Exsos Control Cool? 5 f the techniques an and dates atorage t Exvass that mi on ntorege 4 = Exoos (ontal wdlin epee ured on clightat om unicati Baatema ty defect and oasec OcuAs during the fra narnsac'e? dara - > Thene exsord (an be Caused by ngpae caterpIeree, or othey his to wd Chanral ox atovage machin - 5 bxxoy @nbol Coding enburts data fA guaivid aun 5 een token ane en broclucecl. that the bana iHeol Exsds AX Tus are two main typea op Err Con bsol colts * - 1. Gxrox Delecbion coclex: qowivey fo cetect @xxoea fn the banamiltd dala - “They corvct Covvect @yxadA but Can i lentipy other a0 oxox hat occured . Bi.) Parity bis 2) Chicleaams 3) lychic Redundla ny Chick. These codes bloc Be” 2. Sssoy Gostction Ladess deel @rvorp but abo aie Hammin lode - These chs no on! ard ~solamon Coole . te abo Codes andl Lorel toe olornity goodly «hock Jed Evo Control : Cain __foxcoaod_Lrvoe loserechien. Poswasd Exvoy (opstch 00 (€ec) tra dechniqyue und. to clcbct ond cook Byvose 70 jranserkthed deca cothod requaring ja fan miaalon - Py like dending @fso_ nko rm 0 : the jewives fon fr any al that might OU duaning franemiae'07- (ot aimplity chav ve Waokd + iE ) Adding Pedurdary: —— > wh nonding data » odd extra sits (cll 7edundanl bre) & the oviginal meaeage qf ba ome ne 3, the, Gubaal ‘ngoernet _on bik hulp debt owd. fr ep, —) Thinle of it oS aondling a backap plan along corth the data.@ 2) Grove Dlilion and _lovrvtion’- th Bata buh, bel ft the maivie's Endl aaa curd Lo chacle fos p50 A aed clato bac fe a poanible Lonuct thom. st raed to ale be —> fhe guteLer dlote »4 see up end the deta » aaur’ we y re enewtabio” “ptm. m ia eat. chanvel Vola. Cyan b- cP) SRengligeed mods o} = gam (2) Gadling ancl me cop oee ately - (6) Coding, and Me ambined digital Cormrmuniceition duldlion ptspormd dutationShs a FECC ote >i Encodirg (at_ Ys cand) Sy fhe concer foley the ori ira l dail. Cramverge 616 eae on Cncacing Sipsater to odd ; fos OF ° Origine mearangé 2 1016 bncodid mmages Wiouo (efor. bits axre cikelect) ¢] Fara iaaton’@ —> fh gn cockeol- mutage On dont, over Be Comraanitedion | bsock channel - (like a aatullte line OF o natay - Phone, ttre), a) decoding (o¢ fe seat)! > fhe quutue 9c Bre @rodtih reunagte but nigh suterve 4d rath ervra due to race. —> Crdved wararcyge; LOLOole (oom bu flipped): 2 the olucoder Wea 4Po gudandant bit dt bbc Grd asset ra) S000 « _»> ‘The pects hon getiente AW arlginal rypoage! (ld -SS Deaceete Me mony lees Channela I — Rata ning bh tre model Y ffyua, Hghb- We Wwomtforn channel ee aatd 4 be remorylers Y Bn ow given, anteava l the okt ecton -ouctped. dapends only on +h hrararnd Heol Px that Ondtaved anol nét on on4 peoviaus franamleatorr, we may model the _. fhe wave form e of hal Channe { yan diceset e enumarg [ea ; > Such Oo channel ts Compe ty destribect the ace 26 fran ait on probabeletis? olen olano trol a m odudledos by ecsli > dohese i : tn put agmbol 5 J danotes ao ola a cuclocto x oudpd agenbols ant PCii) Be the poobabilidy 4 seating Garbo C i gwen thect agmbal {woos ant. p> °@g Godin Chaar _Gding _ Tress Treosern Rrvteledl ha aime kat Lfcacarte mre mirnaty lid pault » Grom the Che a binawy erpt ond an binowy opt 4 va bolt. cohen ea cred y the dudes tox hos cae ee binary agro & oO onol | 38 tnpuds . @ ad (2eewoiae > the chcode he on pn bey enpeda — P% oid quaseg, ization et clernodlutotor ° ga ed thot * rm malt 97 the ied hamcl clecweirr rec oo © beh. biog ago oa. wa ie aneenittd atbrction, oe brary me channel were bpernei tio 0 oragnara % pho 77 Bones *- prob Symbol enguls Oulu m>e Sy Lo Symbol 0 fequee at Ban aition poo herbi bid Ltayxamn y binary agmmme fic chanre/,=> qhe coneept-o Fone co poet’ 3 which jor o clsouke rnnrnoseyie chown 1c regtaens Pe FRQAUNANYL aisean® 2 a anfosrrebion thot Can be foarnmni teed pee channel uae io o xe Gable cnann - The chant coding these, atatis! meee a eu diacecte aunt) Capani 4 C and o pourtt:, Jem oh a wake leas thon ©» then these extats & the ok pe % the a over the channe Seki Pow’ ly lew probability a ag bas channel hos erates anforrrabior wl Core of & binary cy mmmets? c teaches uw thot e the cock al capac? ty C, the apg —> fer Lo trowem chenral ) ta “wt Y oF, pove vere? ble loaa of A eh oF ducodin COW a dle peeghver - Fo Toauck : \oc wetedls7) Tes wt och ayronlizp? ak the dtrrodadakor oukpet » as yIbubakd Py 30 foo esk aigrals - —> The tnput - -odpdt chasacter #- atic of the ayaa tider 2a: Ahocan 79 BY Bb. — tH corstapendiy channe t Tana? ition probebs tt dyagear® we ahoan in bg se. OE gle too J. a a que) = VE ta (rthet) bs onthe bf i @, a 2b) mba ' ve rnp — Waren 3 b3 oe p bu bs sydbal Qhan » be camllkd ae q , EG Browy mnoub 2 Browy oukped cle crete OA sacl (20) Ged ® > bina esk(3b) Pronk lor cheatin a multilevel U oaigge » @) Channel ae nat fion ably hibsern. Powta (sb) ond (Se) ade inaeee pod Sigh owls diya. ‘ Of AroWw Guar Blok Gat~ _Dypaition Be eA cade && aod ty be (neor 8E any tuo Codewords 97 the Co ole wordt pn the Cocke Gn be added #2 ™ 5-2 arthmelsc to pacduce o Yea codeword > the code. !. —s borin » thin, aalrle) (enroas blocle coke, en which ke beta of the code bits AK alusay 5 dante do the rrQaaage acquante to be ranamited. 5 Th Channel entooler » bets 7a encoded ete q bloc a black y (2 Umeatay de ‘ : ay nl ord by adding (n=) num be > xy Chac Je bok a dhown @ figure. eahtse | > / Anol Aceh fa Called. Cn-k) Block cock a cede jorrvddl Check 6?ts art heaped oor Theat (n-k) bite, Cm vr qacage = let NIM men? ap orb? rary \nove 9x dydinc Mier Conetiixte a block adage boda. Thw Wt $ pra ange ble clea.ie) —> Gh shis Aeqpeney me ; ; n caage re + Ap olted. lo cleats block Encockr , tal an ne tet codecoord wohese elements aga denoted by Coe ee ~ ona — (et bo, bry» bn-le“! donate He Cn) Powit, chock bit in the Cocke coord! yr the code fe porseea a ayatienedlic Abactase »% Coda fe divided eto tes8 paste, one colhich fa gunered by the mraaage bib and the ober by the Pari 4y -~check beta. > F Sandéry bre meraage bits Of % Cocktwo ref hepore He post by _chacle bit, 5 0 RCA UESBA babi,~—b; rn Jensles iba ge Sty beg a Shrudtiowe a Bastirnelic Cockecwordh |© Raerding bo te suprtacntakion of Gig ts» the Cree ) (at most beta % a Codicword awe identical do the Coreeapandinc pourity ~ Check bite and the & gight moat Wha of the Codicrord: ATC relent’ caf bo the corate Porting Wrtaca.e beta - 7 : Ce bry fs OGL, ---, Melee! {™Mrge~ : MHkeny (2 ney neletly~-,9-1 TR Crk) parity “cheele bets ane Entar uma a the |e maacgt beds , ay ahown by “the gene valized gelation : ot a Po; Mo + A pm ape ee. tA 5 i MH Wun ihe (o-efprutnts ase cligintd Bi plea Pes 2 f ef b, olega ncls on™) : © otrcetae. - —® —> Te wen of eyrO & ey Hine the rrothe onochte aleuche ve Of the Un Ye) Lentar block Cook. > Lt gewrttied On o compact pars jos a] mote? x sno talion. as “J-by-k menage vectos ™ 5 the, bLby-(nx Powity Checle yectos bs ana the. |-by—1 code Veer wy Oe ole Lb em]@® wo = [mo rors- bb >[ bo, br, - _5 bien] © ¢ = Ico, Crp oe Cra) —© Nok thot all there Vvicdora. art jouw vec fora. ree OD IemI —_—@ gant: =O a the e~ by-(n-k) cgered a Pos rk Pyne Te PF fn eqr@ ° cort(gretert ynoPit [Poo Por -- 7" p= Pio Pio. --- Kent 70 Acnty) wae Penny nmiet > Wohurt fhe élemert ey Pa 0 om = =P Foom the diggnition s grven gn (us) G) Kee thot ¢ MON be xpstned Os Oo rast kort ¥° vatlar Ro gern of tM verbs m an wo (albus : @ es i wo] , —> Hine 5 auslrtituding Q ent @ anol forte ata out He lommon yubes ra WEcae by-k ¢ de rch yrcthogx * whew The fe te [oie a) 00 wn! Defene the \~byen Genveokor wate? & 6 =Ceit] —® G2) pa avid Aes Genotrodor mobty f& dey br Gn do conn’ cof foorn c=m ln. __®@) Laing eas) 1 Oe argos HH (oka of coke. Vecooa cond § (onseagortln bo 9 per of yranaage ctor os Cre G oo pay br HT (vn +r] lin _y Yu trode ~% Sor og mig vapocaents niw Tron age Letor. ‘ cs and G x > Tle wnodulo~2 Aum G de vec kor ie pened a nw & ‘2 & —> (ct tH. clenote On (o-k)— by-n mobrn, chfpaedt Os He [ont | pt/ —(© bohexe pe? fa an (Cn-bK)-by-k mak? , ~y frannpoae og the wo-eygisent mafeix P See te the Crk) by One) sdentity, moteix 5 pt Ts rf \ ale Mot afta | P 4 Z| Hint =Pt+p™ sel. 2x0) +> In modula =2 aaithmetic » the Fete. Fre x dum PTH PTAA: We vs howe wats o O (gpHT=0> where 07a ymotst 2 Gyegvabtatly pe howe feo vned nud moakett « ° by UT =a feat eel a ae pee ws Ae Prana part Af Kio ee * we get the We paoduel - = Hu? : eH? = rain H! 2 (Ose, aah @ ~ Be wvol> ta cabled Fhe gootly ~ Check motet x 9 Ma tode and eqrrations opeupied by (9 ave collsd pootly ~ehel< Coytrabto ne. SS “he gerusakos oy? ( 13) and the prow! by basic yot chick chetector eor(Is) ee clus oegtion and operation: Of & (enear block cock. a Iron ant — Prapest ter. the iter. Syndoome 2 Rea —> Tre generator mabsix (a Pe sed fe Encoding operation ot the brane 9 oy the othes hand » fa cde er the: hi cocking Opere weceives. Hoga e Vee fo ln @) Cocks vec Or e Chick Sew pee 95: Blok Magram cepsrentabion 04 the guundor eocofion 28 He peasy chock Equakion @.I Ta the Gntext ye (ofke x pptsabion, let donote the by? vearved ctor that saul pom necking dye ce vacforc Over, vittay berowry chonnel> We expsten the vuctos ¥ te Aum gq the original Code vector ¢ and a rive ve fre ay ahowon & ee He. = © 30 = Spx0y Vator (6) Ses patter o- ig Bg bis % an essos hay OCCured athe oO th. location. OlQereoi ae, => UT quater bos He teste of cltcocling Ah Coole vector C gom the su atvedt voctos >. Wa ablgosithm corn oly tek to peogoom this qlocoding Operation atcor’s cordh the computfion Ri uy (rev) sactor Calla the Exeo>- pnd vector (eo) Simpy the a i 7. LULULT@ Propesty 1 * - The dgndlsome oleper ols only On rt on the exsor fatten p.ciol ing the branamitted cacke ood we peeve this pro pes'ty » exe ist we far DY @ and then (6 fo write $= Cc+e)HT > CHT 4eHT —o > Suppose enrer gatieen € confedas a rode of exvors In lotabionai ancl j Cumdl by the additive chommel nolde , 0 Ahowo by ad [o.. 040 ---..01,0-—9] — > Substituting thy 20> 7 wields the tian aa © seh; th; Were hi and hy ave 2H peckt vy a tth SFR syou A oy the moatstx HT. tho agnolsorne 5 en Goyual to aan es Greax Hace cde » tle dam of hore vowA 5 of tho banspoded postty Lock motax MT Where errors have occured cute Chonnel nov Ae,® Propesty 25 Al évver paiftrna that difer 4, a Coclewosd have the Aame agnd’some. Rr k menage ts these ave 2° clatanct coole Vectors clenottl aa Ct > cohese Covstependingly 5 (Or OS . k fo Ghiypeee ae ei 2 a Bsroy pollern e we olyine the 2" ecbeglinct vibra 0; at folloux iA ee ee: = é #C; pr F20),--22 1 @ - Fhe aot a vector A (e;, f2 opt, ~- 92K) va Cableol a Coact 4 the de. —_ Cox ) Gwar Vole cole has gk pooib concts . > ral binling bth at He and Again Using, Cls aut = evT+GHE — @& a eH" : 4 — > Wich 3 inpondind 04 jlo mcbext, Actarcling ly, We moy Acuy ¢ ugach Corct oh the Gode Pe choacttsizd by o Uniqtea agnd some a bd, Satie, Sos Cot Cn Poo tense 41 Pot —-- Foe Previa Siz Oy + Cnnte Poy + Coreg s Pri t= > FO nite Pew) s 1 da % (21) by the yrabr?X ) Wwe qet Sqayry oe Cr-e~y tne Posn-ter F~-- 4 df Opae F goes)Q.. ‘Linear Block odes % oe ’ 4“ mebieye bitB K entacle To chanel entoder, @ block -K) aumber:?f chek bird into a beck 4 10 birs by adding (0 nd Suth Code fred is Olle OK Boon 6 Baye Where 07K a ke anureye 51: (oP ck tode. There (0k) -Ches bi ave. derived fom zz Encoder Mamie | Chu -bv ” aS Kos a = eo K S (estrone) \ Jag Bm Be 1 Tilaphating “the -feortion of linen block Codes. A (nit) brik Code x Bril In be 2" (0%) liner bk bade” Gothen the. Candltion. given eb by 4s (nbnay belmgiag ® 2 Lt Cy and Co. be ding roe lode -boor a O-biF Code- Wor Set Cory) bloc, bode. Tf Cr @ Co ig alo belonging joe Same Ser ¥ (0 sR) Glove bade, Fen Anth 4 bloue Cade it talied Linder bled poole , By Un line Hekate Batol to He Sytleronbe” Hate Kemarye, bIK appere Ciher at am beeynning @ end of he code KovedMadsix Dedteiphson ab linesr Blouk tod (cj S Cd) fe) bahere CE} i tated ast Conerstr Matix ff order SKxx) (a 7 Bae +P hey Where 3K = Unik Mohn af coder kK" ie Aabiteaa taabin Called “Paany Marex" O order KxCn =k) « Sand = devotes the dewortatien blots unit Matin Tis and Poway Tahix P. Bangle: Be a S, Senate. (6,3) liaene block ade, “he Parihy ae aon fet OV! | Fiad alt portable Code Vectors, Solutio! ' ots Given 026 and k=3 foe linen blo Codes Gate Ke 3, there are Fo > Fo 8 myraye vedoss Aree ng 600, 00), 010,011 ,)00, tt, Wo yu.“The tade vedest are found ubing epnits (1 = (vd. fe} vonte Gi = [se ¥) ~ Losi) ft ee t10 2 Glo 2 ie\) et oO 1 ul oO * fog fated (herds) I: a | la i do, dy, (Aids), Oat4s), 4. +4)] Fora mouse 4 (dy duds) = (011) We haw {y= Poses) 7 (di dis) = [9 ) }:-L1e1 011) Code Vedat Can toe found! inh ave Fer 9 merege Foo Ganifee a5) e Other DAA belrs Code mame Meosage-Vedre | Cock Verd. Leb. 9 Liners bloke Lochs Ca po 0 o00000 Cb oo | oo\)1e te 1G. olooll itd oO ay Ol ler Ce 10.0 toolol ce | toi a riot) Ct 0 py Lt) 000 (AenP Ty Can be Veribed Cabby BS he odditin 4 ang jroo ede --veedrrs Yh a (ode -Vedee belnging 40 Pe Same (6,3) Cade « Tar Genple, Cnitider oddirm 4 C, and l a = (olo011) + (10/10) (1.00101) ~ Wohin the Ole veckr ft Ce let % Paoity - Mohiy * ‘Goby ~Chede Mori. me Co-¥ Columns [a)- bs ve) et 0-8 PRA Ry. Pi "fy - Baek ioe 0-cF, Vy Bey he Ror : fy. Le prt) ; Ka celusnf © 28) (olvons ——__ _- Tae [teh fa be ore | Fi Pan Pro Oto oO. Bonee Bins > Benen +9 8.0. + de Liles Higa (n=) Elo enebix and tk oaabar 4 ured Wp Crm (aredim . Food Farha Gyabunse. (b, 9) bode spabrrs exarpk the bolle vech C fea mumge inp (dy did) % given Hr. foe dy, de, As, Co 489, (atds) (a+e) Coron the Conerfrrcling Enodry Cirtuit »Salube : © The Code vedor bith ase given by Cred), Conde, Coz ds, Wu Aird, Acc= drt ds , Coz Qetda Eine Ke 3, We vrenyuive ‘a 4 er Shab aegner more. Da erate bil Io pee We Lae ake 6S= 2 and Weak were 3 mnvdnne2 Add6A Ayeh ae Seggrend Commuter Nema inprde : Os chars} Fig: Ereading ces Gy (6,3) liner Code. Syndoome “omd Extor caltutiing C~ Valid. tafe verhr aeBaitted? sver aneity Chenne] Cee 70+ & md) — bere veteved ver , mag be Dssereed Bam c. Re ire Dne aviacig te channel z el E- ester vedwe. littertan Ho CHC.l Bang gre’ (b-3) Code, Me qeteind Code -veobr Re Pooto}, Dekd- and toned an Gil era fdr hat Otered dub nol . ‘ Solensn | —_ 19 ) T To aa ; Le tapes " Aus) Ye Piet jes ot) tio 100 o1 0 OoO1= ®. [s: 4 sj= 257. [rie ore) 1o | Or1 i) 10 100 c(t 9 0} Saw Soko, oe ib vepeckends arr error. This Syndrome Vecbr $~ (10.0) ¥% mprenwnt in re UMaare rf HT nodein and hen Be 4” bir in te veteived vedor R Coustng Pron left is in error. * The Comevtech Code verse 4 Nollo Whit a valid swanbovised? bade Voder ak Bear Prembble tmerperdirg #00 mutese Veter Ho,Bomple Fle the S fear G3) Cede & Srample, tre etre @. Voter R= [a.m Wruts Th Contend Ae Conerpredicg. Yndoome. Caltrtebe Uruad + rs -(283) gtr nae PT) ba re “| tro tare te | 100 De ee a9 0 04 On [Seis ) 2 RHF = [twins (stairs) (19099) to The Sprcrome bis ote Qe Tt ETH Se mrt Sy tte els labo lole te VS WE VS Syndinme Clactadion Crear be (6,9) bode .(uo Gampk’ Fa Gramgl For Supdemesc (9,4) Vane Dade Cocke he pening atta Pir given \\ Pe ) 1) 0 2 Vo) EO ‘ OY SrA all Pothiigte vabd ted Veded « WD) Dae te Lorcexpmndirg enrodng Crt - ati) site exe hes Otturcd in each of ture veleived ved. Doted- and Coney Troel Crrerk Io) 2a = (o Wen J wo a-{ 1010 100) (t\ ac-[to10000) Civ) Draw te Syndbome taltitin Cirtuik « Solutim! a Ay =Ara- Wy The qencntec mats 1S) % given by peared Tey - Txt - [sat] qs aet 2 Yooo So vas co ine o.\ oo : 0 oo VO * Vo 5 go o\ . ove W- Ws . : Dron Cramps, WU pe Lo. ole fr) yoooill : O1.00 .o oo1o \o) ooo ol! =[rrororelwie. oi) © w-Le") fooo |) | e 9100 110 + Cy dr oo \}O. oF Cada ° o Obey beds 5 Ch 2 ay = {o1isooo C52 d OAs . Cy 2d \@ di O4 Coda verhorh Ot * Ce dy® Age FR OTET nea whenionc ode ved DV | veur &) 9900009 oe 2 tooo } th oo00sol) 1oo \ pyoo1\o0o 90 10 jootets L@ 49. J rovool? oo } he dooiths9 rots (yo troot 0 1 oo \oreors® 11 o0 \rroo0et -_ | 010 110\ yioy {reovele ot y Hf o\too)) vi 10 11101 008% 0\1 000 Via Vora Vw The entedig, Crea Wiad qequnh a 4- bir Sit egiaey 3 module adders mda 4 Same Fist. Ervadhy Gert he (3,4) binesy blade tocke «Th tadeNedlor bi 3m feeme GI enMege bib ore: bund uty,” Bd. WW - [dad ficoos \- \ osog 11 0 , po to 19 e004 o\ a fe: {a de, ds. dy, (der dhds), Gis ditdy) | de pad) | Wit} Cven Ly = Lotttriol * ' S welP ited -L? \23] = Lentre) mrs on 0 td -ec-c on; \ ° ie 10 - el 30. 0: | kn, Byadione, Losed in the Seend ors HTimetiin. Hone qe and b+ County Arm Leht ih tn errors ea- [0 10900 0) os The Coweded. Lode ~ Vedrr Whew 14 the deaynboited verox~ iN given Pry (y = Rr PA= Corrs voyeLetee cae) = Leora) valid nck _ e& Given &g- [torts oo) Cc L Spe Rent ec [rots too) ool |” tems afte 1) wisn besa ince Shoes BHT + The err vedsr Ep - (0010000) 5 The Cove Ved = Ce = Ra + Eg ep = Press r00:}+ [001 0000) he 2 [i001 08) ven nde Ol fives Bes [io \ go00) Ses Re? ee \ v ; \ o 5 \) 00 \ 0 oor ers - tari) Thence Poon GH” Cre Ret he = Liv10008) +Leoeoe \ 9} 2 Prer|0 18) ahd fcke Veoh 0 )VD Syndeome Caltnlation Grbar: : sane aon Ud pe Teta vedere wepronnted in eoerd hy ge (syne tr Mts TE iy) The Gyndrome Convenrrdig cto Tre Above seliived Ver & it 1. \ Cnfenl . Prnnrats%75) v4 le pid + ales sd) [tormraen), qorr ered, wclo (6, ey rrwt 99) o10 oo Te Syndhamne (altrbabivo Carta Can he Carly Contented 5 Shon ™ dsp ’ 9 WARSHH veQlber eased [elas [ah] ode 7 | vss Se 4) Fs: Syndrome Caltelifinn Cietit-i SY ay x . OraIsing, Weight atode Ned C%x Aefned othe Number es Non- gro Cocaponent® of cline 4 Ta intee Code Neder) ’ Ex: TE C= 0010 110 , tran Hamming houignt= ae g-i's = Homing Distance? Hamming Distance blo any, “wo de -vedoxh Cand ty i& Achned asthe a0 gf Comporenté in anda thay Saber: me 2s pi too Ge AR Therefme, re Haweing, Alistane Debyeen “Cy and Co ik badd #9 be Yy Minieoaen Aidane Coin) 1 Minimuen distance doesn debnd Ad The Smattert Hoang diAtance bebweer cing 9 Orde Vedor’ in a bode « “ooo | 060000 ° ° ; 0 3 : avin 23 oo\ ool O10 Loony | } : ? OVI YF orsior on {00 | \ cote) lo\ Vo, fol tto Jirowo lt byr\ooo‘ ten” Conmider (6,2) [inter bode pohate aqenteser mobs Js ! Loo Vo) G-|e.0 t10 ©o\ 01) BH Had ore Code vedo Exnople |. OY Raed, a te Vermning Helgpt ond clita. Ai) Find enininun Weight parity Check mative Civ) Draws the entoder Okt for ti Abone Codes. She ’ | 2 1 Fer (0,3) Code, K23 . Thud there are L's & mushege Veders Given n- 000, 001,01, 01), 100, lo) 110, WV 0) bode vedrd are-Pund by whos + t-te) Waa eee ie OO 01 2 ( di, ds, ds, cit), Grd), +é).) : fr (didds)- 090. Ca=(900 0 0 a) = 005 ey-(o01 0 ! oy OG) tes[o lor! \ od? Hawt lw EF WowWWG“ye Aithant® ave ain hy awe a Bree’, dade y © P dnc <4 , did 3, ded 23, dbter 3, debe 2, diye, dane Dake 1200104 Wy Ly te gueatt Ge ls co ee 2 (it) eaylotd E ue woe ma waded ih given by wae, % . The Minietucs [Hw - Jers hs LP) : yio too o!) 01? yor Oo ON (iy) we howe Ce) = (A, ders, Gerd), (ds+ds), cate) ] se Aran od BW enw KAW + Figs tnecdicg cxrear$r( 6,9) odeBe eee ST 4 & ,eue Unite : Beravy cugclic Codes: 6.1 Intoduction 6.2, Algobraie Structuve of Leyelic codes 62 Eintodirg UBIAP Cn-k) bik ghayt vepecter G4 Syndrome cateulation — Lervoz Detection &, Lovvection 65. Bee. haudari Hocqueng hem (26H) codes . rie) tae Tey Binary cyclic codes form a subclem of SR ey Cagelic odes Lowe 2 dittinct odvantag: evey Bu Liroay coder. tohich 1. Lncodip & Syndeome Cole slerting cereut Con be catty teplemented votth Ataple ALibt vepicter. roth prrdlact connections & Some baste gata And 2. Cyclic Codes have a fait amount of mothematPeal shrective (algebraic Bhrrchuve) Hod Waker tt penPble to Austqn coder vo Rt. Useful evvor-covvecttp Prepare 6.1 Trteductoq 6a, Algebraic xtcture oh ergelfe. coder . Definition of capelte code ACn, i) Uda0eae block cod © ct Joh to bea Uyctte code sth ove cyclic whips of th wd uw obo a Code vector afc), fg bak Gr SOL00P ea code vector OF ¢, Th CasPillon, (The ait" ef Cy hat meu fade the be tl-pottitos] 41 alto code verter Of Cuan Bh fy calleh ax “eipette code! Swtlovly Cs-Olo 0, Cy-00L011) ote Palate ae ah quered , lok dhe N-tuple be Laprtented NeCGy Vo VYa-1) = Veckoy 0.COKOKHKHOH KH OMe @& of V belorg yo & cyclic code, Hon v= (Waa Vo Vi Va. --.--Vaer) vee (Vas Vaer Vo Vi Va = = Vaca) 3@ M2 (vine Vata 2 - Ve VN oo Vet Obtained buy abipitp y cyelieathy aucconfpby ively , ate called OX Code vector of ¢ Tha property OF Cyclic codes coves ut to teak the clement of Coch Code -veckoy at Hu Co-efficients ef a pelynomicd of dopvee(n.S— o- £4@ Can now be 0opretented af a polynowafok given bg a VO) 2 Vo t Vi REMI - = -4Vaix™—s ) = fintlarly, Sel Of eqpations © ase alo to/rerentel 2 poly nonstalse— ‘een x +n S Viwd = Vina t Vor 2 = = 8 NN a tess (Vana Ving ik Vor — AVna 4°") Ce ' os ® co ; ne ce Vie) = Vad Nntatt Vays x = - —* Vai * za ~ Thee co-effientt vo, Vi - - - Vana beborg to a binavye pia Wuh on dolore vules off addition & muttiplé cation [ madulo-—a aviHamelit] > ce 04+0=D 0.0>0 c O+l = O1+0 ec 1402) 1020 « let=0 dat e Modu to a additioy Meduto & muliiplication e « € ©,Moduto -3 Algebra . Add@tion ! Fhe. quaurbily 4x CON be vosctHton Ou XA Xs RCH 1) oX.0=0 State Itt=0 % modulo ¢ oddfttoo a ce U4 eK7 O20. & £0 On, Sudteachion of polyno net cbs % Aawme at addition tn Madulo-~e Algebra Multiplication: The Quantity %x=xt vies x4 son. Paoblen 1: Find te produst of polynomials Aline! falderdort] wring modulord algebra . Sole Low), debed> Ket) Ctertt) = Xt xy rtp | =x Nate et x(iait] tthe xh | Problems? Multiply Abdali 6 ode Weceat wtp maduloe algebin fr. 4,00. Abele (4 24H) Creare) 7 valag Sait ob gab f9 | Vk e Divition: division of polynomial can allo be parboomed the fotlowig enomple ee eyo! Problema z ~— WOKE” bie A Ocde 4) uninp modulo a : fy (abr) ab 497 ( 84 2732. <— CK) £ : juts wheat : - , “The Quanhher QU} x+y x8 5 ; Seapine! 7 44 Calla j oe E at Quotient polynon’ af ¢ f. RO EK DY calteck Rematrcler + 1 a eet igrowiat CoRR Rw kf}s® 3 Peoblenr 42 Th Pole WHEE), than $7 [pens] = LO tH modetoa ofpet : L : Gel Leeail*: [L vteesi to a = (och eat Cote xa . retaaf agli Ba 17% fo pred [EPs xtexret [> © fa Hed: O34) Eee PT +) gett Comparing a ® ) od) fee) % xen oc! This equation 2 Arua fox abt polynomiatt Hx) of amy Lepyee TJermino logics Wed gn moduto 2 Algebra. Galois hiekds- Comider Mhe Set(o,1) fopotter vith modelo & allition 5 multiplication . Such tiald wally called o bivany piel 5 ue'dexotey by dated field (2) @ arte), Fitldh voitn 2” gymbolr on. called Cratoes fields (2) or QE(2") Pataihve polynond al The Algebro of AF (2%) Can be derived Lap a potynonrial °4 degree w'gyitth biray coebbienls ge uiine 0 vow Vaso ‘ar’ called PPPPPPNANHHH AHH EAH AA Priacitive Erlemonk RU Arak POLLO olen Pie) itn Trredeczble choy co Phe) de datd 4o be prtuitive polgnomtat eo £5 Se dbo Baty, ete oc Shot g hence x41 ot watt | c € ¢ € Ss. © € = a eee oe¢ (ATP) @ : Paoporties ob ugelic coder fal TP we 1 FOL a (nn) exgette code tare exizhs a qansvator polynomial ofp clepace Ck) given be > glade Gor ee ger 2-41 xk 27@ The quntvedr poliprondad £6 unique tn dbo st 14 He onbyrode Vitlov polynomial of minimum depres (nt) The gentvedor polupronzed gex) of a Wa.) Cgete Code vce factor of x4) 42 xs Geko 3@® Where htx) ys anole poligronci ct of slegete be cotled parity checd polynontat. : 3. oO Grd so polynonicd Of leprae (Nk) & by a factor of wy Juan Ch generat he (ak) Ugetic code - A. The Wde vector polynomial Vex) Con be ound be using Vix) = Did glx) —s @ kh +1 Where Dixj= moto vector Polynomeadt ob depree k nek “he PD UA= dot dix dawra _ ty x04 —> Ov oo Conticey k polynomial gtx), x glx), xl) ~), voliee ol hove clepate (nt) ax lox Now any Uaoay Combircdion oh Hace. polynorsiadi of He dyotna VO = clo gd +d) % GOd4 4 yy xt Vos= Dex .g tx) Ts a polynontat of depree (na) or lew & Ua mutple Of gly There ate 2 oul of 2 Auch polynoniat Corvetpondip Jo to ak maotcope vectore & the code vets covetperdip Jo the * polyno maak Poem a Wroay Ln) code, Hxa : TS Pasve Heat his code u cepelic, let Viaje Votre tV¥a4*"R Code polynomial fh -Hriu code. 4 lonstdey % Vtu)2 Vora We Va 0” C Vaal etad + MaatVort — ~-* Ve 2 Vina (ch + Ve Uttee e) , vokere Vien) a ex cupebie code abtpt off Vx) Since #VO0 & x41 : ast both divicible big G(x), Wee) must lio be divisible big qlxJ. 3 Thun Vibes da multiple of gtxd.e de exprenad as a Vincar cone taochty fe pe oe a¢x) This Baap Hoot We De clio OL codeg polynoniat Hence peo Hu depiaition of cpelte cou UE pp lla e® Hat Ungar code qertveted key Go), GOO, — Gt) bs me Cn, uyagelie Lode . few) Seon) 2 £ To generac a keppashidric. aystomatre cyclic ae aamaiinde Polynomtat Rlx) i Obloiaal peow division Oh WH) Tuy Mae The co-ebpicientr eh Roe) ame place ia Lee beginning of tne io Code - vector followed ay Co-ebflents Of the matey pelpnomiat DUS to © -~e ger He code veetor . ey, cocfhicient ep se to-epficient> ~ “ ie iS Mh PG) c 5 Cc Problems: fox the (Ha) atiple Crier cowvectip cupelfe code ,Dleiadordntd ge edaxt & velar = OH = (it ngn8) (lat ertoet) Vetag the Fa qonevotor pobgnoniod gente ats | Fed all He Ibeade-vectorg: of Hoe eyeltc code lool Bn non-aylemal(e & tytomatic preg Col2 — Non -xyctowalic Cyclic code ‘. The non-suptenatis: cxctle code Veriowt can te found Utiip properly®, Given big ea @ u. . Viase ble) 4x) ‘ 4Bogs. lek Wk comidey a tntq-veetry Lodat yh De (doch dr ce = Yoon) 00) Tha meg polynomial th DES = WOK) + LOD 4 Ce? Doe) Stes RN TESEaNCOL C3) ofl4e) Cite?) 2 eneaty obaetent 2 each yee Vid= | 1Oo1o01 G for anosuy veloy b> fis® We hewe, DUS = It x4x$ J VUd2 DOD. ges (4x48) (14248) 2 eto lacats = (Ipeyns)> Prrkrce. a lex bk. watiop ea 2 FP VOO2 14 061) HO) + 008) + 0 UA) + 04108) “Coda veetw [v= 101000} : 7 The gomokiing code vochws can ini lowg be pou | Code vortvA aa nen-Aycremosic . Mest age (0) Codevectov(v) Mewoge (0) Code Vector (v) ococee, 900 | tel 0-9 : (oojy (tooo . 0003 oooll oy loro He lo ujiem 0010 Ol 1olo (oul ae oe Oololt 1 l 100 touiioo Olloloo Loy Tai a Olo) Oli oo) \1lo aoa é™ Ollo O[orlio ll ae ot 01000 1 ee yee [ ¢ Noa-eystemotic Lode Veehov4 of, problem 5. Vv xk© ¢ 2, : e 2, Meuplomatic ugeke Code eg he \oeh 4 Hie tn Automat. doom tee. peat 2 Uila cue Chock bi fein p00 tbe anavdey & aa mowage wets, The check bt ame ob e polgnonrtad RG gean wy pooperky ls) as |e &&)= xD) atx) 7 “Gly c e ee yard e dove bee } oes c xv pope (4) 2 oat Bhi) The divizion of rb by Gd= wae con be *erppomed as bint pyres) S48 (ope weet ae aan oe Se Rixjexret SNe pe dota tt (Bz en “The vode -veetoy Le given big Wi>{n 190} & tps onoitar vertor De ng) Dvds 4%+24 4% ae *pcele 12 ( 14498) = aot pnt pears) hee S48 ( at ot. cet 9C0 2 R(xd26 20 £A{K)+ O(x*) WRl- eao oaThe code -Vectov x [vJfoge fe | 4 wat lan aay ~~ 2 eappRrRAr ANnHANNNONONGDlO geo Oc eee Cease eee EEE Metsage(0) COde-vector(v) — meeaglD) Code veetor( Vv) 0000 0000000 (000 {Loloo0 000; 101000) o1iioo) volo \trooto (00! 20\1010 Oot} Oooo lehe jootoll D100 OLl0 Lup on lolltoo Oloy Novior tor ovolloy Ollo 10000 VVV0! OLollio ort) ootolls Vity et) Tobleas Systematic Code vectore Of problem ©. Qonevety & parity cheek marvicer of (4,6) eupelfe codes ts WHY The qoneredor polnomied gle) 5 ta pawite check polynomial hte) debjnad so 99" @ vale ly Apecby He qonevetoy wodrix (e) § Me parity Check matrix LH] ey he cryelic codes espectively The qoneretov woth La] of He oveley kxnat4xd can be Conttucted torte Vert the generator potgromiat Goo) Apecifind tr example). Farm Hu proof fr preperhy 4 of erpetie code yor Lave feon phat tha pobgnonatals acy) , glx), HGP NE 02 G0) abso apeuent te code Vertor yolynontals of te come ciyelfccode Thés Con be vert pied by voaiti—p te corvetpondire Veet Conagpuving with rere writer Ta tables as given below a gal: waa gis \hi BO gtede bth x both W1840.2%4 0,25 40.x6 2, The code. Vettor covverpondiing 4p G2) 4 Nojvon vobich die code vectov ‘pete mexox [000 ty tebe Q, Nek, we howe igudex (14% +18) = HX : “The code vector Covet ponding 40 xgtx) A O10 1Vorvolsith 24 Oy code vec fat ame es ripest ape er taeStatlarty wees x (jarred) gta: heehee rode s OO) 1010 & watwdor (4x44) 2 ante 4x) = PEM Code ky ODOIIOS “These Code vectord ae vow arvasryed £6 the macnn pose cf 1101000 7. 011010 Doo tt OL Cleavty He gqarevator vorsx & So contusted Lunet sn ; syptowatic pam. he Thcank be vivallged i P20) © & 101 0060 | b,, The wp lewah'e capelic wade —Vetovd can be ° Lig cldodrd> ds} | ots : cr e toy ea pour Ly wie Da=TS}feq © 3 oO eo-s6 SEsPasty check Mabie Ho (4) From eqn © [ property & of upette cade], roe vave mere FsWlred hos acta) cagetit code, we lowe n= J HLS gti), hea), F . ee | ee) The parity check popnomicd ble) = aS a The dtuigion i: perppsmed of below. adeet)) TH (otto taney KP TK Se Mt | Senta yetett | eee BY xp ted 4 et) ee polynortal hl de MERAH 7 The parity check od at XE CX") Th polgnonial #1 ato The Leciprocal Of hod hy chop a {petv Vee” > lek we consider ath (x) fpa (4.4) upeliccode Etre of ugetie ebibted version as qfven below yor howe hfkje xtehtx® i inte!) f+ de ee Ss) och o ore aa) bh (elo Leaetatach 4 code 4 loll l00 xoh (0) = ee 4aF > Code £1 O1OIN0 hte) = eet! Seode bi OO1011) ha pavily chee totic He, vobdicl Er a leach) n= Bree Madina given bag ; 3 THe be ol ! r3] Color | “Tuts da vk off ste tet foal” [To a 72 fair]bs A we Can By adding as advo & placte de Youll 4 21100, obtain H Motrin af 7 , [ i 1oo10 + ¢ hUD >! : oologiy ° ® ‘ < 6.8. encoding Using: (ngs) Bik abit vrepistey . < In order Jo ebledn rewaird polynomial ROd,roe Lave to perfpek dtvttion Of WF D(x} big qormvator polynomial glx) Tha deviation ¢ Con be acconplizhad Wisp tu dtvidig cht consistiop of focdback ¢ Abi pt 2opizter af ghoven sn hired rl ¢ pao “bedihh ¢ Before Lhilyl— e rad e a i : aoe. : pe c ; (do dy ds -—de-) i al Symbeote: i [2] > Flipplep< tok make up 0 abibE vapizhy . @ > modulo & adolers cm 2 ° — @ A cloted pat Th Ga=l & open by G28 2 —> AND gee ic e Figla)sEaucodey forcn, k) gette code i ton Dh dk omumal Hab ct He occurrence of the clock pulte, ©. sha vepictes iIpA ase Lhipled Reto Hee vopittey § appear ab-the of? alte onde. oh he chock pabie 2 e@ Dy, 1 tk fhe qaiks tamed on & aiatich tn postion |, a infomation ayia Colo je), dy —— ely) Oft Ahifbad ‘alo Hu epistey (ith dua pirat) & Ainutttansoutly todo oe communticahion channel. Ag Loo ar the ke Tabpumadion digity have ben ahf bid trto dre popittey Ha Lee ietey Contains Me parity chuck bth (Re Ri- ~ —~ Rn) QW He qedr tuned OFF & He soitch He ix potthon He contentr Ol) He chipt 22pistey axe ebibled into the channel. Thur He code veutr ( ho hy - = Pack, do, dy, dey) qovavabed & denk over ts i info bibs. Gat} W-b) Q) fer Problem G * beriya an ensodn hor dhe (Fe) binany eget cede guoate , bag glide 144% Sivoribig Pa operotion isp He nmtp vectdy : foot) & (lo) | ) bets - Tr quevel, Hex general polynomfal ix epraeetal oy | god fet HF gta 4 Fo SB ) Tndke problem qiven, ape (aa) aqelic code no : glade leet > é 2, Comparing Hu co-efficient ™ aD & © vo get | Forts Welk & Fae) 1oFlty hare volt, Ha ce of fey Je vader 40 thr One Blown Le bishes votth owky alps fo, Ri &Rr, 2 modulo & addemt 5 connection feom sa olp of Wee gale to Ro & to Hu pirat modulo & addey tok fill oo Wo ¢ ce aya _ Code veeloy Vv hae S To chan Pp 7 ncenut ony Surwoder hor (4) upelfe code of nies 4la eweS,,,,stc ‘ aeswwmw.tttt™t™~™OOCOCOCOC~C~CS py Pacha), Rok rdtho, Rrzky i in Tad W) For Ue momae d= [root], te slept -repiztey contents axe thoven Number f-ahijts “Capu — Shuiph veyitter Remainder b Lik Ro BR Re on 10 0 TnbHiabisato, > Sudttch $M O49 ore otytl Potion § qalke bs ema ON oo oO — ot eft a ) 7 bat Fle be ee Edge Dem sae tS 2 | ° ot. gOl- | 3 ) P Non ware 01 r aT ITT) € hoy OA) Weer le eo ) Susttds S rover te potions. : : g 10 0:0 c aa qo Lu tamed offy a ine 0 0% é \ ey yh x ! fa v we 0 oy 9 yoot y { | | 0 ie x ooo lo : » . Vo% x 000 0 a b contents ef Ahipe2opister ta Leu encoder of fig lt) for mG dequuanee D=1oR Mechontsm of Operation 2 - The pint Proceu to be cowied oub iy the Mitteddizasion Procou Tin tris procen dae Habe tagisley conlinte cur cleaved 4o sand RoR, Ry=00 the siden S is Kepk tn potion] & te Gate i tavred on. nan an The data YP d= (do dy doda)= (1001) -The dada bi da-l tk mevel tly © a2 prodslo a. adder. Stace R20 the ofp oy ard MA U1 gtts ofp op She ga i alto “This 1°00 of the gate mova to Ro Re be conus 4’, But tle earlier vetut of Ro robich was 0” gelt ahipted ort a age ‘yohave dle addition of, Hut tt de ptrboamed oilly the *1" ofp of tha gate “a, the OF of She Moh Re AIBA On Thay By become ‘|’. The eavliey volue of Py vehich wos “Og slibted ont © a en ob e and eb pirat 2bibtiop Spevostion the now” contour of He Abit vepistey UU Rok Re r@ 10, Th i AnuMed Hot apt €. spate sbsbop addip efevation ase perfoenred Ubiep- Ore chock rule or? =.