SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE AND BODY SATISFACTION OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

STUDENTS

A Research Project

Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School Department

University of Mindanao, Davao City

____________________________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

In APP 5 (Practical Research 2)

1st Semester, SY 2021 – 2022

____________________________________________________

Alejandria, Roben

Auditor, Clothy Kylla

Beltran, Gerald

Cabaluna, Jhaveh

Hernan, Jenyn Ryzelie

Lagahit, Essa

Parami, Jericho

December 2021
 Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

A rapid change and growth have been noticed within the past years as

technology has drawn closer and became a necessity in our lives. As a result of this

phenomenon, social media has made its way into this new era and drastically

transformed the way individuals connect with one another. It has altered not just the

way individuals interact, but also the type and amount of information that can be

accessed. Adolescents are heavy social media users who spend a considerable

amount of time on the internet, implying that social media is ingrained in their daily

lives, and this is not necessarily a good thing, as being overwhelmed with so much

information can lead to false expectations and conceptions of what constitutes the

norm. These expectations affect the way teenagers evaluate themselves, and one of

the many things it includes is about their body image satisfaction.

According to O'Reilly (2018), over 40 percent of adolescent girls in the United

States are displeased with their bodies. Similarly, 48 percent of UK respondents said

they were unsatisfied with their figures, with 22 percent saying they were too fat, and

these numbers increase with age, with 50 percent of 11-16-year-old youths saying

they were unhappy. Furthermore, a study led by Tadena, Kang and Kim (2020) also

stated that 61.4% of teenagers in the Philippines are not satisfied with their body

image. In this regard, research conducted by Grabe, Ward and Hyde (2008) has

demonstrated that unrealistic body image ideals promoted on the internet might lead

to body dissatisfaction, which is reasonable considering that the use of social

networking has become a global phenomenon, as the number of social network

users worldwide comes in a whopping number of 4.66 billion people in the year

2021, which indicates that half of the world’s population now have a social media

presence (Chaffey, 2021). Tadena et. al (2020) supported the idea by concluding

that high number of social media usage among Filipino adolescents affects what

they feel about their bodies, may it be negative or positive as adolescents in the

Philippines aged 13 to 18 years old placed top in internet usage time, averaging 9

hours and 29 minutes per day with 4 hours and 12 minutes for social media usage

(Kemp, 2019).

There is a lack of study about body image satisfaction among adolescents

alone in Davao City, as well as the association of social media usage to this matter

in said location. The possible link of these two variables shows to have an

importance to the society, which necessitates initiation. Thus, the researchers from

University of Mindanao in Davao City decided to take a step forward and conduct a

quantitative analysis about the relationship of social media usage and body

satisfaction.

Statement of the Problem

The researchers conducted this study to determine whether there is a

significant relationship between social media usage and body satisfaction among

Senior High School students studying at University of Mindanao in Davao City.

Specifically, the following questions will be addressed by this study:

1. What is the level of social media usage among Senior High School

students?
 2. What is the level of body satisfaction among Senior High School students in

terms of:

1.1 body image; and

1.2 their body acceptance?

3. Is there a significant relationship between social media usage and body

satisfaction among Senior High School students?

Research Hypothesis

The hypothesis of this study was tested at 0.05 level of significance:

H o: There is no significant relationship between social media usage and

body satisfaction among Senior High School students.

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will contribute to the understanding of how social

media usage among teenagers impacts body satisfaction, as well as uncover risk

and protective variables for these outcomes. Specifically, this study benefits the

following:

Guardians. The outcomes of this study will provide them with the knowledge

they need to teach their children. Parental guidance is a must with developing

children, especially now that technology knows no bounds with every aspect

including age. Guardians will gain understanding how to teach or assist their kids on

how to use social media in moderation and with an ounce of responsibility.

 Adolescents. The primary beneficiaries of this study are adolescents or

teenagers, both female and male. This study contains relevant numbers including

the alarming usage of social networking sites and the state of body satisfaction

amongst their age bracket. This research will also serve as a driving force for

teenagers to realize that investing too much of their time on social media can have a

negative or positive connotation on their self-evaluations, which will help them utilize

the internet and manage their time more effectively and productively.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

In general, the focus of this study is directed towards analyzing the

relationship between social media usage and body satisfaction among Senior High

School students at the University of Mindanao located in Davao City, which pertains

to how young people react to sociocultural model of body image in the setting of

social media.

This study is limited to Senior High School students enrolled in the University

of Mindanao for school year 2021 to 2022, regardless of the strand and section they

belong to as they fit the age bracket required to perform this study, as well as being

the most accessible variables for the researchers due to the reason that the

researchers go to the same institution. Meanwhile, students outside of University of

Mindanao may not participate in this study, as well as people who are aged below 13

and above 19. The researchers conducted this study exclusively for teenagers hence

the exclusion of people who do not fit the age bracket of 13-19. Each of the

respondents is given a questionnaire which only pertains to their social media usage

and body satisfaction as these are the focal points of the researchers’ study.
Definition of Terms

The following terms used in this study were defined to establish a common

frame of reference:

Social Media Usage. It refers to online behaviors that facilitate “direct

exchanges” among users. Such behaviors include liking, commenting, sending

messages, and otherwise engaging with other users (Trifiro & Gerson, 2019). In this

study, it is used to describe how much time adolescents invest on social networking

sites and how they use it.

Body Satisfaction. It denotes an investment in and concern with appearance

(Risica et al., 2008). In this study, it refers to how adolescents perceive their body

image.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

The Social Comparison Theory (1954) by Leon Festinger served as the

foundation for this study. According to the theory, people have a proclivity to

evaluate and rate their abilities and attributes; however, assessing certain areas of

their lives might be difficult because there are often no clear-cut measurements. In

the absence of such a measurement, social comparison occurs, in which people

compare their abilities and characteristics to those of others. People compare

themselves to others they consider to be similar in different settings, but in general

they compare themselves to those they perceive to be similar (Festinger, 1954). This

theory also proposed that there are two forms of social comparisons: downward and

upward comparisons. When someone makes a downward comparison, they see

themselves as less or worse off than the person they're comparing themselves to,

which might increase self-esteem. Individuals are not always objective when
evaluating themselves, according to Von de Mortel (2008), and can occasionally self-

enhance, therefore this gain in self-esteem may be undeserved. An upward social

comparison occurs when a person compares oneself to someone they believe is

superior to them, and it can lead to sadness and low self-esteem (Festinger, 1954).

Furthermore, this study also employs the Cultivation Theory by George

Gerbner (1998) who proposed that media effects grow over time as a result of

continual viewing and interaction. Cultivation theory refers to the "independent

contributions television viewing makes conceptions of social reality" (Gerbner, 1998).

This theory looked into whether heavy television viewers were more prone to

interpret the actual world based on what they had seen on television. While

television cannot anticipate what a person will do after viewing it, it does establish a

link between what is shown on screen and real life (Gerbner, 1998). Researchers

Keery, van den Berg and Thompson (2004) supported this theory by conducting a

study using the Tripartite Influence Model and elaborated that appearance standards

are introduced and supported through various channels, including social media, and

that openness to these impacts cause the development of body dissatisfaction. In

accordance with this, it has been suggested that exposure to social media, which

regularly presents glorified lives and appearances, may decrease body satisfaction

and well-being (Perloff, 2014).

The figure below shows the variables of the study. The independent variable

is social media usage. Meanwhile, the dependent variable of the study is body

satisfaction which comprises the following indicators: body image and body

acceptance.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Body Satisfaction
Social Media
Usage  Body Image
 Body Acceptance

Figure 1. Shows the paradigm of the study.

Review of Related Literature

This section presents the related literature and the relevant reviews of this

study, which includes both foreign and local studies. Foremost, social media usage

is discussed. Second, body satisfaction among adolescents is discussed in this

section with indicators of body image and eating habits. In addition, the researchers

examined and read a variety of referred journals, papers, and online resources to

acquire relevant documents for this study.

Social Media Usage

The term “social media” refers to internet-based applications that allow for the

creation and sharing of content, which would serve as the foundation for production

(Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010). Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) stated that social media was

originally recognized in 1979, when Duke University's Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis

organized the use net, a global conference that allows internet users to publish

public comments. Researchers Bruce and Susan developed the "Open Diary" in

1998, which depicts an early social networking site in which members of a

community contribute in their diary online. In the same year, the term "blog" was

coined for the first time. In the late 1990s, the term "WEB 2.0" was used to describe

the use of the internet only for the purpose of obtaining knowledge through reading

from online sites and viewing videos.

To add, social media extends its indication to platforms that employ mobile

and web-based technologies to provide highly dynamic platforms for people to

participate in, associate with, dispute about, and classify user-generated content

(Keitzmann, 2012). It's a formulated creature who distributes an apportionment - a

website that doesn't just offer you information; it converses with you while giving you

information.
 Besides that, any social networking site that permits the sharing of

photographs, ideas, videos, music, or criticism on internet forums (e.g., Facebook),

blogs and microblogs (e.g., Twitter), and photograph- or video-hosting platforms has

been classified as social media (eg, Instagram, YouTube, or TikTok). Individuals and

organizations can communicate, cooperate, and connect in real time by text, video,

or phone everywhere there is Wi-Fi. In the early 2000s, social media outlets such as

Facebook and YouTube were created. Six Degrees—short for Six Degrees of

Separation—was the first website considered as the first social media platform and

started in 1997. The development of autonomy, identity, and interpersonal peer

relationships, all of which are hallmarks of adolescence, may be enabled by user-

generated content on these channels (Chung et al., 2021).

Moreover, the internet now reaches over 4.5 billion people, while social media

users have surpassed 3.8 billion. Nearly 60% of the world's population is already

online, and current trends indicate that by the middle of this year, more than half of

the world's population will be using social media (Kemp, 2020). Findings also

indicate that adolescents are heavy social media users, spending an average of

three hours per day on the platform (Mingoia, Hutchinson, Gleaves, Corsini &

Wilson. 2017), implying that it is an important part of their everyday life. According to

the report by Statista Research Department (2021), Snapchat was the most

important social network for 34 percent of U.S. youth in a fall 2020 poll they had

conducted, and TikTok, a fast-growing social video app, was placed second, ahead

of Facebook and Twitter, with 29 percent of teenagers in the United States declaring

it to be their favorite. The usage of social media worldwide doesn’t stop increasing

and is one of the most popular online activities that internet users engage in. One of

the reasons for the high usage of social media is that mobile devices (e.g.,
smartphones and tablets) are continually upgrading each year which makes it highly

interactive and increasingly simpler for users to access social media platforms

anytime of the day. Furthermore, most social media are available as mobile apps in

the Android Market (Google Play Store) or in the iOS App Store (Maryam, 2021).

Furthermore, social media provides a collaborative space for seemingly

infinite numbers of people to interact socially. Several advantages to using social

media platforms on a regular basis have been identified. “The six key overarching

benefits identified were (1) elevated interactions with the others, (2) more available,

shared, and suited information, (3) increased accessibility and broadening access to

health information, (4) peer, social, and emotional support, (5) public health

surveillance, and (6) potential to influence health policy,” (Moorhead et al., 2013).

In accordance with the collaborative space that social media provide, these

social media platforms have significantly changed the way many people

communicate, as well as the volume and type of information available to them.

According to Cho and Jung (2011), the use of social media is steadily increasing in

Korea. Despite the sheer amount of social media usage, social media has some

characteristics that set it apart from traditional mass media and interpersonal

communication. Like traditional mass media, social media allows people to produce

and create their own messages and images while also allowing for widespread

distribution. Social media messages, on the other hand, can be created quickly and

edited and responded to almost instantly through comments and editing. This

enables individuals to communicate with a great amount of people in an intimate

manner (amidst not necessarily targeting a person or group, as in Facebook status

updates), potentially increasing the immediacy of messages and the potential for

social power (Lerman & Ghosh, 2010).

 Although there is currently an abundance of information accessible, this does

not mean that all of it is desirable. Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Youtube, and

TikTok allow users to share fragments of their life with their friends and followers;

nevertheless, this exposure can lead to users comparing their lives to those of their

peers, which can have negative consequences. The internet or the media, in

general, has been an apparent force in shaping men’s and women’s ideal body

perceptions; with females increasingly desiring thin body image and muscular ideal

for males (O’Reilly, 2018).

Consequently, staying connected at all times is a prevalent topic in

adolescence's media use. With the growth of social media, communication has

experienced a radical shift. People can use social media to keep in touch with

friends, arrange events, meet new people, and expose themselves to the world.

According to Shapiro & Margolin (2014), social media is used by 73 percent of all

teenagers. They also think this is underrating. Social networking appears to be a

brilliant concept, but its frequent usage and psychological damage make it risky. 11–

18-year-olds are exposed to electronic media for nearly 11 hours each day on

average. Social media can detract from solitary hobbies and even disturb ongoing

face-to-face human relationships. Adolescence is a period of self-discovery,

experimentation with new social skills, and the formation of values and connections

(Shapiro & Margolin, 2014). Although social media can help to promote these

important aspects of adolescent development, it can also expose adolescents to

harmful aspects.

By the same token, newer forms of media, particularly social media platforms,

are now being recognized as a potential source of negative influence comparable to

conventional mass media. Users can produce and distribute content via social media
platforms, which are interactive web-based platforms. In terms of its impact on users'

body esteem, social media is neither intrinsically positive nor bad; rather, its effects

are primarily dependent on how it is used. According to one theory, users are more

inclined to use social media to meet various needs and gratifications as a result of

personal problems such as sadness or low self-esteem (Perloff, 2014). It is feasible

that an individual trait, such as a proclivity for social comparison, might motivate

people to utilize social media. Due to the fast and ongoing growth in social media

usage, it is critical that these possible connections between individual characteristics,

motives for social media use, and poor health effects be investigated further.

Moreover, according to the study of Abbasi and Huang (2020), the emergence

of next-generation users has transformed how people use the internet and how it

affects our society. And nowadays all users can now access the internet from a

variety of devices like smartphones, laptops ,tablets , and other kinds of gadgets and

locations. This tendency has become more prevalent among teenagers as they get

more involved with media devices at home and at school. According to the Pew

Internet and American Life Project, 71 percent of teenagers use several social

networking platforms and 92 percent use the internet on a regular basis. Their study

findings emphasize the need of digital media literacy instruction at the elementary

and secondary school levels in combating new media issues.

Body Satisfaction

The phrase ‘body image,' according to Burrowes (2013), combines two

themes: 1) body perception, or a person's evaluation of the physical characteristics

of their body, and 2) body satisfaction, or how satisfied an individual is with their

body. According to Grogan (2016), subjective thoughts and opinions about one's
appearance are referred to as body image. Body satisfaction is a component of body

image that primarily reflects contentment with one's physical appearance. Our body

image has influenced our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in everyday life since

we were children. This was supported by a study of McCabe and McGreevy (2011)

that says, body satisfaction is often measured by asking a person to rate their

current body compared to their ideal shape. With increasing rates of obesity and

physical inactivity among adolescents, it is not surprising that many teenagers,

especially young girls, have negative perceptions with their body satisfaction.

In addition, positive body satisfaction, in its broadest sense, relates to one's

feelings of love, respect, acceptance, and admiration for one's own body (Tylka,

2011). Individuals with a good body image may embrace all parts of their bodies,

including those that do not conform to media-portrayed social norms, and value the

role their bodies serve for them. Importantly, positive body image is defined as more

than just the absence of body dissatisfaction or the equivalent of low negative body

image (Frisén & Holmqvist, 2010; Holmqvist & Frisén, 2012; Wood-Barcalow, Tylka,

& Augustus-Horvath, 2010).

Moreover, adolescence is the period between the ages of 10 and 19 when a

person transitions from childhood to maturity. It is marked by significant biological

and mental changes, as well as rapid growth and development. Changes in physical

build and bodily appearance play an important role in the middle of hormonal,

functional, affective, and social transformations, notably during the era of physical

change and the emergence of secondary sexual traits that is adolescence. The

thinness culture imposes ideals and standards which, in turn, mold attitudes and

behaviors connected to appearance, body size, and overvaluation, resulting in

feelings of dissatisfaction with one's body. Overweight and obesity, changes in body

weight, gender (especially females), and parental judgments of their children's

nutritional health in childhood and early adolescence are all linked to body image

dissatisfaction (Santos et al., 2011).

Furthermore, the study of Alleva, Martijn, Jansen, and Nederkoorn (2013)

stated that they aimed to improve body satisfaction by emphasizing a functionality-

based focus on the body. The driving concept for the method was objectification

theory. In Study 1, 59 female and 59 male undergraduates underwent a writing

assignment, while in Study 2, 118 women between the ages of 30 and 50 did a

writing task to alter their body focus experimentally. The writing assignment's

directions were to explain what one's body can accomplish (functionality emphasis)

or how one's body seems (appearance focus); there was also a control writing job. At

baseline, on test day, and at a 1-week follow-up, functional and appearance

satisfaction, as well as global self-esteem, were all assessed. In Study 1, male

undergraduates in the functioning condition reported higher levels of satisfaction

from baseline to test day, while female undergraduates in the appearance condition

reported lower levels of satisfaction from baseline to test day and from baseline to

follow-up. From baseline through follow-up, women in the functioning condition

reported higher levels of functionality satisfaction. The current research is the first to

modify the functionally-based approach to the body in an experimental setting and

explore its impact on body image, indicating that perceived functionality might be a

promising area for future research and intervention.

Body Image. Body image is the internal representation of one's own exterior

look, as well as one's own perception of someone's body. It can also be defined as
an individual's attitudes, emotions, perceptions, and reactions to his or her own body

(O'Reilly, 2018). Meanwhile, Planned Parenthood (2013) described it as how a

person feels and thinks about himself when he looks in the mirror. It's also how he

imagines the rest of the world perceives him. The way he feels about his body and

all of its parts, such as his build and legs, nose, stomach, skin color, and hair color or

texture, all play a role in his body image. On the other hand, Nordqvist (2012)

explains body image as a reflection of how one feels about his or her body

aesthetically and how attractive he or she thinks he or she is. Humans have viewed

the beauty of the human body as essential throughout history. What people consider

to be society's norms may not necessarily match to how they perceive their own

bodies.

Additionally, physical appearance is one of the first aspects of an individual

that others notice, and it has a significant influence on social relationships. In today's

Western society, appearance in general and body image in particular have become

highly significant constructions (Tiggeman, 2011). Body image is a reflection of one's

views and relationships with others, as well as a cognitive construct. Not just in

Western society, but also internationally, the propensity to associate physical beauty

with desirable character attributes has established a cultural cliché. The deluge of

flawless bodies in the media, advertising, and social media is demanding on the

subconscious, leading individuals to believe that beauty is good, and physical beauty

being associated with success.

In relation, low muscle tone and high body fat are typically feared/undesirable

bodily features for both men and women (Grogan, 2016). Males and females with

high body dissatisfaction display attentional biases toward feared/undesirable body

image-related stimuli, compared to those with low body dissatisfaction, according to

previous research (Gao et al., 2013, 2014; Onden-Lim, Wu, & Grisham, 2012;

Rosser, Moss, & Rumsey, 2010). This bias is attributed to a maladaptive body self-

schema that is easily activated by external or internal cues, according to cognitive

models of eating disorders.

According to Lawler and Nixon (2011) the significant social, cognitive, and

physical changes that occur during adolescence lead to teenage males and girls'

increased awareness of body and weight issues. Body image dissatisfaction has

become extremely relevant, known for its role as a health risk for eating disorders,

depression, emotional discomfort, and low self-esteem. Given the severe effects of

body image dissatisfaction, it's critical to investigate the variables that cause and

contribute to poor body image. Major indicators of body dissatisfaction were body

mass, appearance talks with friends, peer appearance criticism, and internalized

appearance ideals. The influence of body shape on body dissatisfaction was

mitigated by gender. The connection between peer appearance discussions and

criticism, as well as body dissatisfaction, was mediated by internalization. Social

bonds on body image have gained less attention in the research literature than

media and parental impacts. Peer experiences offer an essential social environment

in which appearance standards and ideals are transmitted, imitated, and reinforced,

and so have the potential to have a substantial impact on body image development.

Moreover, a study of Catunda, Marques and Januário (2017) highlighted the

goals for evaluating teenage body image self-perception, bringing up concerns linked

to physical elements and physical education programs. The study had a qualitative

and quantitative design, and it was based on experimental and comparative field
research type. The implementation of a body image intervention program was tested

in the experimental phase. The perception of body image of 102 students with a

mean of 15.5 (± 1.2) years of age, 50 adolescents from the experimental school

(49.0%) and 52 adolescents in the control school (51.0%), enrolled in classes of first

and second year of high school in the public-school network, was examined in a

quantitative study. The program resulted in a considerable change in the girls'

perceptions of their bodies at the experimental school. The qualitative study parses

the topic focus of research from personal experiences through 8 focus groups (48

students). The students had a significant level of body dissatisfaction and a

propensity to engage in risky behaviors in order to achieve their ideal physique, with

improved results following the program. In Physical Education, there was no

approach to body image.

Body Acceptance. Griffiths (2017) defines body acceptance as accepting

one's body despite not being totally satisfied with all parts of it. It is a construct that is

one of several factors that go into having a favorable body image (e.g., Avalos et al.

2005; Wood-Barcalow et al. 2010). Furthermore, body acceptance is a key

component of having a positive body image and was identified as one of the two key

traits that describe good body image (the other being body appreciation) in a recent

synthesis of studies on positive body image by Tylka (2011), a finding supported by

multiple following studies conducted with varied populations (e.g., Bailey et al. 2015).

One thing to note about body acceptance, though, is that; it is neither the belief that

one's body is flawless or particularly attractive, nor is it the belief that one's body can

never be changed (Tylka and Wood-Barcalow 2015). Rather, it is the solid belief that

one's body is "good enough" according to one's own standards, with the stipulation

that these standards are distinct from the narrowly defined and prescriptive societal
body norms that contribute to negative body image development (Rodgers et al.

2015).

Furthermore, body acceptance is a multi-step process that begins with

realizing that one has unsatisfactory bodily features and ends with accepting these

qualities. Acceptance can (and should) be based on a variety of factors. A research

in the United States studying women attending universities, for example, discovered

that individuals with a favorable body image preferred to regard their bodily traits as

distinctive (Wood-Barcalow et al. 2010). Adolescent indigenous Canadian girls who

have a healthy body image and whose body features differ significantly from rigidly

defined sociocultural body ideals embrace their features as unique as well (McHugh

et al. 2014). Alternatively, the reasoning for accepting one's physique could be based

on the importance of form above function. Male jockeys and female weightlifters, for

example, have bodies that do not fit to sociocultural body norms and also go against

gender role expectations, but they are adapted to functions that earn them broad

acclaim, personal satisfaction, and sports and financial success (Griffiths, 2017).

Weight, and particularly overweight and obesity, tend to be the main subjects

of popular media discourse on body acceptance. Studies of physically capable

adolescent girls and young women, especially in relation to body fat and body size,

dominate scholarly debate on body acceptance – and on body image in general

(Bailey et al. 2015; Cash and Smolak 2011; Tiggemann, 2015). For example, fat

acceptance is a type of body acceptance that has been discussed in academic

circles for decades like Erdman, who published qualitative descriptions of fat

women's body acceptance, including their attitudes toward the healthiness and

attractiveness of fat bodies, their attitude toward accepting their body size rather
than striving to change it, and their commitment to changing societal attitudes toward

fat people, twenty-five years ago.

Meanwhile, body acceptance extends far beyond fat acceptance and covers,

for example, people who have experienced severe physical disabilities or cancer

(Bailey et al. 2015; Buki et al. 2016). Body acceptance, followed by body

appreciation, is the most important component of good body image among men and

women who have suffered from a spinal cord injury, according to qualitative research

(Bailey et al. 2015). The process of body acceptance was susceptible to negative

reactions from male partners in qualitative studies on positive body image conducted

with Latina women who had undergone treatment for breast cancer (Buki et al.

2016), suggesting that intimate partners' subscription to sociocultural body norms is

an impediment to body acceptance among this population (and likely others). The

need for more diversity in body acceptance studies is evident, especially among men

(Griffiths et al. 2016), as seen by the growing number of men who use anabolic

steroids primarily to improve the appearance of their muscles (Murray et al. 2016).

To summarize, body acceptance is one of the most important – if not the most

fundamental– aspects of having a positive body image. Body acceptance is at the

forefront of body image research, and it is seen as critical to the field's future

success (Cash and Smolak 2011; Tylka and Wood-Barcalow 2015). The hundreds of

research on positive body image found by Tylka and Wood-Barcalow in 2015 (Tylka

and Wood-Barcalow 2015) will almost definitely rise in the future years, with the goal

of diversifying the populations studied (Bailey et al. 2015; Tiggemann 2015; Tylka

and Wood-Barcalow 2015).

Relations of Social Media Usage and Body Satisfaction

According to Nierengarten (2017), young people can use social media to

establish meaningful, positive identities for themselves by sharing profile

photographs, and posting their daily life. As well as their sense of self, are reinforced

when they receive "likes" from their peers. However, just as conventional media,

particularly television, may be harmful to children's health. Teenagers use social

media to compare themselves to their classmates, and upward comparison may

make a sensitive adolescent feel unsatisfied with his or her own life, looks, or form.

Moreover, considering teenagers and young adults account for the largest

number of social media users, the bulk of studies on the impact of social media on

body image have focused on them (Pew Internet & American Life Project, 2015).

Furthermore, most social media networks, such as Facebook and Instagram, have a

13-year-old minimum age requirement. As a result, social media is likely targeted at

teenagers and older people, and efforts are taken to keep youngsters and early

adolescents away from these sites. These age limits, on the other hand, are very

easy to get around, and evidence clearly shows that younger children are accessing

these platforms (Rideout, 2015). Although few studies have looked at the use and

influence of social media in younger populations, Tiggemann and Slater (2013)

discovered that in a sample of girls aged 10–12, time spent on Facebook and

Myspace was more significantly linked with body image issues than total Internet

usage.

In the study of Leonard (2017), discusses that social media started out as a

communication tool for your friends and family, but what began as a way for friends

and family to communicate over vast distances has grown into a social phenomenon
that allows people of various ages, backgrounds, and locales to communicate and

share about their daily lives. Such as posting their so-called Fitspiration photos that

will have a negative impact on a viewer's self-esteem, confidence, and motivation.

As supported in the study of Stoppard (2019), examines that images of flawless

bodies in social media are instilling fear and uncertainty in a way we've never seen

before, to the point that a lot of teenagers admit to being self-conscious about their

appearance.

Meanwhile in previous studies where social media were not as developed and

there was only limited access to media like television and radio, ladies prefer to be

slimmer or stay the same weight rather than gain weight (Lampis et al., 2017). In a

study by O’Reilly (2018), the media has a greater influence on girls than it does on

boys. In addition to that, adolescent girls reported pressure from the media to reduce

weight, but adolescent guys reported pressure from the media to acquire muscle.

Advertisements in the media have long fostered the perception that men and women

should conform to a specific ideal. Existing empirical research suggests that skinny

models are seen as more appealing, and that using attractive models increases

advertisements’ effectiveness, according to a study conducted by Andersen and

Paas (2012) on the influence of commercials on women. The size of the standard

and the media in which it is transferred are now the key differences.

Also, exposure to social media, which frequently portrays idealized lives and

appearances, has been shown to affect body satisfaction and well-being (Perloff

2014). Review studies have revealed a minor, negative association between social

media usage and body satisfaction (e.g., Holland and Tiggemann 2016), and other

research have found similar findings for well-being, with more social media use being
linked to lower well-being (e.g., Orben et al. 2019). Internalization (Mingoia et al.

2017b) and comparisons (Fardouly et al. 2015) have been linked to social media

exposure, which, given the idealized presentation and content on social media, is

likely to lead to poor self-evaluation. Diverse reasons for social media use are

thought to lead to specific forms of social media engagement, which might lead to

varied body satisfaction effects (Rodgers, 2016).

In one study, motivations for using social media to obtain information about

body image were found to be inversely related to body satisfaction in young

American and Korean adults, whereas using social media for body image self-status

seeking (i.e., seeking and maintaining social status through body image related

posts) was found to be positively associated with body satisfaction only in Korean

adults (Lee et al. 2014). Motivations to increase social capital and obtain appearance

feedback have been linked to lower body satisfaction and well-being, with increased

comparisons with idealized self-presentations on social media (Rodgers 2016), as

comparisons on social media have been linked to a poorer body image and lower

well-being (Rodgers 2016). (Fardouly et al. 2015).

In addition, adolescents spend a lot of time on social media, but it is unclear if

various types of social media involvement, as well as their links with body

satisfaction and well-being, are driven by distinct motives. A study by Jarman,

Marques, McLean, Slater and Paxton (2020) proposed a model of the relationships

between motivations for social media use, types of social media engagement and

body satisfaction and well-being. Responses to an online survey from 1432

Australian adolescents (Mage = 13.45 years, SD = 1.14, range 11–17; 55.4% boys)

were collected. Structural equational modelling indicates excellent model fit.

Specifically, motivations for social media use (information sharing, passing time,

escapism, social interaction, social capital and appearance feedback) were

associated with engagement (intensity, photo-based use, active use, passive use

and liking use) and revealed mixed associations with body satisfaction and well-

being. The findings indicate the need for future study to take motivations for social

media use into account.

Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) defines social media as "internet-based

applications" that enable the creation and sharing of content, which would serve as

the foundation for production. With the advancement of technology, approximately

60% of the world's population is now online (Kemp, 2020) and a huge part of that

percentage comes from adolescents that are heavy users of social media, spending

an average of three hours each day on the platform, showing that it has become an

important part of their daily lives (Mingoia et. al, 2017). Social media have also

significantly changed the way people communicate (Cho & Jung, 2011), however,

despite all of its apparent benefits, it comes with its own set of drawbacks when used

recklessly. What started out as a communication tool for your friends and family has

grown into an atrocious instrument for self-consciousness. Users can share

fragments of their lives with their friends and followers on social networking sites like

Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok; however, this exposure can lead to users

comparing their lives to those of their peers, negatively affecting their self-evaluation,

including body satisfaction.

According to Stoppard (2019) investigates how social media images of

immaculate bodies inspire dread and doubt in ways we've never seen before, to the

point that many youngsters admit to being self-conscious about their appearance
concluding that the internet, or the media in general, has been a visible factor in

molding men's and women's ideal body perceptions, with females preferring a

slender body image and males desiring a muscular ideal (O'Reilly, 2018) which,

when not achieved, cause body dissatisfaction. Meanwhile, there are a number of

inadequacies in the available literature that hinder our comprehension of the

complicated connections between social media use and body satisfaction. To begin

with, research has largely ignored a wide range of motives for social media use as

well as different forms of social media interaction. Second, while some study has

begun to look into these connections, there is still a lack of research on the

relationship between social media use and body satisfaction. Finally, by addressing

these inadequacies, we will be able to gain a more holistic understanding of how

social media usage is related to body satisfaction.

 Chapter 2

METHODS

This chapter presents an overview of the method employed by the

researchers in this research study, including a discussion of its research design,

research subject, research instrument, data collection procedure, and statistical

treatment utilized in data analysis.

Research Design

Since the researchers’ aim is to observe the relationship between the two

variables, specifically social media and body satisfaction, this research used a

descriptive-correlational quantitative design. The correlational research design was

used for this study since it provided for the explanation of relationships between the

variables of the planned investigation (Creswell, 2005). “In correlational study

designs, investigators employ the correlation statistical test to define and evaluate

the degree of connection (or relationship) between two or more variables or sets of

scores,” Creswell explained. Pointing out the measurements and the statistical or

numerical analysis of gathering data through questionnaires, polls, and surveys, or

by using the existing statistical data using computational techniques is called the

quantitative method. Quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical data and

generalizing it across groups of people or to explain a particular phenomenon

(Babbie, 2010). The researchers used the quantitative method to measure the

gathered data from senior high school students at the University of Mindanao.

Survey questionnaires will be applied to gather data from the respondents.

As widely accepted, the descriptive-correlational design of the research was used to

determine the extent of the relationship between the two variables and to describe

the research systematically. With the aid of this method, the data were gathered,

recorded, analyzed quantitatively to generate accurate results through collecting

data using the chosen research tools of survey questionnaires were included to

determine what factors aggravate appropriate study space and interest in learning

mathematics of senior high school students, environmental, intrapersonal and

interpersonal issues. Adopted survey questionnaires with minimal modifications were

used to aid the researchers to convene the essential data by identifying and

describing how these affected senior high school students.

Research Subject

The participants of this study are the students in University of Mindanao within

the senior high school department for the school year 2021-2022, located at the

Bolton Campus, Embassy Area. Just as stated, the respondents of this research

study will be senior high students with a population of 1172 students. The

researchers will use convenience sampling to select the respondents. Moreover, the

recommended sample size by Raosoft is 290 students.

Meanwhile, the convenience sampling method will be used for the sampling

technique. Convenience sampling, also known as the availability sampling, is a type

of non-probability method that relies on who are conveniently available to participate

in the study to collect data from population members. This method is extremely

speedy, easy, and readily available, which makes it the most used option to most

researchers (Henry, 1990). To put it another way, the researchers used this method

to be cost-efficient and faster to collect data from the respondents.

Research Instrument

The instrument used was a researcher-made questionnaire to collect

adequate and relevant data for the students’ profiles. This method was chosen

because it is efficient and collects data much faster than any other method. Since the

respondents were senior high school students, they could simply read and answer

the given survey. The questionnaire, which serves as the study's research tool, was

based on and adapted from the previous studies of O’Reilly (2018) and Avalos,

Tylka, & Wood-Barcalow (2005). Instead of a requirement, the researchers revised

the author’s questionnaires. All participants were required to answer a questionnaire

relating to social media and body image satisfaction. The questionnaire's scales

have been extensively verified in prior research and may thus be regarded as a

trustworthy assessment. The following are the measurements that were used by the

previous researcher for the questionnaire:

The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) (Andreasson et al., 2017)

This measure is used to investigate the level at which one is addicted to social

media. This questionnaire has a total of six questions, all with regards to experiences

in the past year, in which the participants rate on a 5- point Likert scale (1- Very

rarely; 5- Very Often) (e.g., “How often during the last year have you felt an urge to

use social media more and more?”). In order to get a total for this measure, the items

are summed together, and a higher total would indicate a higher social media usage.

It has been stated that if a person answers often or very often to more than four

questions, they are addicted to social media. The Bergen Social Media Addiction

Scale is a modified version of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale, which was

previously validated (BFAS; Andreassen et al., 2012). The change is made in order

to include all social media platforms, which are specified in the instructions as
"Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and the like." The scale has demonstrated great

psychometric characteristics and has been translated into several languages

(Andreassen et al., 2012, 2013; Wang, Ho, Chan, Tse, 2015).

The Body Appreciation Scale (BAS) (Avalos, Tylka, & Wood-Barcalow, 2005)

The Body Appreciation Scale (BAS) assesses body appreciation in relation to

positive body image (Avalos, Tylka, & Wood-Barcalow, 2005), and it was created

and validated using four independent samples of middle-class Caucasian

schoolgirls. The measure consists of 13 items, with responses given on a 5-point

Likert scale (1- Never; 5- Always). The scores of never (score 1) and always (score

5) represent the extreme rank intervals for body appreciation (i.e., the higher the

score, the higher the body appreciation). The items were based on four positive body

image characteristics: (1) a favorable opinion about the body, (2) body acceptance

regardless of weight, (3) respect for the body, meeting its requirements and adopting

"healthy habits," and (4) safeguarding body image from stereotyped conceptions of

thinness. Higher scores indicate higher appreciation for the body.

In general, The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale was used to determine

the social media usage of the participants. For body satisfaction, the body

appreciation scale was used. Moreover, the total number of questions of the survey

questionnaire is nineteen (19).

 In the evaluation of social media usage, the following scales will be used:

Table 1. Interpretation Table of Social Media Usage

Range of Descriptive Interpretation

Means Level

4.50 – 5.00 Very High This means that the student is always using

social media.

3.50 – 4.49 High This means that the student is using social media

often.

2.50 – 3.49 Moderately High This means that the student is using social media

occasionally.

1.50 – 2.49 Low This means that the student frequently uses

social media.

1.00 – 1.49 Very Low This means that the student never uses social

media.

In the evaluation of body satisfaction, the following scales will be used:

 Table 2. Interpretation Table of Body Appreciation

Range of Descriptive Interpretation

Means Level

4.50 – 5.00 Very High This means that the student highly appreciates

his/her body.

3.50 – 4.49 High This means that the student oftentimes

appreciates his/her body

2.50 – 3.49 Moderately High This means that the student is okay with his/her

body.

1.50 – 2.49 Low This means that the student sometimes

appreciates his/her body.

1.00 – 1.49 Very Low This means that the student never appreciates

his/her body.

Data Gathering Procedure

 This research will be accompanied by a process of steps that will act as the

24 researcher's guide to the completion of the investigation. The steps involved in

the data gathering procedure are the following:

Asking Permission to Conduct the Study. The researchers will be writing a

letter attributed to the Senior High School Principal to have a secured permission to

conduct the study including the administration of the survey instruments to the

respondents.

Informed Consent Form. Essentially, the respondents will be asked to sign

an informed consent before starting each survey; this form will indicate their

authorization to be included as respondents in the research study. Individuals are

entitled to make educated decisions for themselves and to decide whether or not

they want to share the data they have, taking into account the human freedom and

independence of research of the respondents. For the role of the researchers, they

will ensure that this and its future implications have been understood by the

subjects.

Administration of Questionnaire. Following the acceptance and response of

the aforementioned letters, the researchers will continue to disseminate the survey

questionnaires to the respondents, which are the senior high school students of the

University of Mindanao, during their vacant time. Once the responses are completed,

the questionnaires will be compiled by the researchers.

Collection and Encoding of Data. After collecting and compiling the survey

questionnaires, the role of the researchers is to organize, present, and analyze the

questionnaire accordingly.
Data Analysis

The statistical tools used by researchers to interpret and evaluate the data

obtained are as follows:

Mean. It is the addition of the set of numbers divided by the number of items

given. This statistical concept is useful in determining the overall trend of a data set

or providing a rapid snapshot of your data commonly known as average (Begum &

Ahmed, 2015). In this study, it is used to answer the first and second statement of

the problem and measures the level of social media usage and body satisfaction of

Senior High School students in the University of Mindanao.

Standard Deviation. It refers to the measurement of the distance of the

observed values from the mean (Ilola, 2020). As used in this study, this tool was

used to measure the dispersion of a dataset relative to the computed mean on the

level of social media usage and body satisfaction of Senior High School students in

the University of Mindanao.

Pearson Correlation Coefficient. It is a statistical measure of the strength of

the relationship between two variables. It is a common type of correlation coefficient

which ranges between -1.00 to 1.00 showing strong negative and positive

association (Statistics Solutions, 2021). In this study, this will be used to answer the

third statement of the problem and to measure the significant relationship between

social media usage and body satisfaction of Senior High School students at the

University of Mindanao.

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