PERDEV FINALS

Personal Relationships
Relations ➔ Several studies and evidence have shown that humans “evolved to
hips fall in love” (Gabbatis, 2017).
➔ Pre-historic humans were already interacting with one another
through different forms of behavior.
➔ They found out that those who establish close relationships tend to
cope better with stresses in life including bereavement, and job loss,
among others (Myers, 2011).
➔ On the other hand, the absence of close relationships is a key
indicator of mental health problems, poor physical health, and lower
life satisfaction.
(Mental Health Foundation, 2016).
➔ Online Dictionary defines relationship as “how two or more people,
groups, countries, etc., talk to, behave toward, and deal with each
other.”

Types of Friendship
Relations ➔ A close tie between two people that is often built upon mutual
hips experiences, shared interests, proximity, and emotional bonding.

Personal Family
relationship ➔ This involves two or more persons who are related by birth, marriage,
involves
relationships
or adoption and who live together as one household (Bureau of
that have a Census).
significant
meaning to a
person and Romantic
that involves a ➔ This involves strong feelings of intimacy and passion between two
degree of
people (Sternberg, 1988).
commitment
(Santos, 2016).
Relationships Professional
are dynamic
and
➔ This is defined as the relationship between an employer and an
ever-changing. employee or regulated by the law.

Attachm Secure Attachment

ent ➔ When primary caregivers are responsive to the needs of the child,
Styles whether physical or emotional (Feist & Feist, 2008).

According to a Avoidant Attachment

study by Hazan ➔ When the primary caregiver is perceived as detached and would be
and Shiver
(1987) different unresponsive to the child’s needs, thus feelings of rejection are
types of infant
attachment observed (Feist & Feist, 2008).
styles
determine
Anxious-ambivalent Attachment
one’s stability
of adult love ➔ Inconsistency in terms of presence and meeting the child’s physical
patterns. and emotional needs, thus forming anxiety and ambivalence towards
the relationship (Feist & Feist, 2008).

Attract- Transference Effect

ion ➔ We tend to fall in love or be attracted to someone who reminds us of
our past.
The action or Propinquity/Proximity Effect
power of ➔ We get attracted to people who live close together and work
evoking
interest or together, among others.
liking someone.
Similarity
➔ Individuals often like people who have similarities with them such as
interests, social class background, and experiences, among others.

Reciprocity
➔ Individuals may get attracted to people who like them.

Physical Attractiveness
➔ People get attracted to others because of their looks.

Personality, Characteristics, and Traits

➔ A person’s characteristics and traits play a factor in liking someone.

Love Helen Fisher’s Stages of Love

Suggests that Lust

love can be
➔ One is physically attracted to their object of affection, this is driven
explained
through by the sex hormones, testosterone, and estrogen.
Biology.
Attraction
➔ This is the stage in which the individual enters the lovestruck
phase—the heart races about the thought of being with that person,
etc.
➔ Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin trigger this.

Attachment
➔ The couple in love decides to be committed to the relationship that
 they are in.
➔ Neurotransmitters oxytocin and vasopressin facilitate this stage in
love.

Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love

Passion
➔ Lead to romance such as physical attraction, sexual consummation,
and an intense state of motivation to be with the person you love
(Myers, 2011).

Intimacy
➔ Suggests feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bonding in loving
relationships. This further gives warmth to the relationship (Myers,
2011).

Commitment
➔ Defined in the short term as a decision that one loves the other, or in
the long term the commitment to maintain one’s love (Myers, 2011).

Love Language
➔ Introduced in 1992 by marriage counselor Dr. Gary Chapman in his
book “The 5 Love Languages.”
a. Words of Affirmation
b. Quality Time
c. Physical Touch
d. Acts of Service
e. Receiving Gifts

Commit ➔ Accumulation of all rewards of the relationship.

ment ➔ Temptation of alternative partners.
➔ Investments made by the couple in the relationship.
 Ways to ensure responsibility in handling relationships (Santos, 2016)
➔ Be responsible for what you think and say to your partner.
➔ Be responsible for what you promise to do.
➔ Ensure the relationship is mutually beneficial.
➔ Respect the other party or parties involved.
➔ Be ready to provide support when needed.

Social Relationships
Social ➔ Is a general term that is defined as how an individual relates or
Relations interacts with another individual or entity (Myers, 2011).
hip ➔ It tends to be less intimate, with lesser self-disclosure involved
(Santos, 2016).
➔ Creating friendships and connections increases social maturity
affirms their self-identity, and self-esteem, and develops nurturing
relationships.

Social ➔ The set of norms that defines how individuals should act in each
Role social position (Myers, 2011). Our social roles and our social
relationships can be used to influence other people.

Social ➔ It occurs when behavior, actions, attitudes, and other resources bring
Influence about changes in the beliefs, attitudes, and/or behavior of persons
because of the action/s of another person.

Types of Conformity
Social ➔ Change in behavior or belief because of peer pressure.
Influence ➔ Involves being affected by how people act.

Compliance
➔ A type of conformity in which one publicly acts following an explicit
request, while privately disagreeing.
➔ “Insincere.”

Obedience
➔ One acts under a direct order and does not question the power of
authority.

Persuasion
➔ A message induces a change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.

Group Influence
 ➔ Social Facilitation - the strengthening of dominant responses in the
presence of others.

➔ Social Loafing - the tendency for people to exert less effort when
they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are
individually accountable.

➔ Deindividuation - the loss of self-awareness and evaluation

apprehension.

➔ Group Polarization - The groups tend to make decisions that are

more extreme.

➔ Groupthink - Tend to make irrational decisions to keep cohesiveness.

➔ Minority Influence - When a bigger number of people are influenced

by a much smaller number of people.

Leader- ➔ The ability of a person of authority to influence others to behave in

ship such a manner that goals are achieved (Bernard, 1938).

Common Charismatic Leadership

➔ The individual uses his/her charm to get the admiration of his/her
Leadershi
followers.
p Styles
Participative Leadership
➔ Leaders facilitate ideas through the sharing of information before
arriving at a decision.

Situational Leadership
➔ Three factors are considered: The situation, the capability of the
followers, and the capability of the Leader.

Transactional Leadership
➔ Motivate his followers by presenting them the rewards and
punishments once a task is not accomplished.

Transformational Leadership
➔ Leaders empower their followers by appealing to their morals and
ideals.

The Quiet Leader

➔ Leads by example.
Leadershi Servant Leadership
p ➔ When leaders take care of their followers’ needs before taking care of
Theories their own.
(Aamodt,
Great Man Theory
2011)
➔ Leaders are born to be leaders.

Trait Theory
➔ Certain personality traits that are suited for leaders such as
intelligence, persistence, and high level of self-confidence.
➔ To be a good leader, one must have these traits.

Contingency Theory
➔ There is no definite way of leading. It always depends on the situation.

Behavioral Theory
➔ Leadership is a learned behavior. Thus, leaders are made.

Family Structures and Legacies

Family ➔ “A group of individuals living under one roof and usually under one
head” (Santos, 2016).
➔ Belen Medina defines, “two or more persons who share resources,
share responsibility for decisions, share values and goals, and have a
commitment to each other over time.”
➔ The family is the foremost unit that gives you the first experience of
the world.

Functions Procreation
of Family ➔ The family is recognized to perform the duty to bear children.

Economic Provision
➔ Caring for the children and providing for their needs.

Love
➔ It holds the greatest importance in the family.
➔ It encompasses everything and drives members of the family to do
anything for the welfare of another.

Socialization
➔ The family provides immediate opportunities for the children to grow
through the interactions an individual experiences.
 ➔ The family is also expected to be the first teacher to in still proper
behavior and good character.

Sense of Security
➔ Family offers a stable companionship–a feeling that you are not alone
in this world.

Family Nuclear Family

Structure ➔ Also known as traditional family.
s ➔ It comprises a family, a mother, and their offspring.

Single Parent Family

➔ There is only one parent who rears the child or children while at the
same time earning and giving them their needs.

Extended Family
➔ Most common in Asia.
➔ It is the nuclear family + the parents of the husband or the wife, aunts
or uncles, cousins, etc.

Childless Family
➔ Couples do not have children either by choice or due to certain
circumstances (e.g., health).

Step Family
➔ Blended family.
➔ Formed through a marriage of two individuals when one has at least
one child from a previous relationship or marriage.

Grandparent Family
➔ A grandparent takes care of his or her grandchildren with no present
parent-child relationship.

Family with Working Parents

➔ Both parents work to support the family which is one of the reasons
why their children tend to get left behind.

Other Family Setups/Frameworks

➔ Some couples live together as common law or domestic partners
(cohabiting couples) or are not legally married but are living together.
➔ Includes same-sex partners who raise a child.
Child ➔ The family is considered the first member of the society where a
Rearing child grows and learns basic social skills.
Practices ➔ Parental authority, parenting styles, and the type of care individuals
and receive from their parents contribute to one’s personality.
Family
Care

Common Authoritarian Parenting

Parenting ➔ Parents establish rules and expect children to follow them without
Styles exception.
➔ Punishments > Consequences.

Authoritative Parenting
➔ Involves setting rules that children are expected to follow but allow
some exceptions.

Permissive Parenting
➔ Parents do not offer much discipline.
➔ They take more on a friend role than a parent role.

Uninvolved Parenting
➔ They tend to neglect and not provide for their children’s needs.

Family ➔ Bruner and Ledbetter (1996) defined family legacy as a heritage

Legacies passed on from parents to children, which could be social, emotional,
spiritual, or even sometimes, material in nature

Emotional Legacy
➔ Provides a safe environment in which deep emotional roots can grow.
➔ Fosters confidence through stability.
➔ Conveys a tone of trusting support.
➔ Nurtures a strong sense of positive identity.
➔ Creates a “resting place” for the soul.
➔ Demonstrates unconditional love.

Social Legacy
➔ Respect is the name of the game.
➔ Responsibility by assigning duties, holding them accountable, and
letting them learn from their mistakes.
➔ Unconditional love and acceptance by their parents.
➔ The setting of social boundaries concerning how to relate to God,
 authority, peers, the environment, and siblings.
➔ Rules given within a loving relationship

Moral/Spiritual Legacy
➔ Means more than encouraging our children to attend church, as
important as that is.

Nurturing ➔ This seeks to create and maintain positive and harmonious ties
Family aimed at fulfilling meaningful relationships with one another.
Relations
hips Time
➔ Spend quality time with them and fill it with good moments.

Love
➔ The family should be built on love. As everybody loves and needs to
be loved, the family should be the first to show it.

Commitment
➔ As it takes effort to do all those things, commit yourself to doing
what is good, healthy, and nurturing for your family.

Persons and Careers

Career ➔ A profession that a person may get into, either because he has found
a good match between his life goals, skills, personality, and interests
with a dream job or it may be a means to earn a living.
➔ “Refers primarily to the sequence and variety of work roles, paid or
unpaid, that individuals undertake throughout their lives, but it is also
the construct which enables individuals to make sense of valued
work opportunities and how their work roles relate to their wider life
roles” (Career Development Institute, 2017).

Career Trait Factor Theory

Develop ➔ Skills, values, interests, and personality characteristics are analyzed
ment and matched with job factors or an occupational profile.
Theories
Holland’s Theory of Vocational Theory
An individual ➔ Developed by John Holland in 1959, he states that a
must take into person-environment fit is important for an individual to properly
consideration
know what career is suited for him.
that our
career is a ➔ People can be categorized into six types: Realistic, Investigative,
unique, and Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional.
lifelong
process.
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
➔ Our beliefs (thoughts) affect our behaviors. Our cognitive processes
such as self-efficacy help us decide what career we should take.

Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory of Choice

➔ Our career decisions are a product of four factors: Genetic Influence,
Environmental Conditions, and Events, Learning Experiences, and
Task Approach Skills.
➔ This theory suggests that learning experiences especially
observational learning from role models have a powerful influence on
career choice.

Super’s Developmental Self-Concept Theory

➔ Developed by Donald Super, it emphasized that humans are in
constant change.
➔ In our development, our view of what career we want for ourselves
changes, as self-concept changes with development.

Factors Internal Factors

Affection ➔ Self-concept or self-identity
s One’s ➔ Personal preferences
Choice of ➔ Motivation
➔ Self-confidence
Career
➔ Personal skills
According to
➔ Personality characteristics
Aguado, ➔ Personal health
Lagudor, and ➔ Emotional considerations
Deligero (2015),
the decision on ➔ Self-sabotaging thoughts
good career
choice and
External Factors
school
sometimes ➔ Parental preferences
depends on ➔ Family constraints
how the way
students
➔ Financial constraints
perceive the ➔ Job market preference
world and their ➔ School location
future.
➔ Peer pressure
➔ Gender bias
➔ Language limitation
➔ Academic performance
Insights in One’s Personal Development
Personal Psychological Factors
Develop
ment ➔ Interest - An individual`s performance in any career is closely related
Factors in to his/her interest, which is either expressed in words or manifest in
Career actions.
Decisions
➔ Aptitude - This refers to the potential that one has for learning in the
future.

➔ Intelligence - Each profession, whether skilled or semi-skilled

requires a level of intellectual ability for the individual to enter and
perform efficiently on it.

Social Factors

➔ Personality - Grouped into six orientations:

◆ Realistic - It is characterized by aggressive behavior, and

physical action which requires skills, strength, and
coordination (career: farming, forest, and sports).

◆ Investigative - It is characterized by cognitive abilities like

thinking, organizing, and understanding (career: related to
science).

◆ Social - It is characterized by interpersonal relationships

(career: psychology, diplomatic corps, social work, and
nursing).

◆ Conventional - It is characterized by structured,

rule-regulated activities (career: civil service, accounting, and
finance).

◆ Enterprising - It is characterized by the verbal ability to lead

(career: management, law, teaching).

◆ Artistic - It is characterized by self-expression artistic

creation of feelings and individualistic activities (career: art,
music, drama, dance, etc.).
 ➔ Attitudes - It reflect a future orientation, an awareness of choices to
be made and a disposition to be involved in preparing to make
immediate and distant choices.

➔ Lifestyle - These preferences include criteria such as salary, and

work/life balance, and location are considered the most influential
factors in career choice.

Cultural Factors
➔ Involves the community where people live in and the values they
hold.

Economic Factors
➔ Shifts in politics, economy, natural disasters, etc. may contribute to
someone’s career plans.

Importan Personal Development

ce of ➔ The act or process of understanding and developing oneself to
Personal achieve one’s fullest potential.
Develop ➔ It is a vital part of a person’s growth, maturity, success, and
ment fulfillment.
Factors in
Reasons why it is important:
Career
1. It helps you understand yourself better.
Decisions 2. It assists you in creating your goals and life purposes.
3. It guides you in managing and spending your time effectively.
4. It enhances your ability to handle stress, adversity, and change.
5. It helps you in managing your finances more wisely.
6. It teaches you to build better relationships with people.
7. It allows you to have a balanced lifestyle.
8. It provides an opportunity to take care of your health.

Six core benefits:

1. Self-awareness
2. A sense of direction
3. Improved focus and effectiveness
4. More motivation
5. Greater resilience
6. More fulfilling relationships