NERVOUS

SYSTEM
GROUP 01
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Communication system,
receiving signals and
commands to different areas
of the body.

• Helps to coordinate the body

functions to maintain
homeostasis.
 FUNCTIONS

1. Sensory Receptors- It monitors the external

and internal stimuli.

2. Integration- The brain and spinal cord are

the major organs for processing then the
input may produce immediate response.

3. Motor Function/Response- Send information

to muscles, glands and organs.
 NEURONS

• Also known as “nerve cells”,

are the fundamental building
blocks of the nervous system.

• Works together to transmit

nerve impulses from one site
to one another.

• There are three basic parts of

neuron: cell body, dendrites,
and axon.
 PARTS OF NEURONS

Cell body- Also known as soma, this part of the

neuron contains the nucleus.

Axon- This long, narrow extensions of the

neuron send electrical impulses to other
neurons.

Dendrites- These extensions of the neuron

receive messages from other cells.
 TYPES OF NEURON

1. Sensory Neurons- Carries information from

sensory receptors cells to the brain.

2. Motor Neurons- Transmit the information

from the brain to muscles.

3. Interneurons- Most common type of neuron

and can be found in the brain and spinal
cord.
CATEGORIES OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

1.Central Nervous System

2.Peripheral Nervous
System
 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central nervous system (CNS) is a

processing center that manages
everything that your body does,
from your thoughts and feelings
to your movements. Your brain
and spinal cord are “central” to
your CNS because they take in
and send out to your entire
body.
 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

WHERE IS THE CNS LOCATED?

It is located within your dorsal

(back) body cavity. This includes the
inside of your head at the back of
your trunk.
 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
COMMON CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT CNS:

STROKE

It is your brain’s equivalent of a heart attack, happening

when there’s an issue with blood flow part of your
brain. This can happen when blood vessels are blocked
or because of bleeding in your brain. Strokes are a life-
threatening emergency, immediate medical attention is
critical to prevent permanent damage or death.

TWO MAJOR TYPES:

ISCHEMIC STROKE: Caused by a blocked artery.

HEMORRHAGIC: Stroke caused by ruptured

artery.
 BRAIN

• Controls every process that regulates

our body thoughts, memory, emotion,
touch, motor skills, vision, breathing,
temperature, and hunger.
• The brain and spinal cord that extends
from it make up the central nervous
system, or CNS.
 BRAIN
GRAY AND WHITE MATTER

• Two different types of tissue

that are found in various
regions throughout the brain.

• The gray matter refers to the

darker, outer portion, while
white matter describes the
lighter, inner section
underneath.
 BRAIN

FOUR MAJOR PARTS OF THE BRAIN

Brainstem

Cerebellum

Diencephalon

Cerebrum
 BRAIN

THREE COMPONENTS OF BRAINSTEM

Medulla Oblongata
• Continuous with spinal cord.
• Regulates heart rate, and blood vessel
diameter, breathing, swallowing,
vomiting, coughing, sneezing, balance,
and coordination.
 BRAIN
THREE COMPONENTS OF BRAINSTEM

Pons
• Superior to the medulla oblongata.
• Breathing, swallowing, and balance are
controlled in the lower pons.
• Control functions such as chewing and
salivation.
 BRAIN

THREE COMPONENTS OF BRAINSTEM

Midbrain
• Superior to the pons.
• Coordinated eye movement, pupi.
diameter, turning head toward noise.
• The dorsal part has the four colliculi
which are involved in visual and
auditory reflexes.
 BRAIN

Cerebellum “Little brain”

• Attached to the brainstem.

• Involved maintaining balance and
muscle tone, and coordinating fine motor
movements.

Diencephalon
• Located between brainstem.
 BRAIN
COMPONENTS OF DIENCEPHALON

Thalamus
• Largest portion of diencephalon.
• Regulates sensory input traveling from spinal
cord and brainstem to the cerebral cortex.
• Influences moods and detects pain.

Epithalamus
• Above thalamus
• Emotional and visceral responses to odors.
 BRAIN

COMPONENTS OF DIENCEPHALON

Hypothalamus
• Below thalamus.
• Control pituitary gland and is connected
to it by infundibulum.
• Control body temperature, hunger, thirst,
fear, rage, sexual emotions.
 BRAIN

Cerebrum
• Largest part of the brain
• Divided into left and right
hemispheres by a
longitudinal fissure
• Lobes: frontal, parietal
occipital, temporal, insula
(fifth lobe).
 BRAIN

Cerebral Cortex
• Surface of cerebrum, composed of gray matter.
• Controls thinking, communicating,
remembering, understanding, and initiates
voluntary movements.

Left Hemisphere
• Controls right side of the body
• Responsible for math, analytic, and speech.
 BRAIN

Right hemisphere
• Controls the left side of the body.
• Responsible for music, art, abstract ideas.

Corpus Collosum
• Bridge of the nerve tissue that connects
the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
 BRAIN

Brain Coverings
• Meninges three
layers of protective
covering called
meninges surround
brain and spinal.
 BRAIN
Dura Mater
• Outermost (most superficial) layer and covers the brain and
spinal cord.
• The toughest of all the meninges

Arachnoid
• It is thin, delicate membrane that closely resembles as a spider
web
• It appears white because it has no blood supply

Pia Matter
• Innermost membrane; a thin transparent layer that hugs the
surface of the brain and follows its contours
• It is highly vascularized, meaning it contains many bloods vessels
that supply oxygen and nutrients to the underlying tissue
 BRAIN
LOBES OF THE BRAIN

Frontal Lobe
• Largest lobe of the brain (anterior).
• Controls voluntary motor, function, aggression,
moods, smell

Parietal Lobe
• Top (Middle part of the brain)
• Evaluates sensory input such as touch, pain,
pressure, temperature.
 BRAIN

LOBES OF THE BRAIN

Occipital Lobe
• Black part of the brain that is involved with
vision.

Temporal Lobe
• Lateral
• Involves hearing, smelling, memory.
 BRAIN
DEEPER STRUCTURE WITHIN THE BRAIN

Pituitary Gland
• Pea-sized structure found deep in the brain behind the bridge of
the nose.
• It regulates the flow of hormones from thyroid, adrenals,
ovaries, and testicles

Amygdala
• Located under each half (hemisphere) of the brain.
• Regulate emotion and memory and are associated with the
brain’s reward system, stress and the “fight or flight” response
when someone perceives a threat
 BRAIN

DEEPER STRUCTURE WITHIN THE BRAIN

Pineal Gland
• It responds to light and dark melatonin, which
regulates circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle.

Cererospinal
• A watery fluid that circulates in and around the
ventricles and the spinal cord, and between the
meniges.
 BRAIN

Brain Waves
• Electrical impulses in the brain
created when neurons (nerve
cells) communicate with each
other.

• Impulses are measured by their

frequency (the number of waves
per second), and different to
different mental states and
activities.
 BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

The blood-brain barrier

(BBB) is a semi-permeable
membrane that protects the
central nervous system
(CNS) from harmful
substances and regulates
the movement of molecules
and ions between the brain
and blood.
 Spinal Cord
• A cylinder-shaped
tube of tissue that runs
through the center of
your spine, from the
brainstem to the lower
back.
• The spinal cord also
carries nerve signals
from the brain to the
rest of our body and
back
 Spinal Cord
THREE MAIN PARTS

Cervical
• The cervical spine and neck muscles allow for a
wide range of head and neck movement,
including tilting, turning, and bending

Thoracic
• The thoracic spine provides attachment points
for many muscles, including the middle traps,
rhomboids, and latissimus muscles in the back
 Spinal Cord
THREE MAIN PARTS

Lumbar
• Allow the body to move in many ways, including
flexion, extension, rotation, side bending, and
twisting. The last two lumbar vertebrae allow for the
most movement

COMMON SPINE DISORDERS

Scoliosis
Osteoporosis
Paralysis
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Is a networks of nerves that

runs throughout the head, neck,
and body.

• It carries messages to and from

the central nervous system (the
brain and spinal cord)

• Further subdivided into afferent

(sensory) division anf an
efferent (motor) division
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Cranial Nerves
• Also known as the bones from
the head
• Set of nerves that originate
from the brainstem, the lower
part of the brain that connects
to the spinal cord. These nerves
control various functions in the
head, neck, and torso
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Spinal Nerves
• Mixed nerves that
interact directly with the
spinal cord to modulate
motor and sensory
information from the
body’s periphery
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

TWO MAIN PARTS OF PNS

Autonomic
• Regulates certain body processes, such
as blood pressure and the rate of
breathing.
• This system works automatically without
persons conscious effort
• Supplies internal organs
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS

Autonomic Nervous System

• It controls involuntary bodily functions.

SOME ORGANS THAT CONTROLLED BY AUTONOMIC

• Skin
• Eyes
• Heart
• Lungs
• Intestines and Colon
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

PARTS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Symphathetic Nervous System

• The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a

part of the autonomic nervous system
that sends signals to different parts of the
body, including the heart, lungs, arteries,
sweat glands, and digestive systems.
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

DISORDERS

Symphathetic Nervous System

• Central Symphathetic overativity

- can lead to hypertension, vascular, hypertrophy and
insulin resistance. It's also associated with other
conditions, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome,
bowel disease, anxiety, and depression.
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

PARTS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Parasymphathetic Nervous System

• The parasympathetic nervous system is a

part of the autonomic nervous system. It
could be called your “automatic” nervous
system, as it’s responsible for many action
that you don’t have to think about to control
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

PARTS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Parasymphathetic Nervous System

• Rest and Digest- PNS is often termed the

“rest and digest response
• Vagus Nerve- Main nerve of the
parasympathetic
• Acetylcholine- PN’s primary neurotransmitter
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

DISORDERS

Parasymphathetic Nervous System

• Urinary Retention- Difficulty in urinating can occur

when the PNS does not function properly, affecting
bladder control.
• Cholinergic Toxicity- too much activity in the PNS
can cause symptoms like excessive salivation,
diarrhea, and muscle twitching.
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

TWO MAIN PARTS OF PNS

Somatic Nervous System

• Controls voluntary body movements:

➢ Voluntary Movement- Controls all the things you can

consciously influence (arms, legs, other body parts)
➢ Sensory Information- Relays information from your
eyes, ears, skin and muscles to your central nervous
system
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

TWO MAIN PARTS OF PNS

Somatic Nervous System

• Controls voluntary body movements:

➢ Voluntary Movement- Controls all the things you can

consciously influence (arms, legs, other body parts)
➢ Sensory Information- Relays information from your
eyes, ears, skin and muscles to your central nervous
system