12

CHAPTER

Kinetic Theory
In this Chapter..

•Behaviour and Kinetic Interpretation of Gases •Motion of Gas Molecules

to form a molecule,
so
As number of atoms combine as molecular
is also referred
Dalton's atomictheory

Behoviour and Kinetic theory of matter.

that
century, Gay Lussac stated

Iaterpretation
of Gases In 19th
to yield anothergas,
"When gases combine chemically smallintegers.
the ratio of
volumes are in

Molecular Nature of
Matter their
to understand
helped
Feynman, one of the great Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856) manner.
In 20th century, Richard of different gases in
a simple
atoms. the combination
is made up of
physicists discovered that matter law says that,
Avogadro's
credited to John
The scientific
atomic theory is usually Equal volumes of all gases at che same temperature
an English chemist.
He proposed number of molecules when
Dalton (1766-1844), and and pressure have equal
the laws of definite with Dalton's cheory
to
the atomic
theory to explain Avogadro's law combined
by elements when
they
obeyed explain Gay Lussac's law.
utiple proportions

)
Combine

Law
into compounds.

Compound
of definite proportion

has a fixed proportion

states that
by
any given
mass of its
Atomic Hypothesis
All things are made
of atoms. The atoms
are little

motion,
Constituents. that move around in perpetual
chat when
two particles
when chey are a little distance
states attracting cach other
Gi) Law proportion
upon being squeezed into one
of
multiple
toform more than one apart, but repelling
clements combined the
a fixed mass of one element, another.
Compound, for in ratio of small
and technology enable us to
elements are Advancement in science
nasses ofother
see the molecules with the help of electron microscope
integers. that "the
Dalton suggested and scanning tunneling microscope.
About

mallest
200 years ago,
constituents
John
of an element are
atoms.
Aoms
of
So, the size of atom is of the order 10m
fromthose
of
one element are identical but
differ

atoms of each
element i.e. one angstrom (1 A) = 10-10 m.
A small number
of
oher elements.

of the
compound."
Combine to form a molecule
 Allinone Physics Class 1th
472

where, kn =Boltzmannconstant and its value in SI

States of Matter
have definite shape and
unit is 1.38 ×1025 |/K.

Solids are the substances which pV= Nk,T

From Eqs. (i) and (i), we have
volume. In solid, the interatomic spacing is least (about
is maximum.
2 A) and interatomic force of attraction
NT
= kp =Constant
which have definite volume
Liquids are the substances
spacing gases, we may
but no definite shape. In liquid, the interatomic So, for different write
to solid but less in comparison
is greater in comparison

force of attraction is relatively ...=ka = constant

to gas and interatomic
enables liquid to N,T, N,T, N,T;
weaker in comparison to solid. This
flow. If p, V and T are same,then N will be same for all

have fixed shape

Gases are the substances which do not gases and this is Avogadro's hypothesis.

and volume. In gases, the interatomic spacing is

In other words, according to Avogadro's hypothesis,
maximum (about 10 A). Interatomic force of attraction
equal volumes of all gases under identical conditions
comparison to solids and liquids.
is least in of pressure and temperature will contain equal

Motion of Molecules in a Gas o-number of molecules.

The average distance, a molecule can travel without Avogadro'sNumber
colliding is called the mean free path (discussed later in The mass of 22.4 L of any gas at STP (Standard
Temperature 273K and Pressure 1 atm) is equal to
detail).

The mean free path in gases is of the order of molecular weight in gram.
thousands of angstrom, due to this reason, atoms of This amnount of substance is called a mole.

gases are much free to move and can travel long

mole of a substance
The number of atoms present in 1

distances without colliding. Due to this property of

is known as Avogadro's number. Its symbol is N,.
they get dispersed away if they are not enclosed.
gases,

Modern theories had proved that atoms are no longer

Avogadro's number (N)=6.023 x 103
indivisible or elementary.
ldeal Gas Equationrol brsdi
Every atom consists of nucleus and electrons, the The ideal gas equation can be written as, pV =uRI
nucleus itself is made up of protons and neutrons,ili
protons and neutrons are again made up of quarks.
where, u isnumber of moles and R =N ka is

universal constant and T. is absolute temperature in

Itmay be possible in future that quarks may be further kelvin.
sub-divided into some sort of elementary particles.
Let Nbe the number of molecules in mass M of a gas

and N, be the number of molecules in the molecular

Behaviour of Gases weight Mo of the gas, then
If p be the pressure, V is the volume andT be the M N
temperature of given sample of a gas, then Mo Na
pV=kT ...)
where, M=mass of the gases.
k is a constant which depends on the volume of the pRT
gas. In terms of density, ideal gas equation is p= Mo
If Nbe the number of molecules of the gas in the

sample, then
where, p= mass density of the gas,
kocN M,=molar mass of the gas
The observation tells that k is same for all gases and is (massof one mole of the gas),
denoted by kg R= 8.314Jmol-'K-1
k= Nky ...1) and k =Boltzmann's constant =1.38 x 10 J/K.
 Allinone Physics Class 1th
474

Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get If we plot same graph for real gases at three different

P_ temperatures

the curve as
7,Tz, T,(T
shown in figure
>T;
by
> T,),

dotted
then
lines.
we find

...(iv)
=N,INA Solid lineshowing ideal gas approach and dotted line
...(v)
showing real gas approach. From the observation of
Dividing Eq. (iv) by Eq. (v) this graph, we will find that all curves for real gas
..(vi) approach ideal gas behaviour at low pressure and high
temperature.

From Eqs. (i) and (vi), we get

Laws for an ldeal Gas
N, 2 Boyle's Law
N P1 or
Ni_5 It states that for a given mass of a gas at constant
N, P2 N, 3 temperature, the volume of that mass of gas is inversely

proportional to its pressure. i.e. V c

Behaviour of Real Gas and ldeal Gas
A gas which strictly obeys the gas laws, is called an
ideal gas or perfect gas.
According toideal gas equation, we get pV=uRT
An ideal gas is a theoretical model of a gas and no real At constant tenmperature, pV =constant
gas is truly ideal.
Boyle's law, p,V, =PV, =P;V, ..=constant
However, a real gas behaves as an ideal gas most
The figure below shows the comparisonbetween
closely at low pressure and high temperature. This is
experimental p -V curves and the theoretical curves
because at low pressure and high temperature, the
predicted by Boyle's law.
molecules of gas are far apart due to which molecular
1.6
force of attraction is negligible.
1.4
As, pV=u RT (ideal gas equation)
1.2+
where, u is the number of moles of the gas and
R= Nak = universal constant, called gas constant for
L T

one gram mole of the gas.

0.8H T>T2>
T3
T1

pV =R= constarnt
0.6H

0.4 12

There is a graph drawn between pV and p as shown

0.2

in the figure below. 20 60 100 140 160 220

Experimental p-V curve

ldeal gas

EXAMPLE 6. A gas at 27°C in a cylinder has a volume of

12
4L and pressure 100 N/m, If the gas is first compressed
at constant temperature so that the pressure is 150
N/m.Estimate the change in volume.
Jmor'K)+
Sol. Given, V, =4L, V, =,p, =100 N/m
P2 =150 N/m, AV=?
200 400 600 800
p(atm) Using Boyle's law for constant temperature,we have
Behaviour of real gases approach ideal gas at low PV, =pV,
pressure and high temperature temperature
 Theory
Kinetic

475
100 × 4

.Changein
P:150 =2.667L
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure
volume, AV
=V,-V, It states that the total pressure of a mixture of
=4-2.667 =1.33 L non-interacting ideal gases is equal to the sum of

Law partial pressures exerted by individual gases in the

Charles' mixture.
that for a given mass
It states of an i.e.

,
ideal
gas
Constant
pressure, volume(V)of a at

gas
to its absolute is directly Consider a mixture of non-interacting ideal gases. Let
proportional
VT temperature T. gas 1 has , moles, gas
Suppose the net volúme of the mixture
2 has moles and so on.
V, temperature
V is

ideal gas equation, R

From of mixture is T' and pressureof mixture is p.
T
Equation of state for the mixture

Ar constant pressure, =COnstant pV= (u, tut)RT

T
p= WRT V
,RT

Charles' law,
T
= Constant p = Pt p2t Ps
T, Dalton's law, t

The figure

experimental
below shows the comparison between
T-V curves and the theoretical
Curves
Here, .RT V is the pressure of gas 1 would exert at

predicted by Charles law. the same condition of volumeand temperature, if no

other gases are present.
1.2

1.0
Graham's Law of Diffusion

0.8 P It states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely

proportional to the square root of its density.

0.6
...()
0.4

0.2 where, r =rate of diffusion and p =density of the gas.

From the ideal gas equation, pV=uRT
100 200
V
300 400 500
M RT
Experimental T-V curve Mo
EXAMPLE 7, A gas is filled in a cylinder at 300K. Calculate
M pM0 ...(ii)
V RT
he temperature upto which it should be heated, so that its
4 where, M= mass of gas
volume becomes of its initial volume.
3 and M,= molecular mass of gas.
M
Sol. Given, T, -300K,T, =? Density of gas, p =
From Eqs.(i), we get
3 pM, ...(im)
According to Charles' law, we get RT
From Eqs. (i) and (in), we get
1
roc
4 JM,
T
=300 x=400 K

3
 Theory
Kinetic

477
it leads to
Onintegration

W =C number 10)and all molecules are identical in

all respect.
n-1
(ii) The molecules of a gas are in a state of incessant

(Using
equation pV" =C,,we have random motion in all directions with different

speeds, move frely in straight lines following

W= Newton's first law.

(iii) The size of a molecule is much smaller than the

average separation between the molecules. At
W= ordinary pressure and temperature, the average
distance between molecules is about 20 ,
whereas size of a molecule is 2 A.
(iv) There is no intermolecular forces between

n-1 molecules of gas except during collision.

(v) The between molecules amnong

collision
Ideal gas law also follows the
themselves or between molecules and walls are
equation
PV =mRT, perfectly elastic. i.e. total momentum and total
P;V, =mRT, kinetic energy of molecules are conserved,

Work done now becomes however only their velocities will change.
(vi) The duration of collision between two molecules
T0mR (T,-T)
W= is negligible as compared to time interval of two
n-1 successive collisions, i.e. collisions are

instantaneous.
Similar expressions are obtained by
methods for
similar
work done during expansionof gas but starting from (vi) The density and the distribution of molecules is

uniform throughout the gas.

W - [fpav Pressure of an ldeal Gas

We obtain, Consider an gas consisting of N molecules in a

.
ideal

n-1 container of volume V. The container is a cube with

m
W= mR(T -T,) n-1
edges of length

moving with
Consider a molecule of mass
velocity (v,V,, D).
As molecule collides with the wall parallel to YZ-plane
its x-componentof velocity is reversed,
elastically,

Kinetic Theory of Ideal Gas while y and z-componentsof velocity remain

its

The main foundersof kinetic theory of gases are unaltered, i.e. velocity after collision is (-,,v,,v).

) James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879),a Scottish

physicist.

from Austria.
ü) Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906)
M&
Kinetic theory of
gases is based on the molecular

Plcture of matter. It
correlates the macroscopic
of gases to
Properties (e.g.pressure and temperature)
(e.g.speed and kinetic energy)
icroscopic properties Elastic collision of a gas molecule along

of gas molecules. X-component of velocity

of Gases So, the change in momentum of the molecule,

ASsumptions of Kinetic Theory large
of gas consists of a very Ap, =(Px)Anal(Px)initial
)A given amount
order of Avogadro's
=-mv,-(mu)
of molecules (of the
number Ap,
 Theory
Kinetic
479

n X m =p Mass
Density From Eqs.
.(iv) (i) and (ii), we get
(ii) and Volume
Eqs. (iv), we get ...(iii)
From
3
For ideal gas, we can write

pV=uRT
XAMPLE
1 0. A container is
filled with a gas
Of,
pV=ukyN,T = kyuN) T
at a pressure

of 76
cm:of mercury at a certain or,
pV=ky NT ...(iv)
temperature. The mass of
by 50% by introducing
agas isincreased more gas in the [N =uN =total number of molecules]
at same
container temperature. Calculate the final
pressure
Combining Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get
of the gas.

cal According to kinetic theory of

gases,
E=
3
k,NT N
E
2
...(v)

1
pV=Mvms or
m'3 ...(vi)

At constant temperature, vms COnstant.AsVis

mvT
iS also 1

Constant. Average kinetic energy,

2
p M

When the mass of the gas It is clear that average kinetic energy of a molecule is
is increased by 50%,
pressure also increased by 50%. directly proportional to the absolute temperature of
50 of pressure, volume and
:: Resultant pressure =76+ X 76=114 cm of Hg
the gas. It is independent
fundamental
the
100 nature of the ideal gas. This is a result

that relates temperature of the gas to average kinetic

Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature energy ofa molecule.

1

The average KE of a molecule depends on theabsolute If T =0, then -mJ =0, but m # 0, so 7 =0
2
temperature of the gas. It is the kinetic interpretation Thus, absolute zero of temperature may be defined as
of temperature. Let us consider a sample of an ideal gas that temperature at which the mean square speed of
having N number of molecules, the volume of the gas the gas molecules reduces to zero.
isV, presure is p and temperature is T.

From the pressure expression of an ideal gas Root Mean Square Speed
1 The square root of the mean square speed 7 is known as

P=ümp root mean square speed.

Multiplying both sides with V, we get From kinetic interpretation,

3
pV =-z)
3
mj? 2 2
3kT
So,
or,
pV= 2
Taking square root of both the sides

pV 3 =Nma ...i) 3kgT

Here, number of molecules in the sample, N =nV

1
3k,T 3RT
Root mean
and
2 m is the average kinetic energy of the
square speed, V ms
Vm
molecules of the gas. where, m= mass one molecule, of

internal energy of the gas,

=Boltzmannconstant
ka
Do, total

1
and T= absolute temperature.

E=N-m'
2
...(i)
 Motion of Gas Molecules

Degree of Freedom If N =1 and K = 0,then f =3x1-0=3

The total number of coordinates or independent (ii) In case of diatomic gas, such as oxygen,
quantities required to describe completely the position hydrogen, nitrogen, etc.,cach molecule has two
and configuration of a dynamical system is known as rotational degrees of freedom in addition to three
number of degrees of freedom of the system. It is translational degrees of freedom.
represented by fand expressed as
f=5
f=3N -K (ii) The gas like SO,, H,S, etc., has three molecules,
where, Nis the number of particles in a system and K i.e. they are triatomic gases. In case of triatomic
is number of independent relations between the
gases,
particles.

(i)In case of monoatomic gas, such as helium, neon

f=7forlinear molecules
argon, they have translational degree of freedom.
and f=6 for non-linear molecules
 483
Theory
Kinetic

ofEEquipartition ofEnergy
Low thar 'For a dynamic systemin thermal of the oscillator
It states the
energy is distributed equally
total where, k= force constant
quilibrium,. the degree of
all freedom and the energy and y=vibrational coordinate. +E,
Amongst with each molecule per degree of freedom
Total energy, E =E, +E,
LsSOCiated

Molar Heat Capaity (C) to rise the

k = 1.38 x 10 -25 K is Boltzmann constant
Molar heat
heat required
capacity isthe () 1K).
by 1°C (or
wherc,
Tis absolute temperature systemon the kelvin temperature
of 1 mole of a gas
of
capacity
willdeal with
the specific heat
In this topic,we It can be
of freedom.
different degree
sale.
monoatomic gas in thermal equilibrium at of gases having of energy
a
For of equipartítion
T, the average value of translational energy calculated by applying the law
remperature
molecule of gases.
of the

MonoatomicGases
has three
gases, a molecule
In monoatomic
By law of
Translational energy of the molecules, (E,) =kgT
2 translational
degrees of freedom.
per molecule
of energy, average energy
equipartition
no preferred direction, then the above
2 kyT
there is
Gince.
per degree of freedom
Quation can be written as
of
/1 with three degrees
So, average energy per molecule
7mi)7:(;m:) freedom =3xk
2 =ka
1
3
of
Thus, energy associated with each molecule per degree one mole of monoatomic
Now, total internal energy of
fedom is -
2
k,I, which is law of equilibrium of energy. gas,
3 2RT R =Nakg)
Therefore, total

the
energy of a diatomic
sum of translational energy E, and rotational
gas molecule is
U=kgXNA
2
3
2 (as

energy E,.
•
U=RT
2
...)
1 1
(for monoatomic gas)
E+E,-m+
2 2
If dU isamount of heat energy required to
a small
aboutthe axes 1 and
where, ),and 0,are angular speeds
raise the temperature of 1g mole of the gas at constant
2and I, and I,are moment of inertia.
volume through at temperature dT, then
dU
Cy = dT (:"u=1] ...(ü)

B
where, C, = specific heat of gas at constant volume.

(1)
B
Putting, U= RT in Eq. (ii), we have
(2)

molecule
Rotation of a diatomic
Cy =
case of diatomicpolyatomic gas, molecules may not
In
3
Dea rigid
W at
rotator having no vibration. Molecules
moderate temperatures
like

have a mode of vibration

Cy =R
2
and contributes a vibrational energy E, to total energy IfC, is molar specific heat at constant pressure, then

C, -Cy =R
 Allinone
484 Physics Class 1th

G,-R=R
2 7
So, Y= Y==1.40
Cy

2
Ratio of specific heat capacities for diatomic gases

Now, ratio ofspecific heat, y =Cy L2-1.67

3 y=1.40)

EXAMPLE 2. Calculate the total number of degrees of

Ratio of specific heat capacities for monoatomic gases
freedom possessed by the molecules in 1cm of H, gas at

temperature 273Kand 1 atm pressure? (NCERT Exemplar)

ly =1.67|
Sol At 273 K temperature and 1 atm pressure mean STP
EXAMPLE 1.Calculate the molecular kinetic energy of 1 g condition.

of helium (molecular weight 4) at 127°C. (Given, :. Number of H,molecules on 22400cm at STP

R= 8.31 JmolKl) =6.02x 1023

bntie Number H,molecules STP

T = 273+127 =400 K of in lcm at

.:.
Sol Given,
Helium is monoatomic gas. 6.02 x 1023 x 10'9
3 =2.6875
.. Average kinetic energy per mole of helium = 2
RT 22400
Number of degrees of freedom associated with each

Average kinetic energy of l g of helium H, (diatomic)molecule =5

3 RT 3x 8.31 x 400
4a =1246.5 J Total number of degrees of freedom associated with
ooD2 M
.:.
2x C

1 cm of gas =2.6875 x 10 x5= 1.34375 x 100

DiatomicGases EXAMPLE 3. Find the value of internal energy of one mole

Incase of diatomic gases, if the vibrational mode is not of a diatomic gas, which do not show vibrational mode.
Also, find the value of Cy for the sample of above gas.
considered, then it has five degrees of freedom (three
translational and two rotational) at room temperature. Sol. Molecule of diatomic gas will have three translational and
two rotational degrees of freedom, so
According to law of equipartition of energy, total

internal energy of one mole of such type of gas, Degrees of freedom ()=3+2=5
Total energy
U=s;47*N,
As the gas one mole, so the total numberof
u(R=kgN,)
is

Thus, U=-RT
2 o molecules is N4. So, total energy of one mole of gas
could be found.
The molar specific heat is given by

Cy =
dU U=k,TXN,
2 =k,N,TT=2RT
dT dU
We can find the value of Cy by applying,Cy = dT
Cy =R
2
Now, C, =Cy +R

R+R=R EXAMPLE 4. A gas nmixture consists of 2.0moles of oxygen

and 4.0 moles of neon at temperature T. Neglecting all
So, vibrational modes, calculate the total internal energy of the
2
system. (Oxygenhas two rotational modes)
(NCERT Exemplar)
 Theory
inetic

485
five
0, has degrees of
frecdom.

Therefore, energy per mole =)RT

.: For 2 moles of O,, energy
=5RT U= (3+ f)RT
Neon has three degrees dU
of
(3+ f)RT
d

.Energy per mole =

3
RT
freedom Now, Cy = dT dT =(3+ f)R

Cy =(3 + f)R
.: For 4 moles of neon,energy = 4x C,=Cy t R= (3+f) R+ R
RT =6RT
2 C, =(4+ f)R
Total energy =5RT +6RT=11RT
Gas So, Cp (4+f)
fiatomic
Cy (3+f)
case
of such kind of gases
In (linear

areseven
degrees of freedom.
triatomic gas), there
Using law of
Taking f=6
total internal energy of
of energy, one mole ofequipartition Ratio of specific heat capacities for polyatomic gas,
such gases,
7 Y=1.11
U
=7x;k;TxN =RT
2 Determinationof y from the Degrees of Freedom

dU [:R=kNg] If a polyatomic gas molecule has f degrees of freedom,

Now, Cy =
dT
= then internal energy of one mole of the
1
gas,

7 LRT
Cy =R U-fx\;kT|XNA =5*
=dUd
2
Now, Cy
9 dT
Now, C, =Cy + R=R+ R C, =R
2
R 2
C,
Y=
Cy R
c, =Cy +R=R+R=1R
9
o ==1.28
7
So, specific heat ratio,

Ratio of specific heat capacities for linear triatomic

gases

Y=1.28
2
Ratio ofspecific heat capacities for non-linear triatomic
gases

|Y=1.33
which is required relation between Y and f.
Polyatomic Gas
EXAMPLE 5. An isolated container containing monoatomic
A polyatomic gas molecule in general has three
three rotational degrees of freedom and
gas of molar mass m is moving with a velocity vo- If the
translational,
container suddenly stopped, find the change in
number (let f) of vibrational modes.
is
WIth certain
temperature. (NCERT Exemplar)
Using of energy, total internal
law of equipartition
of one mole of such gases, Sol. Loss in kinetic energy of gas, AE=(mn) v,
energy
2
 Allinone Physics
486 Class tth

where, n is number moles andm is molar mass.

Mean Free ()

of
Path
Ifits temperature changes by AT, then
3 1 Every gas consists of a large number of molecules
nRAT =mn
2 v

: undergoing frequent collision, therefore they cannot

mv, move straight or unhindered, these molecules are in a

Change in temperature,AT = state of continuous and random motion.
3R
Also, they undergo perfectly elastic collision against
Speific Heat Capadty of Solids each other. The average distance travelled by a
In solids, cach atom vibrates about its mean position, molecule between two successive collisions is known .
let us consider one mole of solid containing
N atoms. the mean free path of the molecule.
By law of cquipartition of energy, average
energy
associated with an atom due to its oscillation in one Expressionfor Mean Free Path
Let d be the diameter of each molecule of the
dimension =2xT|=4,T a particular molecule will suffer collision with any
gas, then

:.In three dimension (3D) average energy molecule that comes within a distance d between
per atom centres of two molecules.
=3kgT
:Total energy of one mole of solid,insignet
U= (3 kgT) x N4 =3RT (:kgNa =R)
According to first law of thermodynamics, or
AQ= AU+ AW
AQ= AU+ pAV
In case of solid, A V is negligible

AQ AU Volume swept by a molecule in time At

AU
Molar specific heat of solid, C= AQ Ifv isaverage speed of molecule, then from figure,
AT AT the
volume swept by the molecule in small time At in
Specific hcat capacity of solids, C=3R which any molecule will collide with it

C= 24.93 J molK(:R= 8.31 JmolK =Td'(v)Ar

If n is number of molecules per unit volume of
Speific Heat Capaities of Some Solids at Room the gas,
then number of collision suffered by the molecule in
Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure
time At

Substance
Specific Heat Molar Specific Heat
J kgK') J mol-'K-l) =Td'(o) At xn
Aluminium 900.0 So,number of collisions per
24.4 second
Carbon 506.5 6.1

Copper 386.4 24.5 At =n rd)

Lead 127.7 26.5
.. Average time betweentwo successive collisions,
Silver
236.1 25.5
Tungsten 134.4 24.9 n Td)
From this table, it is clear that the
.. Mean free path =Average distance between two
prediction generally
agrees with experimental values at successive collision
ordinary temperature
except, i.e. carbon. A=tX mean velocity = x()= n nd?
n Ttd()
Note The temperature at which all metals have constant Cy
is called debye temperature. Mean free path, 2=
n Td'
 487
Theory
vinetic

=v and mean free path,

by plane,t
d= diameter of cach molecule Time taken

where, number of molecules per unit volume. V2nd'n

d=diameter and n =number
and of density.

on Mean Free Path where,

3
Assumptions 10 km
Basic =0.0167
molecules of gas are considered as hard spheres, n=
The
d.
So,
20× 20x 1.5
ach of diameter
between collision,
collision between gas molecules are perfectly and time elapse
The 1
(G)

(i)
elastic.

Al molecules of : a gas except the molecule under 2nd (NIV) xv

consideration are at rest. 1

x 150
A molecule f the
under consideration gas collides
3.14× (20) x 0.0167×103
of
(iv) 1.414×
all those molecules whose centre are at
wich
Aistance d from centre of molecule under =0.225h
is 485 m/s.
consideration. speed of air molecules
above derivation of ,we imagined the other
EXAMPLE 7. The average
density is 2.7
× 10 and |m'
Inche. At STP,the number the value
to be at rest. But actually all molecules are
the air molecule
is 2× 10°m.Find
molecules of time
moving,
which
value.
will result into the following more
diameter
of mean free path () for the air molecule
collisions.
and average

acurate (t) between successive

= 1
..()
Sol. To find the mean free path, we need the
values ofd
V2n Tnd' of mean
Just put these values in the formula
and n.

where,
T = temperature of gas (in kelvin),
free path.

d =molecules diameter 1

and
à=mean free path. V2n nd'

V2x 2.7x 105 x314x(2 x 10-10

kgT
terms of temperature )²
Note Mean free path, À= (in
V2nd'p

and pressure). =2.9x 10 m

The mean free path of a given gas is (i)directly
t =
The value of
proportional to its absolute temperature, and (i) inversely

of t.
to its pressure. Now,put the values and get the value

s
proportional o
7
Using kinetic theory of gases, the bulk measurable
and rate of
T.9x 10 =5.9x 10
properties like viscosity, heat conductivity 485
diffusion are easily related to the microscopic parameters
molecular size.
Brownian Motion
like

EXAMPLE 6.Ten small planes are flying at a speed of In 1827,a Scottish Botanist, Robert Brown saw the
an space that
in zig-zag random
darkness in air is
150 km/h in total
pollen grains moving continuously
km in volume.You are in one of the grains of a flower
20x 20 x 1.5 motion while observing the pollen
random within this space with no way of Brownian motion is the zig-zag
planes, flying at under a microscope.
about
where the other planes are. On
the average of microscopeof size suspended
knowing motion of the particles
a time will elapse between near collision with
water, air or some other fluid. This
motion can be
how long in

computation that a
your plane. Assume for this rough explained on the basis of kinetic theory.
be approximated by a
Satetyregion around the plane can A very small particle (of the order of 10 m)
sphere of radius 10 m.
(NCERT Exemplar)
suspended in a fluid is continuously bombarded from
soL Given, y =150km/h, V =20 x 20X1.5 km' allsides by the molecules of the fluid.

N=10, d=2x10 =20 m

The impulses and the torque acting on the suspended ()Size of the suspended particle

particle due to continuous bombardment do not sum (i) Density of the fluid

tozero exactly, therefore a net torque or impulse in

(i1) Temperature of the medium
one or the other direction exists.
(iv) Viscosity of the medium
It due to the net torque that the suspended
is particle In 1987, Ahmed Zewall, an Egyptian scientist observei
moves continuously in a random motion. the detailed interactions by illuminating them with
The Brownian motion depends upon the following flashes of laser light for very short duration of order
factors as
10 femto seconds (1femto-seconds = 10-15s).