HSC Biology 1st Paper (Botany)

Chapter 1 (Cell and its Structure)

Creative Questions Solution provided by Zaminur Sir

Creative Question 1:
There are two types of organic acid in living cell. Through one of them carries heredity
traits in a double helix condition, the other one is single helix and synthesis protein.
a) What is DNA replication?
b) What do you mean by Central Dogma?
c) Describe the structure of the first mentioned organic substance.
d) Make a comparative discussion between the mentioned two types of organic acid.

Answer to the question no. 1

a) ans: The process by which a new DNA molecules is synthesized from an existing molecules of
DNA is called DNA Replication.

b) Ans: The flow of genetic information through the three stages (replication, transcription and
translation) of gene action from DNA to RNA to protein is termed as central dogma.
We know, base sequence in DNA molecules forms the genetic code or heredity information. From the
DNA molecules, this information is transferred to the mRNA in unchanged condition. According to
the information, encoded on the mRNA, polypeptide chain synthesis takes place on the ribosome by
the addition of amino acid in sequential order. Some of the protein functions as an enzyme. Each
enzyme becomes active in specific step of metabolic reaction and performs a biological reaction. As a
result, phenotype of an organism is expressed. This concept is the basic dogma in biology.

Transcription Translation

Replication DNA mRNA Protein (Enzyme) Phenotype

Reverse
Transcription

c) Ans : The first organic acid mentioned in the stem is DNA. The structure of DNA is described
below :
The main component of chromosome is deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. It is usually a double
stranded spiral structure of polynucleotides. A strand is complementary to the other. In it there are
five carbon sugars, nitrogen bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine), inorganic phosphate.
These three components collectively are called a nucleotide. The Adenine of one strand bonds with
the thymine of another strand by two hydrogen bonds, and guanine of a helix connects with a
cytosine of another helix by three hydrogen bonds. A strand of DNA is complementary to another
strand but not identical to it. A complete twist in a helix is 34A⁰ long and in a complete twist, there
are ten nucleotides. So, the length between the two adjacent nucleotides is 3.4A° (from top to
 bottom). The two strands of polynucleotides in DNA are positioned anti-parallelly. It looks
like rungs in a twisted ladder. The bases are connected flatly and horizontally in position from the
main axis.

d) Ans : The organic acids mentioned in the stem are DNA and RNA respectively. The comparison
between DNA and RNA is discussed below:
DNA is a double-stranded molecule while RNA is a single stranded molecule.
DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA contains the sugar ribose.
DNA has the base pairs thymine, cytosine guanine and adenine, while RNA has the base pairs
uracil, cytosine, guanine and adenine.
DNA has no classification, while there are 4 types of RNA - T-RNA, r- RNA, m-RNA, g-RNA.
DNA is self-replicating, while RNA is synthesized from DNA on an as-needed basis.
DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell and in mitochondria, while Depending on the type of RNA,
this molecule is found in a cell's nucleus, its cytoplasm, and its ribosome.
DNA is susceptible to UV damage. Compared with DNA, RNA is relatively resistant to UV
damage.
The number of base pair in DNA is more than RNA.
DNA replicates and stores genetic information. It is a blueprint for all genetic information
contained within an organism. On the other hand, RNA converts the genetic information
contained within DNA to a format used to build proteins, and then moves it to ribosomal
protein factories.
DNA works as the main component, carrier and regulator of heredity, while RNA synthesis
proteins.

Creative Question 2:
In plants, ony type of organelle produces food and another type helps in metabolism
and produce energy.
a) What is centrosphere?
b) What do you mean by genetic code?
c) Describe the structure of 1st cell organelle.
d) Discuss the comparison between 1st and 2nd organelle.

Answer to the question no. 2

a) Ans: In centrosome, there is a dense solid area around the centrosome, which is called
centrosphere.

b) Ans : The group of nucleotides or nitrogen bases forming the signal for an amino acid is called
the genetic code.
Twenty (20) types of amino acids are involved in protein synthesis and nitrogenous bases of
mRNA provide essential codes. When one base defines a singlet code, only 4 types coding is
possible. When two bases define a doublet code, 16 types coding is possible, but insufficient to
 production of 20 amino acids. It is only possible to synthesis 20 types of amino acid when three
nitrogenous bases define a triplet code. Actually Genetic code means a triplet code.

c) The organelle mentioned in the stem is chloroplast. The structure of chloroplast with a labelled
diagram is given below :
Chloroplasts are found in all higher plants. They are oval or biconvex
shaped, cell organelles found within the mesophyll of the plant cell.
The size of the chloroplasts organelle usually varies between 4-6 µm
in diameter and 1-3 µm in thickness. They are double-membrane organelle
with the presence of outer, inner and the thin inter membrane space present
in between the two layers. There are two distinct regions present inside the
chloroplasts and are called as the grana and stroma. Grana is made up of
stacks of disc-shaped structures known as thylakoids. The grana of the
chloroplast consist of chlorophyll pigments and are the functional units
of chloroplasts. Stroma is the homogenous matrix which contains grana
and is similar to the cytoplasm in cells in which all the organelles are embedded. Stroma also
contains various enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, and other substances. Stroma lamellae function
by connecting the stacks of thylakoid sacs.

d) The first and the second organ mentioned in the stem are chloroplast and mitochondria
respectively. The comparison between chloroplast and mitochondria is discussed below :-
Chloroplasts are usually found in plants and unicellular organisms, while mitochondria are
found in almost all cells.
Chloroplast has three compartments (parts): thylakoids (traps sunlight), granum (pl: grana;
stacks of thylakoids), stroma (fluid inside the outer membrane), which interacts with the
cytoplasm. It surrounds the granum and thylakoids. On the other hand, mitochondria have two
compartments. Crista (pl: cristae) is the compartment formed by the inner and outer
membrane of the mitochondria; it is the layer of folds in the mitochondria and is studded with
proteins. The other compartment is called matrix; it is the fluid inside the foldings (cristae).
Chloroplasts contain pigments such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids.
Mitochondria do not contain any such pigments.
The ATP synthase in mitochondria and chloroplast are orientated differently. ATP synthase in
mitochondria points into the matrix, with protons flowing from the inner membrane space to the
matrix. In chloroplasts, however, ATP synthase points towards the stroma, and protons flow from
the thylakoid space into the stroma. The types of electron acceptors present in mitochondria and
chloroplast vary. While mitochondria contain NAD and FAD, chloroplasts contain NADP.
Chloroplasts are essential for the growth and survival of plants and photosynthetic algae. Like
solar panels, chloroplasts take light energy and convert it into a usable form that powers
activities. On the other hand, the most important function of mitochondria is to produce
energy.
The simpler molecules of nutrition are sent to the mitochondria to be processed and to produce
charged molecules. These charged molecules combine with oxygen and produce ATP molecules.
This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Creative Question 3 :

Protein

Fig : X Fig : Y Fig : Z

a) What is Nucleic Acid?

b) What is Suicidal bag? Explain.
c) How is Y produce from X?
d) Compare between the process.

Answer to the question no. 3

a) Ans: Nucleic acid are the naturally occurring long chain polymers present in the nucleus of
the cell, capable of being broken down to yield phosphoric acid, sugars and a mixture of
organic bases and play the prime role in inherited characteristics of every living organisms by
directing the process of protein synthesis.

b) Ans: When there is a shortage of food, it destroys the cell components by the process known
as autophage. This process held in an organelle which is lysosome. For this reason, lysosome
is called as suicidal bag.
Lysosomes are cellular organelles that contains digestive enzymes that breaks down waste
materials, foreign materials and cellular debris. Lysosomes are capable of digesting nucleic
acid, polysaccharides, fats and protein. Along with them lysosomes also digest or damage
its own cells by its own enzymes, which leads to cell death. This process is called as
autolysis. Hence lysosome cells are called as suicidal bags.

c) Ans: Here the figure X represent DNA and the Figure Y represent RNA. The process
through the DNA converts into RNA is called transcription.

The process by which a complementary mRNA is produced of the specific region of DNA
molecules is called transcription.
Mechanism of Transcription:
1) Initiation Phase:
At the beginning of the process RNA polymerase enzyme identity an special base sequences
of DNA molecules and attached with it, is called promotor.
For reaction of enzyme, the hydrogen bond of that region breaks down and 20 base pair
unwind. Promotor indicates the polymerase enzyme where from transcription will be started
and it also identify the streads of DNA Helix to take part in Transcription.
Transcription states towards 5’ 3’
 Enorganic Phase :
RNA polymerase enzyme attached nucleotides one after another towards the template
(3’ 5’) and complementary RNA synthesized. At the same time, DNA Double Helix is
repaired with the same enzyme in reverse way. If the template base sequence is TTGCTAC ,
the base sequence in mRNA will be AACGAUG. The synthesis mRNA will be antiparallel to
DNA strand. Only ‘U’ will be placed in the place of A.

Termination Phase:
At the end of Termination, RNA polymerase faces a specific base sequence in DNA is called
Terminator. When the RNA polymerase reach at terminator, the enzyme separate and
mRNA released. For eukaryotic A cap (Guanine- Nucleotide) is added to 5’ and poly A tail
(Adenine) is added to 3’ end.
In the newly formed pre-mRNA, the introns is removed and exons are ligased together to
form mature mRNA by gene splicing, with the help of protein and small nuclear RNA
(snRNA) spliceosome.
By gene splicing the mRNA is synthesized and enters cytoplasome through nuclear pore.

5’ 3’

d) Ans : According to stem there are two process : Transcription and translation.
Transcription : The process by which a complementary mRNA is produced of the
specific region of DNA molecules is called transcription.
Translation : The process by which a long polypeptide is formed on surface of
ribosome with the help of tRNA according to mRNA is called translation.

The differences between these two process is given below :

Transcription Translation
(a) The process by which a complementary (a) The process by which a long polypeptide
mRNA is produced of the specific region is formed on surface of ribosome with
of DNA molecules is called the help of tRNA according to mRNA is
transcription. translation.
(b) It occurs inside the nucleus in (b) It occurs in the ribosome in eukaryotes
eukaryotes and cytoplasm in and cytoplasm in prokaryotes.
prokaryotes.
(c) The template is anti-sense of DNA. (c) The template is mRNA.
(d) Transcription requires RNA polymerases (d) Translation requires initiation, elongation
and some transcription factors. and translocase factor.
(e) Polymerase moves over the template. (e) Ribosome moves over mRNA.

Solution Given by :
GM Sabbir Hossen (Sohan)
Class-XII ; ID : 201027
Student of Biology Batch-XII
(Batch 2022)