-1965.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 186 r 2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 193; Siebert 2001, 33-34.
Orientation: N-S/E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Twelve rooms.
Entrance room: Room P (south) .
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room S, one portico? (east side).
234

Peristyle:
Main room: Room Q, room on one side (R), south of the courtyard (S5).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen (N); latrine (0).
Staircase: Internal, room W.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (Q, U).
Pavements: Chip pavement (S). Upper storey: Chip pavement.
Finds:
Religious and epigraphical: Altar? with inscription. REF: Bruneau 1970, 223, 641
and pl. I.7.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Bruneau 1966; Siebert 1969, 1039-1042; Siebert 1985; Bruneau 1972,
156; Triimper 1998, 192-193; Siebert 2001, 31-35.

Cat. no.: De1115: House IV, ilot des bijoux

(Plan: Trümper 1998, between 190 and 191, fig. 10; Siebert 2001, pl. I).
Topography: Bot des bijoux, west of De114.
Time of excavation: 1966.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 118 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section
Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 194; Siebert 2001, 36-38.
Orientation: 1-5.
Ground plan: Irregular. Eight/nine rooms.
Entrance room: Room ΑΑ-ΑΑ'(south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room ΑΑ".
Peristyle:
Main room: Room AD, room on one side (AB), north of the courtyard (15).
Other rooms: Latrine? (AG'), apparently shared with De1 Ν16.
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply:
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (AD).
Pavements: Upper storey: Opus uermiculatum.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Bruneau/Siebert 1967; Siebert 1969, 1039-1042; Siebert 1985; Kreeb
1988, 127; Trümper 1998, 194; Siebert 2001, 35-38.

Cat. no.: De1Ν16: House V, ]lot des bijoux

(Plan: Trümper 1998, between 190 and 191, fig. 10; Siebert 2001, pl. I).
Topography: South-western corner of the Îlot des bijoux.
Time of excavation: 1965-1966.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 197 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
 235

Building history: Room AK was originally placed at the back of room AL. REF:
Trümper 1998, 194-195; Siebert 2001, 39-43.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Six/seven rooms.
Entrance room: _. Entrance on west side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room AI.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room AL (and dining room), one room at the front (AK), north of the
courtyard (16).
Other rooms: Dining room (AL); latrine? (AG'), apparently shared with De1115.
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply:
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: First Style (AL).
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (AL). Opus vermiculatum (AL). Chip pavement (AI).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Bruneau/Siebert 1967; Bruneau/Siebert 1969; Siebert 1969, 1039-1042;
Siebert 1971; Bruneau 1972, 156-169; Meyboom 1979; Siebert 1985; Busing-Kolbe
1988; Kreeb 1988, 130-131; Trümper 1998, 194-195; Siebert 2001, 38-46.

Cat. no.: Dell 17: House VI, Îlot des bijoux

(Plan: Trümper 1998, between 190 and 191, fig. 10; Siebert 2001, pl. I).
Topography: Îlot des bijoux, west of De1113.
Time of excavation: 1966.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 200 m 2.

Building technique and material Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: Internal alterations. REF: Trümper 1998, 195-196; Siebert 2001,
51-53.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular, mincr irregularities. Eleven rooms.
Entrance room: Room AU (north).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room AQ.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room AS, one room at the back (AT), north of the courtyard (14).
Other rooms: Latrine (AW).
Staircase: Internal, room AU.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (AP; AR, AS).
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Bruneau/Siebert 1967; Siebert 1969, 1039-1042; Siebert 1985; Trümper
1998, 195-196; Siebert 2001, 47-50.
236

Cat. no.: De1118: House VΙΙ , Ilot des bijoux

(Plan: Trümper 1998, between 190 and 191, fig. 10; Siebert 2001, pl. I).
Topography: North-western part of the Plot des bijoux.
Time of excavation: 1966.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 140 r2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Internal alterations. REF: Trümper 1998, 196; Siebert 2001, 51-53.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Six rooms.
Entrance room: Room AY (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room AZ.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room BA, one room at the back (BB), north of the courtyard (14).
Other rooms: Latrine ( Α X).
Staircase: External.
Upper storey: +
Water supply:
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (AZ, BA).
Pavements: Upper storey: Opus tessellatum. Chip pavement.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Bruneau/Siebert 1967; Siebert 1969, 1039-1042; Bruneau 1972, 172; Sie-
bert 1985; Trümper 1998, 196; Siebert 2001, 50-53.

Cat. no.: De1119: Maison Diadumène

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pl. XXX; Siebert 1985, pl. 2; Trümper 1998, between
190 and 191, fig. 10; 197-199, figs. 11-13).
Topography: East of the 'lot des bijoux.
Time of excavation: 1904, 1908.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 866 m2 (including shop p-v).
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: No earlier than the 2nd century BC.
Building history: Three main phases. First phase: Three N-S plots of identical size.
Second phase: Building of present house with peristyle. Third phase: Extension to
the east. REF: Trümper 1998, 200-202.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Fifteen rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (east) and room c-d (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room b (4 x 4 columns).
Main room: Room e, north of peristyle (17).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen? (i); latrine (k); shops.
Staircase: -
Upper storey:? (Downpipe).
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style: Room a.
 237

Pavements: Pebble mosaic (b). Chip pavement (b, í).

Finds:
Sculpture, ΜΑ: 9 (4 portraits).
Religious: Apotropaíon.
Miscellaneous: The function of the house is disputed. It may have served as storage
space for sculpture in its last phase.
Literature: Couve 1895, 509-516; Chamonard 1922-1924, 426-431; Bruneau 1972,
183 and 185; Harvard 1987, 157-161; Kreeb 1988, 155-160; Trümper 1998,
200-202.

Cat. no.: De1120: Maison aux frontons

(Plan: Bruneau et al. 1970, pl. A; Trümper 1998, 203, fig. 14).
Topography: North-western corner of the Îlot de la Maison des comédiens.
Time of excavation: 1961-1964.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 93 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Last quarter of the 2nd century BC or earlier. Probably abandoned after 88
BC.
Building history: Later phase: Addition of room P and X. REF: Trümper 1998, 207.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Four rooms (without room X).
Entrance room: +. Entrance on the west side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room Y.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room AA, one room at the front (Z), north of the courtyard (16).
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: At least one upper storey with gable or two-storeyed tower with gable.
Water supply:
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (AA, Z).
Pavements: Upper storey? 1 Opus tessellatum. Chip pavement.
Finds:
Religious: Lares Compitales: Paintings in room X. REF: Bruneau 1970, 590; Bruneau
et al. 1970, 191-193.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Bruneau et al. 1970; Le Roy 1974; Trümper 1998, 207-208.

Cat. no.: De1121: Maison des comédiens

(Plan: Bruneau et al. 1970, pl. A; Trümper 1998, 203, fig. 14).
Topography: Middle part of the Îlot de la Maison des comédiens.
Time of excavation: 1961-1964.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 515 m2 .
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Last quarter of the 2nd century BC or earlier. Probably abandoned after 88
BC.
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 204-205.

1 Only general references ín the publication, not to individual rooms (Bruneau et al. 1970, 147).
238

Orientation: N-S/E-W.
Ground plan: Square, minor irregularities. Nineteen rooms.
Entrance room: Room A (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room I (4 x 4 columns). Two-storeyed.
Main room: Room N (and dining room), one room on either side (M, O), north of
the peristyle (12).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen? (E); dining room (N, Q, R); latrine? (G).
Staircase: Internal and separate, room U.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (A, B?, C, I, J, N, 0, P, Q, R, S, V). Figurative frize (N).
Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (Q, R). Opus vermiculatum (Q). Chip pavement (Q).
Upper storey? 2 Opus tessellatum. Chip pavement
Finds:
Sculpture, BZ: 1.
Sculpture, ΜA: 6.
Sculpture, TC: 8.
Religious: Lares Compitales? Niche without paintings. -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Daux 1962, 963-966; Daux 1963, 869-872; Bruneau et al. 1970; Bruneau
1972, 172-174; Bruno 1985, 15-21; Harvard 1987, 153-155; Kreeb 1988, 132-142;
Trümper 1998, 202-205.

Cat. no.: Del122: Maison des tritons

(Bruneau et al. 1970, ρl. A; Trüm er 1998, 203, fig. 14).
Topography: Eastern part of the Bot de la Maison des=comédiens.
Time of excavation: 1961-1964.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 415 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Last quarter of the 2nd century BC or ealíer. Probably abandoned after 88 BC.
Building history: Later phase: Subdivision of service rooms. Addition of bathroom.
REF: Trümper 1998, 205-207.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Fourteen rooms.
Entrance room: =. Entrance on the south side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room AC-AD, two porticoes (northern and eastern sides).. Combination
of low walls and pillars. Two-storeyed.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room AE (and dining room), room on one side (AF), north of the court-
yard (N5).
Other rooms: Bathroom (AL, AM); dining room (AE); latrine (AI').
Staircase: External, along the northern wall.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.

2 Cf. note 1.
 239

Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (AC, AD, AE, AF, AG, AH). Upper storey: Fragments
and figurative frieze.
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (ΑΕ). Opus vermiculatum (AE). Chip pavement (AC,
AF, AJ). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum. Opus vermiculatum.
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 1.
Sculpture, TC: 4.
Religious: Lares Compitales? Niche without paintings.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Bruneau /Vatín 1964; Daux 1964; Bruneau et al. 1970; Bruneau 1972,
174-180; Harvard 1987, 155; Kreeb 1988, 142-145; Trümper 1998, 205-207.

Cat. no.: De1123: Maison des sceaux

(Plan: Trümper 1998, 208, fig. 15; Siebert 2001, pl. IV).
Topography: North-west of Ilot des bronzes.
Time of excavation: 1968, 1974-1975, 1987.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 257 m 2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Destroyed 69 BC.
Building history: Originally orientated E-W. REF: Trümper 1998, 209-210; Siebert
2001,93-95.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Thirteen/fifteen rooms.
Entrance room: Room η ( south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room Θ.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room ~ one room at the back ( ξ), north of the courtyard (N4).
Other rooms: Latrine ( ζ); storeroom (v, w); workshop ( τ). Upper storey: Cult
room?; kitchen.
Staircase: Internal, room η.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (8', κ, λ, µ).Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (Θ). Chip pavement (portico, κ). Upper storey: Opus
tessellatum. Chip pavement. Mortar pavement.
Finds:
Sculpture, BZ: 1.
Sculpture, MA: 4 (2 portraits).
Sculpture, TC: Number unknown.
Religious: Censer with inscription.
Miscellaneous: C. 16,000 seals from archive situated on the first floor.
Literature: Siebert 1969, 1036-1039; Siebert 1975; Siebert 1976; Siebert 1988; .Har-
ward 1987, 152-153; Boussac 1988; Kreeb 1988, 122-123; Marcadé 1990, 148; Rauh
1993, 215-219; Trümper 1998, 209-210; Siebert 2001, 85-98.

Cat. no.: De1124: Maison de l'épée

(Plan: Siebert 2001, pl. IV).
Topography: West of De1123.
Time of excavation: 1986-1987. Partly excavated.
240

State of preservation: Cf. general section.

Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Destroyed 69 BC.
Building history: Three phases. REF: Alabe 1988, 778.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: -
Entrance room: -
Atrium:
Courtyard: +
Peristyle:
Main room: +. North of the courtyard (central door opening with one window on ei-
ther side) (Ix).
Other rooms: -
Staircase: Internal, courtyard.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: -
Draínage: -
Wall decoration: First Style (courtyard). Upper storey: First and Second Styles.
Pavements: Upper storey: Opus tessellatum.
Finds:
Sculpture MA: 1.
Miscellaneous: Roman sword found in the south-east corner of the courtyard. The
house was in the process of remodelling when it was destroyed.
Literature: Alabe 1987; Siebert 1987; Alabe 1988; Alabe 1991.

Cat. no.: De1125: Maison de la colli ne

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pl. XIV-XV II; Triimper 1998, 211, fig. 16).
Topography: On the hill west of the Îlot des bronzes.
Time of excavation: 1879, 1894.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 307 r2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: Probably built in the second half of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: Minor internal alterations. REF: Trümper 1998, 211-212.
Orientation: N-S/E-W.
Ground plan: Square. Eight rooms.
Entrance room: + (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: + (3 x 3 columns).
Main room: Room f, north of the peristyle (17).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen? (a).
Staircase: Internal, room b.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (entrance room, peristyle, pastas, c, e, f). Upper storey:
Fragments and figurative frieze.
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (peristyle). Chip pavement (entrance room, peristyle).
Upper storey? Opus tessellatum.
Finds:
 241

Sculpture, ΜΑ: 1 .

Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Couve 1895, 492497; Chamonard 19224924, 411-416; Bruneau 1972,
182-183; Harward1987, 164; Kreeb 1988, 120-121; Trümper 1998, 211-212.

Cat. no.: De1126: House west of Maison de la colline

Topography: West of De1N25.
Date: -
Description: Religious: Lares Compitales. Paintings on walls; niche and altars with-
out paintings. REF: Bruneau 1970, 591-592; Bezerra de Meneses/Sarian 1973.
Literature: -

Cat. no.: De1127: Maison du lac

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pl. XIΧ-XXΙ; Trümper 1998, 212, fig. 17).
Topography: Next to the two palaestrae.
Time of excavation: 1894, 1905.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 395 m2 .
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 213 -214.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Two units. Main unit: Fourteen rooms. Secondary unit:
Four rooms.
Entrance room: Main unit: + (east and west). Secondary unit: +. Entrance on west
side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Secondary unit: Room o.
Peristyle: Main unit: (4 x 4 columns).
Main room: Main unit: Room h, two room at back (í, j), north of the peristyle (11).
Secondary unit: Room k, room on one side (p), north of the courtyard (15).
Other rooms: Main unit: Bathroom/kitchen? (a, c); latrine (b). Secondary unit: La-
trine (in room m).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: Main unit: One cistern, two wells. Secondary unit: One cistern, one
well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Main unit: First Style (peristyle, room e, f, h). Secondary unit: First
Style (k, p).
Pavements: Main unit: Opus tessellatum (central part of peristyle). Chip pavement
(porticoes, b, d, e). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum. Opus vermiculatum? Secondary
unit: Chip pavement (o).
Finds:
Sculpture, ΜΑ: 6 (1 portrait).
Religious: Apotropaía. Lares Compitales: Main unit: Paintings on walls. REF: Bulard
1926α, 56-57. Secondary unit: Paintings on walls; niche without paintings. REF: Bu-
lard 1926α, 59-60.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Couve 1895, 485-492; Chamonard 1922-1924, 417-425; Séveryns 1927;
Bruneau 1972, 183-184 and 186-188; Llinas 1973; Kreeb 1984, 326-328; Harvard
1987, 165-167; Kreeb 1988, 162-166; Rauh 1993, 206-215; Trümper 1998, 213-214.
242

Cat. no.: De1128: House west of Maiion du lac

Topography: West of De1127.
Date: -
Description: Religious: Lares Compitales: Paintings on wall. REF: Bulard 1926a,
62-63.
Literature: -

Cat. no.: De1129: Maison de Skardhana

(Plan: Trümper 1998, 215, fig. 18).
Topography: Next to the Bay of Skardhana; at the end of the wall of C.Triarius.
Time of excavation: -. Partly excavated.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 779 m2 (REC).
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Portico? REF: Trümper 1998, 215.
Orientation: -
Ground plan: -. >_ twelve rooms.
Entrance room: ? Entrance on east side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room b, one portico (west side).
Peristyle:
Main room: Room k?, north of the courtyard (Ix).
Other rooms: Latrine?
Staircase: -
Upper storey:?
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Chip pavement (b). Upper storey? Mosaic fragments in profiles.
Finds:
Religious: Apotropaion.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 119; Bruneau 1972, 188; Trümper 1998, 214-215.

THE, STADIUM QUARTER

Cat. no.: De1ST1: House I A
(Plan: Plassari 1916, pls. V-V ΙΙ; Trümper 1998, 217, figs. 20-21).
Topography: Northernmost house in insula Ι.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 156 -m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Second half of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 218.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Re~tangular. Eight rooms.
Entrance room: =. Entrance on west side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room a.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room f, one rooi~~on either side (g, h), east of the courtyard (E2).
 243

Other rooms: Latrine (c).

Staircase: Internal, room b?
Upper storey: +
Water supply:
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (f). Upper storey: Fragments and figurative frieze.
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Plassart 1916, 163-164; Kreeb 1988, 168; Trümper 1998, 217-218.

Cat. no.: De1ST2: House I C

(Plan: Plassart 1916, pls. V-VII; Trümper 1998, between 218 and 219, fig. 22; 219,
fig. 23) .
Topography: South-western part of insula I.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 190 m 2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Second half of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: Later phase: Entrance transferred from south side to west side,
peristyle? REF: Trümper 1998, 218-220.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Nine rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room c (2 x 2 columns).
Main room: Room g, two rooms at the back (h, i), north of the peristyle (11).
Other rooms: Latrine (b).
Staircase: Internal, room a.
Upper storey: +
Water supply:
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (g). Upper storey: Fragments and figurative frieze.
Pavements: Chip pavement (a, b, c). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum. Opus vermicula-
tum. Mortar.
Finds:
Sculpture, ΜA: 1 (statue base with inscription, ID 1802)
Religious: Lares Compitales: South entrance: Paintings on walls. West entrance:
Paintings on walls and altar; niche without paintings. REF: Bulard 1926a, 133-151;
Bruneau 1970, 595.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Plassart 1916, 175-207; Bruneau 1972, 192-193; Bruno 1985, 22-30;
Kreeb 1988, 169-170; Rauh 1993, 195-205; Trümper 1998, 218-220.

Cat. no.: De1ST3: House I D

(Plan: Plassart 1916, pls. V-VII; Trümper 1998, between 218 and 219, fig. 22; 219,
fig. 23)
Topography: South-eastern part of insula I, east of De1ST2.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 321 m2.
244

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: Second half of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: The present house is the result of the amalgamation of three hous-
es. REF: Trümper 1998, 220-221.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Nineteen rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room d.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room j, two rooms at the back (k, 1), north of the courtyard (11).
Other rooms: Latrine (b).
Staircase: Internal, room c.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (a, e, f, g, h, o, q, s). Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Chip pavement (b, central part of peristyle). Upper storey: Opus tessella-
turn. Chip pavement.
Finds:
Sculpture, ΜΑ: 1.
Religious: Lares Compitales: Paintings on walls, in niche and on altar. REF: Bulard
1926a, 152-160; Bruneau 1970, 595.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Plassart 1916, 207-228; Bruneau 1972, 193 and 195; Harvard 1987,
191-192; Kreeb 1988, 172; Trümper 1998, 220-221.

Cat. no.: De1ST4: House I E

(Plan: Plassart 1916, pls. V-VII; Trümper 1998, between 218 and 219, fig. 22).
Topography: Middle part of insula I, north of De1ST2 and De1ST3.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 219 r2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Second half of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: Later phase: Portico? REF: Trümper 1998,221-222.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Twelve rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room .d, one portico (west side).
Peristyle:
Main room: Room e, north of the courtyard (15) or room f, room on one side (g),
north of the courtyard (17).
Other rooms: Latrine (b).
Staircase: External, along the east wall.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (i). Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Chip pavement (a, b, d). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum.
Finds:
Religious: Lares Compitales? Altar without paintings.
 245

Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Plassart 1916, 228-232; Bruneau 1972, 195; Trümper 1998, 221-222.

Cat. no.: De1ST5: House east of I B

Topography: East of House I B.
Date: -
Description: Religious: Lares Compitales: Paintings on wall and altar. REF: Bulard
1926a, 130-132.
Literature: -

Cat. no.: De1ST6: House II A

(Plan: Plassart 1916, pls. V-VII; Trümper 1998, between 218 and 219, fig. 22; 222,
fig. 24).
Topography: Western part of insula II.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 260 r2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Second half of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: First phase: Entrance on the northern side. Later phase: Extension
towards the south, latrine and peristyle. REF: Trümper 1998, 223.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Eight rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room d (2 x 2 columns), without stylobate
Main room: Room g, room on one side (h), west of the peristyle (W5).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen (c); latrine (b).
Staircase: Internal, room a.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern or one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (a, c, d, e, g). Upper storey: Fragments and figurative
frieze.
Pavements: Chip pavement (d). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum. Chip pavement.
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 2 (1 base with inscription, ID 2329).
Religious: Lares Compitales? Altar without paintings.
Miscellaneous: Migveh in the courtyard/peristyle (first phase of the house).
Literature: Plassart 1916, 234-247; Bruneau 1972, 195; Kreeb 1988, 173-174; Trim-
per 1998, 222-223.

Cat. no.: De1ST7: House II B

(Plan: Plassart 1916, pls. V-VII; Trümper 1998, between 218 and 219, fig. 22).
Topography: Eastern part of insula II.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 245 r2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Second half of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 224.

Γ
246

Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Twelve rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room d.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room k, room on one side (1), east of the courtyard (E5).
Other rooms: Latrine (b).
Staircase: Internal, room c.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments and figurative frieze.
Pavements: Chip pavement (d). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum.
Finds: -
Míscellaneous: -
Literature: Plassart 1916, 247-255; Bruneau 1972, 194-195 and 197; Kreeb 1988,
174-177; Trümper 1998, 224.

THE ΡΕΙ οLOS STREET

Cat. no.: De1P1: House A (Maison de Kerdon)

(Plan: Jardé 1905, pl. XI; Trümper 1998, 229, figs. 27-28).
Topography: Insula east of the Sanctuary of Apollo, southernmost house.
Time of excavation: 1903.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 206 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: No earlier than the mid-2nd century BC.
Building history: Later phase: Basins installed in room 2 and 3, peristyle? REF:
Trümper 1998, 228-231.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Six/seven rooms.
Entrance room: + (south). Entrance directly to the peristyle from west.
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: + (3 x4 columns). Two-storeyed.
Main room: Room 4 (and dining room), east of the peristyle (E7).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen? (6); dining room (4); latrine (7), apparently shared
with De122; workshop (2, 3).
Staircase:-
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (2, 3). Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Chip pavement (peristyle, 2). Mortar (4). Upper storey: Opus tessella-
tum.
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 12.
Miscellaneous: The house appears to have functioned as a sculptor's workshop.
Literature: Jardé 1905; Bizard 1907, 482-483; Bruneau 1968, 641-658; Bruneau 1972,
201; Kreeb 1988, 184-188; Trümper 1998, 228-231.
 247

Cat. no.: De1Ρ2: House A'

(Plan: Jardé 1905, pl. XI; Trümper 1998, 229, figs. 27-28).
Topography: Insula east of the Sanctuary of Apollo , east of De1P1.
Time of excavation: 1903.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 149 m2 (including room 7).
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: No earlier than the mid-2nd century BC.
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 228-231.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Five/six rooms.
Entrance room: + (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room 8.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room 9, north of the courtyard (17).
Other rooms: Latrine (7), apparently shared with De1P1.
Staircase: Internal, room 8.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments and figurative frieze.
Pavements: Upper storey: Opus tessellatum. Opus vermiculatum.
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 6.
Miscellaneous: The house appears to have functioned as a sculptor's workshop.
Literature: Jardé 1905; Harvard 1987, 167-168; Kreeb 1988, 189-191; Trümper
1998, 231.

Cat. no.: DelΡ3: House B

(Plan: Bizard 1907, ρl. XIV).
Topography: Insula east of the Sanctuary of Apollo, north of Del]? 1.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section. Partly excavated.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: No earlier than the mid-2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: -
Ground plan: -
Entrance room: Room 5 (west).
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: -
Drainage: +
248

Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments. 3

Pavements: -
Finds:
Sculpture, ΜA: 2.
Religious: Altar with inscription (ID 2370).
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Bizard 1907, 484-485. Kreeb 1988, 192-193.

Cat. no.: De1P4: House C

(Plan: Bizard 1907, p1. XIV).
Topography: Insula east of the Sanctuary of Apollo, north of De1P3.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section. Partly excavated
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: No earlier than the mid-2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: -
Ground plan: -
Entrance room: Room 10 (west).
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Maín room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: -
Draínage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments. 4
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Bizard 1907, 484-485. Kreeb 1988, 194.

Cat. no.: De1P5: House C1

(Plan: Bizard 1907, pl. XIV).
Topography: Insula east of the Sanctuary of Apollo, north of De1P4.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section. Partly excavated
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 132 m2 (EEC).
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: No earlier than the mid-2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Six rooms.
Entrance room: Room 13 (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room V. Pent-roof on south side.

Only general references, and not to specific houses or rooms (Bizard 1907, 488).
4 Cf. note 3.
 249

Peristyle:
Main room: Room 14, two rooms at the back, north of the courtyard (11).
Other rooms: Latrine (X).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments. 5
Pavements: -
Finds:
Sculpture, ΜΑ: 2.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Bizard 1907, 484-487; Bruneau 1972, 201; Kreeb 1988, 195-196; Trüm-
per 1998, 227-228.

Cat. no.: De1P6: House D

(Plan: Bizard 1907, pl. XIV).
Topography: Insula east of the Sanctuary of Apollo, north of De1P5.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section. Partly excavated
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: No earlier than the mid-2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: -
Ground plan: -
Entrance room: Room 18 (west).
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Maín room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: -
Draínage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments. 6
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: Portico in front of the façade.
Literature: Bizard 1907, 487.

Cat. no.: De1P7: House D 1

(Plan: Bizard 1907, pl. XIV).
Topography: Insula east of the Sanctuary of Apollo, north of De1P6.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section. Partly excavated.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Cf. note 3.
Cf. note 3.
250

Date: No earlier than the mid-2nd century BC.

Building history: -
Orientation: -
Ground plan: -
Entrance room: Room 21 (west).
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Main room: -
Other rooms: Latrine (y).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: -
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments.'
Pavements: Chip pavement (y).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: Portico in front of the façade.
Literature: Bizard 1907, 487; Βi υneau 1972, 201; Kreeb 1988, 196.

Cat. no.: De1P8: House E

(Plan: Bizard 1907, ρl. XIV).
Topography: Insula east of the Sanctuary of Apollo, north of DeA Ρ7.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section. Partly excavated.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: No earlier than the mid-2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: -
Ground plan: -
Entrance room: Room 28 (west).
Atrium: -
Courtyard: +
Peristyle: -
Main room: +, south of the courtyard (Sx).
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: -
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (main room). Upper storey: Fragments. $
Pavements: -
Finds: .

Sculpture and epigraphical; MA: 1 (base, r2378).

Miscellaneous: Portico in front of the façade.
Literature: Bizard 1907, 495-497; Kreeb 1984, 328; Kreeb 1988, 196-197; Pesando
1997,324-325.

Cf. note 3.
Cf. note 3.
 251

Cat. no.: DeΙP9: House F

(Plan: Bizard 1907, pl. ΧΙV).
Topography: Insula east of the Sanctuary of Apollo, north of Dennn.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section. Partly excavated.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: No earlier than the mid-2nd century BC.
Building history: Later phase: Extensions.
Orientation: -
Ground plan: -
Entrance room:? Entrance on south and west sides.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Two courtyards: North: Room n. South: Room o.
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: Cult room (to the right of courtyard o).
Staircase: External, along the south wall.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments. 9
Pavements: Pebble mosaic (n). Chip pavement (o).
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 1.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Bizard 1907, 497-498; Bruneau 1972, 196-199 and 201; Kreeb 1988,
197-198.

THE INOPOS QUARTER

Cat. no.: Dell!: Maison aux stucs

(Plan: Trümper 1998, 233, fig. 30).
Topography: North of the Area of the Sanctuary of Aphrodite.
Time of excavation: 1958-1961.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 70 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Portico, staircase. REF: Trümper 1998, 233-234.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Four rooms.
Entrance room: +. Entrance on north side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room a, one portico (south side).
Peristyle:
Main room: Room b, two rooms at the back (c, d), east of the courtyard (El).
Other rooms: -
Staircase: Internal, room a.
Upper storey: +

9 Cf. note 3.
252

Water supply:: One well.

Drainage: -
Wall decoration: First Style (b, c). Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Chip pavement (b). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum. Chip pavement.
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 1.
Miscellaneous: Portico in front of the façade.
Literature: Le Roy 1960; Bruneau 1972, 203; Harvard 1987, 168-169; Kreeb 1988,
199; Trümper 1998, 233-234.

Cat. no.: De112: Maison de l'Hermès

(Plan: Delorme 1953, pls. XLV-XLVIII; Trümper 1998, 235-237, figs. 31-33).
Topography: East of the Area of the Sanctuary of Aphrodite.
Time of excavation: 19494951.
State of preservation: Cf. general section. Part of first and second storey preserved.
Dimensions: C. 708 r2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: First phase: Southern part. Second phase: Northern part. REF:
Trümper 1998, 234-240.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Ground floor: Ten rooms.
Entrance room: Room A (north). Room S (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Ground floor: +, three porticoes (northern, eastern and western sides).
Second floor: Room P?
Peristyle: First floor.
Main room: Ground floor: Room D, two rooms at the back, north of the courtyard
(N1).
Other rooms: Ground floor: Bathroom (C); dining room (G); kitchen? (A'); latrine
(B).
Staircase: +
Upper storey: + (three upper storeys).
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (A, courtyard, D, G, H, I, J, O).
Pavements: Pebble mosaic (G). Chip pavement (G). Mortar (courtyard). Upper sto-
rey, in situ: Pebble mosaic (in front of room I). Chip pavement (L, P). Upper storey,
not in situ: Opus tessellatum. Opus vermiculatum.
Finds:
Sculpture, ΜΑ: >_30 (1 base with inscription, no. E 830).
Sculpture, TC: 3.
Religious: Lares Compitales: Paintings on wall. REF: Bruneau 1975, 292-293.
Miscellaneous: Nymphaeum on the fourth side of the courtyard on the ground floor.
Literature: Delorme 1949; Delorme/Marcadé 1950; Marcadé 1951, 188; Delorme
1953; Marcadé 1953; Bruneau 1972, 203-208; Kreeb 1984, 322 and 325-326; Har-
ward 1987, 184-191; Kreeb 1988, 201-215; Rauh 1993, 219-230; Pesando 1997,
329-334; Trümper 1998, 234-241.

Cat. no.: De113: House A (Maison de l'Inopos)

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pl. XXVII Ι; Trümper 1998, between 242 and 243, fig.
34).
 253

Topography: Insula west of the Sanctuary of the Syrian Gods, eastern part of the in-
sula.
Time of excavation: 1895, 1908.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 439 m2 .
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: The southern façade may have belonged to an earlier building. Lat-
er phase: Porticoes? REF: Trümper 1998, 241-242.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Fifteen rooms.
Entrance room: Room h and k (both in the south).
Atrium: +
Courtyard: Room g, two porticoes (northern and eastern sides). Two-storeyed.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room d, room on one side (c), north of the courtyard (15) or room f,
east of the courtyard (E7).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen (1); latrine (j).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: + (Capitals from an upper order, downpipe).
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (a, b, c, d, f).
Pavements: Chip pavement (g, j, k).
Finds:
Sculpture; ΜΑ: 2.
Sculpture, TC: 3.
Religious: Apotropaion.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Couve 1895, 506-509; Chamonard 1922-1924, 432-435; Bruneau 1972,
208; Kreeb 1988, 216-218; Trümper 1998, 241-242.

Cat. no.: De1I4: House B

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pl. XXV ΙΙΙ; Trümper 1998, between 242 and 243, fig.
34).
Topography: Insula west of the Sanctuary of the Syrian Gods, western part of the in-
sula.
Time of excavation: -
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 125 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 243.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Seven rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (west).
Atrium: +
Courtyard: Room c.
Peristyle: +
Main room: Room f (and dining room), two rooms at the back (g, h), north of the
courtyard (11).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen? (e); dining room (f); shop (d).
Staircase: Internal, room e.
254

Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: First Style (a, f, g).
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (f). Chip pavement (f). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum.
Opus vermiculatum.
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 2.
Religious: Lares Compitales? Altar without paintings.
Miscellaneous: Portico in front of the façade.
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 435-437; Bruneau 1972, 209-217; Kreeb 1988,
218-221; Trümper 1998, 243.

Cat. no.: DeΙI5: House C (Maison à une seule colonne)

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pl. XXVΙΙI; Bruneau 1972, 218, fig. 144; Trümper
1998, between 242 and 243, fig. 34; 329, fig. 61).
Topography: West of Della and DelI4.
Time of excavation: -. Partly excavated.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: > 229 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Portico? REF: Trümper 1998, 244-246.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. _> fourteen rooms.
Entrance room: Room a' (west). Room on the east side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room a, one portico (north side). Room k?
Peristyle:
Main room: Room d? North of the courtyard Nx).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen (f); dining room? (e); latrine?
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: First Style (a' ? c, d, e, f, h).
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (a, a', e). Chip pavement (a', c, d, f, h, i). Upper storey:
Opus tessellatum.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 437-438; Bruneau 1972, 218-221 and 223; Bru-
neau 1973, 113-119 and 126; Trümper 1998, 244-246.

Cat. iii.: DeΙI6: Maison de Phílostrate d'Ascalon

(Plan: Paris 1884, pl. XX).
Topography: North-west of the Sanctuary of the Syrian Gods.
Time of excavation: 1883. Partly excavated.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: N-S.
 255

Ground plan: -
Entrance room: -. Entrance on south side.
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: (4 x 4 columns).
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage • -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (peristyle).
Finds:
Sculpture; MA: 1 (statue base with inscription, ID 1724).
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Paris 1884, 486-496; Durrbach 1921, 212-214; Bruneau 1972, 226,
228-229;
Kreeb 1988, 223 -225.

THE HOUSE OF THE MASKS' QUARTER

Cat. no.: Delhi: Maison des dauphins
(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. XXI ΙΙ-ΧXVΙ; Trümper 1998, 247, figs. 35-36).
Topography: North-east of the hot de la Maison des Masques.
Time of excavation: 1883, 1904.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 404 m 2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Alterations in the south-eastern part. REF: Trümper 1998, 248.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Thirteen rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (south). Entrance on the west side.
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room d (4 x 4 columns).
Main room: Room h, two rooms on one side (i, j), north of the peristyle (13).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen (b, b", b"); latrine (b').
Staircase: Internal, to the right of room a?
Upper storey: +
Water supply: Two cisterns, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (a, g). Figurative frieze (g).
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (a, d). Opus vermiculatum (d). Chip pavement (b, b',
b", b"). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum.
Finds:
Religious: Apotropaion. Lares Compitales: Paintings on walls and in niches; altars
without paintings. REF: Bulard 1926a, 117-121.
Miscellaneous: Portico in front of the façade.
Literature: Paris 1884, 475-486; Chamonard 1922-1924, 401-410; Bruneau 1972,
232-239;
Kreeb 1988, 228-230; Trümper 1998, 246-248.
256

Cat. no.: Delm2: House west of Maison des dauphins

Topography: West of DelIl.
Date: -
Description: Religious: Lares Compitales: Paintings on walls and altars. REF: Bulard
1926a, 122-129.
Literature: -

Cat. no.: De113: House A

(Plan: Chamonard 1933b, pl. I; Triimper 1998, between 248 and 249, figs. 37-38).
Topography: North-eastern corner of the flot de la Maíson des masques.
Time of excavation: 1912, 1923, 1930.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 145 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Second half of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: REF: Triimper 1998, 248-249.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Nine rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room c.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room e, room on one side (f), north of the courtyard (15).
Other rooms: Latrine (b).
Staircase: External, along the northern wall.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: +. Cistern in the south-west corner of the insula.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: First Style (d, e).
Pavements: -
Finds:
Sculpture, ΜA: Fragments.
Miscellaneous: Portico along the eastern wall.
Literature: Chamonard 1933a, 107-110; Kreeb 1988, 230-231; Triimper 1998,
248-249.

Cat. no.: De114: House B (Maison des masques)

(Plan: Chamonard 1933b, pl. I; Triimper 1998, between 248 and 249, figs. 37-38).
Topography: Western part of the Îlot de la Maison des masques.
Time οf excavation: 1912, 1923, 1930.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: C. 655 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Second half of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: REF: Triimper 1998, 249-250.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Seventeen rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room d (4 x 4 columns), Rhοdían. Two-storeyed.
Main room: Room g (and dining room), north of the peristyle (17).
Other rooms: Dining room (e, g, h, i). latrine (k, m).
 257

Staircase: Internal, and separate, room b?

Upper storey: +
Water supply: +. Cistern in south-west corner of the insula.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (a, b, d, e, g, h, i). Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (e, g, h, í). Opus vermiculatum (e). Chip pavement (d, e,
g, h, i). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum.
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 5 (1 portrait).
Sculpture, TC: 8.
Religious: Lares Compitales? Base of altar without paintings.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1933 α, 110-158; Chamonard 1933b; Bruneau 1972, 239-260:
Kreeb 1984, 322 and 329-331; Harvard 1987, 182-184; Kreeb 1988, 231-236; Trüm-
per 1998, 249-251.

Cat. no.: De115: House C

(Plan: Chamonard 1933b, pl. I; Trümper 1998, between 248 and 249, figs. 37-38).
Topography: South-eastern part of the 'lot de la Maison des masques.
Time of excavation: 1912, 1923, 1930.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 282 m2.
Budding technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Second half of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: Later phase: Porticoes. REF: Trümper 1998, 251-252.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Ten rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room c, two/three porticoes (northern, western and southern? sides).
Peristyle:
Main room: Room f (and dining room), north of the courtyard (17).
Other rooms: Bathroom (j); dining room (f); latrine (in room a).
Staircase: Internal, room a.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: +. Cistern in the south-west corner of the insula.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (b, d, e, f, h). Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Chip pavement (c, f). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum.
Finds:
Religious: Lares Compitales? Altar without paintings.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1933 α, 158 -166; Bruneau 1972, 260; Trümper 1998, 251 252.
-

Cat. no.: De1M6: House D

(Plan: Chamonard 1933b, pl. I; Trümper 1998, between 248 and 249, figs. 37-38).
Topography: North-western part of the Îlot de la Maison des masques.
Time of excavation: 1912, 1923, 1930.
State of preservation:- Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 194 m2.
Budding technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Second half of the 2nd century BC.
258

Building history: First phase: Workshop and habitation. Second phase: Habitation:
Portico. REF: Trümper 1998, 252-253.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Eight rooms.
Entrance room: + (north).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room a, one portico (north side).
Peristyle:
Main room: Room e, one room at the back, east of the courtyard (E4).
Other rooms: Latrine.
Staircase: External, along the northern wall.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: +. Cistern in the south-west corner of the insula.
Drainage • +
Wall decoration: First Style (a, b, c, e).
Pavements: -
Finds:
Religious: Lares Compitales? Altar without paintings.
Miscellaneous: Portico along the façade.
Literature: Chamonard 1933 a, 166-168; Trümper 1998, 252-253.

THE THEATEE QUARTER

Cat. no.: De1T1: House IA

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1; between 256 and
257, fig. 40).
Topography: South-eastern corner of insula I.
Time of excavation: 1893.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 141 r2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 255.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Five rooms.
Entrance room: _. Entrance on east side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room a.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room c, two rooms at the back (d, e), north of the courtyard (11).
Other rooms: -
Staircase: Internal and separate, double threshold at entrance.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Chip pavement (a).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 26; Bruneau 1972, 261; Trümper 1998, 255.
 259

Cat. no.: De1T2: House II A (Maison du trident)

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1; between 256 and
257, fig. 40).
Topography: North-western part of insula II.
Time of excavation: 1894.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 286 r2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 256-257.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Twelve rooms.
Entrance room: Room h (north). Room a (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room d (4 x 4 columns), Rhodían.
Main room: Room k (and dining room), room on one side (1), east of the peristyle
(E5).
Other rooms: Dining room (i, j, k); shop (c).
Staircase: Internal, room g. Internal and separate, room h.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (a, b, d, e, f, j, k, 1). Masks of stucco. Figurative frieze
(d).
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (d, í, j, k). Opus vermiculatum (k). Chip pavement (e, f,
1, m). Upper storey? Mortar with tessera design.
Finds:
Religious: Lares Compitales? Niche without paintings.
Miscellaneous: Eastern portico: the columns at the corners decorated with lion and
bull protomes.
Literature: Couve 1895, 497-505; Chamonard 1922-1924, 27-29 and 139-152; Bru-
neau 1972, 261-268 and 302-303; Kreeb 1988, 238-241; Trümper 1998, 255-257.

Cat. no.: De1T3: House II B

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-W; Trümper 1998, plan 1; between 256 and
257, fig. 40).
Topography: South-western part of insula If.
Time of excavation: 1893 (room a-i).
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 670 r 2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Two houses joined. Later phase: Peristyle. REF: Tr ~mper 1998,
257-259.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Seventeen rooms.
Entrance room: Room a-b-j (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room k.
Main room: Room q, two rooms at the back (r, s), north of the peristyle (11).
Other rooms: Latrine (g); shop (c).
260

Staircase: Internal and separate, double threshold at entrance.

Upper storey: +.
Water supply: Two cisterns, two wells.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (b, k, q, t). Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (k, t). Chip pavement (a, b). Upper storey: Opus tessel-
latum.
Finds:
Sculpture, ΜΑ: 1.
Religious: Lares Compitales: Paintings on wall and in niche. REF: Bulard 1926a,
86-87.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922- 1924, 29-31; Bruneau 1972, 268-270; Trümper 1998,
257-259.

Cat. no.: De1T4: House II C

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-N; Trümper 1998, plan 1).
Topography: Insula Π, east of De1T3.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 326 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Peristyle? REF: Trümper 1998, 259-260.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Eighteen rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (north). Entrance on south side directly to the courtyard.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room r.
Peristyle: Room c (2 x 2 columns).
Main room: Room f, two rooms at the back (í, j), south of the peristyle (S1).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen? (d); latrine (b, o, s).
Staircase:-
Upper storey:?
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (e, f). .

Pavements: Chip pavement (c). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum (or from De1T6).
Finds:
Sculpture, ΜΑ: 7.
Miscellaneous: The house may have served as storage space for sculpture in its last
phase.
Literature: Mayence/Leroux 1907; Chamonard 1922-1924, 32; Bruneau 1972, 270;
Trümper 1998, 259-260.

Cat. no.: De1T5: House Π D

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1; 261, fig. 41).
Topography: South-eastern corner of insula II.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 183 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
 261

Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Peristyle. REF: Trümper 1998, 261-262.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Six rooms.
Entrance room: =. Entrance on the south side.
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room e (2 x2).
Main room: Room b, one room at the back (d), west of the courtyard, (W1*).
Other rooms: -
Staircase: Internal, room e. External to the right of the entrance door.
Upper storey: +
Water supply:
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds:
Religious: Lares Compitales: Ground-floor unit: Paintings on walls and altar. Up-
stairs unit: Paintings on walls and altar. REF: Bulard 1926a, 88-93; Bruneau 1970,
594.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 32; Bruneau 1972, 270; Trümper 1998, 261 262.
-

Cat. no.: DeΙT6: House Π E

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1; 330, fig. 62).
Topography: Eastern part of insula II, north of De1T5.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 360 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Porticoes. REF: Trümper 1998, 262-264.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Fourteen rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room b, three porticoes (eastern, southern and western sides).
Peristyle:
Main room: Room f, north of the courtyard, (117).
Other rooms: Bathroom (f, i); latrine (j).
Staircase: Internal, room k.
Upper storey: +
Water supply:
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (a, b, c, e, h, k, 1).
Pavements: Upper storey? Opus tessellatum (or from De1T4).
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 1 (base with inscription, ID 2372).
Religious: Lares Compitales? Altars without paintings.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 33-34; Bruneau 1972, 270; Trümper 1998,
262-264.
262

Cat. no.: De1T7: House II F

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1).
Topography: North-eastern corner of insu la II, north of De1T6.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 348 m2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Peristyle. REF: Trümper 1998, 264-265.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Eleven rooms.
Entrance room: Room c (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room a (3 x 3 columns).
Main room: Room 1, west of the peristyle (W7).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen? (d); latrine (f).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply:
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 1 (portrait).
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 34-36; Harward 1987, 174-175; Kreeb 1988,
241-242; Trümper 1998, 264-265.

Cat. no.: De1T8: House III A

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Trümper 1998, plan 2).
Topography: South-eastern corner of insula III.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 104 m2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 266.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Twelve rooms (including shops).
Entrance room: Room a (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room d.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room g, two rooms at the back (i, h), north of the courtyard (11).
Other rooms: Latrine (b); shops (5, 7, 9, 11).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
 263

Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1906, 575-576; Chamonard 1922-1924, 38; Trümper 1998,
266.

Cat. no.: De1T9: House III B

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Trümper 1998, plan 2; 266, figs. 42-43).
Topography: Southern part of insula III, west of De1T8.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 102 m2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 267.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Four rooms.
Entrance room: -. Entrance on the south side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room a. Pent-roof?
Peristyle:
Mann room: Room c, room on one side (d), north of the courtyard (14).
Other rooms: Latrine (b).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (c).
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 38; Trümper 1998, 267.

Cat. no.: De1T10: House III C

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Trümper 1998, plan 2; 268, fig. 44).
Topography: Southern part of insula III, west of DelT9.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 65 m2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 268.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Six rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room b. Pent-roof on north and south sides.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room d, two rooms at the back (e, f), east of the courtyard (E1).
Other rooms: Latrine (c).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: +. Access to well in De1T11?
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments.
264

Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 38; Trümper 1998, 267-268.

Cat. no.: De1T11: House ΠΙ D

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Trümper 1998, plan 2; 268, fig. 44).
Topography: Southern part of insula III, north of De1T10.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 114 r2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 269.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Five rooms.
Entrance room: + (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room a. Pent-roof on east side.
Peristyle: +
Main room: Room b, two rooms at the back (c, d), north of the courtyard (11).
Other rooms: -
Staircase: External, along the western wall.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 38; Trümper 1998, 269.

Cat. no.: De1T12: House 111 E

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pis. V-VI; Trümper 1998, plan 2).
Topography: Southern part of insula III, north of De1T11.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 132 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 270.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Seven rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (west). Second entrance on the west side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room c.
Peristyle: +
Main room: Room e, two rooms at the back (f, g), north of the courtyard (11).
Other rooms: Latrine (b).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
 265

Wall decoration: First Style (e). Upper storey: Fragments.

Pavements: Chip pavement (c).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 38; Bruneau 1972, 270; Trümper 1998, 269-270.

Cat. no.: De1T13: House III F

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. 1-NI; Trümper 1998, plan 2).
Topography: Southern part of insula III, east of Dell 12.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 135 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Room d. REF: Trümper 1998, 270-271.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Seven rooms.
Entrance room: Street ε and room a (south).
Atrium: +
Courtyard: Room c.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room e, two rooms at the back (f, g), north of the courtyard (11).
Other rooms: Latrine.
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply:
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (d).
Pavements: Chip pavement (d).
Finds:
Religious: Lares Compitales: Paintings on altars. REF: Bulard 1926a, 94-97.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 38; Bruneau 1972, 270; Trümper 1998, 270-271.

Cat. no.: De1T14: House III G

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Trümper 1998, plan 2).
Topography: Eastern part of insula III, north of De1T8.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 90 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Earlier structures beneath. REF: Trümper 1998, 271.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Six rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (east).
Atrium: +
Courtyard: Room b.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room c, two rooms at the back (d, e), south of the courtyard (S1).
Other rooms: Shop (19).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
266

Water supply: -. Access to cistern in De1T15?

Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Upper storey: Opus tessellatum.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 38-39; Bruneau 1972, 271; Trüm ρer 1998, 271.

Cat. no.: De1T15: House III H

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pis. V-VI; Trüm ρer 1998, plan 2).
Topography: Eastern part of insula III, north of De1T14.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 130 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Earlier structures beneath. REF: Triimper 1998, 272.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Four rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room b.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room c, room on one side (d), north of the courtyard (15).
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Upper storey: Opus tessellatum.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 39; Triimper 1998, 271-272.

Cat. no.: De1T16: House III I (Maison de Cléορ tre)

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Triimper 1998, plan 2; 272, fig. 45; 332, fig.
64).
Topography: In the middle of the southern part of insula III.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 405 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Two houses joined. Later phase: Peristyle. REF: Trtimper 1998,
273 -274.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Sixteen rooms.
Entrance room: Room, (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room í.
Peristyle: Room d (3 x 4 columns).
 267

Main room: Room f (and dining room), one room at the back (h) and one room on
the side (g), north of the peristyle (13).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen? (n/o); dining room (e, f); latrine (p).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (d, e, f).
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (e). Chip pavement (e, f, i, o, p). Mortar (central part of
peristyle). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum.
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 2 (portraits, base with inscription, ID 1987).
Sculpture, TC: 1.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 39-41; Bruneau 1972, 270-273; Kreeb 1984, 323;
Kreeb 1985b; Harvard 1987, 175-176; Kreeb 1988, 282-284; Trümper 1998,
273-274.

Cat. no.: De1T17: House III J

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Trümper 1998, plan 2; 272, fig. 45; 332, fig.
64).
Topography: Middle part of insula III, west of De1T16.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 228 m2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Porticoes. REF: Trümper 1998, 274-275.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Seven rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room e, three porticoes (northern, eastern and western sides).
Peristyle:
Main room: Room f, two rooms at the back (g, h), north of the courtyard (11).
Other rooms: Latrine (in room a); shop? (b)
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 41-42; Trümper 1998, 274-275.

Cat. no.: De1T18: House III K

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Trümper 1998, plan 2; 331, fig. 63).
Topography: Insu la III, south of De1T17.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 362 m2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

268

Date: -
Building history: REF: Triimper 1998, 275-276.
Orientation: N-51E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Eleven rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (east). Room k (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room f.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room d? g? j?
Other rooms: Latrine (in room a); shop (e).
Staircase: Internal and separate, room b.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (a, g, k). Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Chip pavement (f). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum. Mortar.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 42; Bruneau 1972, 271 and 274; Triimper 1998,
275-276.

Cat. no.: De1T19: House III L

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Triimper 1998, plan 2
Topography: South-western part of insula III.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section. Partly excavated.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientatíon: -
Ground plan: -
Entrance room: Room a (north).
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: -
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: First Style (f).
Pavements: Upper storey: Opus tessellatum.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 42.

Cat. no.: De1T20: House III M

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Triimper 1998, plan 2).
Topography: Western part of insu la III, west of De1T17.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
 269

State of preservation: Cf. general section.

Dimensions: 172 r2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: Two phases. REF: Trümper 1998, 277.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Seven rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room b.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room f, north of the courtyard (17).
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Upper storey: Opus tessellatum.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 42-43; Trümper 1998, 276-277.

Cat. no.: DelT21: House III N (Maison de foulon)

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Trümper 1998, plan 2; 277, fig. 46).
Topography: Middle part of insula III, north of De1T16 and De1T17.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 359 r 2.

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Portico. REF: Trümper 1998, 278-279.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Eleven rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (east). Room h/k (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room f, one portico (east side).
Peristyle:
Main room: Room í (and dining room), room on one side, south of the courtyard
(S5).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen (m); dining room (i); latrine; public baths? (e).
Staircase: External, along the north wall.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern (double).
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (í). Chip pavement (f, i, m).
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 1.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 43-45; Bruneau 1972, 274-277 and 279; Kreeb
1988, 290-291; Trümper 1998, 277-279.
270

Cat. no.: De1T22: House III O

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. 1-VI; Trümper 1998, plan 2).
Topography: Western part of insuki III, west of De1T21.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 110 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 279.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Six rooms.
Entrance room:
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room a (west). Pent-roof on the north side?
Peristyle:
Main room: Room d, two rooms at the back (e, f), east of the courtyard (El).
Other rooms: Latrine (b).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 45-46; Trümper 1998, 279.

Cat. no.: De1T23: House III P

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Trümper 1998, plan 2).
Topography: Insula ΠΙ, north of De1T22.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 134 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date:
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 280.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Six rooms
Entrance room: Room a (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room b.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room d, two rooms at the back (e, f), north of the courtyard (11).
Other rooms: Dining room, public? (c); latrine (in room a).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (c). Chip pavement (c).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: Room c with two openings towards the street.
 271

Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 46-47; Bruneau 1972, 278-279; Trümper 1998,

280.

Cat. no.: De1T24: House III Q

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Trümper 1998, plan 2).
Topography: Northern part of insula III, north of De1123.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section. .
Dimensions: 155 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 280-281.
Orientation: N-S/E-W.
Ground plan: Square, slightly irregular. Six rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room d.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room e (and dining room), north of the couryard (17).
Other rooms: Dining room (e); latrine (b).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (e). Chip pavement (c, d). Upper storey: Opus tessella-
tum.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 47-48; Bruneau 1972, 279-281 and 283; Kreeb
1988, 292; Trümper 1998, 280-281.

Cat. no.: De1T25: House III R-S

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Trümper 1998, plan 2; 282, fig, 47).
Topography: Northern part of insula III, west of De1124.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 269 m2 .
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Two houses joined. REF: Trümper 1998, 281-283.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Two houses joined. Twelve rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Two courtyards: House III R: Room c. House III S: Room b.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room d (House III S) (and dining room), two rooms at the back (e, f),
north of the courtyard (11).
Other rooms: Dining room (d); latrine?
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: Two cisterns, two wells.
272

Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (House III S: a, d). Upper storey: House III S: Frag-
ments.
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (House III S: d). Chip pavement (House III R: c;
House III S: d). Upper storey: House III R: Opus tessellatum.
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 3 (1 statue base for portrait?)
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 48; Bruneau 1972, 282-284; Kreeb 1984,
320-322; Harvard 1987, 176; Kreeb 1988, 293-295; Trümper 1998, 281-283.

Cat. no.: De1T26: House III T

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Trümper 1998, plan 2; 282, fig. 47).
Topography: Northern part of insula III, north of De1T24.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 206 r2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 284.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Eleven rooms.
Entrance room: Rue lle δ (north).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room a.
Peristyle: +
Main room: Room c, two rooms at the back (d, e), north of the courtyard (11); or
room h, one room at the front, south of the courtyard (S6).
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Míscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 48; Trümper 1998, 284.

Cat. no.: De1T27: House III U

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Trümper 1998, plan 2).
Topography: Northern part of insula III.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Five rooms (including shop 51).
Entrance room: Room a (east).
Atrium: +
Courtyard: Room c.
 273

Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: Shop (51).
Staircase: Internal, room a.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: Two cisterns.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
ΜisceΠaneουs: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 48-49.

Cat. no.: De1T28: House III X

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. V-VI; Triimper 1998, plan 2).
Topography: Northern part of insula III, north of De1T21.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Five rooms (including shop complex).
Entrance room: =. Entrance on the south side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room a.
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: Shop complex (35-41/a-b).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Drainage: -

Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 49.

Cat. no.: De1T29: House at the intersection of street 2 and alley ζ

Topography: Southern part of insula III, at the intersection of street 2 and alley ζ.
Date:
Description: Religious: Lares Compitales: Paintings on wall and altar. REF: Bulard
1926a, 98-110.
Literature: -

Cat. no.: De1Τ30: House IN A

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trumpet 1998, plan 1; 284, fig. 48).
Topography: Western part of insula IV.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
274

Dimensions: 133 m2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 285-286.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Twelve rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room b.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room g, two rooms at the back (h, í), north of the courtyard (11).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen? (c); shop (k, 1).
Staircase: Internal, room a.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (g). Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 50-51; Bruneau 1972, 285; Trümper 1998,
285-286.

Cat. no.: De1T31: House IV B

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pis. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1; 286, fig. 49).
Topography: Middle part of insula IV.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 246 m2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Peristyle? REF: Trümper 1998, 287-289.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular, trapezoidal forms. Eleven rooms.
Entrance room: Room h (north). Room a (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room c (2 x 2 columns).
Main room: Room i (and dining room), east of the peristyle (E7).
Other rooms: Bathroom (b'); dining room (e, g, i); kitchen? (j); latrine (b).
Staircase: Internal, room c.
Upper storey:+
Water supply: One cistern, two wells.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (c, e, g, h, í). Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (e, g). Chip pavement (c, e, g, i). Upper storey: Opus
tessellatum. Opus vermiculatum.
Finds:
Religious: Lares Compitales? Niche without paintings.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 51-52; Bruneau 1972, 285-289; Kreeb 1988,
247-248; Trümper 1998, 287-289.
 275

Cat. no.: De1T32: House IV C

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1).
Topography: Eastern part of insula IV.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Four rooms.
Entrance room: +. Entrance on the south side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room a.
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: Latrine? (b).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Chip pavement (a).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 52; Bruneau 1972, 289.

Cat. no.: De1T33: House VI A

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1; 290, fig. 50).
Topography: South-western corner of insula VI.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 151 m2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 291-292.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Twelve rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room c.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room g, three rooms at the back (h, i, í'), originally two, north of the
peristyle (11*).
Other rooms: Bathroom (f, i'); latrine (b); shop (10).
Staircase: Internal, room c?
Upper storey: ?
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (d, g, h).
Pavements: Chip pavement (a, b, c, d, i').
Finds:
Sculpture, TC: 1.
276

Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1906, 577-581; Chamonard 1922-1924, 53; Bruneau 1972,
289; Kreeb 1988, 249; Trümper 1998, 291-292.

Cat. no.: De1Τ34: House VI B

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-W; Trümper 1998, plan 1; 290, fig. 50).
Topography: Insula VI, east of De1T33.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 121 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Workshop in room g. REF: Triimper 1998, 292.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Six rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room d.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room f, north of the courtyard (17).
Other rooms: Latrine (b); workshop (g).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: -
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 1.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 53; Kreeb 1988, 249-250; Trümper 1998, 292.

Cat. no.: De1T35: House VI C

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-W; Trümper 1998, plan 1; 290, fig. 50).
Topography: Insula VI, east of De1Τ34.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 75 m2 .
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 293.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Six rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (south): combination of entrance room and courtyard.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room a, cf. entrance room.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room e, one room at the back (f), north of the courtyard (14).
Other rooms: Latrine (b).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply:
Drainage: +
 277

Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments.

Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 53; Trümper 1998, 293.

Cat. no.: De1T36: House VI D

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1; 290, fig. 50).
Topography: Insula VI, east of De1T35.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 85 m2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 293-294.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Four rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room b.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room c, one room at the back (d), north of the courtyard (14).
Other rooms: Latrine (in room a).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (c).
Pavements: -
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 1.
Religious: Lares Compitales? Paintings in room c on walls; niches and altar in room c
without paintings. REF: Bulard 1926a, 103-104.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 53; Kreeb 1984, 328; Kreeb 1988, 250-251;
Trümper 1998, 293-294.

Cat. no.: De1T37: House VI E

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1; 290, fig. 50).
Topography: Insula VI, east of De1T36.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 148 m2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 294-295.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Eight/nine rooms.
Entrance room: Room a? (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room b.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room h, one room at the back (í), north the courtyard (14).
278

Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen (e).

Staircase:
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (d). Upper storey: Fragments and figurative frieze.
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 53-54; Kreeb 251-252; Trümper 1998, 294-295.

Cat. no.: De1T38: House VI F

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1; 290, fig. 50).
Topography: South-eastern corner of insula VI.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 136 m2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 295-296.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Nine rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room c.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room g, two rooms at the back (h, i), north of the courtyard (11).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen? (b'); latrine (b).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: Two cisterns or one cistern and one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (d, e, g). Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Chip pavement (b, d, e).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 54-55; Bruneau 1972, 289; Trümper 1998,
295-296.

Cat. no.: De1T39: House VI G

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1).
Topography: Eastern part of insula VI, north of De1T38.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 122 m2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 297.
Orientation: N-S/E-W.
Ground plan: Square, minor irregularities. Nine roóms.
Entrance room: Room a (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room d.
 279

Peristyle:
Main room: Room g, one room at the back (i) and one room on the side (h), north of
the courtyard (13).
Other rooms: Latrine (b).
Staircase: Internal and separate, room a.
Upper storey: +
Water supply::. Numerous remains of lead pipes found in the courtyard.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (g). Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Upper storey: Opus tessellatum.
Finds:
Religious: Lares Compitales: Paintings on wall and altars; niche without paintings.
REF: Bulard 1926 α, 105 -107; Bruneau 1970, 595.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 55-56; Trümper 1998, 297.

Cat. no.: De1T40: House VI H

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1; 298, fig. 51).
Topography: Middle part of insula VI, west of De1T39.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 295 r 2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Peristyle? REF: Trümper 1998, 298-300.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular, minor irregularities. Main unit: Thirteen rooms. Second-
ary unit: Five rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (south), shared by the two units.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Secondary unit: Room n.
Peristyle: Main unit: Room d (3 x 3 pillars).
Main room: Main unit: Room j, room on one side (k), north of the peristyle (15).
Secondary unit: Room r, one room at the back (s), west of the courtyard (W4).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen (c?, o); latrine (b), shared by the two units.
Staircase: Internal and separate, room a. Second staircase, internal, room a?
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (a, g, j, 1, p, r). Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Chip pavement (a).
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 1.
Religious: Lares Compitales: Paintings on wall and altar. REF: Bulard 1926 α,
108-110.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 56-58; Bruneau 1972, 289; Trümper 1998,
298-300.

Cat. no.: De1T41: House VI I (Maison du Dionysos)

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1; 333, fig. 65).
Topography: Western part of insula VI, north of De1T33.
Time of excavation: 1904.
280

State of preservation: Cf. general section.

Dimensions: 451 r2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Peristyle? REF: Triimper 1998, 301-303.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Twelve rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (west). Room b (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room c (4 x 3 columns).
Main room: Room f, north of the peristyle (17).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen? (g, m); latrine? (m).
Staircase: Internal and separate, room n.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (a, c, d, h, i, j, k, 1). Upper storey: Fragments and figura-
tive frieze.
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (c).Opus vermiculatum (c). Chip pavement (n). Upper
storey: Opus tessellatum. Opus vermiculatum. Chip pavement.
Finds:
Sculpture, MA: 7 (1 portrait).
Religious: Apotropaion. Lares Compitales: Paintings on wall. REF: Bulard 1926a,
111.
Miscellaneous: The house may have functioned as storage space for sculpture in its
last phase.
Literature: Chamonard 1906, 486-562; Chamonard 1922-1924, 58-59; Bruneau 1972,
289-295; Kreeb 1984, 322 and 332-336; Harvard 1987, 171-174; Kreeb 1988,
253-261; Triimper 1998, 301-303.

Cat. no.: De1T42: House VI J

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1; 305, fig. 52).
Topography: Eastern part of insula VI, north of De1T39.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 149 r2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: REF: Triimper 1998, 303-304.
Orientation: N-S/E-W.
Ground plan: Square. Nine rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room d, on portico? (south side).
Peristyle:
Main room: Room f, two rooms at the back (g, h), north of the courtyard (11).
Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen? (c); latrine (b).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: + (ashlars)
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (d, e, f, g, h).
 281

Pavements: Chip pavement (d).

Finds:
Religious: Lares Compitales? Niche without paintings.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 59-60; Bruneau 1972, 295; Triimper 1998,
303-304.

Cat. no.: De1T43: House VI K

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1; 305, fig. 53).
Topography: North-western part of insula VI, north of De1T41.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 53 m2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Buildíng history: REF: Trümper 1998, 306.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Five rooms.
Entrance room: =. Entrance on west side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room a.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room d, room on one side (e), east of the courtyard (E5).
Other rooms: Latrine (in room a).
Staircase: -
Upper storey:? (Downpipe and beam holes)
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: )
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds:
Sculpture, TC: 1.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1906, 582-584; Chamonard 1922-1924, 60; Kreeb 1988, 261;
Trümper 1998, 306.

Cat. no.: De1T44: House VI L

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1; 308, fig. 54).
Topography: North-western part of insula VI, east of De1T43.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 145 m2 .

Building technique and material: cf. general section.

Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Portico? REF: Trümper 1998, 307.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Seven rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room b, one portico (western side).
Peristyle:
Main room: Room f, east of the courtyard (E7).
Other rooms: Latrine? (c).
282

Staircase: -
Upper storey:? (Downpipe)
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (d).
Pavements: Chip pavement (c).
Finds:
Sculpture, ΜΑ: 2 (bases).
Miscellaneous: The house may have functioned as storage space for sculpture in its
final phase.
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 60-61; Bruneau 1972, 295; Kreeb 1988, 262;
Trümper 1998, 306-307.

Cat. no.: De1T45: House VI M

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1; 308, fig. 54).
Topography: North-western corner of insula VI.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 159 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 309-310.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Ten rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (north). Room f (north).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room c.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room h, one room at the front (g), east of the courtyard (E6).
Other rooms: Dining room (d, i); latrine (in entrance room f); shop (j).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (d, í). Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (d, i). Pebble mosaic (d, i).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1906, 584-585; Chamonard 1922-1924, 61-62; Bruneau 1972,
295-301; Trümper 1998, 308-310.

Cat. no.: De1T46: House VI N

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1; 310, fig. 55).
Topography: Northern part of insula VI, east of De1N45.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 279 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date:
Building history: Later phase: Porticoes. REF: Trümper 1998, 311.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Nine rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (north).
 283

Atrium:
Courtyard: Room d, porticoes on two/three sides.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room i north of the courtyard (17).
,

Other rooms: Bathroom/kitchen? (b/c, g); latrine? (b).

Staircase: Internal, room e.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Chip pavement (d). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum.
Finds:
Sculpture, ΜΑ: 1.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 63; Bruneau 1972, 301; Kreeb 1988, 263; Trüm-
per 1998, 311-312.

Cat. no.: De1T47: House VI O

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1).
Topography: North-eastern corner of iusula VI.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 162 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Peristyle. REF: Trümper 1998, 312-313.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Five rooms.
Entrance room: Room c (north). Room a (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room b (2 x 2 columns).
Main room: Room d, north of the peristyle (17).
Other rooms: Latrine? (c).
Staircase: Internal and separate, room a.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (a, b, d). Upper storey: Fragments and figurative frieze.
Pavements: Chip pavement (b).
Finds:
Sculpture, ΜΑ: 2.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922-1924, 63-66; Bruneau 1972, 301; Kreeb 1984, 336 - 337;
Kreeb 1988, 263-265; Trümper 1998, 312-313.

Cat. no.: De1T48: House VIII A

(Plan: Chamonard 1922-1924, pls. III-IV; Trümper 1998, plan 1).
Topography: Insula VIII.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section. Partly excavated.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: > 152 m2 .
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
284

Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 313.
Orientation: -
Ground plan: Irregular. >_ seven rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room b.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room c, two rooms at the back (d, e), east of the courtyard (El).
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: Two cisterns and one well or three wells.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Chip pavement (a, b).
Finds:
Sculpture, MΑ:5
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chamonard 1922 1924, 66; Bruneau 1972, 301; Kreeb 1988, 272-274;
-

Trümper 1998, 313.

Cat. no.: DeΙT49: House north-east of insula II

Topography: North-east of insula II.
Date: -
Description: Religious: Lares Compitales: Paintings on walls and altar. REF: Bulard
1926α, 112 -114.
Literature: -

Cat. no.: De1T50: House opposite De1T6 (House Π E)

Topography: Opposite De1T6.
Date: -
Description: Religious: Lares Compitales: Paintings on wall. REF: Bulard 1926 α,
115-116.
Literature: -

THE AREA OF THE SANCTUARY OF APHRODITE

Cat. no.: DelAl: The western house

(Plan: Daux 1959, 784, fig. 1; Trümper 1998, 314, fig. 56).
Topography: Western part of the insula.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 88 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 315.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Seven rooms.
Entrance room: Room a'(west).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room a. Pent-roof on west side.
Peristyle:
 285

Main room: Room d, two rooms at the back (e, f), north of the courtyard (11).
Other rooms: Bathroom (c); latrine (b).
Staircase: Internal, room a.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: First Style (d).
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Daux 1959; Marcadé 1969, 164-165 and 399 - 405; Trümper 1998,
314-315.

Cat. no.: De1A2: The eastern house

(Plan: Daux 1959, 784, fig. 1; Trümper 1998, 314, fig. 56).
Topography: East of DelAl.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 140 m2 .
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 315.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Seven rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room c. Pent-roof on south side?
Peristyle:
Main room: Room e, two rooms at the back (f, g), north of the courtyard (11).
Other rooms: Latrine (b).
Staircase: Internal, room a.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage • +
Wall decoration: First Style (e).
Pavements: Chip pavement (c).
Finds:
Religious: Lares Compitales? Niche without paintings.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Daux 1959; Trümper 1998, 315.

THE SOUTHERN ZONE

Cat. no.: De1S1: Magasin δ, groupe ε, room XIII-XVII

(Plan: Jardé 1906, pl. XIΙ; Trümper 1998, 316, fig. 58).
Topography: North of Magasin à la baignoire.
Time of excavation: 1904.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 115 r2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Later phase: A shop converted into a bathroom. REF: Trümper
1998, 316.
286

Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Six rooms.
Entrance room: + (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room XIII.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room XIV, two rooms at the back (XV, XVI), north of the courtyard
(11).
Other rooms: Bathroom (XV ΙΙ).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds:
Sculpture, ΜΑ: 1 (base, ID 2371).
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Jardé 1906, 661-662; Bulard 1926a, 164; Trümper 1998, 316.

Cat. no.: De1S2: Maison de Fourni

(Plan: Le Roy 1985, fig. 1; Trümper 1998, between 316 and 317, fig. 59).
Topography: East of the Bay of Fourni.
Time of excavation: 1916, 1935-1936, 1959-1961.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: C. 700 m2 .
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: REF: Trümper 1998, 317.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Two units. Main unit: >_ eleven rooms.
Entrance room: Main unit: Room a (west). Secondary unit: + (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: Main unit: Room j.
Main room: Main unit: Room h/AB (and dining room?), east of the peristyle (E7).
Other rooms: Main unit: Bathroom/kitchen? (e); dining room (h/AB?, f/AN); latrine
(c). Secondary unit: Latrine.
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: -
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Main unit: First Style (a, e).
Pavements: Main unit: Opus tessellatum (h/AB, f/AN). Opus vermiculatum (h/AB,
f/AN). Chip pavement (f/AN, c/AL). Mortar with tessera design (AC, AH). Upper
storey: Opus tessellatum. Mortar.
Finds:
Sculpture: ΜΑ: Main unit: 13
Religious: Apotropaia. Lares Compitales: Paintings in room a. REF: Bruneau 1970,
590 and 592.
Miscellaneous: Main unit: Niche on the east side of room h/AB. .
Literature: Lemerle 1935, 299-300; Lemerle 1936, 483; Daux 1961, 911-917; Daux
 287

1962, 968-969; Bruneau 1970, 633; Bruneau 1972, 305-316; Ducrey/Ducrey 1973;
Marcadé 1973; Le Roy 1985; Triimper 1998, 317-318.

CARTHAGE
`HANNIBAL QUARTER'

General section:
Topography: Byrsa hill, south slope, sector Α of the French archaeological mission.
Five insulae (A-E) and five streets (I-V).
(Plan: Fig. 3; Lancel 1981, 177, figs. ha-1d; Lancel 1995, 149, fig. 75).
Time of excavation: 1947, 1952-1959 and 1974-1980 (French archaeological mission,
UNESCO).
State of preservation: Height of walls ranges from floor level up to three metres.
Building technique and material: Outer walls in dressed blocks of sandstone. Face of
outer walls provided with a packing of rubble coated with a waterproof layer. Parti-
tion walls between the houses often in opus africanum. Inner walls mostly in mud-
brick on stone socles. 10 Reused material in insulae B and D.
Date: Laid out at the very beginning of the 2nd century BC and destroyed in 146
BC.
Building history: First phase: The very beginning of the 2nd century BC. Second and
third phase: No absolute chronology. Fourth phase: No earlier than the end of the
first quarter of the 2nd century BC.
Cat. no.: CarHi: House Al
(Plan: Fig. 3).
Topography: Westernmost part of insula A.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section. The Roman structures have almost com-
pletely destroyed the Punic insula. The south and west corners are preserved, and
the south-eastern side towards street I is partly known. The north-western longitudi-
nal side is no longer visible. Room distribution is only partly visible in the south-
west.
Dimensions: C. 15 m x 10 m (EEC).
Building technique and material: Cf. general section
Date: The very beginning of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: NW-SE.
Ground plan: Rectangular (EEC).
Entrance room: -
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +

ο
Lancel et al. 1980, 19-20; Thníltier in Byrsa 11 1982, 61-64.
ιι
Lancel 1981, 176; Lancel in Byrsa 11 1982, 368-370 and 372; Lancel/Morel 1992, 49; Lancel
1995, 160-161.
288

Water supply: Two cisterns.

Drainage: -

Wall decoration; -
Pavements: -
Finds:
Sculpture, TC:
1. Fragment of an enthroned male statuette, head not preserved, raised right hand,
identified as Baal. FS: Coordinate Β-8. REF: Ferron/Pinard 1955, 59, N° 92, pl. LVI.
2. Fragment of headgear (plume or palm leaf?). FS: Coordinate Β-8. REF: Ferron/Pi-
nard 1955, 59, N° 93, pl. LVIII.
3. Fragment of volute. FS: Coordinate Β-8. REF: Ferron/Pinard 1955, 59, N° 95, pl.
LVIII.
4. Fragment of standing statuette, head not preserved. FS: Coordinate Β-8. REF:
Ferron/Pinard 1955, 60, N° 96, pl. LIX.
5. Woman's head. Coordinate B-7 or B-8. REF: Ferron/Pinard 1955, 60, N° 97, pl.
LIX.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Picard, C. 1951-1952; Ferron/Pinard 1955, 57-60.

Cat. no.: CarH2: House Bla

(Plan: Fig. 3).
Topography: Northern part of insula B.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: WI c. 5 m.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: No earlier than the end of the first quarter of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: NW-SE.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Three rooms.
Entrance room: Room a• (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey:?
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar (a•, b·).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Ferron/Pinard 1960-1961, 96; Lancel 1981, 180-182.

Cat. no.: CarH3: House B2a

(Plan: Fig. 3).
Topography: Western part of insu la B.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section. The communication between room c and
the outside area is unknown.
Dimensions: WI c. 5 m.
 289

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: No earlier than the end of the first quarter of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: NW-SE.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Three rooms.
Entrance room: Room a• (west). Two entrances to room b..
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: ?
Water supply: Two cisterns.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar (a•, b., c•).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: Fragment of bathtub.
Literature: Ferron/Pinard 1955, 74 and 78-81; Ferron/Pinard 1960-1961; Lancel
1981, 180-182.

Cat. no.: CarH4: House Cla

(Plan: Fig. 3).
Topography: Western part of insula C.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section. The communication between room b• and
street I and II is unknown.
Dimensions: C. 10 m x 10 m (including the shop in the southern corner).
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: The very beginning of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: NW-SE.
Ground plan: L-shaped. Four rooms.
Entrance room: Room a• (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle:
Main room: Room d•?
Other rooms: -
Staircase: External, along the north-western side of the insula.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: Two cisterns.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (d•). Mortar (a•, b., c•).
Finds:
Sculpture, TC:
1. Woman's head with diadem. FS: Coordinate F-5 on the floor. REF: Ferron/Pinard
1960-1961, 158, N°493, pl. LXXXVI.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Ferron/Pinard 1960-1961, 97-98 and 158; Lancel in Byrsa 1 1979, 77-81;
290

Lancel/Thuillier in Byrsa I 1979, 193 - 195; Lancel 1981; Thuillier in Byrsa 11 1982, 79;
Lancel/Morel 1992.

Cat. no.: Car Η5: House Cib

(Plan: Fig. 3).
Topography: Western part of insula C.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: C. 10 m x 5 m.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: The very beginning of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: NE-SW.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Five rooms.
Entrance room: Room a• (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: External, along the north-western side of the insula.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Large amount of architectural stucco fragments.
Pavements: Opus fig [mum (a•). Mortar (b•, c•, e.). Upper storey: Mortar.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: Doric capital of half column, sandstone, stuccoed. REF: Lancel/
Thuillier in Byrsa 1 1979, 196, fig. 12 and 197, fig. 13.
Literature: Lancel/Thníllier in Byrsa 1 1979, 193 - 195; Lancel 1981; Thuillier in Byrsa
11 1982, 79; Lancel/Morel 1992.

Cat. no.: CarΗ6: House C2

(Plan: Fig. 3).
Topography: Middle part of insula C. East of CarH4 and Car Η5.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section. The communication between room b and
street III is unknown. Internal layout partly unknown due to Roman destruction.
Dimensions: C. 15 m x 5 m.
Building technique and material: Cf. general sectio n
Date: The very beginning of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: NW-SE.
Ground plan: Rectangular.
Entrance room: Room a• (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room e· (EEC).
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms:
Staircase: External, along the north-western side of the insula.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern.
 291

Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Opus fig/mum (a•). Mortar (d•, f•).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Ferr οn/Pinard 1960-1961, 97; Lancel in Byrsa I 1979, 76-77 and 81-94;
Lancel/Morel 1992.

Cat. no.: CarH7: House C3

(Plan: Fig. 3).
Topography: Middle part of insula C. East of CarM6.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section. Internal layout partly unknown due to Ro-
man destruction.
Dimensions: C. 15 m x 5 m.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: The very beginning of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: NW-SE.
Ground plan: Rectangular.
Entrance room: Room a• (south). Two entrances to room b•.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room c• (EEC).
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: External, along the north-western side of the insula.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: Two cisterns.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar (b•, c•). Mortar with tessera design (a·).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Ferron/Pinard 1960-1961, 97-98: Lancel in Byrsa 11 1982, 49; Thuillier in
Byrsa 11 1982, 78 and 83; Lancel/Morel 1992.

Cat. no.: CarH8: House C4 (Maison à la colonne stuquée)

(Plan: Fig. 3; Byrsa 11 1982, between 60 and 61, fig. 72; 373, fig. 605; Lancel 1995,
165, fig. 86).
Topography: Insula C. East of Car Η7.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section. The communication between room I and
street III is unknown.
Dimensions: 15.65 m x 5.20 m.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: The very beginning of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: First phase: Courtyard with portico. Later phase: Portico closed.
Instead three rooms in this zone (E, F, G).
Orientation: NW-SE.
Ground plan: Rectangular. > six rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (south).
Atrium:
292

Courtyard: Room H.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room I, south-east of the courtyard.
Other rooms: Bathroom (G); storerooms north of the courtyard towards street I.
Staircase: External, along the north-west side.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (G, I). Opus figlinum (G). Mortar (a•, E, F, H).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Ferron/Pínard 1960-1961, 96-97; Lancel/Thiiillier in Byrsa I 1979,
228-232; Lancel et al 1980, 16-17; Thuillier in Byrsa 11 1982, 61-84; Thuillier 1986;
Lancel/Morel 1992, 50.

Cat. no.: CarH9: House C5a

(Plan: Fig. 3; Byrsa 11 1982, between 60 and 61, fig. 72).
Topography: East of CarH8.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section. Because of the Roman destructions, the
room distribution is not clear. Northern corner, north-eastern and north-western
sides are unknown.
Dimensions: C. 7.5 m x 5 m (EEC).
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Built at the very beginning of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: NW-SE.
Ground plan: Rectangular (EEC).
Entrance room: -
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Maín room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: External, along the north-western side of the insula.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar (a•).
Finds: -
Míscellaneous: -
Literature: Thuillíer in Byrsa 11 1982, 78-79; Lancel/Morel 1992.

Cat. no.: CarH10: House C5b

(Plan: Fig. 3; Byrsa 11 1982, between 60 and 61, fig. 72).
Topography: East of CarH8.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: C. 7.5 m x 5 m (EEC).
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: The very beginning of the 2nd century BC.
 293

Building history: Later phase: Room ß and y created by dividing one large area into
two smaller ones.
Orientation: NW-SE.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Three rooms.
Entrance room: Room a (south). Entrance to room ß.
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: External, along the north-western side of the insula.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Fragments of opus figlinum (β). Mortar (a, β, y).

Finds: -
Míscellaneous: -
Literature: Lancel/Thuillier in Byrsa 1 1979, 232-235; Thuillier in Byrsa 11 1982,
74-80; Lancel/Morel 1992.

Cat. no.: CarHll: House Dla

(Plan: Fig. 3).
Topography: Insula D.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section. Partly excavated.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: C. 10 r x 7.5 m (EEC), including the mill situated in the corner of the
insula.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: No earlier than the end of the first quarter of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: NE-SW.
Ground plan: L-shaped (EEC).
Entrance room: Room a• (east).
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Maín room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey:?
Water supply: -
Drainage• +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar (a•, b•).
Finds: -
Míscellaneous: -
Literature: Lancel/Thuillier in Byrsa 1 1979, 210-225; Lancel 1981, 183-185; Lancel
in Byrsa 11 1982, 85-103; Thuillier 1986.

Cat. no.: CarΗ12: House D2

(Plan: Fig. 3).
Topography: Insula D, south of CarH11.
294

Time of excavation: Cf. general section. Partly excavated.

State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: C. 10 m x 7.5 m (EEC).
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: No earlier than the end of the first quarter of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: NE-SW.
Ground plan: Rectangular (EEC).
Entrance room: Room a• (east).
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Maín room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: ?
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Opus figlinum (a•). Mortar (a•, b·).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Lancel 1981, 183-185.

Cat. no.: CarH13: House E1

(Plan: Fig. 3; Byrsa 11 1982, between 106 and 107, fig. 123).
Topography: Westernmost part ~f insula E.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section. Partly excavated.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: C. 15 x 10 m (EEC).
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Built at the very beginning of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: First phase: Courtyard with porticus triplex. Later phase: Porticus
triplex in the courtyard closed.
Orientation: NW-SE.
Ground plan: Rectangular (EEC). > six rooms.
Entrance room: Room B (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room E.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room F, south-east of the courtyard.
Other rooms: Bathroom (G); workshop (A-A').
Staircase: Internal, room B next to the room G?
Upper storey: +
Water supply: Two cisterns.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Upper storey: Fragments.
Pavements: Opus figlinum (G). Mortar (A, A', B, C, D). Mortar with tessera design
(E). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum. Opus figlinum. Mortar.
Finds:
Sculpture, TC:
1. Fragment of sphinx, probably from an enthroned statuette of Baal. FS: Courtyard.
REF: Byrsa 11 1982, 130, N° Α.175.57 and 129, fig. 163b.
 295

Small head of ram. FS: Courtyard. REF: Byrsa 11 1982, 130,10 Α.175.59 and 129,
fig. 163d.
Fragments of nude male statuette. FS: Room F. REF: Byrsa II 1982, 131, N°
Α.177.16 and 132, fig. 167e.
Woman's head. FS: Room F. REF: Byrsa 11 1982, 131, N° Α.177.17 and 132, fig.
167f.
Woman's head. FS: Room C, from upper storey. REF: Byrsa 11 1982, 139, N°
Α.179.58 and 138, figs. 174e and 174f; Lancel 1995, 349, fig. 222.
Foot from statuette (?). FS: Room C, from upper storey. REF: Byrsa 11 1982, 139,
N° 179.52 and 138, fig. 174c.
Religious: Fragment of censer in the shape of a Demeter head, TC. FS: Courtyard.
REF: Byrsa 11 1982, 130, N° Α.175.58 and 129, fig. 163c.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Lancel/Thuillier in Byrsa 1 1979, 67-75; Lance' 1981; Lance! in Byrsa II
1982, 105-141; Lance! et al. 1980, 17-18; Thnillier 1986.

'MAGO QUARTER'
General section:
Topography: Carthage-Hannibal, coastal plain. The excavation area is bordered by
Avenue de la République to the north, the coastline to the east, Rue Dag Hammersk-
jöld to the south and Rue Septime Sévère to the west. One insula, two possible insu-
lae and two streets, city wall.
(Plan: Fig. 4; Rakob 1989, between 182 and 183, fig. 7; Karthago 11991, 173, fig. 35;
Karthago 11991, plan 26-29)
Time of excavation: 1974-1980 (the German archaeological mission, UNESCO). All
houses partially excavated.
State of preservation: Generally very poor. Often dismantled right down to floor lev-
el
Building technique and materials: Outer walls and partition walls between the hous-
es of blocks of sandstone and El-Haouaría limestone bound with clay. 12 The outside
face of the outer walls provided with a packing of rubble bound with clay. Inner
walls: Foundations in sandstone bound with clay, the rest in opus africanum, usually
made of El-Haouaría sandstone. The large quantity of secondarily burnt mudbricks
found in the destruction layer provides evidence for walls of this material as well. 13
Date: The quarter was laid out around the middle or in the second half of the 5th
century BC and destroyed in 146 BC.
Building history. Three main phases: First phase: Mid-5th century BC — mid-3rd cen-
tury BC. Second phase: Second half of the 3rd century BC. Third phase C. 200-146
BC.
Cat. no.: CarMi: House I (Ια, lb, Ic)
(Plan: Fig. 4).
Topography: Western area of the insula.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: L House Ic: C. 15.85 m.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

'Z The El-Haouaria stone is both described as a sandy limestone and as a calcareous sandstone
(Karthago 11991,5: "Sandiger Kalkstein "; Karthago 11991,211: "E1-H.-Ka Ιksandstein").
Stanzi in Karthago I 1991, 211.
296

Date: Originally three separate houses: 6th century/first half of 5th century BC:
House Ic. Second half of 5th century BC: House Ia and lb.
Building history: Mid-3rd century BC — mid-2nd century BC: Amalgamation of the
three houses. No absolute chronology of the different phases exists. REF: Wiblé in
Karthago 11991, 133
Orientation: NE-SW.
Ground plan: Rectangular (EEC). Room P 1- Ρ 26. No evidence for the belonging of
room P 1, P 3-P 6, P 12, P 14-Ρ 15 and P 21-P 26 to the house in its last phase. >_
eleven rooms.
Entrance room: -
Atrium:
Courtyard: Two or three courtyards: Room P 9, porticus triplex: pillars on the eastern
(4), southern (3) and western sides (4) — the number of pillars are reconstructed.
Room P 18, porticus triplex: two deep porticoes (P 16 and P 19) and one narrow (P
17). Room P 1?
Peristyle:)
Main room: Room P 13?
Other rooms: Storeroom (P 25).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: Eight cisterns, three wells.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Opus figlinum (P 7). Chip pavement ( Ρ 9). Mortar (P 1, P 2, P 3, P 5, P
6, P7, Ρ 8, P9, Ρ ii, P13, Ρ 18, Ρ 21, Ρ 23, Ρ 24 -Ρ 24a -Ρ 24b, Ρ 26).
Finds:
Sculpture, TC:
1. A group of male and female idol, comedy scene? FS: Coordinate B/l, Punic de-
struction layer. REF: Kraus in Karthago 11991, 257, pl. 67.a.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Wiblé in Karthago 11991, 93-111.

Cat. no.: CarM2: House II

(Plan: Fig. 4).
Topography: Western area of the insula, north of CarMl.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: L 25-30 m (EEC). WI 23 m.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: The second half of the 5th century BC.
Building history: REF: Stanzi in Karthago 11991, between 92 and 93; Teschauer in
Karthago 1 1991, 187.
Orientation: NW-SE.
Ground plan: Rectangular (EEC). Room P 50-P 59. >_ ten rooms.
Entrance room: -
Atrium: -
Courtyards: Room P 54? Room P55?
Peristyle: -
Maín room: -
Other rooms: Bathroom? (P 52)
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: Two cisterns.
 297

Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (P 59). Mortar (P 51, P 52, P 53, P 54, P 55, P 56, P 57,
Ρ 58).
Finds: -
Miscellaneοus: -
Literature: St an zi in Karthago I 1991, 9-11; Teschauer in Karthago I 1991, 136-151.

Cat. no.: CarM3: House III

(Plan: Fig. 4).
Topography: North-western corner of the insula.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 24 m x 10-20 m (REC).
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Around the middle or in second half of the 5th century BC.
Building history: REF: Teschauer in Karthago 11991, 187.
Orientation: NE-SW.
Ground plan: Rectangular (EEC). Room P 90-P 93. >_ four rooms.
Entrance room: -
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: ?
Water supply: Three cisterns.
Drainage • -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (P 90?). Mortar (P 91). Upper storey? Opus tessella-
tum.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Teschauer in Karthago I 1991, 151-152; Rakob 1989, 177-180.

Cat. no.: CarM4: House IV (IVa, IVb)

(Plan: Fig. 4).
Topography: Northern part of the insula, north of Carm2 and CarM6. East of
CarΜ3.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 26.5-27 m x 24 m (EEC). 250 m 2 have been unearthed.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Originally two separate houses. Second half of the 5th century BC: House IVa.
First half of the 4th century BC: House IVb.
Building phases: End of the 3rd century/first quarter of the 2nd century: Amalgama-
tion of the two houses. REF: Teschauer in Karthago I 1991, 187-188.
Orientation: NW-SE.
Ground plan: Rectangular (EEC). Room P 70-P 81. Two parts: Western part: Room
Ρ 70 -P 74; eastern part: Room P 75-P 81. Presumably the western part served as a
service area. >_ twelve rooms.
Entrance room: Room P 73? (north). Room P 81? (north).
298

Atrium:
Courtyard: Two courtyards: Room P 72. Room P 75, porticus triplex: traces of square
bases on the northern (3), southern (3) and western (4) sides.
Main room: Room P 78, east of the courtyard.
Other rooms: Bathroom (P 79).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: Four cisterns, three wells.
Drainage • -
Wall decoration: Fragments of the First Style not in situ. FS: House IVb, deposit.
REF: Laidlaw, A. in Karthago 11 1997, Nos. 5-7 and Nos. 28-30; 228.
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (P 75, P 80). Opus fig/mum (P 79). Mortar (P 72, P 73,
P 78).
Finds:
Sculpture, TC:
1. Left shoulder of enthroned male (Baal). FS: Coordinate G/2, filling beneath early
Roman pavement of room R 33. REF: Kraus in Karthago 1 1991, 257, pl. 67.b.
Miscellaneous: Fragments of Doric columns and capitals.
Literature: Teschauer in Karthago 1 1991, 152-159.

Cat. no.: CarΜ5: House V

(Plan: Fig. 4; Karthago 1 1991, 173, fig. 35).
Topography: Northern part of the insula, north of CarM6 and east of CarM4.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: >_ 24.5 m x 19 m (REC).
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: The end of the 3rd/beginning of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: REF: Teschauer in Karthago 1 1991, 188-189.
Orientation: -
Ground plan: Rectangular (EEC). Room P 100-P 104. >_ four rooms.
Entrance room: Room P 100 (north).
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Maín room: -
Other rooms: -
Staírcase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: Five/four cisterns,'
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar (P 100, P 101, P 103).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Teschauer in Karthago 1 1991, 159-162.

Cat. no.: CarΜ6: House VI (lIa, VIb, corridor/street)

(Plan: Fig. 4).
Topography: East of Car Μ2 and south of CárM4, CarIS and CarM9.

The number depends on the reconstruction of the boundary between Car Μ5 and CarM9.
 299

Time of excavation: Cf. general section.

State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 48 m x 30 m (EEC).
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Consisting of three parts: First half /beginning of the second half of the 4th
BC: VIa. Second half of the 4th century BC: V Ιb and corridor/street.
Building history: First phase: V Ιa.
Second phase: Second half of the 4th century BC: VIa: Extensions to the south and
building of storerooms to the west (V Ιb). First half of the 3rd century BC: The corri-
dor incorporated in the house.
Third phase: Second half of the 3rd century BC: Extension to the east and corridor
extended.
Fourth phase: First quarter of the 2nd century BC: Extensions to the east. REF:
Stanzl in Karthago I 1991, between 92 and 93.
Orientation: NW-SE.
Ground plan: Rectangular (EEC). Upper part (VIa), room]? 37-P 48; lower part
(VΙb), room P 31-P 36; corridor/street, room P 30-P 30a-P 49-P 49 α. >_ twenty
rooms.
Entrance room: Room P 30-P 30a-P 49-P 49 α (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room P 40, two/three porticoes.
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: Bathroom (P41); storeroom (P 31-P 36).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: +
Water supply: Five cisterns, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Fragments of First Style not in situ. FS: Room P 30-P 30a, western
part of room P 30, filling from room P31, P 32 and P 41a, south-west corner of the
house unit. REF: Laídlaw, A. in Karthago 11 1997, Nos. 1-4 and Nos. 8-27; 228; pls.
129, 132, 133, 134a-c, 135b-f, 137b-c and pls. I, II, III.1.
Pavements: Opus fig/mum (P 30-P 30α-P 49-P 49a-P 49b, P 40, P 41). Mortar (P 31,
P 32, P 33, P34, P 35, P 39, P 42, P 45). Upper storey: Opus tessellatum.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Stanzl in Karthago 11991, 12-40.

Cat. no.: CarM7: House VII (VΙΙα, VIΙb)

(Plan: Fig. 4).
Topography: East of CarMl and south of CarM6.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: First half of the 4th century BC: House V ΙΙα. Second half of the 4th century
BC: House VΙΙb.
Building history: First half of the 3rd century BC: Amalgamation of Vila and V ΙIb.
REF: Stanzl in Karthago 1 1991, between 92 and 93.
Orientation: NW-SE.
Ground plan: Only the northern outer wall is intelligible. Rectangular (EEC).
Entrance room: -
Atrium: -
300

Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: Two cisterns.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: St an zt in Karthago I 1991, 34.

Cat. no.: CarΜ8: House VIII

(Plan: Fig. 4; Karthago 1 1991, 173, fig. 35).
Topography: North-eastern corner of the insula, north of CarM9 and east of Car1 ν15.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: L 13 m (REC). WI 12 m.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: First to second quarter of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: REF: Teschauer in Karthago 1 1991, 189.
Orientation: -
Ground plan: Square (REC). Room]? 110-P 118. Nine rooms.
Entrance room: Room P 118? (east).
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Main room: Room P 115?
Other rooms: Kitchen/workroom (P 111).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar (P 115).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Teschauer in Karthago 1 1991, 162-165.
Cat. no.: CarM9: House IX
(Plan: Fig. 4; Karthago 1 1991, 173, fig. 35).
Topography: North-eastern part of the insula, east of Carli" and south of Car Μ8.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: The first quarter of the 2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: NE-SW.
Ground plan: Rectangular (REC).
Entrance room: -
 301

Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Main room: -
Other rooms: Only workshops or shops? 15
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: No cistern/one cistern. 16
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: ~
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Teschauer in Karthago I 1991, 162 and 239.
Cat. no.: CarM10
(Plan: Rakob 1989, between 182 and 183, fig. 7)
Topography: West of Rue Septime Sévère.
Date: Cf. general section.
Description: Wall sections. Corridor. One cistern.
Pavements: Opus tessellatum. Mortar.
Literature: Rakob 1989, 182-189.

QUARTER OF DECTJMANUS MAXIMUS AND CΑRDO X

Cat. no.: CarDMl: House I
(Plan: Niemeyer etal. 1995, 478, fig. 2; 478, fig. 3; 486, fig. 8).
Topography: Carthage-Dermech, intersection of Decumanus Maximus and Cardo X.
Time of excavation: 1986-1991 and 1993.
State of preservation: -
Dímensions: -
Building technique and material: Ashlar masonry, opus africanum, rubble masonry.
Date: Second quarter of the 8th century BC —146 BC.
Building history: End of 6th century BC: The southern part of the house converted
into a Tanit sanctuary. 4th century BC: The sanctuary abandoned. REF: Niemeyer et
al. 1996, 8-10.
Orientation: -
Ground plan: -
Entrance room: -
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -

Υ Teschauer in Karthago I 1991, 239.

16
The number depends on the reconstruction of the boundary between Car Μ5 and CarM9.
302

Pavements: Opus tessellatum. Opus figlinum. Mortar.

Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Niemeyer 1987; Niemeyer 1990, 92-97; Niemeyer et al. 1993; Niemeyer et
al. 1995; Niemeyer et al. 1996, especially 7-15 and 31-41; Rindelaub/Schmidt 1996.

Cat. no.: CarDM2

(Plan: Niemeyer et al. 1995, 478, fig. 2; 478, fig. 3).
Topography: Carthage-Dermech, intersection of Decumanus Maximus and Carclo X.
Date: Second quarter of the 8th century BC - 146 BC.
Description: Five houses. Cisterns. Wall decoration: Fragments of mouldings. Pave-
ments: Opus settile.
Literature: Niemeyer 1987; Niemeyer 1990, 92-97; Niemeyer et al. 1993; Niemeyer et
al. 1995; Niemeyer et a1. 1996, especially 7-15 and 31-41; Rindelaub/Schmidt 1996.

VARIOUS LOCATIONS
Cat. no.: Carl
Topography: Dar Saníat, between Dermech and Sidi-bou-Saïd, north-west of the.Ro-
man cistern complex.
Time of excavation: 1913
State of preservation: -
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Mudbrick walls.
Date: Period of the Punic Wars (3rd-2nd centuries BC). 17
Building history: -
Orientation: NE-SW.
Ground plan: Small rooms.
Entrance room: -
Atrium:
Courtyard: Two courtyards.
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: Latrine.
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage • +
Wall decoration: - .
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (courtyard). Opus figlinum (both courtyards). Mortar.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: Bathtub?
Literature: Renault 1911, 317; Renault 1912, 363-365 and 489-490; Cintas 1976,
124-125; Fantar 1985, 12 and 14.

Cat. no.: Car2

Topography: Sidi-bou-Saïd.
Time of excavation: 1898.
State of preservation: -
Dimensions: -

17
Fantar 1985, 14. Renault suggests a dating in the 4th century BC (1912, 489).
 3 03

Building technique and material: Rubble masonry with clay/mortar.

Date: 2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: -
Ground plan: Small rooms.
Entrance room: -
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Delattre 1898, 146; Merlin 1919, 193-196; Fantar 1985, 24; Fantar 1986,
35-36.

Cat. no.: Car3

(Plan: Fantar 1973, 242, fig. 1).
Topography: Gammarth, Baie des Singes.
Time of excavation: 1968.
State of preservation: -
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: -
Date: Period of the Punic Wars (3rd-2nd centuries BC).
Building history: -
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: -
Entrance room: +
Atrium: -
Courtyard: ?
Peristyle: -
Maín room: -
Other rooms: Kitchen (oven at the end of the corridor).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Fantar 1973; Fantar 1984a, 3-4; Fantar 1985, 13-14.

Cat. no.: Car4

(Plan: Fantar 1985, 88, fig. 2).
Topography: Gammarth.
Time of excavation: 1967.
304

State of preservation: -
Dimensions: C. 200 m2 .

Building technique and material: -

Date: Last phase: 2nd century BC.
Building history: -
Orientation: -
Ground plan: Two zones: Western with habitation. Eastern with olive oil produc-
tion.
Entrance room: +
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: Bathroom; kitchen; workshop (eastern zone).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One well.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: Mouldings in stucco.
Pavements: Opus figlinum. Mortar. Mortar with tessera design.
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Fantar 1984a, 4-17; Fantar 1985, 14-23.

Cat. no.: Car5: House Rue Astarté

(Plan: Fig. 5).
Topography: Byrsa hill, south-east slope, in Rue Astarté.
Time of excavation: 1976. Partly excavated.
State of preservation: Walls reaching a maximum height of 1.1 m.
Dimensions: > 50 m2 .

Building technique and material: For example ashlar masonry, mudbrick, opus afri-
canum. 19
Date: Last quarter of the 4th century BC, 18 or middle/end of the 3rd century BC.
Building history: Later phase: Alterations in room 1, 2, 3.
Orientation: NE-SW.
Ground plan: Rooms with trapezoidal shapes. >_ twelve rooms.
Entrance room: -
Atrium:
Courtyard: +
Peristyle: -
Main room: Room 1.
Other rooms: Bathroom (2-3); cult room? (4); work room (9, 10).
Staircase: Internal, courtyard.
Upper storey: +
Water supply: Two cisterns.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Fragments of stucco not in situ, often moulded pieces and some-
times with traces of paint. FS: Destruction layer. REF: Chelbi 1984, 26.

18
Chelbi 1980, 38; Chelbi 1984, 29.
19 Lancel in Chelbi 1984, 33 (discussion).
 305

Pavements: Opus tessellatum (2-3, 6, courtyard). Opus figiinum (2-3). Mortar (1, 4).
Upper storey: Mortar.
Finds:
Sculpture, TC:
Fragment of enthroned statuette (Baal). FS: Destruction layer. REF: Chelbi 1980,
35, fig. 14.
Standing female statuette. FS: Destruction layer. REF: Chelbi 1980, 35, fig. 14.
Religious: Censer. FS: Destruction layer. REF: Chelbi 1980, 35, fig. 14.
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Chelbi 1980; Chelbi 1984; Chelbi 1992, 69.

Cat. no.: Car6

Topography: Juno hill, at the foot of the east slope, near the Carthage-Hannibal rail-
way station, Terrain des Héritiers Grosjean.
Time of excavation: -
State of preservation: -
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: -
Date: Late Punic.
Building history: -
Orientation: NE-SW.
Ground plan: -
Entrance room:?
Atrium:
Courtyard: +
Peristyle: +
Main room: -
Other rooms: Kitchen.
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Míscellaneous: Bathtub.
Literature: Cintas 1970, 441; Cíntas 1976, 78 and 124; Lancet 1984, 48.

Cat. no.: Carl

(Plan: Saumagne 1934-1935, 52, fig. 1)
Topography: Beneath Maison du Paon.
Time of excavation: -
State of preservation: -
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: -
Date: Late Punic.
Building history: -
Orientation: -
Ground plan: >_ four rooms.
Entrance room:?
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
306

Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Opus sectile.
Finds: -
Míscellaneous:
Literature: Gauckler 1902, 383; Saumagne 1934-1935; Lance! in Byrsa Ι 1979, 35, n.
73; Lance! 1984, 48; Lance! 1990, 29-30; Lance! 1995, 148.

Cat. no.: Car8

Topography: Carthage-Dermech, Terrain Clariond.
Time of excavation: -
State of preservation: -
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: -
Date: First phase: 3rd century BC. Second phase: End of Punic phase.
Budding history: -
Orientation: NE-SW.
Ground plan: -
Entrance room: +
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Water supply: Several cisterns, one well.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Opus fig/mum? Opus sectile. Mortar. Mortar with tessera design.
Finds:
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Vézat 1946-1949; Fantar 1975, 10, n. 5; Cintas 1976, 78, 93-94 and 124;
Lancel 1984, 48; Fantar 1985, 24-25.

Cat. no.: Car9

Topography: Between the Salammbô and Carthage-Byrsa stations, on the Avenue
Habib Bourguiba, Terrain Ghali.
Time of excavation: -
State of preservation: -
Dímensions: -
Building technique and material: -
Date:
Building history: 3rd century BC: Forge. Beginning of the 2nd century BC: Habita-
tion.
Orientation: NE-SW.
Ground plan:
Entrance room:
Atrium: -
 3 07

Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar with tessera design.
Finds: -
Miscellaneοus: -
Literature: Annabi, C. 1978, 19; Chelbi 1985, 81-82.

Cat. no.: Carlo

(Plan: Abdallah et al. 1980, 18).
Topography: Le Kram, Avenue Habib Bourguiba, opposite the municipal stadium.
Time of excavation: -
State of preservation: -
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: -
Date: Late Punic: second half of 3rd century BC — beginning of 2nd century BC.
Building history: First phase: Workshop, probably a fullery. Second phase: Habita-
tion. Three phases of habitation.
Orientation: -
Ground plan: -
Entrance room: -
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: -
Maín room: -
Other rooms: Bathroom.
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: Two cisterns, one well (all dating from the first phase with the work-
shop).
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Opus fig/mum. Mortar. Mortar with tessera design (9).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Abdallah et (7l. 1980; Annabi, M.K. 1981; Chelbi 1985, 82; Lancel 1984,
47; Chelbi 1992, 69-70; Lancel 1995, 146.

Cat. no.: Carll

(Plan: Byrsa 1 1979, 128, fig. 26; 131, fig. 28; Lancel/Morel 1992, 60).
Topography: Byrsa hill, south slope, sector B of the French archaeological mission.
Date: No earlier than the second quarter of the 2nd century BC or around 180/160
BC.
Description: N-S orientation. Sections of walls. Four cisterns. Remains of house
without foundations. Large amount of architectural blocks, many stuccoed, from a
building of unknown location. Fragment of bathtub. Pavements: Mortar.
Literature: Carrié/Sanviti 1977; Carrié/Sanviti in Byrsa 1 1979, 113-132; Lancel in
308

Byrsa 11 1982, 376; Morel in Byrsa 11 1982, 181-213; Lancel/Morél 1992, 60-64;
Lancel 1995, 161-162.

VARIOUS LOCATIONS, APPENDIX

Cat. no.: Car12

(Plan: Lancel 1995, 149, fig. 75).
Topography: Byrsa hill, south slope, sector C of the French archaeological mission.
Date: Late Punic (no stratígraphy).
Description: Lower part of two cisterns.
Literature: Lancel in Byrsa 11 1982, 376; Lancel 1984, 50, n. 52; Lancel 1995, 150 and
161-162.

Cat. no.: Car13

(Plan: Lancel 1995, 149, fig. 75).
Topography: Byrsa hill, south-east slope.
Date: Late Punic.
Description: Three cisterns.
Literature: Lancel 1995, 150.

Cat. no.: Car14

(Plan: Lancel 1995, 149, fig. 75).
Topography: Byrsa hill, south-east slope, below the Reine Didon hotel.
Date: Late Punic
Description: Two cisterns, fragmentary.
Literature: Sander/Gerner in Swedish Carthage Excavations 1979, 80-82; Sander in
Swedish Carthage Excavations 1981, 87 and 94; Lancel 1984, 49; Lancel 1995, 150.

Cat. no.: Car"

(Plan: Lancel 1995, 149, fig. 75).
Topography: Byrsa hill, south-east slope, Rue Astarté.
Date: End of 3rd/beginning of 2nd century BC.
Description: Two cisterns.
Literature: Chelbi 1980, 37; Chelbi 1984, 28; Lancel 1984, 49; Lancel 1995, 150.

Cat. no.: Car16

(Plan: Lancel 1995, 149, fig. 75).
Topography: Byrsa hill, south-east slope, Rue Kennedy.
Date: Late Punic.
Description: Sections of walls. Cistern.
Literature: Lancel 1984, 47 and 50; Lancel 1995, 147 and 150.

Cat. no.: Car17

(Plan: Lancel 1995, 149, fig. 75).
Topography: Byrsa hill, east slope.
Date: Middle or late Punic.
Description: Walls. Six cisterns. Two wells. Pavements: Opus sectile.
Literature: Saumagne 1924, 185; Lancel in Byrsa 11979, 35-38; Saumagne in Byrsa I
1979, 300-301; Lancel 1984, 50; Rakob 1989, 162; Lancel 1995, 150.

Cat. no.: Car18

(Plan • Lancel 1995, 149, fig. 75).
Topography: Byrsa hill, north-east slope.
 309

Date: Late Punic (no stratigraphy).

Description: Lower part of cistern.
Literature: Sander in Swedish Carthage Excavations 1981, 81; Lancel 1984, 50, n. 52;
Lancel 1995, 150

Cat. no.: Car19

(Plan: Lancel 1995, 149, fig. 75).
Topography: Juno hill, south-east slope.
Date: Punic.
Description: Three cisterns.
Literature: Saumagne 1930-1931, 651-652.

Cat. no.: Car20

(Plan: Lancel 1990, 27, fig. 10).
Topography: Terrain Ancona and Ben Attar.
Date: Late Punic.
Description: Six cisterns.
Literature: Lancel 1990, 27, fig. 10; Lancel 1995, 148.

Cat. no.: Car21

Topography: Summit of the Odeon hill, Decumanus VI N.
Date: Probably one phase, from the first quarter of the 2nd century BC.
Description: Walls. Pavements: Opus figlinum.
Literature: Wells et al. 1998, 11-17 and 20.

Cat. no.: Car22

Topography: Bordj -Djedid.
Date: No earlier than the 4th century BC.
Description: Walls.
Literature: Rakob 1989, 161, note 20.

Cat. no.: Car23

Topography: Area of the Antonine Baths.
Date: Late Punic.
Description: Walls. Cisterns. Pavements: Opus tessellatum. Mortar.
Literature: Ellis 1987, 12.

Cat. no.: Car24

Topography: Douïmes.
Date: Punic.
Description: Walls. One cistern.
Literature: Delattre 1897.

Cat. no.: Car25

Topography: Corner of Avenue Habib Bourguiba and Avenue de la République,
Terrain Fourti.
Date: Late Punic.
Description: Wall decoration: Cornices of white stucco, some with traces of painted
decoration. Pavements: Mortar.
Literature: Annabi, C. 1978, 19; Chelbi 1985, 80-81.

Cat. no.: Car26

Topography: Carthage-Dermech, Terrain Ben Ayed.
310

Date: 8th-7th centuries BC onwards.

Description: Wails. Cistern.
Literature: Rakob 1984, 3-4; Lancel 1995, 152.

Cat. no.: Car27

(Plan: Vann 1981, 4, fig. 3A; 5, fig. 3B).
Topography: Carthage-Dermech, beneath House of the Greek Charioteers and the
ecclesiastical complex.
Date: Punic.
Description: Three cisterns.
Literature: Davis 1981, 45-49; Vann 1981; Lancel 1995, 147.

Cat. no.: Car28

Topography: Beneath the basilica of the Supermarché, on the Avenue Habib Bour-
guiba.
Date: Punic.
Description: Wall.
Literature: Lancel 1984, 47.

AMPURIAS
NEAPOLIS

General section:
Topography: South of Palaiapolis, immediately next to the sea.
(Plan: Fig. 9).
Time of excavation: 1908-1936. If the specific year is known, it is indicated in the in-
dividual sections on each house.
State of preservation: In general poor. Height of walls varies from floor level to c. 1.5
Μ.
Building technique and material: Socle in rubble masonry without mortar. Super-
structure in pisé.
Date: Abandoned at the end of the 1st century AD.
The order and names of streets, insulae and houses follow those given by Mar and
Ruiz de Arbulo. 20 The houses are first listed according to insulae and then numerical-
ly. Unless otherwise indicated, the dimensions of the houses are taken from Burés Vi-
laseca 1998.
Cat. no.: Ampli: House 18
(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18).
Topography: North-western part of insu la A.
Time of excavation: 1917, 1934.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: Exterior: C. 51* m 2 .
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Built in the 2nd century BC. Material from the time of the abandonment.
Building history: -
Orientation: N-51E-W.

20 Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, esp. 330-334.

 311

Ground plan: Square, slightly trapezoidal. Three rooms.

Entrance room: +. Entrance on north side.
Atrium: +
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: +
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: +
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 355-356.

Cat. no.: Am ρΝ2: House 19

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18).
Topography: Western part of insula A.
Time of excavation: 1911, 1934.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 370 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: The present house is a result of reuse of earlier structures and en-
largements.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Consisting of two parts situated on two different levels: an
eastern (lower level) and a western. Nine rooms.
Entrance room: +. Entrance on south side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Eastern part: Room 3? Western part: Courtyard, three porticoes (north-
ern, southern and western sides).
Peristyle:
Main room: Room 1/2, north of room 3.
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: ?
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (2). Mortar with tessera design (1).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 387-388; Burés Vilaseca 1998, 209-212.

Cat. no.: AmρΝ3: House 20 (Casa del ~~gulo)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18) .
Topography: North-eastern part of insu la A.
Time of excavation: 1934.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 165 m2.
312

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: Material from the time of the abandonment.
Building history: -
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular, trapezoidal. Situated on two different levels (rooms 1-3
on the lower level and rooms 4-5 on the upper). Five rooms.
Entrance room: Room 3 (north).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room 4.
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: Kitchen (2).
Staircase: -
Upper storey:?
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 403 and 452; Burés Vilaseca 1998, 213-214.

Cat. no.: ΑmρN4: House 23

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18).
Topography: South-western part of insula A.
Time of excavation: 1911.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: Exterior without the corridor in front: C. 95* m 2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Later phase: Entrance room added in front of the house.
Orientation: N-S/E-W.
Ground plan: Square. Five rooms, four of almost identical size.
Entrance room: Room 5 (north).
Atrium:
Courtyard: -
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 356.

Cat. no.: ΑmρΝ5: House 1 (Domus de las inscripciones)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 17) .
Topography: Northernmost house in insula M.
Time of excavation: 1913-1920.
 313

State of preservation: Cf. general section. The boundary to the north is not visible to-
day.
Dimensions: 477 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Material from the time of the abandonment.
Building history: Later phase: Peristyle added.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. >_ ten rooms.
Entrance room: =. Entrance on south side.
Atrium: Room 1, Tuscan.
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room 9 (6 x 6 columns) 21
Main room: Room 5, north of the atrium.
Other rooms: Dining room (6).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Fragments of red stucco not in situ. FS: cistern.
Pavements: Mortar (1, 7). Mortar with tessera design (6). Mortar with inset pieces
(impluvium).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Gandía 1916, 201; Puig y Cadafalch 1915-1920, 701; Puig i Cadafalch
1934, 250; Bahl Illana 1959, 18-19; Bald 1972α, 44; Campo/Ruiz de Arbulo
1986-1989, 155; Santos Retolaza 1991, 21; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 385-387 and
424-425; Burés Vilaseca 1998, 201-204; Santos 1998, 558-559.

Cat. no.: AmpΝ6: House 5 (Casa G)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18) .
Topography: Insula M, south of AmρΝS.
Time of excavation: 1918.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular (without the garden). Five rooms, four of almost identical
size (without the garden).
Entrance room: + (north).
Atrium:
Courtyard: -
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: Kitchen (3).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Drainage: -

21 According to Balil, the courtyard was provided with columns on three sides only (1972 α, 44).
314

Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar/mortar with inset pieces (1).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: Garden situated south and west of the house.
Literature: Ping y Cadafalch 1915-1920, 700-701; Puig i Cadafalch 1934, 249; Alma-
gro 1949, 74-75 (Corte II); Bald Plana 1959, 18; Bali] 1972 α, 44; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo
1993, 354.

Cat. no.: ΑmρΝ7: House 7 (Domus H)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 17) .
Topography: Insula M, south of AmρΝ6.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 217 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: The cistern may be older than the present house.
Orientation: N-S/E-W.
Ground plan: Square (without the garden). Seven rooms (without the garden).
Entrance room: + (east).
Atrium: Room 1, Tuscan.
Courtyard:
Peristyle:
Main room: Room 2 (and dining room), north of the atrium, interior dimensions c.
4.9" m x 3.5" m.
Other rooms: Dining room (2).
Staircase: Between room 3 and 4?
Upper storey: ?
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: -

Wall decoration: Unknown decorative system (3). REF: Gandia 1918, 305.
Pavements: Mortar (impluvium). Mortar with tessera design (2, 3). Mortar with inset
pieces (atrium).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: Garden with two silos.
Literature: Ping y Cadafalch 1915-1920, 701; Ping i Cadafalch 1934, 249-250; Bald
Illana 1959, 18; Balil 1972α, 43; Santos Retolaza 1991, 21; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993,
366; Burés Vilaseca 1998, 204-207.

Cat. no.: AmρΝ8: House 9 (Casa de la escalera)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18) .
Topography: Southern part of insula M, south of ΑmρΝ7.
Time of excavation: 1914, 1918.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 157 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular, trapezoidal. Situated on two different levels with the
western part on a higher level. Four rooms.
Entrance room: -. Entrance on north side.
Atrium:
 315

Courtyard: Room 2.
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase:-
Upper storey: ?
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage • +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 403; Burés Vilaseca 1998, 207-209.

Cat. no.: AmρΝ9: House 10 (Casa de los cuatro departamentos)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18).
Topography: Insula M, east of Amp Ν8.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: Exterior: C. 66* m2 .
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: N-S/E-W.
Ground plan: Square, trapezoidal. Four rooms of identical size.
Entrance room:
Atrium:
Courtyard: -
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Balíl 1972a, 44; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 354-355.

Cat. no.: AmpN10: House 28 (Casa de la herrería)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18) .
Topography: South-western corner of insula C.
Time of excavation: 1934.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Shop 29 belonging to the house? Five/seven rooms.
Entrance room: +. Entrance on south side.
316

Atrium:
Courtyard: -
Peristyle:
Main room: Room 1, western part.
Other rooms: Shop? (29).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Draínage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar (1).
Finds:
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 356.

Cat. no.: Amphi: House 32

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18).
Topography: Insula C, north of AmρΝ10.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: N-51E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular. Four rooms of identical size.
Entrance room: +. Entrance on east side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room 3.
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -

Pavements: -
Finds: -
Míscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 356-357.

Cat. no.: ΑmρN12: House 33

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18).
Topography: Middle part of insula C, north of Amphi.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientatíon: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Six rooms.
 317

Entrance room: +. Entrance on east side.

Atrium:
Courtyard: Room 5.
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: Shop? (1, 4).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 366-367.

Cat. no.: AmρΝΙ3: House 34 (Domus del atrio tetr ~stilo)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 17)
Topography: Western part of insula C.
Time of excavation: 1934.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 272 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Ten rooms.
Entrance room: Room 1 (west). Door towards the street and towards the atrium.
Atrium: Room 2, tetrastyle.
Courtyard:
Peristyle:
Main room: Room 8, north of the atrium, one smaller room on either side of the
main room (9, 10). Dimensions of the main room, interior: C. 5.4* m x 53* m.
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar (atrium). Mortar with tessera design (8). Mortar with inset pieces
(impluvium).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Santos Retolaza 1991, 21; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 368-369; Burés V il a-
seca 1998, 214-216.

Cat. no.: Ampi 14: House 35

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 20).
Topography: Western part of insula C, north of Ampi 13.
Time of excavation: 1934.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
318

Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: N-S/E-W.
Ground plan: L-shaped. Six rooms.
Entrance room: Room 1 (west).
Atrium: -
Courtyard: +
Peristyle:
Main room: Room 2-3, south of room 1.
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Draínage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar with tessera design (2-3).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 403 and 406.

Cat. no.: AmpN15: House 41 (Casa de la puerta gemínada)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 17).
Topography: North-western corner of insula C.
Time of excavation: 1917, 1924, 1935.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 204" m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Material from the time of the abandonment.
Building history: -
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular, trapezoidal. Seven rooms.
Entrance room: Room 5 (west). Entrance on north side.
Atrium: Room 1, Tuscan.
Courtyard: +
Peristyle: +
Main room: Room 7, south of the atrium, dimensions: C. 4* m x 4.3* m.
Other rooms: Kitchen (2).
Staircase:-
Upper storey: -
Water supply: +
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar (impluvium).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 369; Burés Vilaseca 1998, 216-217.

Cat. no.: AmρN16: House 42 (Casa de la conducci ~n de ~nforas)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18).
Topography: Northern part of insula C, east of Ampi 15.
Time of excavation: 1917, 1935.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 160 m2.
 319

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: -
Buildíng history: The façade originally had a portal flanked with columns, later it was
covered by the pavement of the street.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular, trapezoidal. Four rooms.
Entrance room: +. Entrance on north side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room 1.
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms:
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 369; Burés Vilaseca 1998, 217-219.

Cat. no.: AmpN17: House 43 (Casa de la esquina del agora)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18).
Topography: North-eastern corner of insula C.
Time of excavation: 1913, 1917, 1935.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 108 m2 .

Building technique and material: Cf. general section.

Date: Material from the time of the abandonment.
Building history: -
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular, trapezoidal. Three rooms.
Entrance room: Entrance on east side.
--.

Atrium:
Courtyard: Rooi 1.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room 2, west of the courtyard.
Other rooms: Kitchen (3).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Fragments of mouldings not in situ (2). REF: Gandia 1935, 103.
Pavements: Mortar with tessera design (2).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Campo/Ruiz de Arbulo 1986-1989, 155; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 357
and 432; Burés Vilaseca 1998, 220-222.

Cat. no.: AmpN18: House 50

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18).
Topography: Eastern part of insula C, east of Amplii and AmpN12.
320

Time of excavation: 1935.

State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: Exterior: C. 146' m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Built on top of an earlier structure.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Three rooms.
Entrance room: -
Atrium:
Courtyard: -
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: The house may have served commercial purposes too.
Literature: Almagro 1949, 91-106 (Corte IX); Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 357-358.

Cat. no.: AmρN19: House 55 (Casa sobre el dep ~sito de espades)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18).
Topography: South-western corner of insula T.
Time of excavation: 1919, 1920, 1926.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 176 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: No earlier than the second half of the 2nd century BC. Material from the time
of the abandonment.
Building history: Last phase: Fill beneath pavements containing late Republican ma-
terial, 1st century BC?
Orientation: N-S/E-W.
Ground plan: L-shaped. Four rooms.
Entrance room: +. Entrance on south side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room 1.
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar (3).
Finds: -
Míscellaneous: -
Literature: Ping y Cadafalch 1915-1920, 710-711; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 406 and
436; Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 630; Burés Vilaseca 1998, 227-229.
 321

Cat. no.: AmpΝ20: House 56 (Casa sobre el horno griego)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18).
Topography: Insula T, north of Ampi 19.
Time of excavation: 1919, 1920.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: Exterior: C. 109* m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: A house with a small furnace dated to the 4th century BC has been
located below room 3,
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Three rooms.
Entrance room: +. Entrance on west side.
Atrium: +
Courtyard: -
Peristyle: +
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Drainage: -

Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Puig y Cadafalch 1915-1920, 703; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 406-407.

Cat. no.: AmρΝ21: House 57 (Casa del horno)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 19).
Topography: Eastern part of insula T.
Time of excavation: 1919, 1920.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 230 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Last phase: Installation of bronze workshop.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Four rooms.
Entrance room: Room 1 (east).
Atrium: +
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room 2 (4 x 4 columns).
Main room: Room 3? Interior dimensions: C. 6.6* m x 5.7* m.
Other rooms: Workshop.
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
322

Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 387; Burés Vilaseca 1998, 230-233.

Cat. no.: AmρN22: House 52 (Casa del mosaico con inscripci ~n Hedykoitos)
(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 20).
Topography: Southernmost house in insula O.
Time if excavation: 1919, 1924.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Probably with a garden. >_ six rooms. It is not certain if room 7, 8 and
9 belonged to the house.
Entrance room: =. Entrance on east side.
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle:
Main room: Room 4, north of room 1.
Other rooms: Dining room (2).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (4). Mortar (5). Mortar with tessera design (2).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1989, 62-63; limos Rimera 1989, 45-52; Mar/Ruiz
de Arbulo 1993, 358-359.

Cat. no.: Amρ123: House 70

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 20).
Topography: South-western corner of insula H.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: Exterior: C. 70* m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Four rooms.
Entrance room: -. Entrance on west side.
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Draínage: -
Wall decoration: -
 323

Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 369-370.

Cat. no.: ΑmρΝ24: House 74

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18).
Topography: Insula H, east of ΑmρΝ23.
Time of excavation: 1935.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: Exterior: C. 62* m 2 .
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Four rooms of almost identical size.
Entrance room: +. Entrance on south side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: -
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staírcase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 359.

Cat. no.: AmρN25: House 75 (Casa de la cisterna en L)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18).
Topography: Interior part of insula H, north of ΑmρΝ24.
Time of excavation: 1924, 1935.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: >_ 270 m 2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Material from the time of the abandonment.
Building history: -
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: -. >_ four rooms.
Entrance room: + (east).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room 1.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room 2, west of the courtyard.
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
324

Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar with tessera design (2).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: Garden or terrace north of the courtyard.
Literature: Mar/Ruin de Arbulo 1993, 372-373 and 445-446; Burés Vilaseca 1998,
234-236.

Cat. no.: ΑmρΝ26: House 76 (Casa de la cisterna-eremítorío)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 20).
Topography: South-eastern corner of insu la H.
Time of excavation: 1935.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 137 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: N-S/E-W
Ground plan: Irregular. Six rooms.
Entrance room: +. Entrance on east side
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle:
Main room: Room 2, north of the room 1, interior dimensions: C. 55* m x 45* m.
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 373-374; Bures Vilaseca 1998, 237-239.

Cat. no.: Amρ127: House 80 (Casa del mosaico con inscrí ρci~n Xaire Agathos Dai-
mon)
(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 20).
Topography: Middle part of insula Ν.
Time of excavation: 1935.
State of preservation: Cf. general section. The northern and eastern limits have dis-
appeared.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientatíon: -
Ground plan: >_ four rooms.
Entrance room: Room 1 (south).
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: Cult room/dining room (3); shop? (81).
 325

Staircase:
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar (4). Mortar with tessera design (3).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1989, 63-64; limos Romera 1989, 52-57; Mar/Ruiz
de Arbulo 1993, 374.

Cat. no.: AmρN28: House 82

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18) .
Topography: South-western corner of insula S.
Time of excavation: 1921, 1985.
State of preservation: Cf. general section. No doors or communication system can be
identified because of the destruction of the house.
Dimensions: 143 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Four rooms of almost identical size.
Entrance room: +. Entrance on south side.
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room 1?
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 359; Bures Vilaseca 1998, 241.

Cat. no.: Amρ129: House 83 (Casa de los silos de ladríllo)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 20) .
Topography: Western part of insula S.
Time of excavation: 1908, 1921, 1935.
State of preservation: Cf. general section. The northern part of room 2 has been de-
stroyed.
Dimensions: 384 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Material from the time of the abandonment.
Building history: -
Orientation: N-51E-W.
Ground plan: L-shaped. Room 2 situated on a higher level Than the rest of the house.
Fifteen rooms.
Entrance room: + (south).
326

Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: Two cisterns.
Drainage • +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: Two silos in room 8.
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 407 and 452-453; Burés Vilaseca 1998,
242-244.

Cat. no.: AmρΝ30: House 84

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18).
Topography: Insula S, east of AmpN29.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: N-51E-W.
Ground plan: Square. Built on two different levels. The two western rooms are situ-
ated on a much higher level than the eastern ones. Four rooms of almost identical
size.
Entrance room:
Atrium: -
Courtyard: -
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey:?
Water supply: -
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 359.

Cat. no.: AmρN31: House 85 (Domus del Clypeus)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 17) .
Topography: Eastern part of insula S.
Time of excavation: 1908, 1921.
State of preservation: Cf. general section. Partly excavated. The northern and eastern
zones are situated below the modern pathway running along the coast.
Dimensions: >_ 200 m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
 327

Date: -
Building history: -
Orientation: -
Ground plan: . ? three rooms.
Entrance room: =. Entrance on south side.
Atrium: Room 1 , tetrastyle.
Courtyard:
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar (1). Mortar with tessera design (impluvium).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Bald 1972a, 45; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 375; Burés Vilaseca 1998,
244-246.
Cat. no.: AmρN32: House 87
(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18) .
Topography: North-western corner of insula B.
Time of excavation: 1920.
State of preservation: Cf. general section.
Dimensions: 84 r2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Material from the time of the abandonment.
Building history: -
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Rectangular. Five rooms.
Entrance room: + (west).
Atrium:
Courtyard: Room 1.
Peristyle:
Main room: Room 2, north of the courtyard, interior dimensions: C. 4* m x 6* m.
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar (4).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Campo/Ruiz de Arbulo 1986-1989, 156; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 360
and 442-445; Burés Vilaseca 1998, 248-250.

Cat. no.: Amρ133: House 94

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 18) .
Topography: North-western corner of insula P.
Time of excavation: Cf. general section
328

State of preservation: Cf. general section.

Dimensions: Exterior: C. 143* m2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: -
Building history: Earlier structures beneath.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Rectangular, trapezoidal. Three rooms.
Entrance room:
Atrium:
Courtyard: -
Peristyle:
Main room: -
Other rooms: -
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: -
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: -
Finds: -
ΜisceΠaneοus: -
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 360.

Cat. no.: AmpN34: House 101 (Casa del peristilo)

(Plan: Fig. 9, Fig. 19).
Topography: Interior part of insula P.
Time of excavation: 1925, 1926, 1933.
State of preservation: Cf. general section. The eastern part of the house has been de-
stroyed.
Dimensions: >_ 868 m 2.
Building technique and material: Cf. general section.
Date: Material from the time of the abandonment.
Building history: Later phase: Two niches in the western portico of the peristyle.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. >_ twelve rooms.
Entrance room: Room 2, 3a and 3b (south).
Atrium:
Courtyard:
Peristyle: Room 1 (7 x 5 columns).
Main room: Room 4 (and dining room), north of the peristyle, interior dimensions:
C. 9.4*mx6.1*m.
Other rooms: Dining room (4).
Staircase:-
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern, one well.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: -
Pavements: Mortar (1, 10, 11).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: Fountain in the peristyle, opposite room 4.
Literature: Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 388-390 and 447-451; Burés Vilaseca 1998,
251-254; Santos 1998, 558; Meyer 1999, 116.
 329

RΟMAΝ CITY
Cat. no.: AmpRi: Roman house 1 (Casa Villanueve)
(Plan: Fig. 10, Fig. 12).
Topography: North-eastern part of the city, north of Am ρR2 and AmpR3.
Time of excavation: 1923-1924, 1936, 1942-1947.
State of preservation: C. 0.25 m-1.3 m. Eastern part up to e. 2.5 m.
Dimensions: 3492 m2.
Building technique and material: First phase: Socle in opus incertum reinforced at the
corners with ashlars 22 Superstructure in pisé. Second phase: Reuse of earlier materi-
al. Third phase: Socle in opus certum/vittatum. Superstructure in pisé. Fourth phase:
Socle in opus certum /vittatum and reused material.
Date: Beginning of the 1st century BC. Abandoned in the second third of the 2nd
century AD.
Building history: First phase: First quarter of the 1st century BC: Two zones: Habita-
tion on the western higher level and service sector on the eastern lower level.
Second phase: No later than the second half of the 1st century BC: The entire insula
occupied. Peristyle with garden and cryptoporticus added to the south. Rooms on
the northern side of the peristyle. The rooms south of the atrium remodelled.
Third phase: Later part of the first half of the 1st century AD: Extensions towards
the north and beyond the city wall (demolished). Courtyard with three porticoes and
various rooms. Atrium.
Fourth phase: End of the 1st century AD: Rooms south of the peristyle. The garden
divided down the middle by low walls.
Orientation: N-S (originally E-W).
Ground plan: Rectangular. > fifty rooms.
Entrance room: Room 30 (west).
Atrium: Room 30a•, Corinthian, hexastyle (originally tetrastyle?). Room 18, Tuscan?
Courtyard: Room 12, three porticoes (northern, southern and western sides). Room
50.
Peristyle: Room 46.
Main room: Room 37, tablinum, east of the atrium, one room on either side of the ta-
blinum opening onto the atrium (36, 38).
Other rooms: Dining room (5, 42, 43, 53•).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: Probably above the northern part of the house.
Water supply: Nine cisterns.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Esquema 1 (15, 26, 47). Unknown decorative system (10, 12, 17,
18, 42). Panel A not in situ (north-western zone of the house).
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (49, 51 and rooms situated in northern part of the
house, for instance 17, 18). Opus vermiculatum (for example emblema from room
north of the peristyle). Opus sectile (rooms situated in northern part of the house).
Mortar (12, 13, 24, 30, 34, 35). Mortar with tessera design (36, 38). Mortar with inset
pieces (impluvium, 37).
Finds:
Sculpture, MA:
Portrait of a woman. FS: Room on the south side of the peristyle.
Two herms, heads not preserved. FS: Roman house 1.

22
Opus incertum at Ampurias differs from the Italian version, for example the mortar is visible in
the surface of the wall (Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1990, 147, note 5).
330

Miscellaneous: Additional garden zone east of the northern part of the house.
Literature: Puíg í Cadafalch 1934, 252; Bald 1972b, 90-101; lieto Prieto 1977; lieto
Prieto 1979-1980; Gimeno Pascual 1991, I, 127-131, 235-237, 400-404 and 443; II,
886-888; Santos Retolaza 1991, 22-31; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 242, 390-391 and
395-397; Burés Vílaseca 1998, 325-334; Santos 1998, 559-565.

Cat. no.: ΑmpR2: Roman house 2A

(Plan: Fig. 10, Fig. 13) .
Topography: North-eastern part of the city, north-western part of the insulá, south
of AmpR1.
Time of excavation: 1952-1956.
State of preservation: C. 0.25m-1.5 m.
Dimensions: 648 m2.
Building technique and material: Socle in opus incertum. Superstructure in ρisé and
mudbrick.
Date: Beginning of the 1st century BC. Abandoned at the end of the 2nd century AD
or the beginning of the 3rd century AD.
Building history: The original layout is only partly preserved. First phase: The tabli-
fum is supposed to have been situated north of the atrium.23 A triple door opened on
to the garden. Later phase: Area reduced due to the expansion of the neighbouring
ΑmρR3.
Orientation: N-S.
Ground plan: Irregular. Fifteen rooms.
Entrance room: Room 1 (west).
Atrium: Room la•, tetrastyle. .
Courtyard:
Peristyle:
Main room: Room 9 (and dining room), east of the atrium.
Other rooms: Dining room (6, 9).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: One cistern.
Drainage: -
Wall decoration: Esquema 1 (6). Decoration resembling the Third and Fourth Styles
(7). Unknown decorative system (9, 10).
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (9). Mortar (6). Mortar with tessera design (7).
Finds: -
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Barn 1972b, 101-104; lieto Prieto 1977; lieto Prieto 1979-1980; de Ch a-
zelles 1990; Gimeno Pascual 1991, I, 353-354 (casa no. 2); Santos Retolaza 1991, 31;
Carrion Masgrau 1992; Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 241-242 and 391 (the house is er-
roneously called 2 Β); Carrion Masgrau/Santos Retolaza 1995, 113; Burés Vilaseca
1998, 335.

Cat. no.: ΑmρR3: Roman house 2Β

(Plan: Fig. 10, Fig. 13) .
Topography: North-eastern part of the city, south of AmpR1.
Time of excavation: 1952-1956.
State of preservation: C. 0.25 m-1.5 m.
Dimensions: 2128 m2.

23 Santos Retolaza 1991, 31.

 331

Building technique and material: First phase: Socle in opus incertum. Superstructure
in pisé.
Second phase: Socle in opus incertum. Superstructure in pisé. Third phase: Socle in
opus incertum. Superstructure in pisé. Fourth phase: Socle in opus certum/vittatum.
Mudbrick also used for superstructure.
Date: Beginning of the 1st century BC. Abandoned in the second half of the 2nd cen-
tury AD.
Building history: First phase: First quarter of the 1st century BC.
Second phase: Second third of the 1st century BC: Extension to the east beyond the
city wall: Peristyle with garden and adjacent rooms, including room 15 from ΑmρR2.
Further to the east room 42-49.
Third phase: 1st century AD: Extension to the north: Baths (room 30-33), peristyle
with garden and room 34-36 to the north.
Fourth phase: End of the 1st century AD or beginning of the 2nd century AD: Room
46 and alteration of the eastern facade. Garden zone with porticoes to the east.
Orientation: E-W.
Ground plan: Irregular.
Entrance room: Room 50• (west).
Atrium: Room 51•, Tuscan. Two alae (18, 24).
Courtyard:)
Peristyle: Room 35a•, with garden. Room 40a•, with garden.
Main room: Room 52•, tablinum east of the atrium.
Other rooms: Bath (30-32); dining room (15, 16, 21, 25); kitchen (33).
Staircase: -
Upper storey: -
Water supply: Three cisterns.
Drainage: +
Wall decoration: Esquema 1 (40a•). Esquema 3 (16, 17, 26, 37). Decoration resem-
bling the Third and Fourth Styles (41). Unknown decorative system (40a•, 47) 2 4
Pavements: Opus tessellatum (15, 40, 43). Opus tessellatum with inset pieces (implu-
vium). Opus sectile (35). Mortar (atrium, tablinum zone, 16, 25, 41). Mortar with tes-
sera design (15, 17, 19, 20?, 21, 26, 31-32). Mortar with inset pieces (30, 31).
Finds:
Religious: Altar, paintings. FS: Peristyle garden (room 40a•).
Miscellaneous: -
Literature: Balil 1972b, 101-104; lieto Prieto 1977; lieto Prieto 1979-1980; Gamer
1989, 28-29 and 232-233; de Chazelles 1990; Santos Retolaza 1991, 31-33; Mar/Ruiz
de Arbulo 1993, 239-240 and 391-394 (the house is erroneously called 2A); Palauí/
Viν~~1993b; Carrion Masgrau/Santos Retolaza 1995; Burés Vilaseca 1998, 336-340.

Cat. no.: AmpR4: House 3 (Casa del Dr. Pí)

(Plan: Fig. 14).
Topography: Eastern part of the insu la situated to the south-east of the forum.
Time of excavation: 1957-1961. Partly excavated.
State of preservation: Walls stand to the height of 0.7 m.
Dimensions: -
Building technique and material: Socle in stone.
Date: -
Building history: Several alterations. Door in the eastern wall of room 13 closed. In-

Z" Other fragments have been found within the area of ΑmρR2 and ΑmρR3.
 CONCORDANCE BETWEEN
CAT. NOS. AND HOUSES
Trümper 1998 Kreeb 1988
Delos, Northern Quarter
De1N1 = House north of the French School Cat. no. 1
De112 = House east of the French School
De113 = House A west of the Building of the PB*
De114 = House B west of the Building of the PB* Cat. no. 2
De1N5 = House C west of the Building of the PB*
De1N6 = House D west of the Building of the PB* Cat. no. 3
De117 = House I-II, Îlot des bronzes Cat. no. 4-5 Cat. no. 4
De118 = House III, Îlot des bronzes Cat. no. 6 Cat. no. 4
De119 = House IV, Îlot des bronzes Cat. no. 7 Cat. no. 4
DelN10 = House VI, tot des bronzes Cat. no. 8 Cat. no. 4
De1N11 = House VII, Îlot des bronzes Cat. no. 9 Cat. no. 4
De1N12 = House I, Îlot des bijoux Cat. no. 10 Cat. no. 5
De1113 = House II, Îlot des bijoux Cat. no. 11 Cat. no. 5a
De1114 = House III, Îlot des bijoux Cat. no. 12 Cat. no. 5
Dell 15 = House IV, tot des bijoux Cat. no. 13 Cat. no. 5
Dell 16 = House V, tot des bijoux Cat. no. 14 Cat. no. 5b
De1N17 = House VI, Îlot des bijoux Cat. no. 15 Cat. no. 5
Dell 18 = House VΙΙ, tot des bijoux Cat. no. 16 Cat. no. 5
Dell 19 = Maison du Diadumène Cat. no. 17 Cat. no. 7
De1N20 = Maison aux frontons Cat. no. 20 Cat. no. 6a
De1121 = Maison des comédiens Cat. no. 18 Cat. no. 6b
De1122 = Maison des tritons Cat. no. 19 Cat. no. 6c
De1123 = Maison des sceaux Cat. no. 21 Cat. no. 3
De1124 = Maison de l'épée
De1125 = Maison de la colline Cat. no. 22 Cat. no. 2
De1N26 = House west of Maison de la colline
De1N27 = Maison du lac Cat. no. 23 Cat. no. 9
De1N28 = House west of Maison du lac
De1129 = Maison de Skardhana Cat. no. 24
* = Poseidoniasts of Berytos

Delos, Stadium Quarter

The Roman numbers refer to insulae and the letters to houses.
De1ST1 = House IA Cat. no. 25 Cat. no. 10
De1ST2 = House I C Cat. no. 26 Cat. no. 11
De1ST3 = House I D Cat. no. 27 Cat. no. 12
De1ST4 = House I E Cat. no. 28
De1ST5 = House east of I B
De1ST6 = House II A Cat. no. 29 Cat. no. 13
De1ST7 = House II B Cat. no. 30 Cat. no. 14

Delos, Peribolos Street

De1P1 = House A (Maison de Kerdon) Cat. no. 32 Cat. no. 16 α
De1P2 = House A' Cat. no. 33 Cat. no. 16b
De1P3 = House B Cat. no. 17
De1P4 = House C Cat. no. 18
De1P5 = House C 1 Cat. no. 31 Cat. no. 19
De1P6 = House D
De1P7 = House D 1 Cat. no. 20
De1P8 = House E Cat. no. 21
De1P9 = House F Cat. no. 22
334

Delos, Inopos Quarter

Delll = Maison aux stucs Cat. no. 34 Cat. no. 23
De112 = Maison de l'Hermès Cat. no. 35 Cat. no. 24
De113 = House A (Maison de l'Inopos) Cat. no. 36 Cat. no. 25
De1I4 = House B Cat. no. 37 Cat. no. 26
De115 = House C (Maison à une seule colonne) Cat. no. 38
DeΙI6 = Maison de Philostrate d'Ascalon Cat. no. 27

Delos, House of the Masks' Quarter

DelIl = Maison des dauphins Cat. no. 39 Cat. no. 28
De112 = House west of the Maison des dauphins
De113 = House A Cat. no. 40 Cat. no. 29a
De114 = House B (Maison des masques) Cat. no. 41 Cat. no. 29b
De115 = House C Cat. no. 42
De1M6 = House D Cat. no. 43

Delos, Theatre Quarter

The Roman numbers refer to insulae and the letters to houses.
DeITl = House IA Cat. no. 44
De1T2 = House Π A (Maison du trident) Cat. no. 45 Cat. no. 30
De1T3 = House Π B Cat. no. 46
De1T4 = House TIC Cat. no. 47
De1T5 = House Π D Cat. no. 48
Den % = House TIE Cat. no. 49
De1T7 = House Π F Cat. no. 50 Cat. no. 32
De1T8 = House 111 A Cat. no. 51
De1T9 = House 111 B Cat. no. 52
De1T10 = House III C Cat. no. 53
De1T11 = House III D Cat. no. 54
De1T12 = House 1I E Cat. nó. 55
De1T13 = House 111 F Cat. no. 56
De1T14 = House IΙΙ G Cat. no. 57
De1T15 = House 'Π H Cat. no. 58
De1T16 = House 1111 (Maison de Cléopatre) Cat. no. 59 Cat. no. 48
De1T17 = House III J Cat. no. 60
De1T18 = House 11 K Cat. no. 61
De1T19 = House ΠΙ L
De1T20 = House 111 M Cat. no. 62
De1T21 = House mi (Maison du foulon) Cat. no. 63 Cat. no. 50
De1T22 = House 111 O Cat. no. 64
De1T23 = House HI P Cat. no. 65
De1T24 = House HI Q Cat. no. 66 Cat. no. 51
De1T25 = House ΙI R-m S Cat. no. 67-68 Cat. no. 52*
De1T26 = House III T Cat. no. 69
De1T27 = House mu
De1T28 = House III X
De1T29 = House at the intersection of street 2 and alley ζ
De1T30 = House IV A Cat. no. 70
De1T31 = House JIB Cat. no. 71 Cat. no. 33
De1T32 = House IV C
De1T33 = House VIA Cat. no. 72 Cat. no. 34
De1T34 = House VI B Cat. no. 73 Cat. no. 35
De1T35 = House VI C Cat. no. 74
De1T36 = House VI D Cat. no. 75 Cat. no:36
De1T37 = House VI E Cat. no. 76 Cat. no. 37
De1T38 = House 11F Cat. no. 77
De1T39 = House 11G Cat. no. 78
De1T40 = House 11H Cat. no. 79
De1T41 = House VΙ I (Maison du Dionysos) Cat. no. 80 Cat. no. 38
 335

De1T42 = House VI J Cat. no. 81

De1T43 = House VI K Cat. no. 82 Cat. no. 39
De1T44 = House VI L Cat. no. 83 Cat. no. 40
De1T45 = House VIM Cat. no. 84
De1T46 = House VIN Cat. no. 85 Cat. no. 41
De1T47 = House VII Cat. no. 86 Cat. no. 42
De1T48 = House VIII A Cat. no. 87 Cat. no. 46
De1T49 = House north-east of insula Π
De1Τ50 = House opposite House 11E
" = House HI S

Delos, Area of the Sanctuary of Aphrodite

DelAl = The western house Cat. no. 88
DelΑ2 = The eastern house Cat. no. 89

Delos, Southern Zone

DelS1 = Magasin δ, groupe ε, room XIΠ-XVΙ Cat. no. 90
De1S2 = Maison de Fourni Cat. no. 91

Carthage, `Hannibal Quarter'

The capital letters A-E refer to insulae and the numbers (plus small letters) to houses.
CarHi = House Al
CarH2 = House Bla
CarH3 = House B2a
CarH4 = House Cla
CarΗ5 = House Clb
CarΗ6 = House C2
CarH7 = House C3
CarH8 = House C4 (Maison à la colonne stuquée)
CarΗ9 = House C5a
CarH10 = House C5b
CarHll = House Dia
CarΗ12 = House D2
CarΗ13 = House El

Carthage, `Mago Quarter'

CarMi = House I (Ια, lb, Ic)
CarΜ2 = House Π
CarΜ3 = House ΠI
CarΜ4 = House IV (IVa, fib)
CarΜ5 = House V
CarM6 = House VI (VIa, VIb, corridor/street)
CarM7 = House VII (VIIa, VIlb)
CarM8 = House VI ΙΙ
CarM9 = House IX
CarM10 = Various remains west of Rue Septime Sévère

Carthage, Quarter of Decumanus Maximus and Cardo X

CarDM1 = House I
CarDM2 = Various remains

Carthage, various locations

Carl = Dar Saniat
Cart = Sidi-bou-Saïd
Car3 = Gammarth, Baie des Singes
Car4 = Gammarth
CarS = Rue Astarté
336

Car6 = Juno hill, at the foot of the east slope, near the Carthage-Hannibal station, Terrain des. Héri-
tiers Grosjean
Car7 = Beneath Maison du Paon
Cara = Carthage-Dermech, Terrain Clariond
Car9 = Between the Salammbo and Carthage-Byrsa station, on the Avenue Habib Bourguiba, Ter-
rain Ghali
Car10 = Le Kram, Avenue Habib Bourguiba, opposite the municipal stadium
Carll = Byrsa hill, south slope, sector B of the French archaeological mission

Carthage, various locations, appendix

Car12 = Byrsa hill, south slope, sector C of the French archaeological mission
Car13 = Byrsa hill, south-east slope
Car14 = Byrsa hill, south-east slope, below the Reine Didon hotel
Car15 = Byrsa hill, south-east slope, Rue Astarté
Car16 = Byrsa bill, south-east slope, Rue Kennedy
Car17 = Byrsa hill, east slope
Car18 = Byrsa hill, north-east slope
Car19 = Juno hill, south-east slope
Car20 = Terrain Ancona and Ben Attar
Car21 = Odeon hill, Decumanus VIN
Car22 = Bordj -Djedid
Car23 = Area of the Antoníne Baths
Car24 = Doulmes
Car25 = Corner of Avenue Habib Bourguiba and Avenue de la République, Terrain Fourtí
Car26 = Carthage-Dermech, Terrain Ben Ayed
Car27 = Carthage-Dermech, beneath House of the Greek Charioteers and the ecclesiastical complex
Car28 = Beneath the basilica of the Supermarché, on the Avenue Habib Bourguiba

Ampurias, Neapolis
Ampli = House 18
ΑmρΝ2 = House 19
ΑmρΝ3 = House 20 (Casa del ngulo)
ΑmpΝ4 = House 23
ΑmpΝ5 = House 1 (Domus de las ínscripciones)
AmpΝ6 = House 5 (Casa G)
ΑmρΝ7 = House 7 (Domus H)
ΑmρΝ8 = House 9 (Casa de la escalera)
ΑmρΝ9 = House 10 (Casa de los cuatro departamentos)
Ampl10 = House 28 (Casa de la herrería)
Amphi = House 32
ΑmρΝl2 = House 33
Αmp113 = House 34 (Domus del atrio tetr~stilo)
AmpΝ14 = House 35
Ampl15 = House 41 (Casa de la puerta gemínada)
ΑmpΝ16 = House 42 (Casa de la conducci ~n de inforas)
ΑmpΝ17 = House 43 (Casa de la esquina del agora)
ΑmρΝ18 = House 50
ΑmρΝ19 = House 55 (Casa sobre el dep ~sito de espades)
ΑmρΝ20 = House 56 (Casa sobre el homo gríego)
AmρΝ21 = House 57 (Casa del homo)
AmpΝ22 = House 52 (Casa del mosaico con ínscripci~n Hedykoitos)
ΑmρΝ23 = House 70
ΑmρΝ24 = House 74
Ampi" = House 75 (Casa de la cisterna en L)
ΑmρΝ26 = House 76 (Casa de la cisterna -eremitorio)
ΑmρΝ27 = House 80 (Casa del mosaico con inscrιpci~n Xaíre Agathos Daimon)
ΑmρΝ28 = House 82
ΑmρΝ29 = House 83 (Casa de los silos de ladríllo)
ΑmpΝ30 = House 84
 337

AmρΝ31 = House 85 (Domus del Clypeus)

Amρ132 = House 87
Amρ133 = House 94
Amρ134 = House 101 (Casa del peristilo)

Ampurias, Roman city

AmpR1 = Roman house 1 (Casa Víllanueve)
AmpR2 = Roman house 2A
AmpR3 = Roman house 2B
AmpR4 = Roman house 3 (Casa del Dr. Pi)
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~ b
ι.
ΙΙ, ~
Northern

Q ~ O .- -~ 7 υ1 V' I~ OO O M~h l~
Quarter

Ο et Λ ~ 00 ι\ .-ι .-ι .r .~ι .-ι .-ι .-ι N N N Ν

~~ ΟΖΖΖΖΖΖ .~% Ζ ~ ΖΖΖΖ
~ υ ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ~~ω ω ω ω ω
~~ ΑΑ ~ ΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑ
~
ο
b
Circulation

~~
Cλ ~
.~~ ÿ
ι.
σο
space

Ψ
,:ο
F
~
U
348 Total

ο
~
\ Μ
0Ο - 'c Ν
Sou thern

Ν
~
Zone

41
Α
Sanctuary of
Area of the

Ap hrodite

X χ χ χ - cχ' ι
n. d' Μ ~ ' ...~.......`-'
Ν Ν -
Masks ' Quarter Quarter

-- -- Ν
Theatre

Ν"
ir' r ‚· •
FFFF
g)g) ~α iα iα iα ωωωωωω ~ iα ~~
ΑΑΑΑ ΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑ
House of the

ΧΧ
- -

13 13
η 1313
Α Α ΑΑ

~η
x
~
‚
Quarter

Μ~
Inopos

~~ ~~ Α Α
~Α

ν
χ
~.
Peribolos

-
Street

ν
~

(Ν Ν

FF
Quarter
Stadium

F
νι νι νι
~~ ~~~~
Α ΑΑ

c c
x x
Χt-«'
~
Northern
Quarter

N~V~ Ν NN
zzzzzz~
g)g)g)g)g)g)g)
zzzzzz
~~~~~~~
Circulation

, -o
gg Ο gg Ο gg Ο η~
λ •~
Ν
λ λ• ~ λ•~~ λ
space

ION ~~0ι ON ÿ ~
UU rι Uc Υ ' 0.
 349

η
To tal

~ φ
---
N Μ Η.Μ C,
+ Vr Ν
Southern

Ν
Co
Zon e

41
Α
Sanctuary of
Area of the

Ap hrodite

~
ν ν
AA

η.
Ν Μ Λ Μ I Λ Vr Ο 00 Ν Μ yr 4, 11± Vr Λ V1 Ο
Masks Quarter Quarter
Theatre

.--~
(‚(~~ - 1•
FFFFE-FFFFE-~FFFF Ε-- E~E-i
ωωωωωωωυωωωωωω ' ω ~~~~î ~~ω ~~~~
ΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑ ΑΑΑ GAA AA
House of the

~~ ~~
A Α

η.
Quarter
Inopos

~~~~ ν
AA Cλ
Peribolos

V'
Street

(J
4

n.
Quarter
Stadium

ΕΝ F ~~
CoCo Co
ω ~~ ~ι
AA Α

ο' Ν
Northern

Λ Μ ' Λ ΟΟ Λ ν^ Ο
Quarter

rι V' r-- (N CI_ (N G\--- Ν NN N

ω ω ~ι ~~ ω ~~~~ ωωωω ' ωωωωω ω

ΑΑΑΑ ΑΑΑ ΑΑΑΑ ΑΑΑΑΑΑ
Main room
comp lex

z (NV' z
~
z z z
 350
Main room Northern Stadium Peribolos Inopos House of the Theatre Area of the Southern To tal
comp lex Quarter Quarter Street Quarter Masks Quarter Quarter Sanctuary of Zone
Ap hrodite

/
\

cc
\

/
οο

\\
°—

~ \\\
~ ~~
\ §

// /
~η ~

Ε--
°2®
/
æ'

\
/

\ \
‚'-
7

\
\

~~
~~
/α m

ηΒΒΒΒΒΒωω
/~ :

/
~~

« Ν -
\ \ \
.

\
~~

~/ /

27/ ~~~α 2~~ $ ~ \ ///

 351

Table 4b. Key to main room complexes in Table 1 and Table 4a

Ii: main room north of the circulation space, two rooms at the rear.
11*: main room north of the circulation space, originally two rooms at the rear, but in the last
phase one room or three rooms.
12: main room north of the circulatín space, a room on either side.
13 • main room north of the circulation space, two rooms on one side or one room at the back and
one on the side.
14: main room north of the circulation space, a room at the rear.
15• main room north of the circulation space, a room on one side.
main room north of the circulation space, a room at the front.
main room north of the circulation space, without additional room(s).
18• main room north of the circulation space, three rooms at the rear.
lx• main room north of the circulation space, unknown arrangement.
El: main room east of the circulation space, two rooms at the rear.
B2: main room east of the circulation space, a room on either side.
main room east of the circulation space, a room at the rear.
main room east of the circulation space, a room on one side.
main room east of the circulation space, a room at the front.
main room east of the circulation space, without additional room(s).
Si: main room south of the circulation space, two rooms at the rear.
main room south of the circulation space, a room on one side.
main room south of the circulation space, a room at the front.
main room south of the circulation space, without additional room(s).
Sx: main room south of the circulation space, unknown arrangement.
Wl: main room west of the circulation space, two rooms at the rear.
Wl main room west of the circulation space, originally two rooms at the rear, but in the last
phase one room or three rooms.
main room west of the circulation space, a room at the back.
main room west of the circulation space, a room on one side.
W7: main room west of the circulation space, without additional room(s).
352

Table 5. Delos: rooms used for dining

Cat. no. Room Pavement Drainage Position of door Broad-room/ Square room
design rectangular

Dell! x off-centre x
x x off-centre x
De114 x central, wide x
x x al. central x
De117 x central, wide x
~ Cd

De1N16 x x central x (large)

De1121 x central x
x central x
Q

x x central, wide x
De1122 x sl. off-centre x
Cτ1

De1P1 x central, wide x

De112 x central x
ς)

De1I4 x sl. off-centre x

.+,

DelIS x x
,F . ._... .-. ,.,, . -•αa ry (D

De114 x x sl. off-centre x

x x central x
x x sl. off-centre x
x central x
De115 x x central x
De1T2 x central, wide x
x off-centre x
x central x
De1T16 x x al. central x
. .• ,..,, π

x x al. central x
De1T21 x off-centre x
De1T23 χ 3 doors x
n

De1T24 x 2 doors x
φλ

De1T25 x ? central x
De1T31 x central, wide x
x sl. off-centre x
x sl. off-centre x
De1T45 x x al. central x x
x off-centre
De1S2 x central x
z

x central, wide' x
•v

Key to Table 5:
al = almost; sl. = slightly.

Four columns in the door opening.

 353
Upper
storey

κ ι . χ κ χ ~. κ χ χ χ κ κ χ ~. κ χ κ κ κ κ . κκ χ
in front of
the façade
Portico

κ
Staircase
external

o
ο κ κ
Staircase

separate
internal

XXX κ χ
Staircase
internal

κ XX κ κ XXX ~. κκ
Pavement

us

κ κ κ κ x χ •~. κκ χ ~• κ χκ
decoration
Wa ll

χ κχ
us

κ κο~ κ κ κ
Pavem en t

κ κ κ χ κ κ κ x κ x χ κ Χ κ κ χ κ χ
81
decoration
Wa ll

+
κ κ χ χ '• κ χ χ κ χ κ χ κ χ κ χ χ κ κ χ κ χ

Oti ηΜ7 ~Π Vr r-' ci c ' η t- ci c ,- Μ

' π '-0 .- ι η η η η η η Ν η η η
Cat. no.

-y η ι~ ιρ C ,--ι ,--ι . .y ' '

F F F
GJ W CJ CJ N CJ N CJ L W CJ W U N W ~~
ΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑ
354
Upper
storey

χ κ κ κ χ κ χ κ χ κ χ κ χ χ κ κ κ κ κ
Zí1 frοnt Of
the façade
Portico

κ κ χ κ κ κ κ κ χ κ
Staircase
ex ternal

κ κ κ x κ κ κ
Staircase

separate
internal

n. χ x κ
Staircase
internal

x κ κ x x κ η. κ κ κκ
Pavement

us

κ χχ κ χ κκ x κ κ κκ η. κη. η.
decoration
Wa ll

+
κ κκ
us

κ χ κ κ χ κ χ χ κ χ κκ κ
Pavemen t

κκχ κχχ
gf

χ κ κκ κ χκχχχ κ x χ
decoration
Wa ll

~~ ~~
κ ~ κκ
gf

κ κ κ κ χ κ χ κ χ κ χ κ χ κ

~~ .τ η ~ v~ n.ς
Cat. no.

ι ~
ςι η 1η ς ~~ ςM~ ς
G) ~) ~) L N N C) W W W L C/ WNWU W N U N U L W E) W L W C)
Α ΑΑΑ. ΑΑ ΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑ Α Α ΑΑ Α -ΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑ
Upper
storey
355

XXX XXX XXXX XX χ κκχ '. κκ XXX

in front of
the façade
Portico
Staircase
external

κ κ
Staircase

separate
internal

κ κ
Staircase
internal

κ κκ ' -Y
Pavem ent

κ κ
us

κκκ κκ κ κ κ
decoration
Wa ll

~~
us

κκκ χκ κ κχ κ κκ k ΝΧ ΧκΧ
Pavement

gf gf

κκ κ κ κ κ κκ κκκ κ
decoration
Wa ll

κ κκ κ χκ κ χ κ κ χ κ χ κ

G ,--ιΝΜ71Λ Vr 1~00C )‚ u' "0 1-. , -q u' i Vr 1'-. ΟΟ +Λ

Cat. no.

00\ ' -i v-i Ν (' Ν Ν f V Ν NC Ν M M M M M M M M M M

Ε-ιΕ-ι F Ε-ι FF Ε-ι FFF Ε~EyFF Ε-ιΕ-ιΕ-ι F Ε-ι FF Ε-1 Ε-ι FFFFFFι F Ε-{ F
C! W N W η 7 CJ W W W W W W W W CJ W CJ W W L W W W L W C! L W GJ W L W
ΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑ ΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑ
 357

Table 7. Delos: water supply and cistern types (fir key, see below the table)
Cat. no. Cistern Cistern Cistern Cistern Well
Type I Type II Type III Shape unknown

De1N1 2 1
De1N2
De1N3
De1N4 1 1
De1N5
De1N6 1 1
De1N7 1 2
De1N8 1
De1N9
De1N10 1
De1N11 1
De1N12 1 1
De1N13 1 1
De1N14 1
De1N15
De1N16
De1N17 1
De1N18
De1N19 1 1
De1N20
De1N21 1 1
De1N22 1 1
De1N23 1 1
De1N24
De1N25 1
De1N26
De1N27 2 3
De1N28
De1N29 1 1
De1ST1
De1ST2
De1ST3 1
De1ST4 1
De1ST5
De1ST6 ? ?

De1ST7 1
De1P1 1
DelP2 1
De1P3
De1P4
De1P5 1
De1P6
De1P7
De1P8
De1P9 1 1
Delll 1
De112 1
 359

Table 7. Delos: water supply and cistern types

Cat. no. Cistern Cistern Cistern Cistern Well
Type I Type ΙΙ Type III Shape unknown

De1T38 1 ? ?
De1T39
De1Τ40 1
De1T41 1 1
De1T42 1 1
De1Τ43 1
De1T44 1 1
De1Τ45 1
De1T46 1 1
De1T47 1
De1T48' 2/0 1/3
De1T49
De1T50
DelAl 1 1
De1Α2 1 1
De1S1 1
De1S2
Total 52 2 1 ? >_ 61

Key to Table 7:
Type I: Quadrangular, vertical walls.
Type II: Circular, vertical walls.
Type III: Irregular.

Two cisterns and one well or three wells.

360 To tal

Ν ~
Sou thern

'.
~
Zon e

ν
Α
Sanctuary of
Area of the

Ap hrodite

Ν ν
A Α

W Ν V' Μ V' η V' η

Quarter
Theatre

.-4 000"'G .--1 .-ι '-i '-ι N N ΝΜΜ •y '- ι '-ι N N y Ν Μ Μ Μ Μ Μ

FFFFFFFFF F 0 E-4F' F ·'E-4 E-'E-4 FFFFF
0)0) 0)0)0) 0)0)0)0)
the Masks '
House of

Quarter
Quarter
Inopos

~~
~~
AA
Periholos

η
Street

α~
ν
Α

~
Quarter
Stadium

~~
Α

Η
~~

z "z
Northern

~~
Quarter

zzzz zz " z
~ χ ~~~~~~ ~~ χ ~~
Ν 0η Ν '~
0 rt

. . .

ó x -ι Ν
εµ
 361
us
Pavemen t

χ ~
~
~ υ υ Ο =ι_
gf tessera design gf types

O O ι- ~, ι+O n. Ο ~~
Ó Ó Ο υ Ο Ó ÓÓÓ ΟÓÓ O Ó ÓÓÓ
Mortar
Mortar
gf
Chip pavemen t

κκ κ κκκ κ κ κκκ κ κ κ κκκ

gf
Pebble mosaic

κ κ
gf v ermiculatum gf
Op us

κ κκ
tessellatum
Opus

κ κ κ κ κκκ κ κ

Ο ,- ,-ι
ι Ν M CU1V r r-.. Q0 If' Ο CO C
, ι ~ι .η ν ' η Ν CO α' ,-ι .-ι Γ-ι ,-ι Γ-ι ' . Ν Ν (‚Ι Ν Ν Ν Ν ('Ι rv F F F F
Cat. no.

ΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖ ~ ηηη
ω ω ω ω ω ω ω (J'
ω ω ω ω ω ω ~~
ω ω ω ω ω ~~ ωωωωωωω CII ω ω
ΑΑΑΑΑΑ Α ΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑ Α ΑΑΑΑΑ Α ΑΑ Α Α Α ΑΑΑΑ Α Α
 363
us
Pavement

~~
ο
gf tessera design gf types

~~ ~~
000 000 00 ~~ ~~ ~~
Mortar
Mortar
Chip paveme nt

κκ κ κ κ κκκ κκκ κ κκκ

gf
Pebble mosaic
gf vermiculatum gf
Opus

κ
tessellatum
Opus

κ κ κκκ κ κ

ο
Ι
Α ο '- N Μ ~Υ V1 V~ Λ οο ο' Ο ti N Μ V' Ii' V• Λ 00 0 ' 0.-ι N M eh u' 'D ΟΟ 0\ O .-4 N
Cat. no.

α; -.-ι -- - - - . -i. -i rι N N N N N ('‚Ι N N N N MMN1 u' u' u' u' u' u' u' M
FFFFFHFFFFHFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
WWW Ε! L~4 Ú N L L W W ~~~
W W L W W W L U W W W i7 01~0
CJ W W W L
ΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑ
 365

Table 10. Delos: sculptural finds (for key, see below the table)
Cat. no. Bronze Marble Terracotta Po rtrait
De1N1
De1N2
De1N3
De1N4
DellVS
De1N6
De1N7 x (1)
De1N8
De1N9
De1N10
De1N11 x (3) x (1)
De1N12
De1113 x (fragments) x (fragments)
De1N14
De1N15
De1N16
De1N17
De11V18
De1119° x (5) x (4)
De1N20
De1121 x (1) x (6) x (8)
De1122 x (1) x (4)
De1123 x (1) x (2) x (number ?) x (2)
De1124 x (1)
De1125 x (1)
De1N26
De1127 x (5) x (1)
De1N28
De1N29
De1ST1
De1ST2 x (1) base
De1ST3
De1ST4
De1ST5
De1ST6
De1ST7
De1P1* x (12)
De1P2* x (6)
DelP3 x (2)
De1P4
De1P5 x ( 2)
De1P6
De1P7
De1P8 x (1)
De1P9 x (1)
Delíl x (1)
DelI2 x ( ξ 30) x (3)
Dell3 x (2) x (3)
De1I4 x (2)
DeIIS
DelI6 x (1) base
De1M1
De1M2
De113 x (fragments)
De114 χ (4) x (8) x (1)
De1M5
De1M6
De1T1
 Cat. no. Ex terior Exterior Ex terior Exterior Ex terior Exteior Exterior Ex terior Exterior
wall, left wall, right wall, third n iche, left niche, right n iche, third altar, left altar, right altar, third

s
ofen trance 0/en trance location of entrance of en trance location of en trance of en trance location

ω
i,

κ
κ
κ
XX

.D Λ,--ι Γ-ι
g)
XX

"
κ

#
1,

N
XX

,- ι Ν Ν Ν
-0<
g)
κ

X
κ

~
i<
Χ

Ν rv ro
o
XXX
XXX

ΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖΖ
V• Λ Λ
ν
~
κ

^
Ο
κ κ
ix

0g)
b
ω
κ

Χ
κ κκ
κ κ
g)
κ

φ Ν(V Μ ~t

ΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑΑ ~αΑΑΑΑΑΑ
κ
κ
g)

Ζιηνινινινιιη
κ

κ
'κ

~~.
t
1,

X
κ

XX
XX

κ
κ κκ

κ
κ

Α ΑΑ ΑΑΑΑΑΑ
Χ

~~
ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ~ ω ω υ ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ~~âι âι âι ~~
367
 369

Table 12. Carthage: concordance of location of habitation

Cat. no. Tang Cintas 1976 CEDAC 1 Rakob Rakob Lancet Lancet
Fig. 2 fig. 3 1978, 10-11 1987 1987 1995 1995
map ΙΙ fig. 2 fig. 3 fig. 74 fig. 75
CarΗΙ-CarH13 12 marked by ΒΑ4 9 9c
an arrow
CarIl-Carili 24 D D 7
CarDΜΙ-CarDM2 23 T3 126
Carl 2 marked by 18
an arrow
Car2 1 19
Car3 outside
map
Car4 outside
map
Car5 17 8 8b
Car6 10 marked by 13
a star
Car7 8 15
Car8 25 marked bγ ΒΑ3 5
an arrow
Car9 28 marked bγ ΒΑ 2 3
a cross
Car10 29 ΒΑ ~~ 1
Carll 13 9 9b
Car12 14 9 9a
Car13 15 9c, 9d
Carl4 16 8a
Car15 18 8 8b
Car16 19 8c, 8d
Car17 20 ΒΑ5 10 lia,
lob
Car18 21 11 11
Car19 11 12 12
Car20 9 21
Car21 3
Car22 4
Car23 5
Car24 6 14
Car25 7 marked by T5
a cross
Car26 22 T2 Β~6
Car27 26 20
Car28 27 6
370
1 Scu lpture

κ κ κκ κ
~~
Ε
Pavemen t

0 ~
~~ ο ~~ o ~ ~~
EE ~~~~~ E ~ E ~ E ~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~ E ~~ Ε ~~~~~~
Wa ll

κ κ κ κ

~
~ κ κ κ
Cistern

xxxxxxxxxx xxx κ κκ xxx M1. κ κ

Upper

κ M1-M1. κ κ κ κ κ κ κ M1-M1- κ M1- κ κ

3
Other

3 ι'-- ~
gg ~
~ ~ ÿ -o . ι-Q ,o ε-χ

Ε M1- κ κ M1. κ M1-

ο
Circulation

0
~~
~~ ~~
αο α ~
ΜΜ Μ Ν
• -+ } }M1. rt.M1. + +
υυυ ~ νυυυυ υυ υ
Entrance

κ κκκκκ κκκκ ι. M1. κ κ M1.

• •
ο ο
ο ο
.
ι^'^ • • ο ο
• • •
ο If'
ν̀ Ο
"O εr
•
ν
'-q ~
'—q η r rr MM ~~ .-η-ι Vr ~ ~ ΛΙ ~ Γ -ι
η
Ground-plan

•
' Ο ^d
Λ) Π
Α. Α. ,
~
χ ~••• • • • • ••~•
ΥΥΥ "° ΥΥΥ Q ΥΥ °° ΥΥΟ Qω ΟΥ Υ ΥΥαΥ
0 νν ι~ ~. ~αο~ ω
ννω ωωαινν0 ~. 0ω αιω αι
α ~~ τ~ ι~

~
Ο -r Ν
-
~~
-
Cat. no.

.-ι N Μ V' ΙΠ V' 1~ 00 G~ ~~ - N Μ '

~c*C b '-'~C Κ
~ cΕ - ι0 Cl ;K --Κ c*3 ~
* ctl ~ Κ ~ -Κ ~ Κ Κ R ç- *
ιa 'C c~a 'C 'C
υυυυνυυ ~ υυυ ~ υυ υ υυ ~ υυνυ ~ υυ
Scu lpture 371

0
µ Ε
o
Pavem ent

~~
~
ο ο ο
types

o 00 Ε Ε
Ε
decoration
Wa ll

κκ κ
We ll

κ κ κ κ κ κ κ
Cistern

κ κ κκκκ κκ κ κκκκκκκκ κκ κ
Upper
storey

κ
0

33
Other
rooms

qq .qq
χ_ ;ο ;~ο χ ~
Main
room

κ
Circulation
space

υ υ υ υυ
C5
Entrance
room

κκ - Χ

ο ~
ο η
Ν
ς
Ground-p lan
Cat. no.

η 0Ο Γ+ M V v ' V' 1 » 00
•-ι 11' "0 η 00 Cλ '- ι -ι rι rι rι ti ~-ι.a.•-ι ~• - ι NNNNNNNNN
c~α ro ι~α m c~α κ *cα c~a c~a c~α c~a c~α c~a iα ro b c~α rs c~a c~a m
ro ro υυυυ
c~α c~a c~α c~a c~e
υ υυυυυυυ υυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυ
 373

Table 14. Carthage: water supply and cistern types

Cat. no. Cistern Cistern Cistern Well
Type IV Type V Shape unknown

Car16 1
Car17 6 2
Car18 1
Car19 3'
Car20 6
Car21
Car22
Car23 x
Car24 1
Car25
Car26 1
38
Car27
Car28
Total > 80 4 >8 14

Key to Table 14:

Type N: Bathtub-shaped, vertical walls, including variants.
Type V: Circular, bottle-shaped.
= the cisterns are interconnected by a narrow passage.

The number depends on how the boundary is drawn between CarΜ5 and CarM9.
2 Cf. note 1.
3 "...en forme de bouteille" (Fantar 1985, 12).

"...la forme d'un carafe" (Fantar 1973, 243).

5 "...plusieurs citernes en forme de baignoire" (Vézat 1946-1949, 677).

6 Cistern K is subdivided into three chambers.

' To judge from the description.

8
Two of the cisterns are interconnected.
 375

Table 15. Cartha ge: `Mago Quarter', Quarter of Decumanus Maximus and Cardo X: cisterns: location,
dimensions, date
Cat. no. Room Cistern Length Width Depth Capacity Date
(Type) (Type)

CarMi P 1 (C?) (IV) mid-3`4 — mid-2"d

P 9 (C) (?) mid-3`d-mid-2"d?
Ρ 16 (pi) (IV) 4.32 m 1m mid-3`4-mid-2"4
or later
P 18 (C) (IV) lm mid-3'4-mid-2"d
or later
Ρ 19 (po) (?)
P21 (?)
P 24a- (N) >5m 0.92m m id-3`d-mid-2" 4
P 24b
P26 (N) <5m 0.8 m mid-3`d-mid-2"d
CarM2 254 (C?) (IV) 1.1 m end 3'd-1/4 2"d
256- (IV) c. 6.1-6.2 m 1.06 m 2/4 2nd
258
CarM3 P 92 (N) 5.2 m 0.7 m 2/4 2nd ?
P 93 (N) 4m 0.7 m 18m3 2 /4 2"d ?
D (?) MP or LP
2/4 2 "d
CarM4 P 71b- (IV) c. 7 m 1.15 m
P72 (ai)
P75 (C) (IV) 8.5 m c. 14300 1 2/4 2"d
-P78 1.15 m
P76- (IV) c. 8m 2/4 2"d
277 1.2 m
81• (cor) (IV)
CarM5 P 100 (cor) (IV) 6.3 m 1.05 m c. 10m3 2/4 2"d
P 102 (N) 2/4 2"d
P 106 (IV) end 3`4-beg 2"d
P 107 (IV) end 3`4-beg 2"d
120• ` (N)
CarM6 P 42 (IV) before 2/4 2nd
P44 (N)
P46 (N)
P 47a (N) 1.2 m
P48 (p0) (N) 4.2 m 0.84 m 55001 after mid-3`d

CarM7 135• (IV)

136• (N)
CarM8
CarM9 2
CarMil G (?) 1.08 m MP or LP
CarDMl C (IV) 3.72 m 0.96 m 3.48 m c. 12.4 m3 4`h
CarDM2
376

Table 15. Carthage: various locations: cisterns: location, dimensions, date

Cat. no. Room Cistern Length Width Depth Capacity Date
(Type) (Type)
Carl (V)
Car2
Car3 (V) 3`α-2" α
Car4
CarS (C) CTl (11,11) LP
Carδ (?) LP
Car7 (IV) 7m 0.91 m 4.65 m LP
Car8 (all = IV)
Car9
Car10 5 (?) both before
6 (Ν) mid-3'd
Carll H (Ν) 180/160
JS (τν) 5.1 m 1.25 m 3.61 m 180/160
Κ (Ν) 1.3-1.4 m 180/160
L(IV) 1.4 m 180/160
Car12 R (IV) LP
S(Ν) LP
Car13 (all = IV) LP
Car14 (both = Ν) LP
Car15 CT2 (Ν) 1m LP
CT3 (Ν) >4m 1r 3.2 m LP
Car16 (Ν) LP
Car17 1-4 (Ν) 0.87-0.9 m MP/LP
5" (Ν) 1.03 m MP/LP
65 (Ν) 5.71 m 1.03 m 3.9 m MP/LP
Car18 (Ν) LP
Car19 ' (all = Ν)
Car20 (all = Ν) LP
Car21
Car22
Car23 (all = Ν) LP
Car24 (Ν) 3.83 m 1.05 m
Car25
Car26 PZ (Ν)
Car27 1977.1 (Ν) 3.67 m 0.8-0.93 m 3.73 m 11.77m3
1977.1 (Ν) 3.91 m 0.78-0.81 m 4m 12.51 m'
1977.3 (IV) 4.52 m 0.93 m 3.14 m 12.82m3
Car28

Key to Table 15:

* = Diameter.
• = Designation of room given by author.

This room m ay belong to CarM5 or CarM9 depending on how the boundary between the house
units is reconstructed.
2 Cf. note 1.

3 Earlier cistern beneath (W).

Beneath the maison d'Ariadne.

5 Beneath the maison d'Attís.
Table 16. Carthage: `Hannibal Qua atiοn in stucco of uncertain provenance

Object Reference Find-spot House

~
Q)
κ
κ

υ
χ
χ

Μ
Fragment of cornice

λ",
κ
χ

Q
υ

b
Μ
Fragment of cornice

µ
κ
κ

ιΤι
χ

; ;
υ

b
Q
Μ
Fragment of cornice

,
xi
υ
κ

b
Q
Μ
Fragment ofdentilfrieze Ferron/Pínard1960- 1961, no. 3 13, pl. XLVIΙ

µ ,
κ
χκ χκ

b
υ
x
υ υ υ υ υ

Q
Two fragments ofdentilfrieze, traces o
~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~

~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~

µ
pigment κ
ὶri
χκ
υ

~
Q
υ
Fragment with traces of pigment
~~

~~
Fragments with traces of pigment and relief
377
378
design gf types us

o
~
Mortar tessera Pavemen t

o ~ ~ o

~.
Υ
s
κ κ ~~ κ
~-.οtι _
Μ
s
ΝΙ Ι ,< 1 555 ~
x
,-
~

κκ κ κ κκκκκκκκκκκκ κκ κ κκ κ κκκκ
`5υ

ν
s ~~~
α, Υ

ΟΝ κ
pavem en t gf
Chip

κ
.-ευ

Q' ~
κκ κ κ κκκ κ κ κ κ κκ
tessellatum gf verm iculatum gf
Opus

Υ
~~ ε4
s s sss ~~ ^~~
,
Opu s

κ κ κ ~. κ κκ κ κ

Γ, N
οΟλ '- Ηι-Ν-ι,-M-ι ~ NM V' 'ιπ V' ςι ~ι
Cat. no.

N 'ι' O Λ r" Q

~ b β "ι "α "ι "ι "ι "ι b "ι "ι

"ι b β β ςα ", "ι "ι "ι b "ι β "ι "ι b "ι "ι ro "ι
υυυυ υυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυ
 /
Opus Op us Chip Opus Mortar Mortar tessera Pavemen t

§%
gf gf design gf types us

ω
pavemen t gf sectile

±4
tessellatum gf verm ículatum gf

~
\\
~ ωχ

ω
* *

II' 'D
3

00 D'
χ
χ

«
ω

lfg 'D-
00
ω

\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\ } }3222} } \
379
 381

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~ υυυυυυ ,•
υ υ υ υ
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0 0.Λ Λ Λ i Λ Λ 1~ 1 -. Λ

λ α ~ ι Ι 1 ,"~~ λ λ 11 χχχχχχχχχχ
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χΦ χΦ Φχ . χΦ χΦ χΦ χΦ χΦ χΦ χΦ Φχ
χ χχχχχχχχ χ
House

Φ uΦ
u υ υ υ υ u u u u υ u υΦ υΦ υΦυΦ υ
ΦυΦυ
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α
—

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Hy M M M M M M M M M M M "~ "p "~ ' n~ ' Λ~ ' ~
Find-spot

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µ ~~~~~~~~~~~~Α, R, α A,a, ¢,a,A,n,¢,
; Lλ Cλ QQ Q Ä Γλ Ä ÄQQ y µY YµY Y Y

° υ ~~~~ υυυυ ~~~b ~~~~ ~ ~~b~

0 i
ν ννν ν ννν ν νν νν νννννν ν ν "0 ' 0 'b '0 '0 '0 ' d 'τJ C 'C
~ m ~α ~ ~~ ~ m iα rt rt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ µ
'
b
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S
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: : : : : : : : :C

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l'Y l'Y ~ /'Y YY l'Y ✓Y 1' V 1' Y

~~ α α α α α ααα α
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φφφφ CO O'
Reference

~~ η ς ς ς ς ς ς ς ς ς ς
ο
η ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó ~~

¢ s,' Sr' If' ~~'!' If' I!''!' ~~

Q' ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~
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f 0 0 rn rn 00 0 0 0' 0' 0' 0' rn rn
D rn rn rn
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s-
η Φ Φ cd Ν c~d λ̀ b Ν c~
α c~α b c~α c`~~ c~α λ̀ c~ö cα
µ c~d c~α Ν Κ
~ S Sι, 5 $ .5
ι-~-ι ~ ς Α ς ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ς \α ~ ~ ς 0 ς Q 00000
tl ΟΟ ΟΟΟOOΟ 0 0 Ο O O O O Ο 0 0 0 0 0
a. s~.ι ~~ µ
τ ~~
51)51)
iµ. iµ
. 1. 4 4 s. i . s. ! ι. ι-ι 4 S~-ι II)L 4 4
s-s SS s

~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

µ µ µµ
µ~
µ µ µ µ

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~ ν
µ ~
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µ ~ φ
Object

~ ~ 2'- '
~~"~
Q s- 55 Q)
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~~ g
4's--s
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'- t
OC ο~η b οη χιΛ ‚ ' 3' b ~~ ~~ α " ~α ο3
Q 0 ~~ '

~ χι~ χ ~~~ ~~~ ε ωωχχ ~, ω ~ α ~, 3

. Ο .-í η ιη V ΙΠ 'D 1-s οΟ ~\ ~ _ η
~~ ,--1 .- .-ι
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382

ΦΦ 00 ΦΦΦφφΦφ 00 φΦ 00 Φ
χχχχχχχχχχχχχχχ
ει ει ει ει ει ει ει ει ει ~ ει ει ει ει ει
υυυυυυυυ
r
υυυυυυυ
τ. _4
τ. ε. ε. ε, 1 ε. ε. ε. τι τ. τ. ε. ε, S.
Ο 0 0 0 OO Ο 0 0 Ο Ο Ο 0 Ο 0
r ηιΛ. ι1ΛΡ ΛΡ
η.I ιIΛΡ ~ ~M
ιιΛ
g- ΛΡ Ν t— t-' t--' ι--
ι-'ι ηη-
ιτ µ µ
η.I εF~ µ ηyy ιη~-ι- 1 Fι ~- ιτ ιιτ

4f" w' w'

House

ει ει ει ει ει ει ει -τ. χ
ει χ
ει χ
ει sι τι χ
τι χ
ει
Φ Φ Φ Φ Φ Φ Φ Φ Φ Φ Φ c6 Φ c6 Φ
ζ.) ς.) ς.) ς.) ς.) ς.) ς.) ς.) ς.) ς.) ς.) ς.) ς.) ς.)

Η Η Η Η Η :
b -0 b b ~
. cd cςα Κ 0
cα ~ Η
O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O o Η Η - Η Η
w Φ Ri - Φ Φ α Φ Φ Φ Φ w w w π$ α F. Η Η F.
Η
Η ς'-
.Si Ji -ς -ς ,- ς .-C, ,-4" .-ς '-O .rti ~. -ς '-Cι ~--i
Find-spot

w ti υ Ψ Ú) ν Ν \

fy

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• i,+ z' 0 0 0 ~ Ó ~
υ υ ν υ υ υ υ υ υ υ υ υ υ υ υ-
eι eι αι υ
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αι αι Ο ν αι υ αι ν αι αι αι ς Γ. 0 Γ, ~ Γ, ω ~
0 0 0 0 0
• ON
0 0 ~~0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ON ON ΟΝ ON
Γ. •O Γ . ' O Γ. ~ Γ. .-ι <α
µ
-+ NC w w Υ ςςιι ηη Υ 4) 0
.Φ ~~ Ý ÿC Ν ..`α.~ .". ,.Φ+ ~ .-Φ+ ~~ ~~ Ν Γ'-ι ν Γ-.
Φ Φ Φ Φ w w w ~<à w
- ι '.ς Γq 'ς ' ς . -ς
Φ Φ Φ Φ Φ Φ
ς '.ς _λ'-ι '.ς
Ν µ
‚4 Ν µ Ν
Ο
ν µ Ν ~ ~~W
λ'" ' ς. L., » n
Γ.' 4-' Γ. n 4-
' Γ4'
λ .Γ.
ιn H m ~ vι H vι υ Q
ι-λ vι

m
Η Η Η Η Η Η
~
H
-- l ιΗ
— ι Η~ _ H
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~ ~ ~ ! ~ ~ ~ ~~ ^ ~
w Γ, Γ, Γ, ΓJ ' , ~
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j λ ~~ ~ λ H~ j λ [~ÿ~ ~j υ -0 Ο
η

ÝY
λ
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λ ~ ~ !µ[ηµχ
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γ ηγ ηµ_ γ γ γ γ {η ηγ γ, 7 V 7
ηµµ
1'Y µ χµ µ
1'Y ~1
, ~~ jµ ~

'-4 -4 '-4 '4-

µ

'_0
YY YY YY YY YY l'Y ~ ~ YY YY ✓Y YY ~ ~
ααα ααααα α αααααα ~, ~, ob ob ob ~
'-ς '-ς '-ς ' .-)
ó ~~ ~ ‚g;
Ν d' ιΠ O Ó N M V η Vr Λ Ν
η Vr Λ Φ
.Ν N N Ν
04-04-04- O Ο O O O O O Γλ
υ1 ι1 ,.ÿ --', .-~.

~
σ' ι
Π
η η Ν Γ, '~-- ι Γ•
Reference

0 0 0 0 0 0 O Ó ° Ο 0 0 0 0 Ó N .
~~ ~ . ~ Ο - Ν

Vr Vc Vr Vr Vr νΓ Vr V
Γ v̀
Πι ' ~ Vr Vr ~ Vr VJ O O O Ο Ο Ν
ι
ιΠ °~ Π ιΠ Π
~ Πι Πι Π
ι ιΠ ιΠ ιΠ ιΠ Πι ιΠ Λ 1~ Ο

'0 '0 ~ '0 ~~~~

~ ~ ~~ '0 '.0 ~ Q Q Q

Ο
'.0 0 '0.0 -0 "0'.0 -~~ '~~-0 -0 '0 -0 ΓΟ ,
ς
w w w
Φ Φ c~~ π4 w Φ
^
cα
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Φ Φ Φ Φ
O
nt Φ,
C Cí
c0 Φ . Φ Φ
Γ!
Γ λ
ΓΡ '
λ
ΓΡ
Π ' '
λ
ΓΡ
η '
.~,
Λ " η " η " " ~
O C
η '
ΓΡ, λ 4'
λ λ
Γ' ΓΡ
λ
'
v1 ,~~
ηη ηη η Λη η
η η η ηη I η ηη

0 ς 0 0 O A O A A Q Q ς ς A ς- H H -H H H H
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o α α α α α α
λ λ λ ~ λ λ
Ψ Ν υ Ν Ψ ν Ψ Ν Ο υ Ν Ν Ν υ Ψ λ λ λ ?ι . λ λ
ωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωω ω ω ω ω ~

µ µ
~. ÿ
. y

~ ~. µ
Object

~ Γ~ ~ µ
- ~ µ
~ - λ.
µ. ~ ~ -~ µ
-00 w
~ τ3 cï ~~ b
" 4 ,
~~ -
ωι ~ cα C ~
~~. ' -

~ οη ai ,~
Ο
εΦ.
w ια O ο εΦ, "d
c Ow ~~ Κ ~~ ~~ ~ " . O . ~
w w Ο

Vr Λ Φ σ . Ο '- N Μ
ci - c- w'w' ' Μ - V - - -
Table 20. Carthage. `Mago Quarter'. Sculpturalfinds of unc provenance, various materials

Object Reference Find-spot House

~ρ
~.
~

~
υ
Fragment of thigh, stone, stuccoed Kraus in Karthago I 199 1, 256, Taf. 65.h, 65.i Coordinate J/4, Roman fill to Punic cistern beneath
room P 100

Fragment ofleg, stone, stuccoed Kraus in Karthago 1199 1, 25 6, Taf. 65.g Coordinate JK/8, Punic destruction layer

,
Fragment of mask, Pan tc Kraus in Karthago 1 199 1, 25 6, Taf. 66. d Eastern part ofCardo XVIII

Fragment ofdrap ery, tc Kraus in Karthago 1199 1, 257, Taf. 67.h Excavation beneathCardo XVIIΙ, stratum p 2

Fragment of relief, frieze ofuraeiand Kraus in Karthago I199 1, 257, Taf. 67.g Punic destruction layer
winged solar disc, tc

Table 21. Carthage. Car la. Sculpturalfinds of unc ovenance, various materials
383
384
Scu lpture

.0 •0

~
Pavemen t

~~
α ~
0 ~ 0
0
~
0 0
~ ~

~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~
IWa ll

κ κ

~ κ
I Cistern

κ κ κ κκ κ κκ κ κ κκ κ
Tipp er

η .
Γ4ΓΛ
Other

~
Η 3

~ ~~
° κ κ κ κ κκκ κ κ κκ
Circulation

ο
ο
X Χ
~~ υ ~ Fι QV υυ ¢ QVV υ ~ υ ~~
Entrance

κκ κκ κκκ κ κ κ

~~
~~ Μ ~
.- - ι ~ ~ Ν.-
η -ι ~~ Ν ~
Ν•- -ι ~ ;~~~ ~~ Ν ~~ ~~ΛI .-My .-
~ -i
Groun d-p lan

'-o ι.
~ Κ ~ ~ ~ Ψ at
Η
c~3 W cö ~bp Η
cC ~ ~bA ~
bA ~~-+ bA, ~: .-~~ bA
~" µΨ ~" Ψ ~' µµΝ µ ΨΨ NN Ψ N
ι. ι. .
µε.Ψ

ΟΟ Ο\ Ο ε-ι N M V' ~)' νΓ Λ GO

~ N M V' η ν• Λ GO ιΛ .-ι .-ι .--ι 'Ν .--ι 'Ν .--ι .--ι .--ι .
ΖΖ :z N N N N N N N Ν
Cat. no.

Ε5
' ς ' 1: i Q Q Q Q ~i Q Qi Qi ~i Q Qi Q Qi Qi Qi Qi Qi Q~i QQQ
 Scu lpture 385

° ~~ ~~
Pavement

α
~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ¢ ο •
~
00
Wa ll

κ κκ

~
m
~ κ κ
Cistern

κ κ κ κκ κκ κ
Upper

(. κ κ
Other

κ
~
z zκ ~~
κ κ
ûα ûα
κκ
z
(.
Circulation

0
~χ ~° ο
Porticoes on three sides and a well on the fourth side.
Entrance
jas: main features of the houses

κ κ κκ κκ κ

Μ
~ ~
Φ Ó
η
ti ~ íN
Λ 00
N
00 ~'
Μ ΛI Φ ~ ΛΙΜ VΝ
Ground-plan

κ m
ςα
c°µ ου „ 0000
~ α υ υ υ υ ) υ

ΜR
Cat. no.

~. ~. ~ , ~ , ~ , ~~~
ξ
¢ Q ¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢ ¢
 387

Table 24. Ampurias: water supply and cistern types

Cat. no. Cistern Cistern Cistern Cistern Cistern Cistern Well
Type 1 Type ΙΙ Type III Type N Type V Shape
unknown

Ampl1
Amρl2 1
Amρl3 1
Amρl4
Ampl5 1
AmρΝ~~
AmρΝ7 1
AmpΝ8 1
ΑmpΝ9 .

AmpliO
Amph 1
AmρΝΙ2
AmpΝ13 1
AmpΝ14
AmpΝ15
AmpΝ16 1
AmpΝ17 1
AmpΝ18
AmpΝ19 1
AmρΝ20
AmρΝ21 1 1
Amρ122
AmρΝ23
Amρ124
Amρ125 ΙΙ
AmρΝ26 1
AmρΝ27
ΑmρΝ28 1
Amρ129 2
AmρΝ30
Amρl31 1 1
Amρ132 1
Amρl33
Amρ134 1 1
AmpRi 5 1 3
AmpR2 1
AmpR3 1 1 1
AmρR4 1
Total 6 1 1 23 1 3

Key to Table 24:

Type I: Quadrangular, vertical walls.
Type Π: Circular, vertical walls.
Type III: Irregular.
Type IV: Bathtub-shaped, vertical walls, including variants.
Type V: Circular, bottle-shaped.

The cistern consists of three interconnected chambers.

388

Table 25. Ampurias: cisterns: location, dimensions, date (for key, see below the table)
Cat. no. Room Cistern Length Width Depth Capacity Date
(Type) (Type)
Ampli
ΑmρΝ2 3 (C ?) 3( IV) 3.66 m 0.92 m 3.8 m 12.1 m3
ΑmρΝ3 4 (C) 38 (IV) 3.2 m 1.7 m 0.2 m
(pres.)
ΑmρΝ4
ΑmρΝS 1(A)-5 (mr) 16 ( TV ) 5.1 m 1.14 m 4.3 m 21.9 m3
ΑmρΝ6
ΑmρΝ7 1 (A) 15 (I) 4.5 m 1.69 m 2.75 m 20.5 m3 Older th an
present house
ΑmρΝ8 2 (C) 14 (IV) 4.84 m 1.14 m 3.04 m 15.6 m3
ΑmρΝ9 .
AmpliO
Amphi
ΑmρΝ12
~mpN13 2 ( Α )-3 17 (IV ) 5.02 m 1.1 m 3.3 m 17.3 m3
ΑmρΝ14
Ampi"
ΑmρΝ16 1 (C) 20 (IV) 3.6 m 0.9 m 1.9 m 5.8 m3 2 "α
(pres.)
ΑmρΝ17 1 (C) 19 (IV) 4.16 m 1.16 m 1.96 m 8.8 m3
ΑmρΝ18
ΑmρΝ19 1 (C) 21 ( IV ) 2.98 m 1.08 m 3m 8.9 m3
ΑmρΝ20
ΑmρΝ21 2 (P) 22 (IV) 4.5 m 1.1 m 1.56 m 9.4 m3
ΑmρΝ22
ΑmρΝ23
ΑmρΝ24
~mρΝ25 1 (C) 25 ( IV) 14.4 m 1.6 m 3.3 m 22.4 m3
ΑmρΝ26 1-2 (mr) 24 ( IV) 4.66 m 1.66 m 2.76 m 18.4 m3
ΑmρΝ27
~mpN28 1 (C ?) 30 ( IV) 3.24 m 1.12 m 3.74 m 12.5 m3
~mpN29 1 28 ( IV) c. 5 m 1.5 m
1 29 ( IV) c. 5 m 1.5 m
~mpN30
ΑmρΝ31 1(A) 40 (1V) 4.2 m 1.1 m 3.1# m 13.5 m3
ΑmρΝ32 1 (C)- 34 ( LV) 8.1 m 1.06 m 3.2# m 26.7m3
2 (mr)
ΑmρΝ33
ΑmρΝ34 1(P) 9 ( IV ) 4m 1m 2.08 m 8.1 m3
 389

Table 25. Ampurias: cisterns, location, dimensions, date

Cat. no. Room Cistern Length Width Depth Capacity Date
(Type) (Type)

AmpR1 30α• (A) 57 (Ι) 6.3 m 2.4 m 4.4 m 66.5 m'

30α• (A) 58 (Ι) 6.3 m 2.4 m 4.4 m 66.5 m'
22 59 (I) 3.05m 2.5m 3.75m 28.05m'
65• 60 (Ι) 9.22 m 0.96 m 1.98 m 17.5m3
70• 56 (ΙΙ) 1.9* m 4.6 m 13 m'
46 (Ρ) 55 (IV) 8.5 m 1.8 m 3.65 m 49.6m3
46 (Ρ) 63 (IV) 8.5 m 1.8 m 3.65 m 49.6m3
50• (C) 61 (IV) 5.25 m 2.2 m 2.6 m 25.2m3
55• 62 (I) 5.5m 1.6m 4m 33.4m'
AmpR2 la' (A) 52 (IV) 7.5 m 2.25 m 4.5 m 71 m'
ArnpR3 51α• (A) 51 (IV) 6.5 m 3m
40a• (P) 53 (ΙIl) 4.02 m 2.24 m
40α• (P) 54 (V) 2.16* 4.2 m c. 10-12m3
m
AmpR4 12 (C) 45 (IV) 4.6 m 2.08 m 3.08 m 25 m'
Key to Table 25:
= diameter.
# = height.
Ares. = preserved.
The numbering of the cisterns follows Burés Vilaseca 1998.
 391
gf design gf inset pieces gf
Mortar tessera Mortar

ο ο ο

υ υ υ

+ + +
κ κ κ κ κ χ κ κ

q
ο
.~
η,
~
Mortar

+
κ κ κ κ κ κ κ
gf sectile gf
Op us
verm iculatum gf pavemen t
Op us Chip

inset pieces gf
tesse llatum gf tessellatum
Op us Opus

-o

κ κ

Ο - d' V1 Vr Λ CO0" η "0 Λ io

----- .- ι ' N N N N N N N N N
Ν Μ
«o Λ Cο υ1
Cat. no.

z ΖΖΖΖΖΖΖ Z Z ZZZZZ ~. z Ζ -~.~. -%~ -%. ΖΖΖι~ ΖΖ

QiQi~i Q QQ QiQiQiQiQQQι QQ ~i~i~iQ QQQ ~.ι QiQiQi Q Qi

 393

Table 28. Terms used for pavement types: Delos, Carthage, Ampurias
Delos Carthage Ampurias
Mosaic pavements Opus tessellatum Figlinum tessellatum Opus scutulatum
Opus vermicualtum Opus figlinum Opus tessellatum
Pavements de galets nu- Opus segmentatum Opus vermicualtum
lés Opus tessellatúm Scutulata

Chip pavements Pavements en éclats de Chip pavements

marbre et de d'autres Pavements
pierres d'agglomérats
Pavements d'agrégat
Pavements à teselles
pseudo-jointives

Tile pavements Opus seethe

Sectilia

Mortar pavements Opus signinum Cement pavements Opus scutulatum

Pavements de ciment Lithostroton Opus signinum
Mörtelestrich Opus testaceum
Opus segmentatum Opus testacio
Opus signinum Signinum
Pavements Signina
d'agglomérats
Pavements d'agrégat
Pavements de ciment
Signinum
Signinum- terrazzo
Terrazzo
Terrazzo-signinum

? Lithostroton
Opus scutulatum
Opus segmentatum
Scutulatum
 LIST OF FIGURES

Cover, bottom: Ampurias, Roman city, AmpRl, atrium and impluvium

(author's photo).
Cover, right: Carthage, `Hannibal Quarter', Car Η8, corridor (author's
photo).
Cover, left: Delos, Northern Quarter, De1N1, entrance (author's photo).
Fig. 1: Map of north-eastern Spain (based on Sanmarti, J./Santacana 1991,
128, fig. 1).
Fig. 2: Carthage, location of habitation in the middle Punic and late Punic
phases (approximate locations) (based on Lancel 1995, 145, fig. 74).
Fig. 3: Carthage, `Hannibal Quarter', plan (Lancel 1981, 159, fig. 1).
Fig. 4: Carthage, `Mago Quarter', plan (Karthago [1991, plan 3).
Fig. 5: Carthage, CarS, plan (drawing by Kjeld de Fine Licht).
Fig. 6: Carthage, `Hannibal Quarter', Car Η8, room G (bathroom), opus
tessellatum and opus figlinum (author's photo).
Fig. 7: Carthage, `Hannibal Quarter', Car Η13, room E (courtyard), detail
of mortar pavement with tessera design (author's photo).
Fig. 8: The three urban nuclei of Ampurias (Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993,
204).
Fig. 9: Ampurias, Neapolis, plan (Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, separate
plan).
Fig. 10: Ampurias, Roman city, plan (Aquilué et al. 1984, fig. 13).
Fig. 11: Ampurias, Roman city, plan, forum and so-called praesidium
(Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, 190).
Fig. 12: Ampurias, Roman city, AmpRl, plan, last phase with indication of
building phases (Santos Retolaza 1991, 30, fig. 13).
Fig. 13: Ampurias, Roman city, AmpR2 and AmpR3, plan, last phase with
indication of building phases (Santos Retolaza 1991, 32, fig. 15).
Fig. 14: Ampurias, Roman city, AmpR4, plan (drawing by Kjeld de Fine
Licht).
Fig. 15: Ampurias, Neapolis, Am ρΝ16, cistern (author's photo).
Fig. 16: Ampurias, Neapolis, Am ρΝ32, cistern (authors's photo).
Fig. 17: Ampurias, Neapolis, atrium houses and atrium-peristyle house
(plans of the individual houses, Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, separate plan).
Fig. 18: Ampurias, Neapolis, houses with courtyards and houses with pos-
sible courtyards (plans of the individual houses, Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993,
separate plan).
Fig. 19: Ampurias, Neapolis, peristyle houses (plans of the individual
houses, Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, separate plan).
Fig. 20: Ampurias, Neapolis, other houses (plans of the individual houses,
Mar/Ruiz de Arbulo 1993, separate plan).
Fig. 21: Alorda Park, western sector, 4th century BC (drawing by Kjeld de
Fine Licht).
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Delos: main features of the houses

Table 2: Delos: distribution of houses according to area (completely exca-
vated houses)
Table 3: Delos: circulation space
Table 4a: Delos: main room complexes
Table 4b: Delos: key to main room complexes in Table 1 and Table 4a
Table 5: Delos: rooms used for dining
Table 6: Delos: relation between the ground floor and the upper storey
(interior architectural decoration, staircases, external porticoes)
Table 7: Delos: water supply and cistern types
Table 8: Delos: distribution of Triimper's "kanonische Normalhaus"
Table 9: Delos: pavement types
Table 10: Delos: sculptural finds
Table 11: Delos: the cult of the Lares Compitales: location of paintings
Table 12: Carthage: concordance of location of habitation
Table 13: Carthage: main features of the houses
Table 14: Carthage: water supply and cistern types
Table 15a-15c: Carthage: cisterns: location, dimensions, date
Table 16: Carthage: `Hannibal Quarter': wall decoration in stucco of un-
certain provenance
Table 17: Carthage: pavement types
Table 18: Carthage: statuary in terracotta found within the houses: themes
Table 19: Carthage: `Hannibal Quarter': sculptural finds of uncertain
provenance, marble and terracotta
Table 20: Carthage: `Magi Quarter': sculptural finds of uncertain prove-
nance, various materials
Table 21: Carthage: Caria: sculptural finds of uncertain provenance, vari-
ous materials
Table 22: Ampurias: main features of the houses
Table 23: Ampurias: distribution of houses according to area
Table 24: Ampurias: water supply and cistern types
Table 25: Ampurias: cisterns: location, dimensions, date
Table 26: Ampurias: Neapolis: house types according to Mar and Ruiz de
Arbulo 1993
Table 27: Ampurias: pavement types
Table 28: Terms used for pavement types: Delos, Carthage, Ampurias
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«L'ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER
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