Southern Methodist University

SMU EETS 8306, Fall 2005

Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications
http://www.engr.smu.edu/~ebird/

Lecture 14: Third Generation Systems

Instructor: Eric Bird, Ericsson Inc.

[email protected]
(972) 583-0122

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 1

Outline
Definition of 3G
Standardization process
Current status of ETSI, ARIB, and ITU standardization
ITU IMT-2000 proposals
Focus on two of the primary proposals
W-CDMA
CDMA2000
Comparison of W-CDMA and CDMA2000
Current 3G systems
What might 4G hold?

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 2
 What is the Third Generation?
The Third Generation (or 3G) is the next generation of mobile systems, in the
initial stages of commercial launch (CDMA2000 1xRTT-EVDO & EDGE)
TDMA, GSM, and CDMA are the primary 2G technologies
3G systems will be standardized under many names, including IMT-2000
and UMTS
3G systems will include many technologies, including W-CDMA,
CDMA2000, and EDGE.
The technology (or multiple access scheme) will probably become a de-
facto standard “name”, much like we refer to today’s standards by their
multiple access scheme
IMT-2000 defines the requirements for 3G technology
144 kb/s vehicular speeds
384 kb/s at pedestrian speeds
2 Mb/s indoor

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 3

Standardization Process
ITU are the primary standardization body for 3G technology, under their
umbrella standard - IMT-2000
International Mobile Telecommunications-Year 2000

Regional organizations are also standardizing 3G

ETSI’s Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) umbrella
standard has already selected its technology. UMTS defines a Universal
Terrestrial Radio Accees (UTRA) based on W-CDMA in FDD modes and W-
TDMA in TDD modes
Japan’s ARIB, the US’s TIA, and other regional bodies contributed a total of
10 terrestrial proposals, submitted to the ITU in 1998
(http://www.itu.int/imt/2_rad_devt/proposals/index.html)
The ITU made a decision on these in 1999...

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 4
 ITU IMT-2000 RTTs
5 out of 10 Radio Transmission Technology (RTT) proposals were approved
by the ITU in Nov. 1999

Name Description

IMT DS Wideband CDMA (WCDMA)

IMT MC CDMA2000, including 1X and 3X components
Major
Ones IMT SC UWC-136, and widely known as EDGE.
IMT TC UTRA TDD or TD-SCDMA.
IMT FT DECT
DS: Direct Sequence, MC: Multi-Carrier, SC: Single Carrier, TC: Time Code, FT: Frequency Time

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 5

Leading Technologies

Politics and economics plays a significant role in the

standards selection
The fight between CDMA2000 and W-CDMA almost
caused a trade war between the US and the European
Union
The February’99 settlement between Ericsson and
Qualcomm goes a long way toward harmonization
Both companies agreed to work on a triple-mode
solution: chipsets and infrastructure to support W-
CDMA, CDMA2000, and UTRA TDD.
Given the existing 2G technologies, three major
technologies have emerged; CDMA2000, W-CDMA,
and EDGE.

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 6
 Evolution Path for 2G Systems

CDPD
TDMA
EDGE

GSM GPRS

WCDMA
PDC

cdmaOne CDMA2000 1X CDMA2000 3X

2G First Step into 3G 3G

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 7

Enhanced Data rates for Global

Evolution (EDGE)
Originally called “Enhanced Data-rates for GSM Evolution”, but later
adopted by UWC for TDMA
UWC: Universal Wireless Consortium: trade group for TDMA
EDGE is designed for easy and stepped migration towards 3G for both
TDMA and GSM
EDGE is a convergence of TDMA and GSM!
EDGE is essentially a TDMA (multiple access) technology with higher
level modulation and coding and combined timeslots & carriers to meet
ITU’s IMT-2000 requirements
Based much more on GSM technology than TDMA

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 8
 GSM/GPRS and EDGE Radio Comparison

Parameter GSM/GPRS EDGE

Carrier spacing 200 kHz 200 kHz

Frame length 4.6 ms frames 4.6 ms frames
Timeslots per carrier 8 8
Modulation GMSK 8-PSK (also GMSK)
Symbol rate 270 ksymbols/s 270 ksymbols/s
Modulation bit rate 270 kb/s 810 kb/s
Radio data rate per time slot 22.8 kb/s 69.2 kb/s
Max. user data rate per time slot 20 kb/s (CS4) 59.2 kb/s (MCS9)
Max user data rate - 8 time slots 160 kb/s (182.4 kb/s) 473.6 kb/s (553.6 kb/s)
Link Quality Control (LQC) None LA and IR

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 9

Modulation and Coding Rates for EDGE

Bit Rate
•8-PSK added for MCS Modulation Code Rate
/Timeslot
higher data rates
MCS-1 0.53 8.8
•“Link Adaptation” (LA) MCS-2 0.66 11.2
GMSK
and Incremental MCS-3 0.8 14.8
Redundancy” (IR) used MCS-4 1 17.6
for link quality control MCS-5 0.37 22.4
MCS-6 0.49 29.6
MCS-7 8-PSK 0.76 44.8
MCS-8 0.92 54.5
MCS-9 1 59.2

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 10
 EDGE Data Rates vs Modulation

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 11

Link Adaptation

LA curve

8PSK

GMSK

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 12
 Link Quality Control Performance

Real
GPRS LA
Real EDGE LA
100%
Fixed GPRS
CS2 LA
EDGE IR
CDF

EDGE LA

0%
Throughput

Last Slide

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 13

CDMA2000

Trademark name for IS-95 CDMA evolution path

IS-95 B offers significant performance improvements
and 64 kb/s packet data, but is not actually considered
part of CDMA2000.
IS-2000 is the first phase of a 3G evolution
Branded as “CDMA2000”
1xRTT (or 1X) is the first step
1xEV is the second step (EV=Evolution), providing
increased data rates (similar to HDR which is
Qualcomm proprietary)
3xRTT (or 3X) is the third step, supporting 3 x 1.2288
Mc/s = 3.6864 Mc/s. This is a “multi-carrier” solution,
i.e.: “spreading” over a maximum of 1.2288 Mc/s.

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 14
 Key Differences IS-95 CDMA
(cdmaOne) to CDMA2000
Variable length Walsh Codes
Variable convolutional coding
Higher order modulation scheme
Combining multiple carriers (3x) for higher data rates

cdmaOne CDMA2000
Weak (1/2, K=9 Turbo Codes + ½, ¼
Forward Error
convolutional coder) and 1/6 convolutional
Correction
codes
Fixed at 64 Variable length Walsh
codes + Quasi
Walsh Codes
Orthagonal Functions
(Mask)
BPSK QPSK
Modulation

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 15

CDMA2000 Global Reach

• CDMA2000® systems are in 45 countries on 6 continents
• Commercial networks: 87 CDMA2000 1X and 9 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
• Deployed by cdmaOne™, TDMA, NMT-450 and Greenfield operators
Asia-Pacific
North America
• 1st system deployed in South Korea in
• 1st system deployed in July 2001
October 2000
• 21 operators deployed
• 22 operators in 12 countries
• Two 1xEV-DO networks deployed
• Five 1xEV-DO networks deployed
• Nationwide coverage
• Rapidly expanding in India and China

Latin America
Europe, Africa and Middle East
• 1st system deployed in Brazil in
• 1st system deployed in Romania
December 2001
in December 2001
• 27 operators in 16 countries
• Emerging market for CDMA450
• Platform for advanced data
services and affordable voice
Source: CDG
© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 16
 CDMA Data Evolution

Original Migration Path cdmaOne (IS-95b) to CDMA 2000

Also called CDMA2000 3xMC for 3 times multicarrier
3 x 1.2288 MHz carriers were used for data
Current Intermediate step is to 1Xtereme
Developed by Nokia and Motorola
Referred to as 1xMC or 1xRXTT (RTT= Radio Transmitter
Technology)
Uses current QPSK modulations scheme
Next Upgrade – 1xEV – Enhanced Version
Uses 8-PSK or 16 –QAM (with low interference)
1xEV-DO – Data Only (Originally HDR)
1xEV-DV – Applies capacity gains from higher modulation to both
voice and data

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 17

CDMA2000 Technology Evolution

Streaming video
High-speed data access
Text messaging Music & video content
Photo messaging Multimedia Video conferencing
Email Multi-player gaming Telephony over IP
Small file transfer Large file transfer Real Time QoS

60-80 Kbps (153 Mbps peak) 300-500 Kbps (2.4 Mbps peak) 300-500 Kbps (3.1 Mbps peak)
User Experience

CDMA2000 1X 1xEV-DO Rev 0 1xEV-DO Rev A, 1X Rev D

CDMA2000 Evolution

2000 2002 2006/2007

First Commercial Deployment

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 18
 CDMA Data Rates - Summary

CDMA System Channel BW Chip Rate Max Cap

cdmaOne (IS- 1.25 MHz 1.2288 MHz 115.2 kbps

95b)
CDMA 2000 1.25 MHz 1.2288 MHz 384 kbps
1xMC
CDMA 2000 1.25 MHz 1.2288 MHz 2.4 Mbps
1xEV-DO
CDMA 2000 1.25 MHz 1.2288 MHz 5.2 Mbps
1xEV-DV
CDMA 2000 3.75 MHz 3.6864 MHz 4 Mbps
3xMC
UMTS (W- 5 MHz 3.84 MHz 4 Mbps
CDMA

Source : The Essential Guide to Wireless Communications Applications - Dornan

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 19

Wideband-CDMA

W-CDMA is the technology for UMTS selected by ETSI for

FDD modes of operation
Developed after years of research on the RACE and
ACTS project “CODIT” - Code Division Testbed
Designed to be compatible with GSM core network
Based on chip rate of 3.84 Mc/s over 5 MHz bandwidth
(originally it was 4.096 Mc/s)

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 20
 UMTS Codes
Synchronisation Channelisation Scrambling Scrambling
Codes Codes Codes, UL Codes, DL

Orthogonal Variable Complex-Valued Gold

Gold Codes Spreading Factor Code Segments (long) Complex-Valued Gold
Type (OVSF) codes or Complex-Valued Code Segments
Primary Synchronization Codes (PSC) and Secondary
Synchronization Codes (SSC)
S(2) Codes (short)
Pseudo Noise (PN) codes
sometimes called
Walsh Codes
Pseudo Noise (PN) codes

38400 chips /
Length 256 chips 4-512 chips 38400 chips
256 chips
1.04 µs -
Duration 66.67 µs 10 ms / 66.67 µs 10 ms
133.34 µs

= spreading factor 512 primary / 15

1 primary code / 16
Number of codes 4 ... 256 UL, 16,777,216 secondary for each
secondary codes
4 ... 512 DL primary code

No, does not change Yes, increases No, does not change No, does not change
Spreading
bandwidth bandwidth bandwidth bandwidth
UL: to separate
physical data and
To enable terminals to control data from
locate and synchronise same terminal
Usage Separation of terminal Separation of sectors
to the cells' main DL: to separate
control channels connection to different
terminals in a same
cell
•Source: UMTS World (www.umtsworld.com)
© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 21

Key Differences Between W-CDMA & CDMA2000

What’s all the fuss about?...

Parameter CDMA2000 W-CDMA

Chip Rate 3.68 Mc/s 3.84 Mc/s

Spreading Multi-Carrier Spreading over 5 MHz
Synchronization Synchronous Asynchronous
Frame Duration 20 ms 10 ms
Forward Pilot Common code Dedicated time division
multiplexed pilot multiplexed pilot
Signaling ANSI-41 GSM-MAP

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 22
 Operators Harmonization Group (OHG)

Operators Harmonization Group is a collection of major

operators and equipment vendors with a vision for
harmonized 3G standards
OHG drove “cross-mode” specifications for CDMA2000 and
W-CDMA
CDMA2000 will evolve to support the GSM-MAP
signaling protocol.
W-CDMA will evolve to support the ANSI-41 signaling
protocol.
CDMA2000 initially had plans for a Direct Sequence
version (in addition to Multi-Carrier), but will now use W-
CDMA specifications for DS.

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 23

Current 3G Networks in the U.S.

CDMA2000 Based
1 x RTT
• Verizon/Sprint – 1x RTT network launched nationwide
• Alltel/ Other CDMA operators – Partial 1 x RTT Deployment
1 x EV-DO
• Verizon – Nationwide
• Sprint - Nationwide.

GSM Based
GPRS
• T-Mobile & Cingular – Nationwide Coverage
EDGE
• Cingular –Nationwide EDGE coverage, T-Mobile in Deployment
UMTS
• Cingular –5 Cities- Dallas, Miami, San Diego, San Francisco and Seattle
• Rumored to launch 16 markets with HSDPA by the end of the year

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 24
 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Market Overview
14M Subscribers on 21 Networks
Commercial Networks
• SK Telecom, KT Freetel, KDDI, Verizon, VIVO, PT Wireless, APBW, Alaska Wireless,
TEM Guatemala, Vesper, Eurotel, Smartcom PCS, Pelephone, Telecom New Zealand,
Verizon Puerto Rico, Telemobil, Telstra, Alltel, Cellular One, Bermuda Digital, Movilnet
Approximately 20 more networks planned
At least 6 trials ongoing

Over 100 Devices

Handsets and PC Cards

Achieved Data Rates

Between 300 and 500 kbps average
2.4 Mbps peak Source: CDG, 3G Today, Press Releases

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 25

What Might 4G Hold?

Fix for the shortcomings of 3G
Software Radios
Faster data rates (those originally proposed for 3G)
Interworking between different 3G access technologies
Advanced media access technology to connect different cores to different
access technologies
All-IP networks
Higher quality video
Ad-Hoc Networking
Multi-hop Networks
IMT will not meet until 2007 to discuss 4G

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 26
 Links

UMTS Forum
www.umts-forum.org

© 2005 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2005 Lecture 14, Rev. A, Slide 27