Unit Wise

Important Questions
 Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology
Kuthambakkam, Chennai - 600124

12th Chemistry Important Questions

(Unit-wise)
 UNIT – I

Metallurgy
2 MARKS
1. Name any two ores of Aluminium and lead and write its composition.
2. What are the differences between minerals and ores?
3. What are the various steps involved in extraction of pure metals from their ores?
4. What is cementation?
5. What types of ores can be concentrated by froth floatation method? Give two examples for
such ores.
6. Explain Cyanide leaching with an example.
7. Explain (i) Gangue (ii) slag
8. Give the limitations of Ellingham diagram.
9. What is refining?
10. What are the applications of zinc?
11. What is distillation?
12. Explain Acid leaching method.
3 MARKS
1. Give the basic requirement of vapour phase refining. Explain Mond’s process.
2. What is the role of limestone in the extraction of iron from its oxide Fe2O3?
3. Explain Zone refining process.
4. What is the role of sodium cyanide in froth floatation process?
5. Define Smelting and Calcination
6. Write the uses of Copper.
7. Out of coke and CO, which is better reducing agent for the reduction of ZnO? Why ?
8. Carbon monoxide is more effective reducing agent than carbon below 983K but above
this temperature, the reverse is true – Explain.
9. Explain the principle of Electrolytic refining process.
10. Predict the conditions under which:
(i) Aluminium might be expected to reduce magnesia
(ii) Magnesium could reduce alumina

5 MARKS
1. Describe the role of the following in the process mentioned.
(i) Silica in the extraction of copper.
(ii) Cryolite in the extraction of aluminium
(iii) Iodine in the refining of zirconium
(iv) Sodium cyanide in froth floatation

2. A) What are the observations of Ellingham diagram

B) What is liquation?

3. A) Write a note on electrochemical principles of metallurgy?

B) Write any two applications of Ellingham diagram
4. A) The selection of reducing agent depends on the thermodynamic factor: Explain with an
example.
B) Write note on ammonia leaching.

5. A) Explain Magnetic separation method

B) Define Leaching.

6. Explain the electrometallurgy of aluminium

7. A) Explain alkali leaching method

B) What is blister copper?
 UNIT – II

P- Block Elements - I
2 MARKS
1. What is catenation?
2. What are the factors responsible for the anomalous behavior of first elements in p-block
elements?
3. What is inert pair effect?
4. Write the uses of Borax.
5. What is inorganic benzene? How it is prepared?
6. Write short notes on Hydroboration?
7. Write the uses of diborane.
8. What are the necessary conditions for catenation?
9. How will you identify borate radical?
10. What are silicones?
11. Give one example for each of the following:
a) Icosegens (ii) tetragen (iii) pnictogen (iv) chalcogen
12. How will you convert boric acid to boron nitride?

3 MARKS
1. Write notes on Fischer Tropsch Synthesis.
2. Write the uses of silicones.
3. A hydride of 2nd period alkali metal (A) on reaction with compound of Born (B) to give a
reducing agent (C). Identify A, B and C.
4. Write note on Zeolites.
5. Describe the structure of diborane.
6. Complete the following:

7. CO is a reducing agent. Justify with an example.

8. How will you prepare linear chain polymer in silicones?
9. Give the structure of CO and CO2.
10. AlCl3 behaves like a lewis acid. Substantiate this statement.
5 MARKS
1. A) Describe briefly allotropism in p-block elements with specific reference to carbon.
B) A double salt which contains fourth period alkali metal (A) on heating at 500K give (B).
Aqueous solution of (B) gives white precipitate with BaCl2 and gives a red colour
compound with alizarin. Identify (A) and (B)
2. A) Boron does not react directly with hydrogen. Suggest one method to prepare diborane
from BF3.
B) How Potash alum is prepared?
3. A) Complete the following:

B) What is burnt alum? Write any one application of alum.

4. What are silicates? Explain its types with one example each.
 UNIT – I I I

P – Block Elements - II
2 MARKS
1. Give evidence that ammonia is a reducing agent.
2. What happens when ammonia is burnt in the presence of catalyst? Write the reaction
involved.
3. What are the two soluble hydrates of ammonia formed? How ammonia and water are
linked together?
4. Write the reaction of nitrogen with Lithium at room temperature.
5. Complete the following :
a) NH2CONH2 + H2O  ? b) Mg3N2 + 6H2O  ?
6. How pure nitrogen gas is obtained chemically?
7. What happens when ammonia reacts with excess of chlorine?
8. What happens when excess of ammonia reacts with chlorine and HCl?
9. What happens when ammonia reacts with metallic salts like Fe salt and copper salt?
10. Give a reaction between nitric acid and a basic oxide (metal oxide).
11. What is fuming nitric acid?
12. Give the structure for nitrogen tetraoxide, Nitrogen pentoxide.
13. Give the structure for hyponitrous acid, hydronitrous acid.
14. Give the structure for Nitrous acid and Pernitrous acid.
15. Give the structure for nitric acid and Pernitric acid

16. Complete the following :

a) I2 + S2O32-  b) Sb + Cl2  ?
17. Give the uses of Argon and Krypton.
18. Write the uses of Helium.
19. Give the uses of Xenon and Radon.
20. Complete the following:

21. What type of hybridisation occur in a) BrF5 b) BrF3

22. Suggest a reason why HF is a weak acid, whereas binary acids of all other halogens
are strong acids.
23. Deduce the oxidation number of oxygen in hypofluorous acid.
24. What is aquaregia? (Royal water). Write its use.
25. Give the balance equation for the reaction between chlorine with cold NaOH
and hot NaOH.
3 MARKS
1. Explain the commercial preparation of nitric acid. (Ostwald’s process)
2. Write the products formed in the reaction of nitric acid (both conc. & dil.) with Mg.
3. Write the products formed in the reaction of nitric acid (both conc. & dil.) with Cu.
4. Write the molecular formula and structural formula for the following molecules:
a) Dinitrogen pentoxide b) phosphoric acid c) phosphine
5. Complete the following:
NaCl + MnO2 + H2SO4 
NaNO2 + HCl 
AgNO3 + PH3 
6. A) Prove that Phosphine act as reducing agent. Write the reaction involved.
B) What happens when phosphorous acid is heated alone?
7. Give two equations to illustrate the chemical behaviour of phosphine.
8. A) What happens when PCl5 is heated?
B) Write the valence shell electronic configuration of group -15 elements.
9. Write the uses of Phosphine. (Holme’s signal)
10. How phosphorus does react with acid and alkali?
11. Give the structure of white phosphorous. How many P-P bonds present in it?
12. Give the structure of P2O3. How many P-O-P bonds present in P2O3?
13. Write the molecular formula and structural formula for the following molecules:
a) Hypohosphorous acid b) orhtophosphorous acid c) orthophosphoric acid
14. Write the molecular formula and structural formula for the following molecules:
a) Hypophosphoric acid b) pyrophosphoric acid.

15. Give one reaction for reducing property of ozone.

16. Write short notes on Rhombic sulphur and monoclinic sulphur.
17. Explain the manufacture of sulphuric acid by contact process
18. Explain Deacon’s process
19. Explain electrolytic process in the manufacture of chlorine.
20. Give a reason to support that sulphuric acid is a dehydrating agent.
21. Prove that sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid.
22. Write the test for sulphuric acid.
23. Write the uses of sulphuric acid.
24. Write the laboratory preparation for sulphur-di-oxide
25. Explain the bleaching action of chlorine.
26. What are interhalogen compounds? Write the properties of inter halogen compounds? Give
examples.
27. Give the oxidation state of halogen in the following:
a) OF2 b) O2F2 c) Cl2O3 d) I2O4
28. A) Chalcogens belong to p-block. Give reason.
B) Why Fluorine is more reactive than other halogens?
29. A) How will you prepare chlorine in the laboratory?
B) What is the hybridisation of iodine in IF7? Give its structure?
 UNIT – IV
Transition & Inner Transition elements
2 MARKS
1. Write the electronic configuration of Cu and Cr.
2. Write the general electronic configuration for d block and f-block elements.
3. Which element has the highest electrical conductivity at room temperature?
4. Why Gd3+ is colourless?
5. Why do Zirconium and Hafnium exhibit similar properties?
6. Transition metals show high melting points. Why?
7. What are transition metals? Give four examples.
8. Explain the oxidation state of 4d series elements.
9. Explain why Cr2+ is strongly reducing while Mn2+ is strongly oxidising.
10. Which metal in the 3d series exhibits +1 oxidation state most frequently and why?
11. Which is stronger reducing agent Cr2+ or Fe2+
12. Compare the ionization enthalpies of first series of the transition elements.
13. Write the electronic configuration of Ce4+ and Co2+
14. What are inner transition elements?
15. Out of Lu(OH)3 and La(OH)3 which is more basic and why?
16. Write the uses of KMnO4.
17. Complete the following:

3 MARKS

1. Explain briefly how +2 oxidation states become more and more stable in the first half of
the first row transition elements with increasing atomic number.
2. What are interstitial compounds? Write any three properties of interstitial compounds.
3. Write the uses of Potassium dichromate.
4. Why Europium (II) is more stable than Cerium (II)?
5. The E M2+/M value for copper is positive. Suggest a possible reason for this.
6. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING:
a) MnO42- + H+  ?
b) Cr2O72- + I- + H+  ?
c) Na2Cr2O7 + KCl  ?
7. Calculate the number of unpaired electrons in Ti3+, Mn2+ and calculate the spin only
magnetic moment.
8. Explain the variation in E M3+/M2+ 3d series.
9. Justify the position of lanthanides and actinides in the periodic table.
10. Explain why compounds of Cu2+ are coloured but those of Zn2+ are colourless.
11. Explain the catalytic property of d-block elements.
12. Explain the formation of alloys in d-block elements.

5 MARKS
1. What is lanthanide contraction? What is the cause of lanthanide contraction? Write
the consequence of lanthanide contraction.
2. Compare lanthanides and actinides.
3. A) What are the most common oxidation states of lanthanides and actinides?
B) Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than the lanthanoid
contraction. Why?
4. A) Predict which of the following will be coloured in aqueous solution Ti2+, V3+, Sc4+,
Cu+, Sc3+ Fe3+, Ni2+ and Co3+
B) Write chromyl chloride test.
5. A) Describe the preparation of Potassium permanganate.
B) Discuss the oxidising property of Potassium dichromate by giving two examples.
6. Explain the oxidising property of KMnO4 in different medium. Give two reactions in
each case.
 UNIT – V

Coordination Chemistry
2 MARKS
1. Define Coordination entity.
2. What is coordination number?
3. What is meant by ligand? Give one example for each type of ligand.
4. In the complex [Pt(NO2) (H2O) (NH3)2Br], identify the following:
a) Central metal atom/ ion
b) Ligand
c) Oxidation number of central metal ion
d) Coordination number.
5. Write the IUPAC name for the following compounds:
a) [Cu(NH3)3 (NC)2 (H2O)]+
b) [Fe(CN)6]4-
6. Give the structure for the following compounds:
a) Tetracarbonylnickel(0)
b) Dichloridobis(ethylenediamine) cobalt (III) sulphate
7. Explain linkage isomerism. Give one example.
8. Explain co-ordination isomerism. Give one example.
9. What is meant by metal carbonyls? How it is classified?
10. Give two examples for non-bridged metal carbonyl and bridged metal carbonyl.
11. What is called -back bonding?
12. What is cis-platin? Write its use.
13. What are hydrate isomers? Explain with an example.
14. Why tetrahedral complexed do not exhibit geometrical isomerism?
15. Give the difference between double salts and coordination compounds.
16. Arrange the following in order of increasing molar conductivity.
i) Mg[Cr(NH3)(Cl)5] (ii) [Cr(NH3)5Cl]3[CoF6]2 (iii) [Cr(NH3)3Cl3]
17. Classify the ligands based on number of donor atoms.
a) NH3 b)en c) ox2- d) triaminotriethylamine e) pyridine
18. Write the IUPAC names for the following complexes:
a) Na2[Ni(EDTA]
b) [Co(ONO)(NH3)]2+
19. Name Wilkinson catalyst and Ziegler Natta catalyst.
20. Most of the transition metal complexes are coloured. Give reason.

3 MARKS
1. Explain Geometrical isomerism in coordination compounds using one example.
2. Draw all geometrical isomers of the complex [Co(en)2Cl2]+ and identify the optically
active isomer.
3. In a complex [Cr(en)3][CrF6] identify the central metal ion, ligands, oxidation state of
central metal ion and IUPAC name.
4. In a complex [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, Write the type of complex, central metal ion, coordination
number and IUPAC name.
5. What is homoleptic complex and heteroleptic complex? Give one example for each
category.
6. Explain ionization isomerism with an example.
7. [Ti(H2O)6]3+ is coloured, while [Sc(H2O)6]3+ is colourless. Explain
8. Give an example of coordination compound used in medicine and two examples of
biologically important coordination compounds.
9. Discuss briefly the nature of bonding in metal carbonyls.
10. A solution of [Ni(H2O)6]2+ is green, whereas a solution of [Ni(CN) 4]2- is colourless-
Explain.
11. What is low spin and high spin complex?
12. Write the spectrochemical series.
13. Write the postulates of crystal field theory.
14. What is the coordination entity formed when excess of liquid ammonia is added to an
aqueous solution of copper sulphate?

5 MARKS
1. Write the postulates of Werner’s theory.
2. A) What is crystal field splitting energy?
B) On the basis of VB theory explain the nature of bonding in [Co(C2O4)3]3-.
3. Write the postulates of VB theory. What are the limitations of VB theory?
4. A) In an octahedral crystal field, draw the figure to show splitting of d orbitals.
B) Give one test to differentiate [Co(NH3)3Cl]SO4 and (Co(NH3)5SO4]Cl
5. A) Based on VB theory explain why [Cr(NH 3)6]3+ is paramagnetic, while [Ni(CN)4]2- is
diamagnetic.
B) Write briefly about the applications of coordination compounds in volumetric
analysis.
6. A) Explain optical isomerism in coordination compounds with an example
B) What is crystal field stabilization energy?
 UNIT – VI

Solid State
2 MARKS
1. What are the characteristics of solids?
2. What is crystalline and amorphous solid?
3. Differentiate isotropy and anisotropy
4. Explain covalent solid with an example. Give its general properties.
5. Define Unit cell.
6. What is primitive and non-primitive unit cell?
7. Calculate the number of atoms in simple cubic unit cell.
8. Calculate the number of atoms in face centred cubic unit cell.
9. What is F-centre?
10. What are point defects?
3 MARKS
1. Distinguish tetrahedral and octahedral voids.
2. Explain briefly seven types of unit cell.
3. Classify the following solids a) P4 b) brass c) diamond d) NaCl e) Iodine
4. Atoms X and Y form bcc crystalline structure. Atom X is present at the corners of the
cube and Y is at the centre of the cube. What is the formula of the compound?
5. What is meant by term ‘Coordination number’? What is the coordination number of
atoms in a bcc structure?
6. Explain AAAA and ABABA and ABCABC type of three dimensional packing with the
help of neat diagram.
7. Write short notes on Impurity defect.
8. What is radius ratio rule? What is the use of radius ratio?
9. Calculate the packing efficiency in Face cantered cubic crystal.
10. What is the packing fraction for simple cubic crystal?
5 MARKS
1. Write short note on metal excess defect and metal deficiency defect.
2. Explain Frenkel defect & schottky defect.
3. Differentiate crystalline and amorphous solids
4. A) Write note on types of molecular solids.
B) Define Packing efficiency
5. A) Calculate the percentage efficiency of packing in case of body cantered cubic
crystal.
B) Why ionic crystals are hard and brittle?
SELECTED PROBLEMS
1. KF crystallizes in fcc structure like sodium chloride. Calculate the distance between
K+ and F- in KF. (density of KF is 2.48 gcm-3)
2. An atom crystallizes in fcc crystal lattice and has a density of 10gcm-3 with unit cell
edge length of 100pm. Calculate the number of atoms present in 1g of crystal.
3. Barium has a body centred cubic unit cell with a length of 508pm along an edge.
What is the density of barium in g cm-3?
4. If NaCl is doped with 10-2 mol percentage of strontium chloride, what is the
concentration of cation valency?
5. An element has bcc structure with a cell edge of 288pm. The density of the element is
7.2gcm-3. How many atoms are present in 208g of the element?
6. Aluminium crystallizes in a cubic close packed structure. Its metallic radius is
125pm. Calculate the edge length of the unit cell.
7. Sodium metal crystallizes in bcc structure with the edge length of the unit cell
4.3 X 10-8 cm. Calculate the radius of sodium atom.
8. An element has a face centred cubic unit cell with a length of 352.4pm along an edge.
The density of the element is 8.9gcm-3. How many atoms are present in 100g of an
element?
9. A face centered cubic solid of an element (atomic mass 60) has cube edge of 4
Å. Calculate its density.
10. An ionic compound AxBy crystallizes in fcc type crystal structure with B ions at the
centre of each face and A ion occupying corner of the cube. What is the formula of
AxBy?
 UNIT – VII

Chemical Kinetics
SELECTED PROBLEMS
1. What is the order with respect to each of the reactant and overall order of the following
reactions?

2. The rate of the reaction x+2y  product is 4 x 10-3 mol L-1 S-1, if [x]=[y]=0.2M and rate
constant at 400K is 2x 10-2 s-1, What is the overall order of the reaction.
3. For a reaction X + Y  Product; quadrupling [X], increases the rate by a factor of 8.
Quadrupling both [X] and [Y] , rate increases by a factor of 16. Find the order of the
reaction with respect to X and Y. What is the overall order of the reaction?
4. A first order reaction takes 8 hours for 90% completion. Calculate the time required for
80% completion. (log 5 = 0.6989; log 10=1)
5. The half life of a first order reaction X  products is 6.932 X 104 S at 500K. What
percentage of X would be decomposed on heating at 500K for 100 min. (e0.06 = 1.06)
6. Show that in case of first order reaction, the time required for 99.9% completion is nearly
ten times the time required for half completion of the reaction.
7. The rate constant of a reaction at 400K and 200K are 0.04 and 0.02 S -1 respectively.
Calculate the value of activation energy.
8. Rate constant K of a reaction varies with temperature T according to the following
Ea  1  1
Arrhenius equation, log K  log A  . When graph is plotted for log K Vs a
2.303R  T  T
straight line with a slope of -4000K is obtained. Calculate the activation energy.
9. For a first order reaction the rate constant at 500K is 8 X 10 -4 S-1. Calculate the frequency
factor, if the energy of activation for the reaction is 190KJ mol -1.
10. From the following data, show that the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is a reaction
of the first order:
Time (min) 0 10 20
V (ml) 46.1 29.8 19.3

Where t is the time in minutes and V is the volume of standard KMnO4 solution required
for titrating the same volume of the reaction mixture.

11. For a reaction x  y  z  products the rate law is given by rate  x
3/2 1
[ y] 2 . What is the
overall order of the reaction and what is order of the reaction with respect to z.

12. The rate of formation of a dimer in a second order reaction is 7.5 X 10-3 mol L-1 S-1 at
0.05 mol L-1 monomer concentration. Calculate the rate constant.
13. A first order reaction is 40% complete in 50 minutes. Calculate the value of the rate
constant. In What time will the reaction be 80% complete?
14. The decomposition of Cl2O7 at 500K in the gas phase to Cl2 and O2 is a first order
reaction. After 1 minute at 500K , the pressure of Cl2O7 falls from 0.08 to 0.04 atm.
Calculate the rate constant in S-1.
15. A gas phase reaction has energy of activation 200kJ mol -1. If the frequency factor of the
reaction is 1.6 X 1013 S-1. Calculate the rate constant at 600K. (e-40.09 = 3.8 x 10-18)
16. The rate constant for a first order reaction is 1.54 x 10-3 S-1. Calculate its half life time.
17. The time for half change in a first order decomposition of a substance A is 60 seconds.
Calculate the rate constant. How much A will be left after 180 seconds?
18. Benzene Diazonium chloride in aqueous solution decomposes according to the equation
C6 H5 N2Cl  C6 H5Cl  N2. Starting with an initial concentration of 10g L-1, the volume of
N2 gas obtained at 50C at different intervals of time was found to be as under:
Time (t) 6 12 18 24 30 
in min:
Volume 19.3 32.6 41.3 46.5 50.4 58.3
of N2 (ml):

Show that the above reaction follows the first order kinetics. What is the value of the rate
constant?

19. The activation energy of a reaction is 225 K Cal mol-1 and the value of rate constant at
40C is 1.8 X 10-5s-1. Calculate the frequency factor, A.

20. A zero order reaction is 20% complete in 20 minutes. Calculate the value of the rate
constant. In what time will the reaction be 80% complete?
21. For a reaction 2x  y  L find the rate law from the following data.

[x] (min) [y] (min) Rate (M s-1)

0.2 0.02 0.15

0.4 0.02 0.30
0.4 0.08 0.20

SELECTED IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

1. Define average rate and instantaneous rate.
2. Define rate law and rate constant.
3. Differentiate rate of a reaction and rate constant of a reaction.
4. Define order of a reaction.
5. What is an elementary reaction?
6. Differentiate order and molecularity of a reaction.
7. Give three examples for first order kinetics.
8. Define Pseudo first order reaction. Give an example.
9. Define half life period. Show that for a first order reaction half life is independent of initial
concentration.
10. Derive integrated rate law for zero order kinetics.
11. Derive integrated rate law for first order kinetics.
12. Give three examples for zero order kinetics.
13. Identify the order for the following reactions:
a) Rusting of iron
b) Radioactive disintegration of 92U238
c) 2A + 3B  Products; rate = k [A]1/2 [B]2
14. Write Arrhenius equation and explain the terms involved.
15. Explain briefly the collision theory of bimolecular reactions.
16. Explain the rate determining step with an example.
17. Describe the graphical representation of first order reaction.
18. Explain the effect of catalyst on reaction rate with an example.
19. What are the factors affecting reaction rate?
20. Write the rate law for the following reactions:
a) A reaction that is 3/2 order in x and zero order in y.
b) A reaction that is second order in NO and first order in Br2
21. The rate law for a reaction of A, B and C has been found to be rate = k[A]2 [B] [L]3/2 . How
would the rate of reaction change when
a) Concentration of [L] is quadrupled
b) Concentration of both [A] and [B] are doubled
c) Concentration of [A] is halved
d) Concentration of [A] is reduced to (1/3) and concentration of [L] is quadrupled.
 UNIT – VIII

Ionic Equilibrium
2 MARKS & 3 MARKS
1. What is common ion effect?
2. What are Lewis acids and bases? Give two examples for each.
3. Discuss Lowry-Bronsted concept of acid and Bases.
4. Account for the acidic nature of HClO4 in terms of Bronsted –Lowry theory. Identify its
conjugate base.
5. Define ionic product of water. Give its value at room temperature.
6. Define solubility product.
7. Define Buffer capacity and buffer index.
8. What are Arrhenius acid and bases?
9. Define pH.
10. Derive an expression for Ostwald’s dilution law.
11. Write the expression for the solubility product of Ca3(PO4)2
12. Write the expression for the solubility product of Hg2Cl2.
13. Identify the conjugate acid base pair for the following reaction in aqueous solution:
a) HS  (aq)  HF F  (aq)  H 2S (aq)
b) HPO 2  SO 2 PO 3  HSO 
4 3 4 3
c) NH  CO2 NH  HCO 
4 3 3 3

14. Derive an expression for the hydrolysis constant and degree of hydrolysis of salt of strong
acid and weak base.
15. Establish a relationship between the solubility product and molar solubility for the
following:
a) BaSO4 b) Ag2(CrO4)
16. What is salt hydrolysis? Derive an expression for the hydrolysis constant and degree of
hydrolysis of salt of strong base and weak acid.
17. Derive an expression for the hydrolysis constant and degree of hydrolysis of salt of weak
acid and weak base.
18. Explain common ion effect with an example.
19. Explain buffer action with an example. Or Explain buffer action in a basic buffer
containing equimolar ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride.
20. What is the relationship between pH and pOH?

SELECTED PROBLEMS
1. The Ka value for HCN is 10-9. What is the pH of 0.4M HCN solution?

2. Solubility product of Ag2CrO4 is 1x10-12. What is the solubility of Ag2CrO4 in 0.01M AgNO3
solution?

3. Ksp of AgCl is 1.8x10-10. Calculate molar solubility in 1M AgNO3.

4. Calculate the pH of 1.5 x 10-3 M solution of Ba(OH)2

5. A lab assistant prepared a solution by adding a calculated quantity of HCl gas at 25C to
get a solution with [H3O+] = 4x10-5M. Is the solution neutral or acidic or basic?

6. Ksp of Al(OH)3 is 1 x 10-15M. At what pH does 1.0x10-3M Al3+ precipitate on the addition of
buffer of NH4Cl and NH4OH solution?

7. A solution of 0.10M of a weak electrolyte is found to be dissociated to the extent of 1.20%

at 25C. Find the dissociation constant of the acid.

8. Calculate the concentration of OH- in a fruit juice which contains 2x 10-3M, H3O+ ion.
Identify the nature of the solution.

9. At a particular temperature, the Kw of a neutral solution was equal to 4 x 10-14. Calculate

the concentration of [H3O+] and [OH-]

10. Calculate the pH of 0.001M HCl solution.

11. Calculate the pH of 10-7M HCl.

(Note: If the concentration of the acid or base is less than 10-6M, the concentration of H3O+
produced due to the auto ionisation of water cannot be neglected and in such cases
[H 3O ]  107 ( from water) [H 3O ] 107 ( from acid)

12. Calculate the pH of an aqueous solution obtained by mixing 50ml of 0.2M HCl with 50ml
0.1M NaOH.

13. The concentration of hydroxide ion in a water sample is found to be 2.5 x 10-6M. Identify
the nature of the solution.

14. 50ml of 0.05M HNO3 is added to 50ml of 0.025M KOH. Calculate the pH of the resultant
solution.

15. Will a precipitate be formed when 0.150L of 0.1M Pb(NO3)2 and 0.100 L of 0.2M NaCl are
mixed? Ksp (PbCl2) = 1.2 x 10-5

16. Ksp of Ag2CrO4 is 1x10-12. What is the solubility of Ag2CrO4 in 0.1 M K2CrO4?

17. A particular saturated solution of silver chromate Ag2CrO4 has [Ag+] = 5x10-5 and [CrO4]2-
= 4.4x10-4M. What is the value of Ksp of Ag2CrO4?

18. 50 ml of 0.05M HNO3 is added to 50 ml of 0.025M KOH. Calculate the pH of the resultant
solution.

19. Calculate the extent of hydrolysis and the pH of 0.1M ammonium acetate. Given that
Ka = Kb = 1.8x10-5.

20. Calculate i) the hydrolysis constant ii) degree of hydrolysis iii) pH of 0.1M CH3COONa
solution. (pKa for CH3COOH is 4.74)
21. Find out whether lead chloride gets precipitated or not when 1ml of 0.1M lead nitrate and
0.5ml of 0.2NaCl solution are mixed? Ksp of PbCl2 is 1.2x10-5.

22. Calculate the pH of 0.1M CH3COOH solution. Dissociation constant of acetic acid is
1.8x10-5.

23. Kb for NH4OH is 1.8 x 10-5. Calculate the percentage of ionization of 0.06M ammonium
hydroxide solution.

24. Find the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.20 mole per litre sodium acetate and 0.18
mole per litre acetic acid. Ka for acetic acid is 1.8x10 -5.

25. What is the pH of an aqueous solution by mixing 6gram of acetic acid and 8.2gram of
sodium acetate and making the volume equal to 500ml. Given Ka for acetic acid is
1.8 x 10-5

26. How can you prepare a buffer solution of pH 9? You are provided with 0.1M NH4OH
solution and ammonium chloride crystals. (Given pKb for NH 4OH is 4.7 at 25C)

27. What volume of 0.6M sodium formate solution is required to prepare a buffer solution of
pH 4.0 by mixing with 100ml of 0.8M formic acid? (Given pKb for formic acid is 3.75)

28. Calculate the pH of a buffer solution consisting of 0.4M CH 3COOH and 0.4M CH3COONa.
What is the change in the pH after adding 0.01mol of HCl to 500ml of the above buffer
solution? Assume that the addition of HCl causes negligible change in the volume.
(Ka = 1.8 x 10-5)
 UNIT – IX

Electrochemistry
2 MARKS
1. State Faraday’s law of electrolysis
2. What is buffer solution?
3. State Kohlraush law. How is it useful to determine the molar conductivity of weak
electrolyte at infinite dilution?
4. What is emf of a cell?
5. Define Resistance.
6. What is molar conductivity?
7. Define Equivalent conductivity.
8. What are the factors affecting electrolytic conductance?
9. Write Debye Huckel Onsager equation.
10. Write the difference between galvanic cell and electrolytic cell.
11. What is the role of salt bridge in the galvanic cell?
12. Why does conductivity of the solution decrease on dilution of the solution?
13. What is anode and cathode?
14. Define corrosion.
15. What are the methods to prevent corrosion?
16. What is electrochemical series?
17. Arrange the following solutions in the decreasing order of specific conductance.
i) 0.01M KCl ii) 0.005M KCl iii) 0.1M KCl iv) 0.25M KCl v) 0.5M KCl
18. Why AC current is used instead of DC in measuring the electrolytic conductance?
19. Is it possible to store copper sulphate in an iron vessel for long time?
Given: E0  0.34V and E0  0.44V
Cu2 |Cu Fe2 |Fe

20. Two metals M1 and M2 have reduction potential values of –xV and +yV respectively.
Which will liberate H2 and H2SO4
3 MARKS
1. Explain Lead acid battery.
2. Describe the electrolysis of molten NaCl using inert electrodes
3. Give the relation between EMF and free energy.
4. Explain Galvanic cell.
5. Ionic conductance at infinite dilution of Al 3+ and SO42- are 189 and 160 mho cm2 equiv-1.
Calculate the equivalent and molar conductance of the electrolyte Al 2(SO4)3 at infinite
dilution
6. Write the reactions involved in Lithium battery.
7. What is fuel cell? Explain the function of H2-O2 fuel cell.
8. The Ka value for HCN is 10-9. What is the pH of 0.4M HCN solution?
9. Derive Nernst equation.
10. Write a note on sacrificial protection
11. Explain the electrochemical mechanism of corrosion. Write the reactions involved.
12. Write the reactions involved in Mercury button cell.
13. Can Fe3+ oxidise bromide to bromine under standard conditions?
Given: EFe3 |Fe2  0.771V and EBr |Br  1.09V
0 0
2
14. Why anode in galvanic cell considered as negative and cathode as positive electrode?
15. Which of 0.1 M HCl and 0.1M KCl do you expect to have greater m and why?
16. 0.1M NaCl solution is placed in two different cells having cell constant 0.5 cm-1 and
0.25cm-1 respectively. Which of the two will have greater value of specific conductance?
17. The net redox reaction of a galvanic cell is given below:
2Cr(S)  3Cu2 (aq)  2Cr3 (aq)  3Cu(s)
Write the half reactions and describe the cell using cell notation.
SELECTED TEN PROBLEMS
1. A solution of silver nitrate is electrolyzed for 20 minutes with a current of 2 amperes.
Calculate the mass of silver deposited at the cathode.
2. The resistance of ac conductivity cell is measured as 190  using 0.1M KCl solution
(Specific conductance of 0.1M KCl is 1.3 Sm -1). When the same cell is filled with
0.003M sodium chloride solution, the measured resistance is 6.3 K. Both these
measurements are made at particular temperature. Calculate the specific and molar
conductance of NaCl solution.
3. 8.2 x 1012 litres of water is available in a lake. A power reactor using the electrolysis of
water in the lake produces electricity at the rate of 2x10 6 Cs-1 at an appropriate
voltage. How many years would it like to completely electrolyse the water in the lake.
Assume that there is no loss of water except due to electrolysis.
4. The conductivity of a 0.01M solution of a 1:1 weak electrolyte at 298K is 1.5 x 10-4
Scm-1. Calculate
(i) Molar conductivity of the solution
(ii) Degree of dissociation and the dissociation constant of the weak electrolyte.
cation
0
 248.2 S cm2 mol1
Given that
anion
0
 51.8 S cm2 mol 1
5. A current of 1.608A is passed through 250 ml of 0.5M solution of copper sulphate for
50 minutes. Calculate the strength of Cu 2+ after electrolysis assuming volume to be
constant and the current efficiency is 100%
6. A copper electrode is dipped in 0.1M copper sulphate solution at 25C. Calculate the
electrode potential of copper. [given: ECu2 /Cu  0.34 ]
0

7. Calculate the standard emf of the cell: Cd | Cd 2 Cu2 | Cu and determine the cell
reaction. The standard reduction potentials of Cu2+ |Cu and Cd2+ |Cd are 0.34V and -
0.40Volt respectively. Predict the feasibility of the cell reaction.
8. In fuel cell H2 and O2 react to produce electricity. In the process, H 2 gas is oxidised at
the anode and O2 at cathode. If 44.8 litre of H2 at 25C and 1 atm pressure reacts in
10 minutes, what is average current produced? If the entire current is used for electro
deposition of Cu from Cu2+, how many grams of Cu deposited?
9. The same amount of electricity was passed through two separate electrolytic cells
containing solutions of nickel nitrate and chromium nitrate respectively. If 2.935g of Ni
was deposited in the first cell, calculate the amount of chromium deposited in another
cell. Given: molar mass of nickel and chromium are 58.74 and 52gram-1 respectively.
 UNIT – X

Surface Chemistry
2 MARKS
1. What is the difference between absorption and adsorption?
2. What are the characteristics of adsorption?
3. What are the factors affecting adsorption?
4. What is called adsorption isotherm? Write the Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
5. Which will be adsorbed more readily on the surface of charcoal and why? NH3 and CO2?
6. Heat of adsorption is greater for chemisorptions than physisorption. Why?
7. In case of chemisorptions, why adsorption first increases and then decreases with
temperature?
8. What is the difference between a sol and a gel?
9. Define catalyst.
10. What is homogeneous catalysis? Give one example.
11. What is heterogeneous catalysis? Give one example.
12. What are called promoters? Give an example.
13. What are called active centres?
14. Write one example for nano catalysis.
15. Define colloid.
16. Explain Tyndall effect.
17. What is Brownian movement?
18. What is called Helmholtz double layer?
19. Define Electrophoresis.
20. What is coagulation? Write any two methods of coagulation.
21. What is gold number?
22. Define Emulsion.
23. How will you distinguish natural honey from artificial honey?
24. Addition of alum purifies water. Why?
25. Why does bleeding stop by rubbing moist alum?

3 MARKS
1. Peptising agent is added to convert precipitate into colloidal solution. Explain with an
example.
2. What happens when a colloidal sol of Fe(OH)3 and As2O3 are mixed?
3. Explain Intermediate theory of catalysis with an example.
4. Explain adsorption theory of catalysis.
5. Explain any two methods for coagulation.
6. Write a note on catalytic poison. Give examples.
7. How will you identify the type of emulsion? (write any two test for identification of type of
emulsion)
8. Define emulsion. Write its types. Give examples for emulsifier.
9. What is called inversion of phase in emulsion? Give example.
10. Explain the application of colloids in medicine and tanning industry.
11. Give three uses of emulsions.
12. Explain shortly about electro osmosis.
13. How will you identify the charge of colloids (dispersed phase)? Explain the corresponding
method to find the charge of sol particles.
14. Explain electro-dialysis.
15. Write any six characteristics of catalysts.
16. Why lyophilic colloidal sols are more stable than lyophobic colloidal sol?
17. Explain sewage disposal by the chart. How the wastes be used as manure?

5 MARKS
1. Explain autocatalysis and Negative catalysis with an example.
2. Write any five applications of adsorption.
3. Differentiate physical adsorption and chemical adsorption.
4. A) Explain Freundlich adsorption isotherm
B) Write the limitations of Freundlich isotherm.
5. A) Describe some feature of catalysis by Zeolites.
B) What is the difference between homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis?
6. A) What are enzymes? Write a brief note on the mechanism of enzyme catalysis.
B) What do you mean by activity and selectivity of catalyst?
7. Explain condensation methods of preparation of colloids. (explain any three types)
8. Explain Mechanical dispersion and Electro-dispersion methods in the preparation of
colloids.
9. A) Write short notes on Phase transfer Catalysis
B) Write any 5 special characteristics of enzyme catalysed reaction.
10. In a coagulation experiment 10ml of a colloid (X) is mixed with distilled water and 0.1M
solution of an electrolyte AB so that the volume is 20ml. It was found that all solutions
containing more than 6.6ml of AB coagulate within 5 minutes. What is the flocculation
value of AB for sol (X)?
 UNIT – XI

Hydroxy Compounds & Ethers

2 MARKS
1. How will you prepare secondary alcohol using Grignard reagent?
2. Write notes on hydroboration.
3. Complete the following:

4. Distinguish primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol using Lucas reagent.

5. Write Victor – Meyer’s test for primary alcohol.
6. Explain Swern Oxidation.
7. Write dehydration reaction of Ethylene glycol using anhydrous ZnCl2
8. How 1,4 dioxane prepared from ethylene glycol?
9. Explain nitration and dehydration reaction of glycerol.
10. Write the uses of glycerol.
11. Explain Dow’s process.
12. Write diazotisation reaction. (Preparation of phenol from aniline)
13. Write Schotten Baumann reaction.
14. Write the uses of diethyl ether.
15. Write auto-oxidation reaction of diethyl ether.
16. Write coupling reaction.
17. Write the test to differentiate alcohol and phenol.
18. What is metamerism? Give the structure and IUPAC name of metamers of 2-methoxy
propane.
19. How will you convert acetylene into n-butyl alcohol.
20. How phenolphthalein is prepared?
21. Can we use nucleophiles such as NH3, CH3O- for the nucleophilic substitution of alcohols?
22. Draw the major product formed when 1-ethoxy prop-1-ene is heated with one equivalent
of HI.
23. Suggest a suitable reagent to prepare secondary alcohol with identical group using
Grignard reagent.
24. Is it possible to oxidise t-butyl alcohol using acidified dichromate to form a carbonyl
compound?
25. Identify the products formed when 1-methoxy propane heated with excess HI. Name the
mechanism involved in the reaction.
 3 MARKS
1. Explain Kolbe’s reaction.
2. How phenol is prepared from a) chlorobenzene b) isopropyl benzene
3. Write the chemical equation for Williamson synthesis of 2-ethoxy -2-methyl pentane
starting from ethanol and 2-methyl pentan-2-ol.
4. Explain Saytzeff’s rule with an example.
5. What is picric acid? How it is prepared?
6. Phenol is distilled with Zn dust followed by Friedel Crafts alkylation with propyl chloride
to give compound B. B on oxidation gives C. Identify A, B and C.
7. What happens when ethylene glycol is heated with conc. HNO3 and conc. H2SO4 ?
8. Write the oxidation reaction of glycol.
9. Write the oxidation and reduction reaction of Phenol.
10. Complete the following:

11. A) Write Riemer-Tiemann reaction. (B) How will you prepare 2,4,6 tribromophenol from
phenol?
12. 0.44g of a monohydric alcohol when added to methyl magnesium iodide in ether liberates
at STP 112cm3 of methane. With PCC the same alcohol form a carbonyl compound that
answers silver mirror test. Identify the compound.

13. Identify A, B, C, D and the write the complete equation.

14. What happens when 1-phenyl ethanol is treated with acidified KMnO4?
15. Write the mechanism of acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol to give ethane.
16. Arrange the following in the increasing order of their boiling point and give a reason for
your ordering:
(i) Buan-2-ol, 1-butanol, 2-methyl propan-2-ol
(ii) Propan1-ol, propan-1,2,3-triol, propan-1,3-diol, propan-2-ol
17. What is the major product, when 2-methyl but-2-ene is converted into an alcohol in each
of the following methods:
(A) Acid catalysed hydration (B) hydroboration C) Hydroxylation using Bayer’s reagent.

18. How are the following conversions effected:

a) Benzyl chloride to benzyl alcohol b) benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid

19. Predict the product A,B,X and Y in the following sequence of reaction

20. Write the structure of the aldehyde, carboxylic acid and ester that yield
4-methyl pent-2-en-1-ol.
21. What will be the product (X and A) for the following reaction:

22. Complete the following :

23. Complete the following reactions:

24. Explain Friedel Craft’s reaction using anisole.

25. Write the uses of diethyl ether and anisole.
26. What is the major product obtained when two moles of ethyl magnesium bromide is
treated with methyl benzoate followed by acid hydrolysis?
27. Arrange the following compounds in the increasing order of their acid strength.
Propan-1-ol, 2,4,6 – tri-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 3,5 – dinitrophenol, phenol, 4-methyl
phenol.
28. Write any three chemical reactions of diethyl ether.
29. Write the general formula for aliphatic ether. What are simple and mixed ethers? Give
examples.
30. Compare the acidity of phenol and alcohols.
 UNIT – XII

Carbonyl Compounds & Carboxylic Acids

2 MARKS
1. How will you prepare ethanal from but-2-ene?
2. What happens when isobutylene is subjected to reductive ozonolysis?
3. Write the preferred IUPAC name for the following compound

4. Write all the structural isomers and position isomers for the ketone represented by the
molecular formula C5H10O
5. Write Rosenmund reduction.
6. Write Stephen’s reaction.
7. Identify A,B,C & D

8. Write the structure of the major product of the aldol condensation of benzaldehyde
with acetone.
9. Write Gattermann – Koch reaction.
10. How will you prepare benzaldehyde from toluene.
11. What is urotropine? Write its structure and give its use.
12. Write Clemmensen reduction and Wolf – Kishner reduction.
13. Write note on Haloform reaction.
14. Write Perkin’s reaction.
15. How will you prepare
a) Ethane from sodium acetate
b) Acetophenone from acetylchloride
16. Oxidation of ketones involves carbon-carbon bond cleavage. Name the products are
formed on oxidising 2,5-dimethylhexan-2-one using strong oxidising agent.
17. Identify X & Y

18. Complete the following reaction.

19. Write Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction.

20. Write the test for Carboxylic acid

3 MARKS
1. Explain the reducing nature of formic acid.
2. Explain the amphoteric character of Acetamide.
3. Write Hoffmann’s bromamide reaction.
4. How is propanoic acid is prepared starting from
a) An alcohol b) an alkyl halide c) an alkene
5. A compound (A) with molecular formula C 2H3N on acid hydrolysis gives (B) which
reacts with thionyl chloride to give compound (C). Benzene reacts with compound (C)
in presence of anhydrous AlCl3 to give compound (D). Identify (A), (B), (C) and (D).
Write the equations.
6. A hydrocarbon A (mol. Formula C8H10) on ozonolysis gives B (C4H6O2) only.
Compound C (C3H5Br) on treatment with magnesium in dry ether gives (D) which on
treatment with CO2 followed by acidification gives (C). Identify A, B & C.
7. How are the following conversions affected?
a) Propanal to butanone
b) hex-3-yne into hexan-3-one
c) phenylmethanal into benzoic acid
d) phenylmehtanal into benzoin.
8. How will you prepare
(i) Acetic anhydride from acetic acid
(ii) Acetaldehyde from ethyne
(iii) Cinnamic acid from benzaldehyde
9. An alkene (A) on ozonolysis gives propanone and aldehyde (B). When (B) is oxidised
(C) is obtained.(C) is treated with Br2/P gives (D) which on hydrolysis gives (E). When
propanone is treated with HCN followed by hydrolysis gives (E). Identify A, B, C, D &E
10. What happens when acetamide is treated with P2O5?
11. Write notes on a) Trans esterification b) Claisen condensation reaction
12. How acetic anhydride is prepared? What happens when acetic anhydride is treated
with PCl5?
13. Explain briefly about acidity of Carboxylic acids.
14. Write kolbe’s electrolytic decarboxylation reaction.
15. Write any two tests for aldehyde.
16. What is formalin? Write its use.
17. Explain Cannizaro mechanism.
18. What is pinacol? How it is prepared?
19. A carbonyl compound (A) having molecular formula C5H10O forms crystalline
precipitate with sodium bisulphate and give positive iodoform test. (A) does not
Fehling solution. Identify A.
20. How will you convert benzaldehyde into the following compounds?
a) Benzophenone b) benzoic acid c) -hydroxy phenyl acetic acid.
21. What is the action of HCN on
a) Propanone b) 2,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde c) ethanal
 5 MARKS
1. Explain Esterification mechanism.
2. Write aldol condensation mechanism.
3. A) Explain the reducing property of formic acid.
B) Write Claisen-Schmidt reaction.

4. A) Identify A, B and C

(B) How will you prepare Malachite green from benzaldehyde?

5. (i) Identify A, B and C

ii) How will you prepare

a) Ethyl acetate from methyl acetate
b) Acetamide from methyl acetate
c) Lactic acid from ethanal.

6. A) Arrange the following in increasing order of acidity.

a) Formic acid , acetic acid, propionic acid
b) Trichloro acetic acid, dichloro acetic acid, Mono chloro acetic acid
c) Chloro acetic acid, Iodo acetic acid, bromo acetic acid, fluoro acetic acid

B) Why acetic acid is called glacial acetic acid.

 UNIT – XIII

Organic Nitrogen Compounds

2 MARKS
1. There are two isomers with the formula CH3NO2. How will you distinguish between them?
2. How will you convert nitrobenzene into 1,3,5 – trinitrobenzene
3. Identify compounds A,B, and C in the following sequence of reactions:

4. Write short notes on the following reactions:

a) Hofmann’s bromide reactions b) Schotten – Baumann reactions
5. Account for the following:
a) Aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction.
6. Diazonium salts of aromatic amines are more stable than those of aliphatic amines.
Justify your answer.
7. pKb of aniline is more than that of methyl amine. Justify
8. Amines are more basic than amides. Give reason.
9. Ethylamine is soluble in water whereas aniline is not. Give reason.
10. Although amino group is o- and p- directing in aromatic electrophilic substitution
reactions, aniline on nitration gives a substantial amount of m-nitro aniline. Justify.
11. Arrange the following:
a) In increasing order of solubility in water, C6H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, C2H5NH2
b) In increasing order of basic strength:
Aniline, p-toluidine, p-nitroaniline
c) In decreasing order of basic strength in gas phase
(C2H5)NH2, (C2H5)2NH, (C2H5)3N and NH3

12. How will you prepare propan-1- amide from (i) Butane nitrile (ii) propanamide
13. Write notes on Gattermann reaction.
14. Write notes on Sandmeyer reaction.
15. Write Baltz – Schiemann reaction.
16. Write Levine and Hauser acetylation.
17. Write Thorpe nitrile condensation
18. Write the uses of nitroalkanes.
19. Write Gomberg reaction.
20. How will you prepare p-nitro aniline from aniline?
21. Write mustard oil reaction and Carbylamine reaction.
22. Write Libermann’s nitroso test
3 MARKS
1. Write Schotten-Baumann reaction and Sabatier –Mailhe reaction.
2. Write Mendius reaction.
3. How will you convert p-diamino benzene into p-dinitro benzene
4. Identify A,B, and C
5. How will you convert diethylamine into
(i) N,N diethylacetamide (ii) N-Nitroso diethylamine
6. Identify A, B and C

7. Identify A,B,C and D

8. Predict A, B, C and D for the following reaction:

9. Arrange the following:

a) In decreasing order of the pKb values
C2H5NH2 , C6H5NHCH3, (C2H5)2NH and CH3NH2
b) In increasing order of boiling point: C6H5OH, (CH3)2NH, C2H5NH2
c) Increasing order of basic strength
C6H5NH2, C6H5N(CH3)2, (C2H5)2NH and CH3NH2
10. Write down the possible isomers of the C4H9NO2 give their IUPAC names
11. What happens when
(i) 2-nitropropane boiled with HCl
(ii) Nitrobenzene undergo electrolytic reduction is strongly acidic medium.
(iii) Oxidation of tert-butyl amine with KMnO4.
(iv) Oxidation of acetoneoxime with trifluoro-peroxy acetic acid.
12. How will you convert nitrobenzene into m-nitro aniline.
13. How will you distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines?
14. A dibromo derivative (A) on treatment with KCN followed by acid hydrolysis and heating
gives a mono basic acid (B) along with liberation of CO2. (B) on heating with liquid
ammonia followed by treating with Br2/KOH gives (C) which on treating with NaNO2 and
HCl at low temperature followed by oxidation gives a monobasic acid (D) having the
molecular mass 74. Identify A to D.
15. Write Nef Carbonyl synthesis.
16. Explain Gabriel Phthalimide synthesis.
17. Write Hoffman’s Ammonolysis.
18. Give the structure of Vitamin B6, Dopamine, Histamine
19. Explain the acidic nature of nitro alkanes
20. Draw the structure of the following compounds:
a) Tribenzyl amine b) alpha – amino propionaldehyde c) tert-butyl amine
21. Arrange the basicity of amines in increasing order.
Aralky amines, aryl amines, alkyl amines, N-aralkyl amines, Ammonia
 UNIT – XIV

Biomolecules
2 MARKS
1. What are dextro rotatory and levo rotatory compounds?
2. Give the structure of D-Glyceraldehyde and L-Glyceraldehyde.
3. What is monosaccharide? Give examples.
4. Give the structure of -D-gluco pyranose.
5. What is mutarotation?
6. What is epimerisation? Give an example for epimers.
7. Write the structure for -D fructofuranose and -D fructofuranose
8. Give the structure of Cellulose.
9. Give the importance of proteins.
10. What is amino acids? Give examples.
11. Give example for fibrous proteins and globular proteins.
12. Define enzymes? Give one example.
13. What is hormone? Give examples.
14. Write a note on Denaturation of proteins.
15. What type of linkages hold together monomers of DNA?
16. Name the vitamins whose deficiency cause (i) rickets (ii) Scurvy
17. What are reducing and non-reducing sugars? Give examples.
18. Give two difference between hormones and vitamins.
19. Give the differences between primary and secondary structure of proteins
20. Why carbohydrates generally optically active.

3 MARKS
1. How are vitamins classified?
2. Explain the structural elucidation of glucose
3. Write the difference between DNA and RNA.
4. Write the zwitter ion structure of alanine.
5. Explain the classification of hormones.
6. Explain shortly about DNA finger printing.
7. Classify the following into monosaccharide, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
a) Starch b) fructose c) sucrose d) lactose e) maltose
8. Write a note on formation of -helix
9. Write the structure of all possible dipeptides which can be obtained form glycine and
alanine.
10. Is the following sugar, D-sugar or L-sugar?
11. Write a short note on peptide bond?
12. What are the different types of RNA which are found in cell?
13. Give the structure of Ribose and deoxyribose.
14. What is nucleoside and nucleotide?
15. Give the importance of proteins.
16. Give the structure of amylose and amylopectin.
17. Give the structure of maltose.
18. Give the structure of sucrose
19. Give the structure of lactose.
20. What is invert sugar?
21. What are called anomers? Give example.
22. Explain the structural elucidation of fructose.
 UNIT – XV

Chemistry in Everyday life

2 MARKS
1. Which chemical is responsible for the antiseptic properties of dettol
2. Write the preparation of Bakelite.
3. Write a note on receptors.
4. How nylon-2 and nylon -6 prepared?
5. What are antibiotics?
6. Name one substance which can act as both analgesic and antipyretic.
7. Write a note on synthetic detergents.
8. How do antiseptics differ from disinfectants?
9. What are food preservatives?
10. Why do soaps not work in hard water?
11. What are drugs? How are they classified?
12. Write the preparation of PHBV. Give its uses.
13. How is BUNA – S prepared?
14. How is BUNA –N prepared?
15. Define Chemotherapy.
16. What is opioids ? Give examples.
17. Write note on anaesthetics. Give examples.
18. Explain Antimicrobials (a) Beta – Lactams b) Macrolides
19. Write short note on antioxidants
20. How the tranquilizers work in body.
21. Write the structural formula of aspirin.
22. What is TFM value?
23. Explain the mechanism of cleansing action of soaps and detergents
24. Which sweetening agent is used to prepare sweets for a diabetic patient?
25. Explain free radical polymerisation .
26. What are narcotic and non- narcotic drugs? Give examples.
27. What are anti fertility drugs? Give examples.
28. Write a note on co-polymer.
29. What is HDPE? Give its preparation.
30. How will you prepare Orlon (PAN)?
31. Write the preparation of Nylon-6.
32. Write the preparation of terylene.
33. Prepare melamine-formaldehyde resin.
34. What are bio degradable polymers? Give examples.
35. How is terylene prepared?
36. Write a note on vulcanization of rubber.
37. Classify the following as linear, branched or cross linked polymers.
a) Bakelite b) Nylon c) Polyethene
38. Differentiate thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics.
39. What is natural rubber?
40. What is the monomer of neoprene? How will you prepare neoprene?
 Name Reactions (Organic Chemistry)
1. Acetylation

2. Wurtz FittigReaction

3. WurtzReaction

4. Wolff-KishnerReduction
5. Wiliamsons Reaction

6. StephenReaction

7. SwartsReaction

8. SchmidtReaction
9. Schotten Baumann Reaction

10. Sandmeyer’s Reaction

11. Rosenmund Reaction

12. Reimer-TiemannReaction

13. Reimer-TiemannReaction
14. Perkin Reaction

15. Liebermann’s nitroso Reaction

16. Mendius Reaction

17. Colbe-Schmitt Reaction

18. Hunsdicker Reaction

19. Hofmann bromamideReaction

20. Holmann Ammonolysis

21. Hell-Volhard Zelinsky Reaction

22. Iodoform Reaction

23. Gattermann-Koch Reaction

24. Gatterman Reaction

25. Gabriel Phthalimide Reaction

26. Fries rearrangement

27. Friedel-CraftsAcylation

28. Wurtz-Fittig Reaction

29. Fittig Reaction

30. Finkelstein Reaction

31. Etard Reaction

32. Esterification Reaction

33. Diazotization Reaction

34. Decarboxylation Reaction

35. Clamensen Reduction

36. Coupling Reaction

37. Claisen Reaction

38. Claisen Condensation

39. Carbylamine Reaction

40. Cannizzaro Reaction

41. Benzoin Condensation

42. Balg-SchiemannReaction

43. Cross AldolCondensation

44. Aldol Condensation

45. Aldol Reaction

46. Benzoylation Reaction

Ascent School of Science, Palanpur Page 12

 Unit Wise
Important Questions
 Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology
Kuthambakkam, Chennai - 600124

12th Mathematics Important Questions

(Unit-wise)

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Page 1
 Applications of Matrices and Determinants

2, 3 Mark Questions:
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
1. Find the inverse of the matrix [−𝟓 𝟑 𝟏]
−𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
Solution:
2 −1 3
|𝐴| = |−5 3 1| = 2 (9 – 2) + 1 (-15 + 3)+3 (-10 +9)
−3 2 3
= 2(7)+1(-12)+3(-1) = 14-12-3 = -1≠0
2 −1 3 2 −1 3
9−2 −3 + 15 −10 + 9 𝑇 −5 3 1 −5 3 1
⌈
adj A = [ 6 + 3 6+9 3−4 ] ⌈−3 2 3 −3 2 3
−1 − 9 −15 − 2 6−5 ⌈2 −1 3 2 −1 3
⌈−5 3 1 −5 3 1
⌈−3 2 3 −3 2 3
7 12 −1 𝑇 7 9 −10
adjA = [ 9 15 −1] = [ 12 15 −17]
−10 −17 1 −1 −1 1
7 9 −10 −7 −9 10
−1 1 1
𝐴 = |𝐴| adj A = [ 12 15 −17] = [−12 −15 17 ]
−1
−1 −1 1 1 1 −1
𝟖 −𝟒
2. If A= [ ], verify that A (adj A) = (adj A) A= |𝑨|𝑰𝟐
−𝟓 𝟑
Solution :
3 4
adj A= [ ]
5 8
|𝐴| = | 8 −4| = 24 – 20 = 4
−5 3
|𝐴|𝐼2 = 4 [1 0] = [4 0] ……….. (1)
0 1 0 4
4 0
A (adj A) = [ ] ……………… (2)
0 4
4 0
(adj A) A= [ ] ………………..(3)
0 4
From (1), (2) and (3)
A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |𝐴|𝐼2

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 𝟎 −𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟑
3. If A= [ ] and B= [ ],verify that (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏
𝟏 𝟒 𝟎 −𝟏
Solution:
0 −3 −2 −3 0+0 0+3 0 3
AB= [ ][ ] =[ ]= [ ]
1 4 0 −1 −2 + 0 −3 − 4 −2 −7
|𝐴𝐵| = 0 + 6 = 6; −7 −3
adj (AB) = [ ]
2 0
1 1 −7 −3
(𝐴𝐵)−1 = adj (AB) = [ ] ……… (1)
|𝐴𝐵| 6 2 0
1 −7 −3
𝐵−1 𝐴−1 = [ ] ………………… (2)
6 2 0
From (1) and (2)
(𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1
𝟑 𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟑
4. If A= [ ] and B= [ ] verify that (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏
𝟕 𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
Solution:
3 2 −1−3 −3 + 10 −9 + 4 7 −5
AB= [ ][ ] =[ ]= [ ]
7 5 5 2 −7 + 25 −21 + 10 18 −11
|𝐴𝐵| = -77 + 90 = 13; adj (AB) = [−11 5]
−18 7
1 1 −11 5
(𝐴𝐵)−1 = adj (AB) = [ ] ……… (1)
|𝐴𝐵| 13 −18 7

1 −11 5
𝐵−1 𝐴−1 = [ ] ………………… (2)
13 −18 7

From (1) and (2)

(𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1
𝟐 −𝟒 𝟐
5. Find a matrix A if adj A = [−𝟑 𝟏𝟐 −𝟕]
−𝟐 𝟎 𝟐
Solution:
1
𝐴=± adj (adj A)
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|

|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = 2 (24 -0) +4 (-6 -14) +2 ( 0 + 24)

= 48 – 80 + 48 = 16
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = √16 = 4

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 2 −4 2 2 −4 2
24 − 0 14 + 6 0 + 24 𝑇 ⌈−3 12 −7 −3 12 −7
−2 2 2 −2 0 2
adj (adj A) = [ 0 + 8 4+4 8−0 ] ⌈
2 0 2 2 −4 2
28 − 24 −6 + 14 24 − 12 ⌈⌈−3 12 −7 −3 12 −7
⌈−2 0 2 −2 0 2
24 20 24 𝑇
=[8 8 8]
4 8 12
24 8 4
= [20 8 8 ]
24 8 12
24 8 4 6 2 1
1 1
𝐴=± adj (adj A) = ± [20 8 8 ] = ± [5 2 2]
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| 4
24 8 12 6 2 3
𝟏
−𝟖 𝟏 𝟒
6. If 𝑨 = 𝟗 [ 𝟒 𝟒 𝟕] Prove that 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑨𝑻
𝟏 −𝟖 𝟒
Solution:
AAT = I  AT = A-1
−8 4 1
1
𝐴𝑇 = [ 1
4 −8]
9
4 7 4
−8 1 4 −8 4 1 81 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1
𝐴𝐴𝑇 = [ 4 4 7 ] [1 4 −8] = 81
[ 0 81 0 ] = [0 1 0] = I
9 9
1 −8 4 4 7 4 0 0 81 0 0 1
𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑇
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
7. If F(𝜶) = [ 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 ] show that (𝑭(𝜶))−𝟏 = F(-𝜶)
−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶
Solution:
cos(−𝛼) 0 sin(− 𝛼)
F(−𝛼) = [ 0 1 0 ]
−sin(− 𝛼) 0 cos( −𝛼)
cos 𝛼 0 − sin 𝛼
F(−𝛼) = [ 0 1 0 ] …….. (1)
sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼
cos 𝛼 0 − sin 𝛼
(𝐹(𝛼))−1 = [ 0 1 0 ] …….. (2)
sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼

From (1) and (2), (𝐹(𝛼))−1 = F(-𝛼)

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 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟎
8. If adj (A) = [ 𝟔 𝟐 −𝟔], find 𝑨−𝟏
−𝟑 𝟎 𝟔
Solution:
|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = 0 (12 -0) +2 (36 -18) + 0 (0 +6) =36

√|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = √36 = 6
1
𝐴−1 = ± 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|

0 −2 0
1
= ± [ 6 −2 −6]
6
−3 0 6
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
9. If adj A = [ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐] , 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑨−𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
Solution:
|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = −1(1 − 4) − 2(1 − 4) + 2(2 − 2) = 3 + 6 + 0 = 9

√|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = √9 = 3
−1 2 2
1 1
𝐴−1 = ± 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = ± 3 [ 1 1 2]
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴|
2 2 1
10. Verify the property (𝑨𝑻 )−𝟏 = (𝑨−𝟏 )𝑻 with 𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟗]
𝟏 𝟕
Solution:
|𝐴| = 14 − 9 = 5
7 −9
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ ]
−1 2
1 7 −9
1
𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = 5[]
|𝐴| −1 2
1 7 −1
(𝐴−1 )𝑇 = 5[ ] ………………….. (1)
−9 2
1 7 −1
(𝐴𝑇 )−1 = [ ] ………………….. (2)
5 −9 2
From (1) and (2)(𝐴−1 )𝑇 = (𝐴𝑇 )−1

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 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
11. Prove that [ ] is orthogonal
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
Solution
If AAT = ATA = I then A is orthogonal
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
A= [ ] ⇒ 𝐴𝑇 = [ ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐴𝐴𝑇 = [ ][ ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

= [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 cos 𝜃]

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
1 0
𝐴𝐴𝑇 = [ ]=I 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼
0 1
∴ A is orthogonal.
𝟓 𝟑 𝟏𝟒 𝟕
12. Find the matrix A for which A [ ]= [ ]
−𝟏 −𝟐 𝟕 𝟕
Solution:
14 7 14 7 −1
AB = [ ]⇒A=[ ]𝐵
7 7 7 7
5 3 −2 −3
|B|= | | = −10 + 3 = −7 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐵 = [ ]
−1 −2 1 5
1 1 −2 −3
𝐵−1 = |𝐵| adj B = − [ ]
7 1 5
14 7 1 −2 −3 1 −28 + 7 −42 + 35
A=[ ] (− ) [ ]=− [ ]
7 7 7 1 5 7 −14 + 7 −21 + 35
1 −21 −7 3 1
A=− [ ]=[ ]
7 −7 14 1 −2
𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
13. Find the rank of the matrix [𝟏 𝟏 𝟐] by minor method
𝟑 𝟑 𝟔
Solution:
3 2 5
Let A = [1 1 2] Then A is a matrix of order 3 x 3
3 3 6
(A) ≤ min (3, 3) = 3
3 2 5
|𝐴| = |1 1 2| = 3 (6 -6) -2 (6 – 6) + 5 (3 – 3) = 0
3 3 6
3 2
⌊ ⌋=3–2=1≠0
1 1
∴  (𝐴 ) = 2

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 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟒 𝟑
14. Find the rank of the matrix [−𝟑 𝟒 −𝟐 −𝟏] by reducing it to an echelon
𝟔 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟕
form:
Solution:
The rank of a matrix is equal to the number of non-zero rows in a row –echelon
form of the matrix.
2 −2 4 3 2 −2 4 3 𝑅2 → 2𝑅2 + 3𝑅1
A = [−3 4 −2 −1] ~ [0 2 8 7 ] 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 3𝑅
3 3 1
6 2 −1 7 0 8 −13 −2

2 −2 4 3 2 −2 4 3
~ [0 2 8 7 ] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 4𝑅2 ~ [0 2 8 7] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 ÷ (−15)
0 0 −45 −30 0 0 3 2
∴  (𝐴 ) = 3
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑
15. Find the rank of the matrix = [𝟐 𝟒 −𝟔] by minor method
𝟓 𝟏 −𝟏
Solution:
1 −2 3
Let A = [2 4 −6] p(A) ≤ min (3, 3) = 3
5 1 −1
1 −2 3
|𝐴| = |2 4 −6| = 1 (-4 + 6) +2 (-2 + 30) +3 (2 – 20)
5 1 −1
= 2 + 56 – 54 = 4
∴  (𝐴 ) = 3
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
16. Find the rank of the matrix [𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟒 ] by reducing it to an echelon form:
𝟓 −𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟏
Solution:
The rank of a matrix is equal to the number of non-zero rows in a row-echelon form of
the matrix
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1
A = [2 −1 3 4 ] ∼ [0 −3 1 −2]
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 5𝑅1
5 −1 7 11 0 −6 2 −4

1 1 1 3
∼ [0 −3 1 −2] R3 R3 - 2R2
0 0 0 0
(A) = 2

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 𝟓 𝟑
17. A=[ ]show that A2 -3A – 7I2 = 0 Hence find A-1.
−𝟏 −𝟐
Solution:
5 3 5 3 25 − 3 15 − 6 22 9
A2 = AA = [ ][ ] = [ ] = [ ]
−1 −2 −1 −2 −5 + 2 −3 + 4 −3 1
22 9 5 3 1 0
A2 -3A – 7I2 = [ ] − 3[ ]−7 [ ]
−3 1 −1 −2 0 1
22 − 15 − 7 9 − 9 − 0
= [ ] |𝐴| = −10 + 3 = −7
−3 + 3 − 0 1 + 6 − 7
0 0 −2 −3
= [ ] = 02 adj A = [ ]
0 0 1 5
1 2 3
𝐴−1 = 7 [ ]
−1 −5
18. Solve 2x – y = 8 ; 3x + 2y = -2 Using matrix inversion method
Solution:
2 −1 𝑥 8
[ ] [ ]= [ ]
3 2 𝑦 −2
AX = B
|𝐴| = |2 −1|= 4 + 3 = 7 ≠ 0; adj A = [ 2 1]
3 2 −3 2
1 1 2 1
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = 7 [ ]
−3 2
X = A-1B
1 2 1 8
= 7[ ][ ]
−3 2 −2
1 16 − 2 1 14 2
= 7[ ]= 7 [ ] = [ ]
−24 − 4 −28 −4
 x = 2, y = -4
𝟑 𝟐
19. Solve + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐, + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟑 by Cramer’s rule
𝒙 𝒙

Solution:
3 2
∆ =| | = 9–4 = 5
2 3
12 2
∆1 = | | = 36 – 26 = 10
13 3
3 12
∆2 = | | = 39 – 24 = 15
2 13
1 ∆1 10 1
= = = 2 ⟹𝑥=
𝑥 ∆ 5 2
∆2 15
𝑦= = = 3
∆ 5
1
𝑥 = , y=3
2

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20. Solve : 5x – 2y + 16 = 0, x + 3y – 7 = 0 by Cramer’s rule
Solution:
5x – 2y = -16, x + 3y = 7
5 −2
∆ =| | = 15 + 2 = 17
1 3
−16 −2
∆1 = | | = -48 +14 = -34
7 3
5 −16
∆2 = | | = 35 +16 = 51
1 7
∆1 −34
𝑥 = = = −2
∆ 17
∆2 51
𝑦= = = 3
∆ 17

𝑥 = −2 , y = 3

Important points:
1
1. 𝐴−1 = |𝐴|
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
1
2. 𝐴−1 = ± 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|
1
3. 𝐴 = ± 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|

4. The rank of a matrix is equal to the number of non-zero rows in row-echelon

form of the matrix
5. Matrix inversion method: A X = B ==> 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
6. Cramer’s method:
∆1 ∆2 ∆3
x= , y= , z=
∆ ∆ ∆

7. If 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼 then A is orthogonal

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 COMPLEX NUMBERS

Important Hints:
 𝑖 2 = −1, 𝑖 3 = −𝑖 , 𝑖4 = 1 , 𝑖 4𝑛 = 1
 𝑅𝑒ctangular form of a complex number is x + iy real part is x, Imaginary part is y.
 The conjugate of the complex number z = x + iy is x –iy and is denoted by 𝑧
 If z = x + iy then modulus of z is |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
 Triangle inequality:
For any two complex number 𝑧1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 , |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + |𝑧1 |
|𝑧|+𝑎 𝑖𝑏 |𝑧|−𝑎
 √𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = ± [√ + |𝑏| √ ]
2 2

 Additive inverse of z is –z multiplicative inverse of z is 1/z

 z is real if any only if z = 𝑧 and z is purely imaginary if and only if z = - 𝑧
 Distance between two complex numbers, 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 is |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 |
 |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = 𝑟 is the complex form of the equation of a circle. Centre is 𝑧0 and radius is r.

Two Marks Questions:

1. a. Simplify: 𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟖 - 𝒊−𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟗
= 𝑖 1948 - 𝑖 −1868 𝑖 −1
1
= 1 – (1) 𝑖
𝑖
= 1− = 1+𝑖
𝑖2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
b. Simplify: 𝒊𝟓𝟗 + = 𝒊𝟓𝟔 . 𝒊𝟑 + = 𝒊𝟑 +
𝒊𝟓𝟗 𝒊𝟓𝟔 .𝒊𝟑 𝒊𝟑
1× 𝑖
= −𝑖 − 𝑖 ×𝑖
𝑖
= −𝑖 − 𝑖2

= −𝒊 + 𝒊 = 𝟎
10
c. Simplify: i
n 1
n 50
= 𝒊𝟓𝟏 + 𝒊𝟓𝟐 + 𝒊𝟓𝟑 + ⋯ … + 𝒊𝟔𝟎 [∵ 𝒊𝟓𝟏 + 𝒊𝟓𝟐 + 𝒊𝟓𝟑 + 𝒊𝟓𝟒 = 𝟎

= 𝑖 59 + 𝑖 60 = 𝑖 56 . 𝑖 3 + 𝑖 60 𝑖 55 + 𝑖 56 + 𝑖 57 + 𝑖 58 = 0
= −𝑖 + 1 = 1 − 𝑖
Do it yourself:
Simplify: a) 𝑖 −1924 + 𝑖 2018 b) ∑10
𝑛=1 𝑖
𝑛
𝑐) 𝑖 𝑖 2 𝑖 3 … . . 𝑖 40

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2. If z= 5- 2i, w = -1+3i find a) z –iw b) 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝒛𝒘 + 𝒘𝟐
a) z – iw = 5 – 2i –i(-1 + 3i)
= 5 – 2i + i - 3𝑖 2 = 8 − 𝑖
b) 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧𝑤 + 𝑤 2 = (𝑧 + 𝑤)2 = [(5 − 2𝑖) + (−1 + 3𝑖)] = (4 + 𝑖)2
= 42 + 𝑖 2 + 8𝑖 = 15 + 8𝑖
Do it yourself:
(i) zw (ii) 2z + 3w
3. If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒊, 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟒𝒊, 𝒛𝟑 = 𝟓 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆: (𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 )𝒛𝟑 = 𝒛𝟏 ( 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 )
LHS = (𝑧1 𝑧2 )𝑧3 = {(1 – 3i) (-4i)} 5= (-4i+12i2)5
= -20i+60i2 = -60 – 20i
RHS = 𝑧1 (𝑧2 𝑧3 ) = (1 − 3𝑖){(−4𝑖)5}= (1 – 3i) (-20i)
= -20i + 60𝑖 2 = −60 − 20𝑖
Do it yourself:
(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) + 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 + (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 )
4. Write in rectangular form:
1+𝑖 3 1−𝑖 3
( ) −( )
1−𝑖 1+𝑖

1+𝑖 1+𝑖 (1+𝑖)2 1+𝑖 2 +2𝑖 2𝑖

1−𝑖
x 1+𝑖 = 12 −𝑖 2
= 2
= 2
=i
1−𝑖 1− 𝑖 (1− 𝑖)2 1+𝑖 2 −2𝑖 −2𝑖
x = = = = -i
1+ 𝑖 1− 𝑖 12 −𝑖 2 2 2
1+𝑖 3 1−𝑖 3
( ) −( ) = (𝑖)3 − (−𝑖)3 = 𝑖 3 + 𝑖 3 = 2𝑖 3 = −2𝑖
1−𝑖 1+𝑖

5. If z = (2 + 3i) (1 – i) find 𝒛−𝟏

z = (2 + 3i) (1 – i) = 2 – 2i + 3i - 3𝑖 2 = 5 + 𝑖
1 1 1 5−𝑖 5−𝑖 5−𝑖
𝑧 −1 = = = × = =
𝑧 5+𝑖 5+𝑖 5−𝑖 52 −𝑖 2 26

Do it yourself:
3+4𝑖
1) Write in the x + iy form, hence find its real and imaginary parts:
5 −12𝑖
𝑧1
2) If 𝑧1 = 3 – 2i, 𝑧2 = 6 + 4𝑖 find
𝑧2
in the rectangular form

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 𝟏
6. Write ̅̅̅̅
𝟑𝚤 + in rectangular form:
𝟐−𝒊

̅̅̅̅ 1 1×(2+𝑖) 2+𝑖

3𝚤 + = −3𝑖 + = −3𝑖 +
2−𝑖 (2−𝑖)(2+𝑖) 22 −𝑖2
2+𝑖 −15𝑖+2+𝑖 2−14𝑖 2 14
= -3i + = = = − 𝑖
5 5 5 5 5

7. If z = x + iy, write 𝑹𝒆(𝒊𝒛̅) in rectangular form

𝑅𝑒(𝑖𝑧̅) = 𝑅𝑒(𝑖 (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)) = 𝑅𝑒(𝑖𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑦
Do it yourself:
1) (5 + 9i) + (2 -4i) 2) 𝑅𝑒(1⁄𝑧)
𝒊 (𝟐+𝒊)𝟑
8. Find | |
(𝟏+𝒊)𝟐
3 3
𝑖 (2+𝑖)3 |𝑖||2+𝑖|3 1 (√4+ 1) √5 5 √5
| 2
|= |1+𝑖|2
= 2 = 2 =
(1+𝑖) (√1+1) √2 2

Do it yourself:
Find the modulus of the following:
2𝑖
1. 2. (1 − 𝑖)10
3+4𝑖

9. If |𝒛| = 𝟑, prove that 7 ≤ |𝒛 + 𝟔 − 𝟖𝒊| ≤ 𝟏𝟑

* ||𝑧1 | − |𝑧2 || ≤ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 |
Let 𝑧1 = 𝑧, 𝑧2 = 6 − 8𝑖 |𝑧2 | = √36 + 64 = 10
||𝑧| − |6 − 8𝑖|| ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ |𝑧| + 10
|3 − 10| ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 3 + 10
7 ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 13
Do it yourself:
If |𝑧| = 2, 𝑃. 𝑇. 3 ≤ |𝑧 + 3 + 4𝑖| ≤ 7

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10. Find the square root of the following:
i) -6 + 8i ii) -5 – 12i
|𝑧|+𝑎 𝑖𝑏 |𝑧| −𝑎
√𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = ± [√ + √ ]
2 |𝑏| 2

Let z = -6+8i a = -6, b=8, |𝑧| = √36 + 64 = 10

10+(−6) 𝑖8 10−(−6)
√−6 + 8𝑖 = ± [√ + |8|
√ ] = [√2 + 𝑖 √8]
2 2

ii) z = -5-12i
a = -5, b = -12
|𝑧| = √25 + 144 = 13
13+(−5) 𝑖 (−12) 13−(−5)
√−5 − 12𝑖 = ± [√ + |−12|
√ ] = ±[2 − 3𝑖]
2 2

Do it yourself:
√6 + 8𝑖, √4 + 3𝑖 - find
11. Obtain the Cartesian form of the locus of z = x + iy in each of the following:
1. [𝑹𝒆(𝒊𝒛)]𝟐 = 𝟑 2. 𝒛̅ = 𝒛−𝟏
z = x + iy
𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑖𝑥 – 𝑦 = −𝑦 + 𝑖𝑥  𝑅𝑒[𝑖𝑧] = −𝑦
[𝑅𝑒(𝑖𝑧)]2 = (−𝑦)2 = 3
𝑦2 − 3 = 0
2. 𝑧̅ = 𝑧 −1
1
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) (𝑥 – 𝑖𝑦) = 1
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
Do it yourself:
i) |𝑧| = |𝑧 − 𝑖| ii) |𝑧 + 𝑖| = |𝑧 − 1|
12. Show that the following equations represent a circle and find its centre and radius
1. |2𝑧 + 2 − 4𝑖| = 2
(2) |𝑧 + 1 − 2𝑖| = 1
|𝑧 − (−1 + 2𝑖)| = 1 It is of the form |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = 𝑟 and so it represents a circle
Centre = -1+2i = (-1, 2) radius = 1

2. |3𝑧 − 6 + 12𝑖| = 8
(3) |𝑧 − 2 + 4𝑖| = 8⁄3
|𝑧 − (2 − 4𝑖| = 8⁄3
Centre = 2 – 4i = (2, -4) radius = 8⁄3
Do it yourself:
1. |𝑧 − 2 − 𝑖| = 3 2. |3𝑧 − 5 + 𝑖| = 4

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13. If 𝒛 = 𝟑 + 𝟐𝒊 then show that 𝒛, 𝒊𝒛 and 𝒛 + 𝒊𝒛 form the vertices of an isosceles
right triangle
A  z = 3 + 2i
B  iz = i (3 + 2i) = -2+3i
C  z + iz = 1 + 5i
AB = |𝑧 − 𝑖𝑧|
= |3 + 2𝑖 + 2 − 3𝑖|
= |5 − 𝑖| = √25 + 1 = √26
BC = |𝑖𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑖𝑧|
= |−𝑧| = |−3 − 2𝑖|
= √9 + 4 = √13
AC = |𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑖𝑧|
= |− 𝑖𝑧|
= |2 − 3𝑖| = √4 + 9 = √13
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2
2

/ ABC is an isosceles right triangle.

THREE MARKS QUESTION

1. Find the values of the real numbers x and y, if the complex numbers
(3-i)x - (2-i)y + 2i + 5 and 2x + (-1 + 2i) y + 3 + 2i Equating real and imaginary parts
(3-i)x – (2-i)y + 2i+5 = 2x + (-1 + 2i)y + 3 + 2i
3x –ix – 2y + iy + 2i + 5 = 2x – y +2iy + 3 + 2i
3x – 2y + 5 = 2x - y + 3 -x + y + 2 = 2y + 2
x – y + 2 = 0 …(1) -x – y = 0 ………… (2)
(1) + (2)  -2y + 2 = 0
y = 1 from equ. (2)–x -1 = 0
x = -1
Do it yourself:
Find the value of the real numbers and y if the complex number
(2+i)x + (1-i)y + 2i -3 and x+(-1+2i)y + 1 + i are equal

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2. Find the additive and multiplicative inverse of -3-4i
Solution: let z = -3 -4i
Additive inverse of z => -z = 3 + 4i
1 1
Multiplicative inverse of z => 𝑧 = −3−4𝑖
1 ×(−3+4𝑖) −3+4𝑖 −3+4𝑖
=(−3−4𝑖)(−3+4𝑖) = =
9+16 25
Do it yourself:
1). Find the additive and multiplicative inverse of 2+5i
2) If z1 = 3, z2 = -7i , z3 = 5+4i then prove that z1(z2+z3) = z1 z2 + z1 z3
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
3. The complex numbers u, v and w are related by = + . If v = 3 – 4i and
𝒖 𝒗 𝒘
w = 4+3i find u – in rectangular form.
1 1 1
= +
𝑢 𝑣 𝑤
1 1
= 3− +
4𝑖 4+ 3𝑖
1 3+4𝑖 4−3𝑖 7+𝑖
= + =
𝑢 9+16 16+9 25
25 75(7−𝑖) 25(7−𝑖) 7−𝑖
u = = (7+𝑖)(7−𝑖) = 50 =
7+𝑖 2
4. Which one of the points 10-8i, 11+6i is closest to 1 + i
Let z = 1 + i, z1 = 10 - 8i, z2 = 11 + 6i
|𝑧 − 𝑧1 | = |(1 + 𝑖) − (10 − 8𝑖)| = |−9 + 9𝑖| = √81 + 81 = √162
|𝑧 − 𝑧2 | = |(1 + 𝑖) − (11 − 6𝑖)| = |−10 − 5𝑖| = √100 + 25 = √125
√125 < √162
z2 = 11 + 6i is closest to 1 +i
5. If z1, z2 and z3are complex numbers such that |𝒛𝟏 | = |𝒛𝟐 | = |𝒛𝟑 |
1 1 1
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 1 find the value of | + + |
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 1 2 3
|𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = |𝑧3 | = 1
|𝑧1 |2 = 1  𝑧1 𝑧̅1 = 1
𝑧̅1 = ⁄𝑧1 , ⟹ 𝑧̅2 = 1⁄𝑧2 , 𝑧̅3 = 1⁄𝑧3
1
1 1 1
|𝑧 + + |=|𝑧̅1 + 𝑧̅2 + 𝑧̅3 |=|𝑧̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 |=|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 1
1 𝑧2 𝑧3
6. Show that the equation 𝒛𝟐 =̅̅̅
𝒛 has four solutions:.
𝑧 2 = ̅̅̅̅
𝑧
|𝑧 2 |=|𝑧̅| = |𝑧|
|𝑧 2 | = |𝑧| |𝑧|= 1
|𝑧|(|𝑧| − 1) = 0 |𝑧 2 | = 1
|𝑧| = 0 𝑧̅𝑧 =1
𝑧 = 0 is a solution / 𝑧̅ = 1⁄𝑧
1
𝑧 2 = 𝑧̅ = 𝑧
𝑧 3 = 1 𝑧 3 − 1 = 0 It has 3 non zero solution including zero solution, there are four
solutions.
Do it yourself:
1. Show that the equation 𝑧 3 + 2 ̅
𝑧 = 0 has five solution

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 Theory of Equation

Important Points:
1. Quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0
The roots are , 
𝑏
Σ1 =  +  = - 𝑎
𝑐
Σ2 =  = 𝑎

If roots are given then the equation is

𝑥 2 − Σ1 𝑥 + Σ2 = 0
2. Cubic equation is ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
The roots are , , 
𝑏
Σ1 =  +  +  = − 𝑎
𝑐
Σ2 =  +  +  = 𝑎
𝑑
Σ3 =  = − 𝑎

If roots are given then the equation is

𝑥 3 − Σ1 𝑥 2 + Σ2 𝑥 − Σ3 = 0
3. Fourth degree equation is
ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0
The roots are , , , 
𝑏
Σ1 =  +  +  +  = − 𝑎
𝑐
Σ2 =  +  +  +  +  +  = 𝑎
𝑑
Σ3 =  +  +  +  = − 𝑎
𝑒
Σ4 =     = 𝑎

If roots are given then the equation is

𝑥 4 − Σ1 𝑥 3 + Σ2 𝑥 2 − Σ3 𝑥 + Σ4 = 0

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1. If ,  are the roots of the equation 17x2 + 43x – 73 = 0 construct a quadratic equation
whose roots are  + 2,  +2
Solution:
17x2 + 43x – 73 = 0
a = 17, b = 43, c = -73
𝑏 43
Σ1 =  +  = − 𝑎 = − 17
𝑐 73
Σ2 =  = 𝑎 = − 17
Given roots are  + 2,  +2
43 43+68
Σ1 =  + 2 +  +2 =  +  + 4 = − 17 + 4 = − 17
25
= 17
Σ2 = ( + 2) ( +2)= + 2 + 2 + 4
=  + 2 ( +) + 4
73 −43
=− 17 + 2 ( 17 ) + 4
−73−86+68 −91
= =
17 17
/ equation x2 - Σ1 𝑥 + Σ2 = 0
25 −91
𝑥 2 − 17 × =0
17
x17 17x2 – 25x – 91 = 0
2. If ,  are roots of 2x2 – 7x + 13 = 0 construct a quadratic equation whose roots are
𝜶𝟐 , 𝜷𝟐 (Eg: 3.2)
Solution:
2x2 – 7x + 13 = 0
a = 2, b = -7, c = 13
−𝑏 −7 7
Σ1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 = = −( 2 ) =
𝑎 2
𝑐 13
Σ2 = 𝛼𝛽 = =
𝑎 2
To form the equation whose roots are 𝛼 2 , 𝛽 2
Σ1 = 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽
7 2 13 49
= (2) − 2 ( 2 ) = − 13
4
49 −52 −3
= =
4 4
13 2 169
Σ2 = 𝛼 2 𝛽 2 =(𝛼𝛽)2=( 2 ) = 4
2
/ equation 𝑥 − Σ1 𝑥 + Σ2= 0
−3 169
𝑥2 − ( 4 ) 𝑥 + =0
4
3 169
𝑥2 + 4 𝑥 + =0
4

x4 4x2 + 3x + 169 = 0

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3. Find the polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having
√𝟓 − √𝟑 as a root .
(Eg 3.2 (4))
Solution: √5 − √3 is a root
√5 + √3, −√5 + √3 , −√5 − √3 are also roots
x =√5 − √3
squaring both sides: [(a-b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab]
2 2 2
x2 = (√5 − √3) = (√5) + (√3) − 2√5√3
x2 = 5 + 3 – 2√5√3
x2 = 8– 2√5√3
x2 - 8 = – 2√5√3
Again squaring on both sides
2
(𝑥 2 − 8)2 = ( – 2 √5√3)
𝑥 4 + 64 − 2𝑥 2 (8) = 4(5)(3)
𝑥 4 + 64 − 16𝑥 2 = 60
𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 2 + 64 − 60 = 0
𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 2 + 4 = 0
√𝟐
4. Form a polynomial equation with integer coefficients with √ as a root
√𝟑

(Eg: 3.10)
√2
x =√
√3

√2
Squaring on both sides x2 =
√3

Again squaring on both sides

2
𝑥4 =
3

3𝑥 4 − 2 = 0

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5. Show that the equation 2x2 – 6x + 7 = 0 cannot be satisfied by any real values of x
(Eg 3.11)
Solution::
Discriminant  = b2 – 4ac
Here a = 2, b = -6, c = 7
= (-6)2 - 4(2) (7) = 36 – 56
 = -20 < 0
∵  < 0 the roots are imaginary
6. If x 2 + 2(k+2)x + 9k = 0 has equal roots, find k (Eg 3.12)
Solution: Equal roots  = b2 – 4ac
Here a = 1 b = 2(K+2), c = 9k
Equal roots  = 0
[2(k+2)]2 – 4(1)(9k) = 0
4(k+2)2 -4(9k) = 0 4
4 (k+2)2 – 9k = 0 -4 -1 -5
K2 + 4 + 4k – 9k = 0
K2 – 5k + 4 = 0
(k -4) (k-1) = 0
k =4, k=1
7. Solve the cubic equation 2x3 – 9x2 + 10x = 3 (Eq.3.3 – 6(i))
Solution:
2x3 – 9x2 + 10x = 3 First rewrite the given equation as below
2x3 – 9x2 + 10x -3 = 0
The Coefficients are 2 ,– 9, 10, -3
Sum of the coefficients = 2 – 9 +10 – 3 = 12-12 = 0
x = 1 is root
If sum of the coefficients
x=1 2 -9 10 -3 6
0 2 -7 3 -6 -1 -7
2 -7 3 0 -6/2 -1/ 2
2x2 – 7x +3 = 0 -3 -1/2
(x – 3) (x – ½) = 0  x = 3, x = ½
Solution: x = 1, x = 3, x =1/2

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8. Solve the equation: x3 – 3x2 – 33x + 35 = 0 (Eg: 3.17)
Solution:
The co-efficients 1 -3 -33 35 36
Sum of the roots 1- 3-33+35 = 36 – 36 = 0 12 -3 9
/ x = 1 is a real
x=1 1 -3 -33 35
0 1 -2 -35
1 -2 -35 0
x2 – 2x – 35 = 0 -35
(x - 7) (x + 5) = 0 -7 5 -2
x = 7 , x = -5
/ Solution: x = 1, x = 7, x = -5
9. Solve the cubic equation 8x3 – 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0 (Eg3.3 6(ii))
Solution:
The co-efficient are 8 -2 -7 3

S1 S2
S1 = 8 – 7 = 1, S2 = -2 + 3 = 1
S1 = S2 / x = -1 is a root
x = -1 8 -2 -7 3
0 -8 10 -3
8 -10 3 0
4
8x2 – 10x + 3 = 0 -6 -4 -10
3 1
(𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 − 2)= 0 -6/8 -4 / 8
3 1
𝑥= , 𝑥= -3/4 -1/2
4 2
3 1
Solution: x = -1, 𝑥= , 𝑥=
4 2

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10. Solve the cubic equation 2x3 + 11x2 -9x -18 = 0 (Eg: 3.18)
The co-efficient are 2 11 -9 -18

S1 S2
S1 = 2 – 9 = -7, S2 = 11-18 = -7
S1 = S2 / x = -1 is a root

x = -1 2 11 -9 -18 36
0 -2 -9 18 12 -3 9
2 9 -18 0 12/2 -3/2
2x2 + 9x -18 = 0 6 -3/2
3
(x + 6) (𝑥 − 2)= 0
3
x = -6 , 𝑥= 2
3
/ Solution: x = -6, 𝑥 = , x = -1
2

11. Solve the equation: 7x3 – 43x2 = 43x – 7 (Eg: 3.27)

Solution: 7x3 – 43x2 = 43x -7
Rewriting the equation in correct order 7x3 – 43x2 – 43x + 7 = 0
The coefficients are 7 -43 -43 7

S1 S2
S1 = 7 -43 = - 36, S2 = -43 + 7 = -36
S1 = S2 / x = -1 is a root
x = -1 7 -43 -43 7 49
0 -7 50 -7 -49 -1 -50
7 -50 7 0 -49/7 -1/7
7x2 – 50x + 7 = 0 -7 -1/7
1
(x – 7) (𝑥 − 7) = 0
1
x = 7, 𝑥 = 7
1
/ Solution: x = -1, x = 7, 𝑥= 7

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12. Solve : x4 + 3x3 – 3x – 1 = 0 (Eg3.5 5(ii))
Solution:
The coefficients are 31 0 -3 -1 [Note x2 term is missing]
Sum of the coefficients1 + 3 + 0 – 3 -1 = 4 – 4 = 0
/ x = 1is a root
S2
1 3 0 -3 -1
S1
S1 = 1+0 -1 = 0 , S2 = 3 – 3 = 0
S1 = S2 / x = -1is a root
x =1 1 3 0 -3 -1
0 1 4 4 1
x = -1 1 4 4 1 0
0 -1 -3 -1
1 3 1 0
x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
a =1, b = 3, c =1
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−3 ± √32 −4(1)(1) −3 ± √9−4 −3 ± √5
= = =
2(1) 2 2
−3+ √5 −3 − √5
/ Solution: x = 1, x = -1, 𝑥= , 𝑥=
2 2
13. Solve the cubic equation 2x – x -18x + 9 = 0 if sum of its two roots vanishes:
3 2
(Eg3.3(1))
Solution: Clearly sum = 2-1 -18 + 9  0
x = 1 is not a root
S1 S2 / x = -1 is not a root
x =2, x = -2 are also not roots
By trail put x = 3
x=3 2 -1 -18 9
0 6 15 -9
2 5 -3 0
Remainder is 0 x = 3 is a root
Put x = -3
x= -3 2 5 -3
0 -6 3
2 -1 0

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 Remainder is 0 x = -3is also a root
Note Clearly sum of two of its roots 3 -3 = 0 vanishes
2x -1 = 0
2x = 1
x=½
solution x = 3, x = -3, x=½
14. Find all zeros of the polynomial x6 – 3x5 – 5x4 + 22x3 – 39x2 – 39x + 135 if it is known that
1+2i and √𝟑 are two of its roots (Eg 3.3 (5))
Solution :
The root are 1 +2i, 1-2i, √3 , -√3 ,  , 
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 5
Σ1 = 1 + 2𝑖 + 1 − 2𝑖 + √3 − √3 + 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − -
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 6
−(−3)
2++ = =3
1
 +  = 1 …………… (1)
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Σ6 = (1 + 2𝑖)(1 − 2𝑖)(√3)(− √3) 𝛼𝛽 =
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 6
(12 + 22) (-3)  = 135 / 1 = 135
(1 + 4) (-3)  = 135
5(-3) = 135
135
 = −15 = -9
 = -9
x – () x +  = 0
2

x2 – x – 9 = 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 1 ± √(−1)2 −4(1)(−9) 1 ± √1+36 1 ± √37
𝑥= = = =
2𝑎 2 2 2
1+ √37 1− √37
Solution : 1 + 2𝑖, 1 − 2𝑖, √3 , − √3 , ,
2 2

15. Solve the equation: x4 – 9x2 + 20 = 0 (Eg: 3.16)

Put x2 = y 20
y2 – 9y + 20 = 0 -5 -4 -9
(y – 5) (y -4) = 0
y =5, y=4
y = 5 If x2 = 5  x = √5
y = 4 If x2 = 4  x =  2
Solution x = 2, -2, √5 , −√5

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 Solve the equation: x4 – 14x2 + 45 = 0 Eg: 3.3(7)
Put x2 = y 45
y2 – 14y + 45 = 0 -9 -5 -14
(y – 9) (y -5) = 0
y = 9, y=5
y = 9 If x = 9  x = 3
2

y = 5 If x2 = 5  x = √5
Solution x = 3, -3, √5 , −√5
16. Solve: 6x4 – 35x3 + 62x2 – 35x + 6 = 0 (Eg3.5.5 (i)
Solution: This is a reciprocal equation
x = 2put
x=2 6 -35 62 -35 6
0 12 -46 32 -6
6 -23 16 -3 0
Remainder is 0 , x = 2 is a root
x = 3 is a root
x=3 6 -23 16 -3
0 18 -15 3
6 -5 1 0
6x2 – 5x + 1 = 0
1 1
(𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 2) = 0
Since the given equation is a reciprocal equation
x = 2, x = 3 are roots x = ½, x =1/3 are also root
/ Solution x = 2, x =3, x = ½, x = 1/3
17. Solve: 6x – 5x -38x – 5x + 6 = 0, if it is known that x = 1/3 is a solution
4 3 2

Solution: This is a reciprocal equation

Given x = 1/3 is a root x = 3 is a root
x=3 6 -5 -38 -5 6
0 18 39 3 -6
x = -2 6 13 1 -2 0 x = -2
0 -12 -2 2
6 1 -1 0
Remainder x = -2 is a solution
The given equation is a reciprocal equation x = -1/2 is also a solution
/Solution x = 3, x =1/3, x = -2, x = -½

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18. Solve : x4 – 10x3 +26x2 – 10x + 1 = 0 (Eg: 3.28)
Solution:
1
Put : 𝑥+ = 𝑦
𝑥

𝑦 2 – 10𝑦 + 24 = 0 24
(𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 − 6) = 0 -4 -6 -10
y=4 , y=6
1 𝑥 2 +1
(i) If y = 4 𝑥 + 𝑥= 4  = 4  x2 + 1 = 4x
𝑥

−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 𝑥= a = 1, b = -4, c = 1
2𝑎

4 ± √(−4)2 −4(1)(1) 4 ± √16−4 4 ± √12

x= = =
2 2 2
4 ± √4 ×3 4 ±2 √3 2 (2 ± √3)
= = = = (2 ± √3)
2 2 2
1 𝑥 2 +1
(ii) If y = 6  𝑥 + =6 = 6  x2 + 1 = 6x
𝑥 𝑥

6 ± √(−6)2 −4(1)(1)
x2 – 6x + 1 = 0 x= 2
6 ± √36 − 4 6 ± √32 6 ± √16 ×2
x= = =
2 2 2
6 ± 4√2
= = 3 ± 2 √2
2

Solution: 2 + √3, 2 − √3 , 3 + 2 √2 , 3 − 2√2

19. Discuss the maximum possible number of positive and negative roots of the polynomial
equation 9x9 – 4x8 + 4x7 – 3x6 + 2x5 + x3 + 7x2 + 7x + 2 = 0 (Ex: 3.6(1))
Solution : P(x) = 9x9 – 4x8 + 4x7 – 3x6 + 2x5 + x3 + 7x2 + 7x + 2 = 0
P(x) + - + - + + + + +

1 2 3 4
Number of sign changes in P(x) is 4
Maximum number of positive roots is 4
P(-x): - - - - - - + - +
1 2 3
Number of sign changes in P(-x) is 3
Maximum number of negative roots is = Total roots - positive roots
=9-7=2

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20. Determine the number of positive and negative roots of the equation x9 – 5x8 – 14x7
(Eg: 3.6(4))
Solution : P(x) = 9x – 4x + 4x
9 8 7

P(x) = + - -
1
Number of sign changes in P(x) is 1
Maximum number of positive roots is 1
P(-x) = - - +
1
Number of sign changes in P(-x) is 1
Maximum number of negative roots is 1
21. Find the exact number of real roots and imaginary of the polynomial
x9 + 9x7 + 7x5 + 5x3 + 3x (Eg: 3.6(5))
Solution : P(x) = + + + + +
No sign change
No positive real root
P(-x) = - - - - -
No sign change
No negative real root
Since there is no constant term x = 0 is a root
/ There are 8 imaginary roots
22. Show that the polynomial 9x9 + 2x5 – x4 – 7x2 + 2 = 0 has atleast six
imaginary roots. (Eg: 3.30)
Solution: P(x) = + + - - +

1 2
Number of sign changes in P(x) is 2
Maximum number of positive roots is 2
P(-x) = - - - - +
1
Number of sign changes in P(-x) is 1
Maximum number of negative roots is 1
There is a constant term (2) in P(x)
Zero is not a root
Minimum number of imaginary roots is
9 – (2 +1) = 9 -3 = 6

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 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Important Points:
Function Domain Range
−1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 [−1, 1] [− 𝜋⁄2 , 𝜋⁄2]
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 [−1, 1] [0 , 𝜋]
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑅 (− 𝜋⁄2 , 𝜋⁄2)

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 𝑅 \ (−1, 1) [− 𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2] \ {0}

𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 𝑅 \ (−1, 1) [0 , 𝜋] \ {𝜋⁄2}

𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 𝑅 (0 , 𝜋)
2𝜋
If y = A sinx then the period = |𝛼|
and amplitude = |𝐴|

2 & 3 Mark Questions

1. Find the value of 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅⁄𝟑)
Solution:
𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin (𝜋 − ))
3
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin(𝜋⁄3))
= 𝜋⁄3  [− 𝜋⁄2 , 𝜋⁄2]
𝟓𝝅
2. Find the value of 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 )
𝟒
Solution:
𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin (𝜋 + ))
4
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−sin(𝜋⁄4))
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin(− 𝜋⁄4))
= - 4  [− 𝜋⁄2 , 𝜋⁄2]
𝜋

𝟕𝝅
3. Find the value of 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ))
𝟔
Solution:
𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos (𝜋 + ))
6
𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−cos )
6
−1 𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (cos (𝜋 − ))
6
5𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos )
6
5𝜋
= ∈ [0 , 𝜋]
6

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 𝟓𝝅
4. Find the value: 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 )
𝟒
Solution:
5𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (tan ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (tan (𝜋 + ))
4 4
−1 𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (tan ⁄4)
=  (− 𝜋⁄2 , 𝜋⁄2)
𝜋
4
𝟐
5. Find the principal value of 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 ( )
√𝟑
Solution:
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (2⁄ ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (√3⁄2) = 𝜋⁄6
√3
1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
𝑥
6. 𝒄𝒐𝒕 (𝟏⁄𝟕) =  Find the value of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 
−𝟏

Solution:
 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (1⁄7)
cot  = 1⁄7  tan  = 7
sec  = √1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃= √1 + 49 =√50 = 5√2
1
cos  = 5√2
7. Find the principal value: 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 (−√𝟐)
Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−√2) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−1⁄ )
√2
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1⁄ ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
√2
= −𝜋⁄4 𝑥 𝜀 [−1, 1]
8. 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 )in Domain
Solution:
−1 ≤ 2 − 3𝑥 2 ≤ 1
(-2) −3 ≤ −3𝑥 2 ≤ −1
(3) −1 ≤ −𝑥 2 ≤ − 1⁄3
(-1) 1 ≥ 𝑥 2 ≥ 1⁄3
1 ≥ |𝑥| ≥ 1⁄ [ ] [ ]
√3
1 −1 1
≤ |𝑥| ≤ 1 -1 1
√3 √3 √3

𝑥𝜀 [−1, − 1⁄ ] ∪ [1⁄ , 1]
√3 √3

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9. 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 [𝐜𝐨𝐬(− 𝝅⁄𝟔)] ≠ − 𝝅⁄𝟔 True? Justify your answer
Sol:
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos(− 𝜋⁄6))= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos 𝜋⁄6)=𝜋⁄6

𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos(− 𝜋⁄6)) ≠ − 𝜋⁄6

𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
10. Find the Domain F(x) =𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝟐𝒙
)

Sol:
𝑥2 + 1
| | ≤1
2𝑥
𝑥 2 + 1 ≤ 2 |𝑥|
𝑥 2 + 1 − 2 |𝑥| ≤ 0
(|𝑥| − 1)2 ≤ 0
|𝑥| − 1 ≤ 0
𝑥 [−1, 1]
𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
11. 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 ( ) Find the Domain
𝟑
2 + sin 𝑥
Sol: -1 ≤ ≤1
3
(x 3)  −3 ≤ 2 + sin 𝑥 ≤ 3
(-2)  −5 ≤ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 x ≤ 1
−5 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1
− 𝜋⁄ ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋⁄
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 ∈ [− ⁄2 , ⁄2]
𝟓𝝅 𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝝅
12. Find the value 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 . 𝒔𝒊𝒏 )
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗
Sol:
5𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin ( + ))
9 9
6𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin ( ))
9

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin(2𝜋⁄3))

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin(𝜋 − 𝜋⁄3))

𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin )
3

∈ [− 𝜋⁄2 , 𝜋⁄2]
𝜋
=
3

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 Applications of vector Algebra

Important Points:
1. 𝑎 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 ||⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = |⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

2. 𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 ||⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = |⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ̂
𝑛

3. 𝐹 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Work done 𝑊 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑
4. Torque ⃗⃗⃗𝑡 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹

5. 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 are coplanar vectors  [⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = 0

6. 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠  ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 = 0
7. 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 are parallel vectors  𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
0

8. Volume of parallelepiped with coterminous vectors 𝑉 = |[⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ]| Cubic units

2 marks/ 3 marks question

1. Cosine formulae:
With usual notations in ABC, prove a2 = b2 +c2 – 2bc cos A
Solution:

In𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = 0
𝑎 = −( ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 + ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 )
(𝑎) = (𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 )2
2

𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 . ⃗⃗⃗𝑐
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2 𝑏𝑐 cos(𝜋 − 𝐴)
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2 𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴

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2. With usual notations prove that in  𝐴𝐵𝐶 , prove 𝑎 = 𝑏 cos 𝐶 + 𝑐 cos 𝐵 by vector
method .
Solution:

In 𝐴𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑏
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗⃗ = 0
⃗⃗⃗ = − 𝑏
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑎
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = − 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗⃗ . 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗
2
𝑎 = −𝑏𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 − 𝐶) − 𝑐𝑎 cos(𝜋 − 𝐵)
𝑎2 = 𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶 + 𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵
𝑎 = 𝑏 cos 𝐶 + 𝑐 cos 𝐵

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
3. With usual notations in 𝐴𝐵𝐶 prove that sin 𝐴
= sin 𝐵
= sin 𝐶
by vector method
Solution:

Area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶
1 1 1
|𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| = 2 |𝑏⃗ × 𝑐| = 2 |𝑐 × 𝑎|
2
|𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| = |𝑏⃗ × 𝑐 | = |𝑐 × 𝑎|
𝑎𝑏 sin(𝜋 − 𝐶) = 𝑏𝑐 sin(𝜋 − 𝐴) = 𝑐𝑎sin(𝜋 − 𝐵)
𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 = 𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑎 sin 𝐵
sin 𝐶 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =  sin 𝐴 = =
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶

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4. ̂ and−𝒊̂ − 𝟐 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
A particle acted upon by constant forces 𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝟓 𝒋̂ + 𝟔 𝒌 ̂ is displaced
from the point (4, -3, -2) to the point (6, 1, -3) find the total workdone by the forces:
Solution:
𝐹 = (2 𝚤̂ + 5 𝑗̂ + 6 𝑘̂) + (−𝚤̂ − 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ )
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 = 𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 5 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 𝐴𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (6 𝚤̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂) − ( 4𝚤̂ − 3 𝑗̂ − 2 𝑘̂)
= 6 𝚤̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂ − 4𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 2 𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
The work done 𝑊 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐹 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑
= (𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 5 𝑘̂). (2 𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂)
= 2 + 12 – 5 = 9 Units
5. A particle is acted upon by the forces 𝟑 𝒊̂ − 𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝟐 𝒌 ̂ and 𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
̂ is displaced
from the point(𝟏, 𝟑, −𝟏) to the point (𝟒, −𝟏, ). If the work done by the forces is 16
units, find the value of 
Solution:
𝐹 = (3 𝚤̂ − 2 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂) + (2 𝚤̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂)
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 = 5𝚤̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = (4 𝚤̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝜆𝑘̂) − (𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂)
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 4 𝚤̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝜆𝑘̂ − 𝚤̂ − 3 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 3 𝚤̂ − 4 𝑗̂ + (𝜆 + 1) 𝑘̂
Given W = 16
𝐹 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑 = 16
(5 𝚤̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘). (3 𝚤̂ − 4 𝑗̂ + (𝜆 + 1)𝑘̂) = 16
̂
15 + 4 + 𝜆 + 1 = 16
𝜆 + 20 = 16
𝜆 = 16 − 20
𝜆 = −4
6. A particle is acted upon by the forces 8𝑖̂ − 2 𝑗̂ + 6 𝑘̂ and 6𝚤̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2 𝑘̂ is displaced from
the point(1, 2, 3) to the point (5,4, −1). Find the total work done by the forces.
Solution:
= (8 𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 6 𝑘̂) + (6 𝚤̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2 𝑘̂ )
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹
= 14𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ − 8 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹
⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (5 𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) − (𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂)
𝑑
⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 5 𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ − 𝚤̂ − 2 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂
𝑑
⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 4 𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 2 𝑘̂
𝑑
The work done 𝑊 = 𝐹 . 𝑑
= (14 𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ − 8 𝑘̂). (4 𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂)
= 56 + 8 + 16
= 80 Units

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7. ̂ and
Forces of magnitudes 𝟓√𝟐 and 𝟏𝟎√𝟐 units acting in the directions 𝟑 𝒊̂ + 𝟒 𝒋̂ + 𝟓 𝒌
̂ respectively, act on a particle which is displaced from the point with
𝟏𝟎 𝒊̂ + 𝟔 𝒋̂ − 𝟖 𝒌
̂ to the point with position vector 𝟔 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝟑 𝒌
position vectors 𝟒 𝒊̂ − 𝟑 𝒋̂ − 𝟐 𝒌 ̂ Find the

work done by the forces.

̂)
5√2(3 𝑖̂+4 𝑗̂ +5 𝑘 ̂)
10√2(10 𝑖̂+16 𝑗̂ −8 𝑘
Solution: 𝐹= +
5√2 10√2

𝐹 = 13𝚤̂ + 10 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂
𝑑 = (6 𝚤̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂) − (4 𝚤̂ − 3 𝑗̂ − 2 𝑘̂)

𝑑 = 6 𝚤̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂ − 4𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂
𝑑 = 2 𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
Work done 𝑊 = 𝐹 . 𝑑
= (13 𝚤̂ + 10 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂). (2 𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂)
W = 26 + 40 + 3 = 69 Units
Torque(𝒕) :
If a force 𝐹 is applied on the particle at a point with position vector 𝑟 then the
torque or moment on the particle is given by ⃗⃗⃗𝑡 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹
8. Find the magnitude and the direction cosines of the torque about the point (2, 0, -1) of the
̂ , Whose line of action passes through the origin.
force 𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝒌

Solution:-
𝐹 = 2 𝚤̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑂 =−2 𝚤̂ + 𝑘̂
The torque ⃗⃗⃗𝑡 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐹
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
= |−2 0 1 |
2 1 −1
= 𝚤̂(0 − 1) − 𝑗̂(2 − 2) + 𝑘̂ (−2 − 0)
=−𝚤̂ − 2 𝑘̂
Magnitude = √1 + 4 = √5
−1 −2
Direction cosine ⟹ ( , 0, )
√5 √5

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9. Find the magnitude and direction cosines of the torque of a force represented
̂ about the point with the position vector 2𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌
by 𝟑 𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟓𝒌 ̂ acting
̂
through a point whose position vector is 𝟒𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌
Solution :
𝐹 = 3 ̂𝚤 + 4 ̂𝑗 − 5𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟 = (4 ̂𝚤 + 2 ̂𝑗 − 3𝑘̂) − (2 ̂𝚤 − 3 ̂𝑗 + 4𝑘̂ )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟 = 4 ̂𝚤 + 2 ̂𝑗 − 3𝑘̂ − 2 ̂𝚤 + 3 ̂𝑗 − 4𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟⃗⃗⃗ = 2 ̂𝚤 + 5 ̂𝑗 − 7𝑘̂
Torque ⃗⃗⃗𝑡 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐹
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
= |2 5 −7| = 𝚤̂(−25 + 28) − 𝑗̂(−10 + 21) + 𝑘̂ (8 − 15)
3 4 −5
= 3 𝚤̂ − 11 𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂

Magnitude = √9 + 121 + 49 = √179

3 −11 −7
Direction cosine =( , , )
√179 √179 √179

10. ̂,
Find the torque of the resultant of the three forces represented by−𝟑 𝒊̂ + 𝟔 𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌
̂
𝟒 𝒊̂ − 𝟏𝟎 𝒋̂ + 𝟏𝟐𝒌 and 𝟒 𝒊̂ + 𝟕𝒋̂ 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
̂
8𝒊̂ − 𝟔 𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌
Hint: ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹1 + ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐹3 = 5 𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 9𝑘̂
𝐹2 + ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = −10 𝚤̂ − 9 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂
Torque ⃗⃗⃗𝑡 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹
⃗⃗⃗𝑡 = −96 𝚤̂ + 115 𝑗̂ + 15𝑘̂
11. Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are given by the vectors
𝟐 𝒊̂ − 𝟑 𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌̂ , ̂𝒊 + 𝟐 𝒋̂ − 𝒌 ̂ and 𝟑 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌̂
Solution: 𝑎 = 2 𝚤̂ − 3 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = 3 𝚤̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
2 −3 4
𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
[⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = |1 2 −1|
3 −1 2
= 2(4 – 1) + 3 (2 + 3) + 4(−1 − 6)
= 6 + 15 – 28 = −7
/ Volume of 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑 = 7 Cubic units

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12. ̂, 2𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
Show that the vectors 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌 ̂ ̂ are coplanar;
and 𝟑 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
1 2 −3
Solution: [⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 , 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = |2 −1 2 |
3 1 −1
= 1(1 – 2) − 2 (−2 − 3) − 3(2 + 3)
= 1(−1) – 2(−8) − 3(5)
= −1 + 16 − 15
𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
[⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = 0
𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐
are coplanar vectors
13. The volume of parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are
̂, 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝒌̂ , − 𝟑 𝒊̂ + 𝟕𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌̂ is 90 cubic units. Find the value of 𝝀
𝒊̂ + 𝝀𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌
Solution: [𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ , 𝑐 ] = 90
7 𝜆 −3
|1 2 −1| = 90
−3 7 5
7 (10 + 7) − 𝜆 (5 − 3) − 3 (7 + 6) = 90
7(17) − 𝜆 (2) – 3(13) = 90
119 − 2 𝜆 – 39 = 90
−2 𝜆 + 80 = 90
−2 𝜆 = 10
𝜆 = −5
14. Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌 𝒃 = 𝒊̂ , and ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒊̂ + ̂
𝒄𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝒄𝟑 𝒌 If 𝒄𝟏 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟐 such
that 𝒂 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 are coplanar.

Solution: [⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = 0

1 1 1
|1 0 0| = 0
1 2 𝑥
1(0) – 1(x) + 1(2-0) = 0
-x + 2 = 0
-x = -2  x = 2

15. If ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂, ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝒂 = 𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂ , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
𝒃 = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌 ̂ Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 . (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃 × ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 )
1 −2 3
Solution: ⃗ ⃗
𝑎 . (𝑏 × 𝑐 ) = [𝑎𝑏𝑐 ]= |2 1 −2|
3 2 1
= 1(1 + 4) + 2(2 + 6) + 3(4-3)
= 1(5) + 2(8) + 3(1)
= 5 + 16 + 3
= 24

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16. 𝒂 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
If the vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 are coplanar, then prove that the vectors
𝒂 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃 + ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 > ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒓
Solution: 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟  [⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = 0
𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
[⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 + ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 ] = 2 [⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = 0
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 + ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟 vectors.
17. 𝒂 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
If ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 are three vectors, prove that
[⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒂 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 + ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒂 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒂 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃 + ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 ] = [⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 ]
Solution :
1 0 1
[⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 + ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = |1 1 0| [⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ]
1 1 1
= [⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 , 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ]
𝟐
18. 𝒂 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Prove that [⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃 × ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒂 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 ] = [⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 ]
Solution :
𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
[ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 × ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 ] = (⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 ) . [(⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 × ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ) × (⃗⃗⃗𝑐 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 )]
= (⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 ) . {[⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ]⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 ]⃗⃗⃗𝑐 − [𝑏 𝑎}
=[⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 ](⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 ) . ⃗⃗⃗𝑐
𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
=[⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ][⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ]
2
𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
= [ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ]
Note:
1. 𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 ≠ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 × 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗
2. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 × (𝑏⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗⃗ ) ≠ (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ ) × 𝑐⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏
19. 𝒂 = 𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
If ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂, 𝒃⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌 ̂, ̂ Find
⃗⃗⃗𝒄 = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
𝒂 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(i) (⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 ) × ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 𝒂 × ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 × ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 )
Solution :
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 = |1 −2 3 |
2 1 −2
= 𝚤̂(4 − 3) − 𝑗̂(−2 − 6) + 𝑘̂(1 + 4)
= 𝚤̂ + 8𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 ) × ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = |1 8 5|
3 2 1
= 𝚤̂(8 − 10) − 𝑗̂(1 − 15) + 𝑘̂(2 − 24)
= -2𝚤̂ + 14𝑗̂ − 22𝑘̂

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 𝚤̂ ̂𝑗 𝑘̂
ii) ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 × 𝑐⃗⃗ = |2 1 −2|
3 2 1
= ̂𝚤 (1 + 4) − ̂𝑗 (2 + 6) + 𝑘̂(4 − 3)
= 5 ̂𝚤 − 8 ̂𝑗 + 𝑘̂
𝚤̂ ̂𝑗 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 × ( 𝑏 × ⃗⃗𝑐 ) = |1 −2 3|
5 −8 1
= ̂𝚤 (−2 + 24) − ̂𝑗 (1 − 15) + 𝑘̂(−8 + 10)
= 22 ̂𝚤 + 14 ̂𝑗 + 2𝑘̂
20. For any vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 Prove that
𝒊̂ × (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 × 𝒊̂) + 𝒋̂ × (⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ × (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 × 𝒋̂) + 𝒌 ̂ )= 2𝒂
𝒂 × 𝒌 ⃗
Solution :
𝑎 = 𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂
Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗
̂𝚤 × (⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝚤 = ( ̂𝚤 . ̂)
𝑎 × ̂) 𝑎 − ( ̂𝚤 . ̂)
𝚤 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 ̂𝚤 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 − 𝑥 ̂𝚤
̂𝚤 × (𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ × ̂)
𝚤 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 − 𝑥 ̂𝚤 …………….. (1)
̂𝑗 × (𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ × ̂𝑗 ) = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 − 𝑦 ̂𝑗 …………….. (2)
̂ ⃗⃗⃗ × ̂
𝑘 × (𝑎 𝑎 −𝑧 ̂
𝑘 ) = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑘 …………….. (3)
(1) + (2) + (3)
 ̂𝚤 × (𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ × ̂𝚤 ) + ̂ 𝑎 × ̂𝑗 ) + 𝑘̂ × (𝑎
𝑗 × (⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ × ̂
𝑘)
= 3⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 − 𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎

21. 𝒂 – ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Prove that [⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃 – ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 – ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂]=𝟎
Solution :
𝑎 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
[⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎]
1 −1 0
=| 0 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 −1| [⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ]
−1 0 1
= [1(1 − 0) + 1(0 − 1) + 0][𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ , 𝑐 ]

= (1 − 1)[𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ , 𝑐 ]
= 0

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22. Find the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the
𝒙−𝟏 𝒚+𝟑 𝟖−𝒛
straight line passing through the point (−𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒) 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒐 = =
−𝟒 𝟓 𝟔
Solution : 𝑎 = −2𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 4 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = −4𝚤̂ + 5 𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂
Parametric vector equation:
𝑎 + 𝑡⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = (−2𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 4 𝑘̂) + 𝑡(−4𝚤̂ + 5 𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂)
Cartesian equation:
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧 −𝑧1
= =
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
𝑥+2 𝑦−3 𝑧−4
= =
−4 5 −6
23. Find the direction cosines of the straight line passing through the points (5, 6, 7)
and (7, 9, 13) also, find the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian
equations of the straight line through two given points
Solution: 𝑎 = 5𝚤̂ + 6 𝑗̂ + 7 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 7𝚤̂ + 9 𝑗̂ + 13𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 = 2𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂
𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 3 6
Direction cosines: (7 , , 7)
7
Parametric vector equation:
𝑎 + 𝑡(⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎)
/ ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = (5𝚤̂ + 6 𝑗̂ + 7 𝑘̂) + 𝑡(2𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂)
Cartesian equation:
𝑥−5 𝑦−6 𝑧−7
= =
2 3 6
24. ⃗ =
Find the acute angle between 𝒓 ̂ ), and
(𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂) + 𝒕(𝒊̂ + 𝟐 𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌
̂ ) + 𝑺(−𝒊̂ − 𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒓 = (𝒊̂ − 𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝟒 𝒌 ̂)
Solution: ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = −𝚤̂ − 2 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
⃗ . 𝑑|
|𝑏 |−1−4−4| |−9| 9
cos 𝜃 = ⃗ ||𝑑 |
|𝑏
= = =9 = 1
√1+4+4√1+4+4 √9 √9
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1)
𝜃 = 0𝑜

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 Differentials and partial Derivatives

Important Points:
1. 𝐿(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓′(𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ), ∀ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)
(or)
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆ 𝑥) ≈ (𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)∆𝑥
2. Absolute error = Actual error – Approximate error
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
3. Relative error =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
4. Percentage error = Relative error x 100
5. Differential of 𝑓; 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑓′(𝑥)∆𝑥
6. Recall, Differentiation formulae

2> 3 Mark questions

1. Evaluate 𝒅𝒇 for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑 and 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
Solution: 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑓’(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑓 = (2𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
= (2(3) + 3) (0.02)
𝑑𝑓 = 0.18
2. Find an approximate value at given point:
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐, 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟐
Solution:
L(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓′(𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 12 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 𝑓(2) = 8 − 10 + 12 = 10
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 5 𝑓′(𝑥0 ) = 𝑓′(2) = 12 − 5 = 7
𝐿(𝑥) = 10 + 7(𝑥 − 2)
= 10 + 7𝑥 – 14
= 7𝑥 – 4
𝟐⁄
3. Find the differential dy, 𝒚 = (𝟑 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙) 𝟑

2 1⁄
Solution: 𝑑𝑦 = 3 (3 + sin 2𝑥)− 3 (2 cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 1 [ ∵ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦’ 𝑑𝑥]
3 (3+sin 2𝑥) ⁄3

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4. Assume that the cross section of the artery of human is circular. A drug is given to
patient to dilate his arteries of the radius of an artery is increased from 2mm to
2.1mm, how much is cross sectional area increased approximately?
Solution:
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑓′(𝑥)∆𝑥
r = 2mm, dr = 2.1-2 = 0.1mm
Cross sectional area = 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
= 2 ×  x 2 x 0.1
𝑑𝐴 = 0.4𝑚𝑚2
5. A circular plate expands uniformly under the influence of heat. If the radius
increased from 10.5cm to 10.75cm, there find an approximate change in the area
and the approximate percentage changes in the area
𝑟 = 10.5, 𝑑𝑟 = 10.75 – 10.50
= 0.25
Solution
Area of circle = 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝐴 = 𝜋(2𝑟𝑑𝑟)
= 2(10.5) (0.25)
𝑑𝐴 = 5.25𝜋𝑐𝑚2
𝑑𝐴 5.25 𝜋
Percentage error = 𝐴
× 100 = 𝜋(10.5)2 × 100 = 4.762%

5 marks Questions
𝟏
1. Show that the percentage error in the nth root of a number is approximately 𝒏
times the percentage error in the numbers
1
Proof:: 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑛

log 𝑦 = 1⁄𝑛 log 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥
× 100 = 𝑛 ( 𝑥 × 100)
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1
× 100 = (percentage error in the number hence proved)
𝑦 𝑛

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2. The trunk of a tree has diameter 30cm. During the following year, the
circumference grew 6cm. (1) Approximately, how much did the tree’s diameter
grow? II) What is the percentage increase in area of the tree’s cross section?
Solution: Diameter d = 30cm Radius r = 15cm
𝑖.Increase in circumference = 6
2𝜋𝑟2 − 2𝜋𝑟1 = 6
6
Approximate change in diameter = 2(𝑟2 − 𝑟1 ) = 𝜋
6 3 3
𝑖𝑖. 2(𝑟2 − 𝑟1 ) = 𝜋  𝑟2 − 𝑟1 =  dr = 𝜋
𝜋
A = 𝜋𝑟 2  dA = 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
3
= 2𝜋(15) 𝜋
= 90cm2
𝑑𝐴 90 40
Percentage increase = 𝐴
× 100 = 𝜋(15)2
× 100 = 𝜋
%
3. The time T taken for a complete oscillation of a simple pendulum with length 𝒍 is
𝒍
given by the equation T = 𝟐𝝅√𝒈 , where g is a constant. Find the approximate
percentage error in the calculate value of T corresponding to an error of 2 percent
in the value of 𝒍.
Solution:
2𝑙
d 𝑙 = (2%) 𝑙 = 100
𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑔

log 𝑇 = log 2𝜋 + 1⁄2 log 𝑙 − 1⁄2 log 𝑔

𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑙
× 100 = 2𝑙 × 100
𝑇
2𝑙 100
= ×
100 2𝑙
𝑑𝑇
 × 100 = 1%
𝑇
4. A sphere is made of ice having radius 10cm its radius decreases from 10cm to 9.8cm.
Find approximately for the following:
i) Change in the volume ii) Change in surface area:
Solution: r = 10, dr = 9.8 -10 = -0.2
4
i) Volume of the sphere : V = 3 𝜋𝑟 3
dV =4⁄3 𝜋(3𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟)
= 4 𝜋(10)2 (−0.2)
dV = -80 cm3
ii. Surface area of the sphere:
𝑆 = 4 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑆 = 4𝜋 (2𝑟𝑑𝑟)
= 8𝜋(10) (−0.2)  −16 𝜋𝑐𝑚2

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5. A right circular cylinder has radius r = 10cm and height h = 20cm. Suppose that
the radius of the cylinder is increased from 10cm to 10.1cm and the height does not
change. Estimate the change in the volume of the cylinder. Also calculate the
relative error and percentage error.
Solution :
i. Absolute error = Actual error – Approximate error
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
ii. Relative error =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
iii. Percentage error = Relative error x 100
Given
r = 10 cm, h = 20 cm ; dr = 10.1 – 10.0 = 0.1cm
2 2
Volume of the cylinder 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ = 20 𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑉 = 40 𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
= 40 𝜋(10)(0.1)
Approximation error = 40 𝜋𝑐 3
Actual error  𝑉(10.1) – 𝑉(10)
 2040.2𝜋 − 2000𝜋
 40.2𝜋𝑐𝑚3
Absolute error = Actual error – Approximate error
= 40.2 𝜋 − 40𝜋
= 0.2𝜋
0.2𝜋
Relative error =40.2 𝜋 = 0.00497
Percentage error = Relative error x 100 = 0.00497 x 100 = 0.497
𝟐⁄
6. Find an approximate value (𝟏𝟐𝟑) using 𝑳(𝒙) 𝟑
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥0 = 125, ∆𝑥 = −2
2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ⁄3 , 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 25
W.K.T. 𝑓(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) ≈ 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓′(𝑥0 ) ∆𝑥
2 2 1⁄
(123) ⁄3 =25 + 3𝑥 1⁄3 (−2) |∵ 𝑥 1⁄3 = (125) 3
2 1⁄
= 25 + × (−2) =(53 ) 3
3 ×5
4
= 25 − 15 = 5
= 25 – 0.2666
2⁄
/ (123) 3 = 24.7334
7. 𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 , 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟕 find an approximate value of 𝟑√𝟐𝟕. 𝟐
Solution: 𝑥 = 27
3
𝑓(𝑥) = √27 = 3
𝑊. 𝐾. 𝑇. 𝑓(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) ≈ 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓(𝑥0 ) ∆𝑥
1
𝑓(27.2) = 3 + 3𝑥 2⁄3 × 0.2
1
= 3+ × 0.2
3 ×9
2
= 3+ 270
3
/√27.3 = 3 + 0.0074
= 3.0074

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 Applications of Integral Calculus

Important points:
b
 The curve y = f(x), Area lies above the x - axis A =  ydx
a

b
 The curve y = f(x) Area lies below the x - axis A =   ydx
a

d
 The curve x = g(y), Area lies right of y - axis A=  xdy
c

d
 The curve x = g(y), Area lies Left of y – axis A =   xdy
c

 Common area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) , 𝑦𝐿 = 𝑔(𝑥)about x-axis
b
A=   yu  y L dx
a

 Common area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑥𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑦), 𝑥𝐿 = 𝑔(𝑦)about y-axis
d
A =  xu  xL dy
c

 If 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)then f is an odd function

 If 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)then f is an even function

𝑛!
x e
n  ax
 Gamma Integral : dx =
𝑎𝑛+1
0

a a
  f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx
0 0

b b
 
a
f ( x)dx   f (a  b  x)dx
a

1
𝑚! ×𝑛!
 x (1  x) n dx =(𝑚+𝑛+1)!
m

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 2 and 3 marks question
 Reduction formulae:
  𝑛−1 𝑛−3 2
2 2 … … .. .1; 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑛 𝑛−2 3
𝐼𝑛 =  sin n xdx   cosn xdx = {𝑛−1 𝑛−3 1 𝜋
0 0 …….. . ; 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑛 𝑛−2 2 2

2
1. Evaluate:  sin10 xdx
0

Solution:
9 7 5 3 1 𝜋 63 𝜋
n = 10, 𝐼10 = . . . . . =
10 8 6 4 2 2 512

2
2. Evaluate:  cos7 xdx
0

Solution:
6 4 2 16
n = 7, 𝐼7 = . . .1 =
7 5 3 35


Evaluate::  sin 2 x  cos4 x dx

2
3.
0

Solution:
 
2 2
I =  sin 2 xdx +  cos4 xdx
0 0

= 𝐼2 + 𝐼4
1 𝜋 3 1 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
= .2 + .2 .2 = + =
2 4 4 16 16


Evaluate  sin 2 x  cos4 x dx

2
4.
0

Solution:


 
2
I =  1  cos2 x cos4 xdx
0
 
2 2

 cos xdx −  cos6 xdx

4
=
0 0

= 𝐼4 − 𝐼6
3 1 𝜋 5 3 1 𝜋 3𝜋 5 𝜋
= .2 .2 − . .2 .2 = (1 − 6) =
4 6 4 16 32

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 
cos4 x 7
2
5. Evaluate::  5 dx
0 sin x 3
Solution:


 
2
I =  3 cos4 x  7 sin5 x dx
0

 
2 2

 cos xdx − 7  sin 5 xdx

4
=3
0 0

= 3𝐼4 − 7𝐼5
3 1 𝜋 4 2 9𝜋 56
= 3 (4 . 2 . 2 ) − 7 (5 . 3 . 1) = −
16 15

4

 sin (2 x)dx
6
6. Evaluate:
0
x 0 𝜋⁄4
t 0 𝜋⁄2
Solution:
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = 2𝑥, = 2, = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
 
2 2
dt 1 1
I =  sin 6 t. =  sin
6
[Link] = 𝐼
2 2 2 6
0 0

1 5 3 1 𝜋 5𝜋
𝐼= ( . . 2 . 2) =
2 6 4 64

6
7. Evaluate:  sin 5 (3 x)dx
0
x 0 𝜋⁄6
t 0 𝜋⁄2
Solution:
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = 3𝑥, = 3, = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3
 
2 2
dt 1 1
I =  sin 5 t. =  sin
5
[Link] = 𝐼
3 3 3 5
0 0

1 4 2 8
𝐼= ( . .1 ) =
3 5 3 45

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 2
x x 0 2𝜋
8. Evaluate:  sin 7 dx
0
4 t 0 𝜋⁄2
Solution:
𝑥 𝑑𝑡 1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = 4, = 4 , 4𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 
2 2
I =  sin 7 t (4dt ) = 4  sin 7 [Link] = 4 𝐼7
0 0

6 4 2 64
𝐼 = 4 [7 . . 3 .1 ] =
5 35

𝑛!
x e
n  ax
 Gamma Integration: dx =
𝑎𝑛+1
, a>0
0

x e
5 3 x
9. Evaluate: dx
0

Solution: n = 5, a = 3
5! 5!
I =35+1 =36


x e
3 x 2
10. Evaluate dx = 32,  > 0 Find 
0


x 0 ∞
I =  x 2 e x ( xdx) = 32
2
Solution::
0 t 0 ∞
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 = 𝑥 2 ,𝑑𝑥= 2x, 2 = x dx
∞ 𝑑𝑡 1 ∞
I =∫0 𝑡. 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 . = 322 ∫0 𝑡1 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 32
2
∞
∫0 𝑡1 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 64 (By Gamma Integral)
1! 1 1
= 64  𝛼 2 =   = 8 (∵ 𝛼 > 0)
𝛼1+1 64
1
𝑚! × 𝑛!
 x (1  x) n dx  (𝑚+𝑛+1)!(Where m and n – are positive integers)
m

0
1
11. Evaluate:  x 3 (1  x) 4 dx
0

Solution: m= 3 , n=4 m+n+1=8

3! × 4! 6 ×4! 1 1
I= 8!
= = =
([Link])×4 ! 8.7.5 280

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 1

x (1  x) 3 dx
2
12. Evaluate:
0

Solution: m = 2, n = 3, m + n + 1 = 6
2 ! × 3 ! 2 ×6 12 1
I= = 720 =720= 60
6!

 Properties of Integral:
a a b b
i.  f ( x)dx =  f (a  x)dx
0 0
ii.  f ( x)dx =  f (a  b  x)dx
a a

a
f ( x)
13. Evaluate:  f ( x)  f (a  x) dx
0

a
f ( x)
Solution I = dx …………… (1)
0
f ( x)  f (a  x)
a a
By property,  f ( x)dx =  f (a  x)dx
0 0

f (a  x)
a
I = dx …………………… (2)
0
f (a  x)  f ( x)

x a – x

f ( x)  f (a  x)
a
(1) + (2)  2I =  dx
0
f ( x)  f (a  x)
a
2I =  dx =[𝑥]0 𝑎 = 𝑎
0

𝑎
I =2
3
x
14. Evaluate: 
2 5 x  x
dx

3
x
Solution I = dx ………………. (1)
2 5 x  x
b b
By property 
a
f ( x)dx =  f (a  b  x)dx
a

5 x
3
I=  2 x  5 x
dx …………………… (2) 𝑥 5– 𝑥

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 x  5 x
3
(1) + (2)  2I =  dx
2 x  5 x
3
2I =  dx =(𝑥)2 3 = 3 − 2 = 1
2
1
I =2

3
8
1
15. Evaluate: 
 1 tan x
dx
8

3
8
1
Solution I= 
 sin x
8
1
cos x
3
8
cos x
I= 
 cos x  sin x
dx ………………… (1)
8

b b
By property,  f ( x)dx =  f (a  b  x)dx
a a
3
8
sin x
I = 
 sin x  cos x
dx …………………. (2)
8

sin x  cos x
3
8
cos x  sin x
(1) + (2)  2𝐼 =  dx
 cos x  sin x
8
3
8
=  dx

8

⁄8
= (𝑥)3𝜋
𝜋⁄8
3𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
2I = 8 − 8
= 8
2𝜋
2I = 8
𝜋
I=8

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 0 ;𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
a

 f ( x)dx ={ 2 f ( x)dx
a

a
;𝑓 is an even function
0


4

 sin
2
16. Evaluate xdx

4

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = (sin 𝑥)2

𝑓(−𝑥) = [sin(−𝑥)]2=(− sin 𝑥)2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥)
f(-x) = f(x) / fis an even function
 
4 4
(1−cos 2𝑥)
𝐼 =2  sin xdx = 2  𝑑𝑥
2
2
0 0

𝜋⁄
sin 2𝑥 4 𝜋 1 𝜋− 2
I = [𝑥 − 2
] = ( 4 − 2) − 0 = 4
0

2
17. Evaluate:  x cos xdx

2

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑓 (−𝑥) = (−𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (−𝑥) = −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

/𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function

2
I=  x cos xdx =0

2

4
𝒅𝒙
18. Evaluate:  3
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒

4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
Solution: I = ∫3 ∵ ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 = log (𝑥+𝑎))
𝑥 2 −22 2𝑎
1 𝑥−2 4
I = [2(2) log (𝑥+2))] a=2
3
1 2 1
=4 [log 6 − log 5]
1
1
= 4 [log ( )] 3
1
5

1 5
=4 log (3)

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 
3
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝜋⁄3

19. Evaluate: 𝒅𝒙 x 0
𝟏+𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
0 t 1 2

𝑑𝑡
Solution: 𝑡 = sec 𝑥 ,𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, dt = secx tan dx
2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
I= 1
1+ 𝑡 2
∵ ∫ 1+ 𝑥 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

2
=[𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡)]1 =𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2) – 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1)
𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2) – 4
9
𝟏
20. Evaluate: 
0
𝒙+ √𝒙
𝒅𝒙 x 0 9

𝑑𝑡
t 0 3
Solution: √𝑥 = 𝑡 , x = 𝑡 2 ,𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡
3 3
1 𝑑𝑡 3
𝐼= 
0
𝑡 2 +𝑡
(2𝑡 𝑑𝑡)= 
0
1 +𝑡
=2 [log(1 + 𝑡)]0

I = 2[log 4 – log 1] = 2 log 4 – 0 = log 42 = log 16

2
𝒙
21. Evaluate: 
1
(𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙+𝟐)
𝒅𝒙

2
𝑥
Solution: 𝐼 = 
1
(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 −1 2
𝐵𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠, (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
= + = +
𝑥+1 𝑥+2 𝑥+1 𝑥+2
2
−1 2
𝐼 = 
1
(𝑥+1 + 𝑥+2
) 𝑑𝑥

=[− log(𝑥 + 1) + 2 log(𝑥 + 2)]12

=[log(𝑥 + 2)2 − log(𝑥 + 1)]12
2
(𝑥+2)2
=[log (𝑥+1)
]
1
16 9
=log ( 3 ) − log (2)
16/3 32
=log ( 9/2 ) =𝑙𝑜𝑔 (27)

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 4
22. Evaluate: 
4
|𝒙 + 𝟑|𝒅𝒙

−(𝑥 + 3) ; 𝑥 < −3
Solution: |𝑥 + 3|={
𝑥+3 ; 𝑥 ≥ −3
3 4
I=  −(𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 +  (𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
4 3

−3 4
𝑥2 𝑥2
=-[ 2 + 3𝑥] + [ 2 + 3𝑥]
−4 −3
9 9
=-[(2 − 9) − (8 − 12)] + [(8 + 12) − (2 − 9)]
9 9
= − [− + 4] + [20 + ]
2 2
9 9
=2 − 4 + 20 + 2
= 16 + 9 = 25

 If n is odd and m is any positive integer (even or odd)


2
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛− 5 2 1
 
0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚+𝑛
. 𝑚+𝑛−2
. 𝑚+ 𝑛 −4
… … . 𝑚+3 . 𝑚+1

 
2 2
 
0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 
0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑚−1 𝑚−3 𝑚− 5 2 1
I= . . … … . 𝑛+3 .
𝑛+𝑚 𝑛+𝑚−2 𝑛+𝑚−2 𝑛+1

 If n or m any one odd


2
23. Evaluate: 
0
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Solution: Here m = 3, n = 5 , m + n = 8
4 2 1 1
I =8 . 6
. 4
= 24
 
2 2
24. Evaluate: 
0
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 
0
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Solution: 𝑚 = 5, 𝑛 = 4 , 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 9
4 2 1 8
I =9 . 7
. 5
= 315

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 PRABABILITY DISTRIBUTION

Random Variable
𝑋 ∶ 𝑆𝑅

Discrete Random variable X has finite Continuous Random variable X has

(or) countably infinite values values in the Interval I is a set of R

Probability mass function Probability density Function

𝑓(𝑥)- P.M.F. 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑝. 𝑑. 𝐹.
𝑓(𝑥)is P.M.F. then 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝. 𝑑. 𝐹.
𝑖. 𝑓(𝑥𝑢 ) 0, 𝑘 = 1, 2, … . 𝑚 𝑖. 𝑓(𝑥)  0 𝑥

𝑖𝑖.  f (x )  1
k
u 𝑖𝑖.  f ( x)dx  1


Cumulative distribution 𝐹(𝑋)Function Cumulative distribution Function𝐹(𝑋)

𝑥
𝐹(𝑋) = 𝑝(𝑋  𝑥) = 
xi x
f ( xi ) 𝐹(𝑋) = 𝑃 (𝑋  𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
−∞
𝑥𝑖 < 𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
−∞<𝑥 < ∞

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 2 Marks Questions
1. Suppose two coins are tossed once. If X denote the number of tails
i) Write the sample space ii) Find the Inverse image of 1
Sample space S= {𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇}
X – denote no of tails in
X = 0, 1, 2 2 tosses
X (HT) = 1 ⇒ H.T = 𝑥 −1 (1)
X (T H) = 1 ⇒ T.H = 𝑥 −1 (1)
∴ 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 image of 1 is {HT, TH}
2. Suppose a pair of unbiased dice is rolled once. If X denote the total score of two
dice write down
i) Sample space ii) Inverse image of 10
(1, 1)(1, 2) … … … … (1, 6)
(2, 1)(2, 2) … … … … . . (2, 6)
S= ..
..
{(6, 1), (1, 2) … … … … (6, 6)}
Let the random variable X- denote sum of the numbers shown in both the dice
X= 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
X (4, 6) = X (5, 5) = X (6, 4) = 10
∴ 𝑋 −1 (10) = (4, 6), 𝑥 −1 (10) = (5, 5)
𝑋 −1 (10) = (6, 4)
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 image of 10 = { (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)}
3. Suppose a discrete random variable can only take the values 0, 1, 2. The
probability mass function is
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
, 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒌
𝟎 , 𝑶𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
Find the out probability mass function
1 1 1+1 2
𝑓(0) = 0 + = , 𝑓(1) = =
𝑘 𝑘 𝐾 𝐾
22 + 1 5
𝑓 (2) = =
𝑘 𝑘
∑ 𝑓 (𝑥𝑘 ) = 1
1 2 5 8
+ + = 1 ⇒ =1
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
k=8
P.M.F.
x 0 1 2
F(x) 1 2 5⁄
8
8 8
Each pi > 0 ∑ 𝑝𝑖 = 1

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4. If X is a random variable with distribution function F(x) given by
Solution:
0 , 𝑥<0
F (x) = {𝑥 , 0 ≤ x < 1 Find the probability density function
1 , 𝑥 ≥ 1
Density function
0 , 𝑥<0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐹′(𝑥) = {1 , 0 ≤ x < 1
0 , 𝑥 ≥ 1

3 Marks Questions
5. An urn contains 5 mangoes and 4 apples. Three fruits are taken at random. If the
number of apples taken is a random variable then. Find the values of the random
variable and number of points in the inverse images. Mango - M
Solution:
S = {4 apples, 5 mangoes} Apple - A
Let the random variable X-denote getting no of apples in 3 draws, X = 0, 1, 2, 3
X(MMM) = 0
X (AMM) = X (MAM) = X (MMA) = 1
X (AAM) = X (AMA) = X (MAA) = 2
X (AAA) = 3
Values of X 0 1 2 3 Total
Number of points in inverse images 1 3 3 1 8

6. Two balls are chosen randomly from an urn containing 6 red and 8 black balls.
Suppose that we win Rs.15 for each red ball selected and we lose Rs.10. For each
black ball selected X-denote the winning amount, then find the values of and
number of points in its inverse images.
S= {6 red, 8 black}
Let the Random variable x- denote the winning amount
X = -20, 05, 30
4
8 ×7
X (BB) = (-10 -10 = -20) [8c2 = = 28
1 × 2
X (RB) = (15 − 10 = 5) [6𝑐1 x 8c1 = 6 x 8 = 48]
X(RB) = X(BR)
3
6×5
X (RR) = 15 + 15 = 30 [6𝑐2 = = 15
1×2

Values of X -20 5 30 Total

Number of elements in inverse image 28 48 15 91

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7. Three fair coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability mass function for
number of heads occurred
S= {HHH, HHT HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
(Let the random variable X denotes number of heads occurred)
X = 0, 1, 2, 3 P(s) = 1/2 4 2 1
P(x = 0) = P(F) x P(F) x P(F) P(F) = 1/2 H H H
1 1 1 1
= x x = H H T
2 2 2 8

P(X =1) = P(s) x P(F) x P(F) x 3 H T H

1 1 1 3
= x x x3= H T T
2 2 2 8
P (X = 2) = P(s) x P(s) x P(F) x 3 T H H
1 1 1 3
= x x x3= T H T
2 2 2 8
1 1 1 1
P(X = 3) = P(s) x P(s) x P(s) = = x x = T T H
2 2 2 8
T T T
P.M.F.:
x 0 1 2 3
f(x) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
All 𝑃𝑖 > 0
Σ 𝑃𝑖 = 1
8. The cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable is given by
0 −∞ < 𝑥 < −1
0.15 −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
0.35 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
F(x) =
0.60 1  𝑥 < 2
0.85 2  𝑥 < 3
{ 1 3  𝑥 <∞
Find the probability mass function of P(X< 1)
The value of X = -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
f(-1) = F (-1) – F (−1) = 0.15 − 0 = 0.15
f(0) = F(0) – F(-1) = 0.35 – 0.15 = 0.20
f(1) = F(1) – F(0) = 0.60 – 0.35 = 0.25
f(2) = F(2) – F(1) = 0.85 – 0.60 = 0.25
f(3) = F(3) – F(2) = 1- 0.85 = 0.15
P.M.F.
X -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.15

P(X < 1) = P(X = -1) + P (x = 0)

= 0.15 + 0.20 = 0.35

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9. A random variable X has the following probability mass function
x 1 2 3 4 5
2 2
f(x) 𝑘 2𝑘 3𝑘 2 2k 3k
Find 1) k ii) P (2≤ 𝑥 < 5)
since f(x) is a P.M.F
Solution:
n

 P( X  x)
x 1
= ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1

𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 3𝑘 = 1
6𝑘 2 + 5𝑘 − 1 = 0 P= -6
(k + 1) (𝑘 − 1⁄6) = 0
6 −1
s= 5 [ , ]
6 6
k+1=0 𝑘 − 1⁄6 = 0
k = -1 k = 1⁄6
no + possible
P (2 ≤ 𝑋 < 5 ) = 𝑃 (𝑥 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 3) + 𝑃 (𝑥 = 4)
= 2𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 2 + 2𝑘
1 1 17
= 5𝑘 2 + 2k = 5 x + 2 × =
36 6 36
𝒌𝒙𝒆−𝟐𝒙 , 𝒙>𝟎
10. The probability during function of X is given by f(x) = { find k
𝟎 , 𝒙 ≤𝟎
Since f(x) is a p.d.f.
Solution:


f ( x)dx  1
∞
k ∫0 𝑥 1 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
∞ 𝑛!
by Gamma Integral ∫0 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
𝑎
n = 1, a = 2
1!
kx =1
21+1
𝑘
=1
4
𝑘 = 4
11. If X is the random variable with distribution F(x) given by
𝟎 , 𝒙<0
𝟏
F(x) = { (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙) , 𝟎 ≤𝒙<1
𝟐
𝟏 , 𝒙 ≥𝟏
Find i) probability density function
ii) P(0.3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.6)

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 Solution:
1
density function f(x) = { (2𝑥 + 1); 0 ≤ x < 1
2
0 ; otherwise
0 , 𝑥<0
1
f(x) = {2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) , 0 ≤𝑥<1
1 , 𝑥 ≥1

P(0.3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.6) = 𝐹 (0.6) − 𝐹(0.3)

1
= [((0.6)2 + 0.6) − (0.3)2 × (0.3)]
2
1
= x 0.57 = 0.285
2

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

Important Points:
Let * be a binary operation on S
i) Closure property : ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑆 ⟹ 𝑎∗𝑏 ∈𝑆
ii) Commutative property : ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑆 [a * b = b * a]
iii) Associative property : 𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗ 𝑐 ) = (𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐 ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑆
iv) Existence of identity : 𝑎 ∗ 𝑒 = 𝑒 ∗ 𝑎 = 𝑎 , e is the identity element
v) Existence of inverse : 𝑎−1 is the inverse of a 𝑎 ∗ 𝑎−1 = 𝑎−1 ∗ 𝑎 = 𝑒
Truth Table
V(big) Write the T, F → V (+) , ⋀(-)
⋀ (small) write small one 𝑭 multiplication Not p Not q
the big one rule
p q pvq p⋀q p→q p↔q ¬p ¬q
T T T T T T F F
T F T F F F F T
F T T F T F T F
F F F F T T T T

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 2, 3 Mark Questions
1. p → 𝒒 ≡ ( ~𝒑) vq using truth table

p q p→q ~𝑝 (~𝑝)v q
T T T F T
T F F F F
F T T T T
F F T T T
↳ (1) ↳ (2)

From (1), (2) p → 𝑞 ≡ ( ~𝑝) vq

2. p ↔ 𝒒 ≡ (𝒑 → 𝒒)𝚲(𝒒 → 𝒑) using truth table

p q p ↔q p→𝑞 q→𝑝 (𝑝 → 𝑞)Λ(𝑞 → 𝑝)

T T T T T T

T F F F T F

F T F T F F

F F T T T T
↳ (1) ↳ (2)

From (1) and (2) p ↔ 𝑞 ≡ (𝑝 → 𝑞)Λ(𝑞 → 𝑝)

3. p 𝚲 𝐪 → 𝒑 𝒗𝒒 𝑷. 𝑻. 𝒕𝒂𝒖𝒕𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚

p q pΛq pvq p Λ q → 𝑝 𝑣𝑞

T T T T T
T F F T T

F T F T T
F F F F T

p Λ q → 𝑝 𝑣𝑞 is tautology

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4. Verify whether the compound statement (p 𝚲 𝐪) 𝚲 ( ¬ ( p 𝐯 𝐪)) is a tautology or
contradiction
p q (p Λ q) pvq ¬ (p v q) (p Λ q) Λ ( ¬ ( p v q))

T T T T F F
T F F T F F
F T F T F F
F F F F T F
(p Λ q) ( ¬ ( p v q)) is a contradiction
5. Using truth table check whether the statement ¬(pvq) v (¬p 𝚲 𝐪) and ¬ 𝒑 or
logically equivalent.
p q ¬𝑝 (pvq) ¬ (p v q) (¬p Λ q) ¬(pvq) v (¬p Λ q)

T T F T F F F
T F F T F F F
F T T T F T T
F F T F T F T
↳ (1) ↳ (2)
From (1) & (2) ¬(pvq) v (¬p 𝚲 𝐪) ≡ ¬ 𝑝
6. P.T. p  (¬ 𝒒vr)  ¬𝒑v (¬qvr)
p q r ¬𝑞 (¬ 𝑞𝑣𝑟) p(¬ 𝑞𝑣𝑟) ¬𝑝 ¬ 𝑝v (¬ 𝑞𝑣𝑟)
T T T F T T F T
T T F F F F F F
T F T T T T F T
T F F T T T F T
F T T F T T T T
F T F F F T T T
F F T T T T T T
F F F T T T T T
↳ (1) ↳ (2)
𝑝 → ( ¬𝑞v r) ≡ ¬ 𝑝𝑣 (¬ 𝑞𝑣𝑟)
Do it yourself : Ex: 12.2 6, 7, 9, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15

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7. Let A = {𝒂 + √𝟓 𝒃 ; 𝒂, 𝒃 ∈ 𝒛} check whether the usual multiplication is a binary
operation on A.
Solution:
Let a + √5 𝑏, c + √5 𝑑, ∈A
(a + √5 𝑏) (c + √5 𝑑) = ac +5bd + √5 (bc + ad) ∈A
Hence usual multiplication is binary on A.

8. On Z define ⨂ by (m ⨂ n) = 𝒎𝒏 + 𝒏𝒎 ∀𝒎, 𝒏 ∈ 𝒛 Is ⨂ binary on z?

Solution: when n = -p where p > 0
1
𝑚𝑛 + 𝑚−𝑝 = Now 𝑚𝑛 + 𝑛𝑚 need not be in z
𝑚𝑝
Hence ⨂ is not binary on Z.
9. Let * be defined on R by (a * b) = a + b + ab -7.
Is * binary on R? If so find 3* (−𝟕⁄𝟏𝟓)
Solution: a + b, ab, -7 are real numbers that their sum is also a real number. Therefore *
is binary
3 * (−7⁄15) = 3 + (−7⁄15)+ 3 (−7⁄15) − 7

= 3 −7⁄15 − 21⁄15 -7 = −88⁄15

𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
10) A=[ ]B= [ ] find A ⋁𝑩, 𝑨⋀𝑩
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
Solution:
0 1 1 1 1 1
A ⋁𝐵 = [ ] ⋁[ ] =[ ]
1 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1
𝐴⋀𝐵 = [ ] ⋀[ ] =[ ]
1 1 0 1 0 1

11. Let p: Jupiter is a planet and

q : India is an island be any two simple statements
Give verbal sentence describing i) ¬ 𝑝𝑣𝑞 ii) p⋀¬𝑞 iii) 𝑝 → ¬𝑞
i) ¬ 𝑝𝑣𝑞 Jupiter is not a planet or India is an island
ii) p⋀¬𝑞 Jupiter is a planet and India is not an island
iii) 𝑝 → ¬𝑞 If jupiter is a planet then India is not an island
Do it yourself: Ex 12.2 2, 3, 4, 5

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 Unit Wise
Important Questions
 RAJALAKSHMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

CHENNAI

(QUESTION BANK) FIVE MARKS

UNIT- 1 ELECTROSTATICS
1. Derive an expression for electric field due to a dipole on its axial line.
2. Derive an expression for electric field due to a dipole on its equatorial plane.
3. Derive an expression for electrostatic potential due to an electric dipole.
4. Obtain the expression for electric field due to an infinitely long charged wire.
5. Obtain the expression for electric field due to an charged infinite plane sheet.
6. Explain in detail the effect of a dielectric placed in a parallel plate capacitor.
7. Derive the expression for resultant capacitance, when capacitors are connected in series and in
parallel.
8. Explain in detail the construction and working of a Van de Graaff generator.
UNIT- 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. Describe the microscopic model of current and obtain general form of Ohm’s law
2. Explain the determination of the internal resistance of a cell using voltmeter.
3. Obtain the condition for bridge balance in Wheatstone’s bridge.
4. Explain the determination of unknown resistance using meter bridge.
5. How the emf of two cells are compared using potentiometer?
6. Explain the method of measurement of internal resistance of a cell using potentiometer
UNIT-3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
1. Deduce the relation for the magnetic induction at a point due to an infinitely long straight
conductor carrying current.
2. Obtain a relation for the magnetic induction at a point along the axis of a circular coil
carrying current.
3. Calculate the magnetic induction at a point on the axial line of a bar magnet.
4. Obtain the magnetic induction at a point on the equatorial line of a bar magnet.
5. Obtain an expression for the force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field
6. Discuss the working of cyclotron in detail.
7. Explain the principle and working of a moving coil galvanometer.
8. Derive an expression for the magnetic field inside and outside of the long solenoid using
Ampere’s circuital law.
9. Define Hysterisis. Explain it with help of diagram.
10. Obtain a force between two long parallel current carrying conductors. Define ampere.
11. Explain the motion of a charged particle under crossed electric and magnetic field.
 UNIT-4 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
1. Explain the working of a single-phase AC generator with necessary diagram.
2. Show mathematically that the rotation of a coil in a magnetic field over one rotation induces
an alternating emf of one cycle. (or) Emf induced by changing relative orientation of the coil
with the magnetic field.
3. Explain the construction and working of transformer.
4. Find out the phase relationship between voltage and current in a pure capacitive circuit.
5. Derive an expression for Mutual inductance between two long co-axial solenoids.
6. Explain the applications of eddy currents (or) Focault currents.
7. Derive an expression for phase angle between the applied voltage and current in a series
RLC circuit.
8. How are the three different emfs generated in a three-phase AC generator? Show the
graphical representation of these three emfs.
9. Find out the phase relationship between voltage and current in a pure inductive circuit.
10 Show that the total energy is conserved during LC oscillations.
UNIT-5 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1. Explain in detail the emission spectra and absorption spectra.
2. Explain the Maxwell’s modification of Ampere’s circuital law.
3. Write down Maxwell equations in integral form.
4. Write down the properties of electromagnetic waves.
UNIT-6 OPTICS
1. Derive the mirror equation and the equation for lateral magnification.
2. Describe the Fizeau’s method to determine speed of light.
3. Derive the equation for refraction at single spherical surface.
4. Obtain lens maker’s formula and mention its significance.
5. What is dispersion? Obtain the equation for dispersive power of a medium.
6. Obtain the equation for resultant intensity due to interference of light.
7. Obtain the equation for bandwidth in Young’s double slit experiment.

8. Discuss diffraction at single slit and obtain the condition for nth minimum and maximum
9. Discuss the diffraction at a grating and obtain the condition for the mth maximum.
10. Discuss about simple microscope and obtain the equations for magnification for near point
focusing and normal focusing.
 UNIT 7 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
1. Explain the effect of potential difference on photoelectric current.
2. Explain how frequency of incident light varies with stopping potential.
3. Obtain Einstein’s photoelectric equation with necessary explanation.
4. Briefly explain the principle and working of electron microscope.
5. Describe briefly Davisson – Germer experiment which demonstrated the wave nature of
electrons.
UNIT 8 Atomic and Nuclear physics
1. Explain the J.J. Thomson experiment to determine the specific charge of electron.
2. Discuss the Millikan’s oil drop experiment to determine the charge of an electron.
3. Derive the energy expression for hydrogen atom using Bohr atom model.
4. Discuss the spectral series of hydrogen atom.
5. Obtain the law of radioactivity.
6. Describe the working of nuclear reactor with a block diagram.
UNIT 9 Semiconductor Electronics
1. Explain the construction and working of a full wave rectifier.
2. Explain the working of NPN Transistor action in the common base mode.
3. Sketch the static characteristics of a common emitter transistor and bring out the essence of
input and output characteristics.
4. Describe the function of a transistor as an amplifier with the neat circuit diagram. Sketch the
input and output wave form.
UNIT 10 Communication Systems
1. What is modulation? Explain the types of modulation with necessary diagrams.
2. Elaborate on the basic elements of communication system with the necessary block
diagram.
3. Explain the three modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves through space.
UNIT 11 Recent Developments in Physics
1. Discuss the applications of Nanomaterials in various fields.
2. Discuss the functions of key components in Robots.
3. Comment on the recent advancement in medical diagnosis and therapy.
 IMPORTANT THREE MARKS
UNIT- 1 ELECTROSTATICS
1. List the properties of electric field lines.
2. Derive an expression for electrostatic potential due to a point charge.
3. Obtain the expression for capacitance for a parallel plate capacitor.
4. Obtain the expression for energy stored in the parallel plate capacitor.
5. Derive an expression for the torque experienced by a dipole due to a uniform electric field.
6. Obtain Gauss law from Coulomb’s law.
7. Obtain the expression for electric field due to an uniformly charged spherical shell.
8. Discuss the basic properties of electric charges.
9. Explain in detail Coulomb’s law and its various aspects.
10. Define ‘Electric field’ and discuss its various aspects.
UNIT- 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. Distinguish between drift velocity and mobility.
2. Explain the principle of potentiometer.
3. What is electric power and electric energy?
4. Derive the expression for power P=VI in electrical circuit.
5. Write down the various forms of expression for power in electrical circuit.
6. State the applications of Seebeck effect.
7. Explain the equivalent resistance of a series and parallel resistor network.
8. State and explain Kirchhoff’s rules.
9. Obtain an expression for drift velocity. How it is related with the mobility?
10. Derive the relation between the drift velocity and the current.
11. Explain the equivalent emf of electric cells in series.
12. Explain the equivalent emf of electric cells in parallel.
13. Explain the temperature dependence of resistivity.
14. Explain Seebeck effect. Give its applications.
15. Explain Peltier effect.
16. Explain Thomson effect.
UNIT-3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
1. State and explain Biot-Savart law.
2. Define Lorentz force. Give the properties of Lorentz magnetic force.
3. Discuss the conversion of galvanometer into an ammeter and also a voltmeter.
4. Compare dia, para and ferro-magnetism.
5. What are the elements of the Earth’s magnetic field?
6. What happens when a bar magnet is freely suspended in uniform and non-uniform
magnetic field?
7. What are the properties of bar magnet?
8. Give the properties of magnetic field lines.
9. Explain Coulomb’s inverse square law in magnetism.
10. Calculate the torque acting on a bar magnet in uniform magnetic field.
11. Explain the applications of hysteresis loop.
12. Obtain the magnetic fields at various points on the toroid.
13. Explain current loop behaves like a magnetic dipole.
14. Write the difference between soft and hard ferromagnetic materials.
15. Give the difference between Coulomb’s law and Biot-Savart’s law.
UNIT-4 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
1. How will you induce an emf by changing the area enclosed by the coil?
2. Obtain an expression for Self-inductance of a long solenoid.
3. Mention the various energy losses in a transformer.
4. Obtain an expression for Energy stored in an inductor.
5. Show that Lenz’s law is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy.
6. Obtain an expression for motional emf from Lorentz force.
7. Using Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, derive an equation for motional emf.
8. Give the uses of Foucault current.
9. Give the advantage of AC in long distance power transmission with an example.
10. Obtain an expression for average power of AC over a cycle. Discuss its special cases.
11. What are the drawbacks of Eddy currents. How it is minimized?
12. Obtain the expression for average value of alternating current.
13. Obtain an expression for RMS value of alternating current.
14. Find out the phase relationship between voltage and current in a pure resistive circuit.
15. Define quality factor. Obtain an expression for it.
16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of AC over DC?
UNIT-5 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1. Explain the concept of intensity of electromagnetic waves.
2. Discuss briefly the experiment conducted by Hertz to produce and detect
electromagnetic spectrum.
3. Write down the properties of electromagnetic waves.
4. Discuss the source of electromagnetic waves.
 UNIT-6 OPTICS
1. State and explain Brewster’s law?
2. Discuss about Nicol prism.
3. Discuss about pile of plates.
4. Differentiate between Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction.
5. What is Fresnel’s distance? Obtain the equation for Fresnel’s distance.
6. Mention the differences between interference and diffraction.
7. Differentiate between polarised and unpolarised Light
8. Give the characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror.
9. Derive the relation between f and R for a spherical mirror.
10. Prove laws of reflection using Huygens’ principle.
11. What is optical path? Obtain the equation for optical path of a medium of thickness d and
refractive index n.
12. Obtain the equation for critical angle.
13. Explain the reason for glittering of diamond.
14. Explain the working of an endoscope.
15. Arrive at lens equation from lens maker’s formula.
16. Obtain the equation for lateral magnification for thin lens.
17. Derive the equation for effective focal length for lenses in contact.
18. Obtain the relation between phase difference and path difference.
UNIT 7 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
1. What do you mean by electron emission? Explain briefly various methods of electron
emission.
2. Explain Effect of intensity of incident light on photoelectric current.
3. List out the laws of photoelectric effect.
4. Explain Characteristic x – ray spectra.
5. Explain the quantum concept of light.
6. Give the construction and working of photo emissive cell.
7. Derive an expression for de Broglie wavelength of matter waves.
8. Derive an expression for de Broglie wavelength of electrons.
UNIT 8 Atomic and Nuclear physics
1. Write the properties of cathode rays.
2. Write down the draw backs of Bohr atom model.
3. Explain the variation of average binding energy with the mass number by graph and
discuss its features.
4. Explain in detail the nuclear force.
5. Discuss the alpha decay process with example.
6. Discuss the beta decay process with examples.
7. Discuss the gamma decay process with example.
8. Discuss the properties of neutrino and its role in beta decay.
9. Explain the idea of carbon dating.
10. Write a note on Discovery of Neutrons.
11. Explain in detail chain reaction.
12. Discuss the process of nuclear fusion and how energy is generated in stars?
13. Explain in detail the four fundamental forces.
14. Explain impact parameter.
15. Explain Rutherford alpha scattering experiment.
16. Explain distance of closest approach?
UNIT 9 Semiconductor Electronics
1. Draw the circuit diagram of a half wave rectifier and explain its working?
2. Explain Zener diode as a voltage regulator.
3. What is an LED? Give the principle of operation with a diagram.
4. Transistor functions as a switch. Explain.
5. State and prove De Morgan’s First and Second theorems.
6. Write notes on Photodiode.
7. Explain the working principle of a solar [Link] its applications.
8. Elucidate the formation of a N-type and P-type semiconductors.
9. Explain the formation of PN junction diode. Discuss its V–I characteristics.
UNIT 10 Communication Systems
1. What do you know about GPS? Write a few applications of GPS.
2. Give the applications of ICT in mining and agriculture sectors.
3. What is the principle of RADAR. Give the applications of RADAR.
4. Fiber optic communication is gaining popularity among the various transmission
media – justify.
5. Write a note on INTERNET.
UNIT 11 Recent Developments in Physics
1. Distinguish between Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.
2. What is the difference between Nano materials and Bulk materials?
3. Mention any two advantages and disadvantages of Robotics.
4. What are the possible harmful effects of usage of Nanoparticles? Why?
5. Elaborate any two types of Robots with relevant examples.
IMPORTANT TWO MARKS
UNIT- 1 ELECTROSTATICS
1. State Coulomb’s law. Write in vector form.
2. Define one coulomb.
3. Define ‘Electric field’.
4. The electric field lines never intersect. Justify.
5. Define ‘Electric dipole’.
6. What is electric dipole moment? Give its unit.
7. Write a note on microwave oven.
8. What is an equipotential surface?
9. Define ‘electrostatic potential energy’.
10. Define ‘electric flux’.
11. What is meant by electrostatic energy density?
12. Write a short note on ‘electrostatic shielding’.
13. What is Polarisation or dielectric polarisation?
14. What is dielectric strength?
15. Define ‘capacitance’. Give its unit.
16. What is corona discharge?
17. Distinguish between polar and non-polar molecules. Give examples.
18. State Gauss law.
19. During lightning, it is safer to sit inside bus than in an open ground or under tree. Why?
20. Define electrostatic induction.
21. Define dielectrics or insulators.
22. Define relative permittivity.
23. What is meant by quantisation of charges?
24. What are the differences between Coulomb force and gravitational force?
UNIT- 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. Distinguish between drift velocity and mobility.
2. State Ohm’s law.
3. What are ohmic and non-ohmic devices?
4. Define electrical resistivity or Specific resistance.
5. Define temperature coefficient of resistance.
6. What is superconductivity?
7. What is electric power and electric energy?
8. Define current density.
9. State Kirchhoff’s current rule.
10. State Kirchhoff’s voltage rule.
11. State the principle of potentiometer.
12. What do you mean by internal resistance of a cell?
13. State Joule’s law of heating.
14. What is Seebeck effect?
15. What is Thomson effect?
16. What is Peltier effect?
17. State the applications of Seebeck effect.
18. Define electric current.
19. Define one ampere (1 A)
20. Distinguish between Peltier effect and Joule’s effect.
21. Repairing the electrical connection with the wet skin is always dangerous. Why?
22. Why Nichrome used as heating device?
23. Define critical or transition temperature.
UNIT-3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
1. State Flemming’s left hand rule (FLHR).
2. Define magnetic flux.
3. Define magnetic dipole moment
4. State Coulomb’s inverse law.
5. What is magnetic susceptibility?
6. State Biot-Savart’s law.
7. State tangent law.
8. State Ampere’s circuital law.
9. Define Meissner effect.
10. Define Curie’s law.
11. Define curie temperature.
12. State Curie - Weiss law.
13. State right hand thumb rule for current carrying conductor.
14. Define magnetic dipole moment of current loop.
15. State right hand thumb rule for direction of magnetic moment in a current loop.
16. Define gyro-magnetic ratio.
17. How the current sensitivity of galvanometer can be increased?
18. Define one tesla.
19. What are the limitations of cyclotron?
20. Define pole strength of the magnet.
21. Define End rule.
22. What is meant by hysteresis?
23. Define one ampere.
24. Define magnetic permeability.
25. Define magnetic field.
26. Define magnetic flux density.
27. Define relative permeability.
28. State Maxwell’s right hand cork screw rule.
29. What are the elements of the Earth’s magnetic field?
30. Define intensity of magnetization.
31. Write a note on MRI.
UNIT-4 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
1. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
2. State Lenz’s law.
3. State Fleming’s right hand rule.
4. Mention the ways of producing induced emf.
5. Define self inductance or coefficient of self induction.
6. Define the unit of self inductance (one henry).
7. Define mutual inductance or coefficient of mutual induction.
8. Distinguish between step up and step down transformer.
9. Define the efficiency of the transformer.
10. Define mean value or average value of AC.
11. List out the advantages of stationary armature-rotating field system of AC generator.
12. What do you mean by resonant frequency?
13. What are LC oscillations?
14. How will you define Q-factor?
15. Define magnetic flux.
16. What are called Eddy currents (Foucault currents)?
17. Define phasor and phasor diagram.
18. Define inductive reactance.
19. An inductor blocks AC but it allows DC. Why?
20. Define capacitive reactance.
21. A capacitor blocks DC but it allows AC. Why?
22. Define power factor.
23. Define wattless and wattful current.
24. What are the advantages of three phase AC generators?
25. Define impedance of RLC circuit.
UNIT-5 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1. What is displacement current?
2. What are electromagnetic waves?
3. What is meant by Fraunhofer lines?
4. What is called pointing vector? Give its unit.
5. Define electromagnetic spectrum.
6. Define emission spectra.
7. Define absorption spectra.
8. Write a note on Infrared radiation.
9. Write a note on UV-rays.
10. Write a note on X-rays
UNIT-6 OPTICS
1. State the laws of reflection.
2. What are the Cartesian sign conventions for a spherical mirror?
3. What is optical path?
4. State the laws of refraction.
5. What is principle of reversibility?
6. What is relative refractive index?
7. What is critical angle and total internal reflection?
8. What are mirage and looming?
9. What is Snell’s window?
10. What are the sign conventions followed for lenses?
11. What is power of a lens?
12. What is angle of minimum deviation?
13. State Rayleigh’s scattering law?
14. Why does sky appear blue?
15. What is the reason for reddish appearance of sky during sunset and sunrise?
16. What is angle of polarization or polarizing angle.
17. What is a wavefront?
18. What is Huygens’ principle?
19. What are the condition for bandwidth of broad interference pattern?
20. What is diffraction?
21. What is Fresnel’s distance?
22. What is a diffraction grating?
23. What is Rayleigh’s criterion?
24. What is polarisation?
25. What are polariser and analyser?
26. What are plane polarised, unpolarised and partially polarised light?
27. State Malus’ law.
28. List the uses of polaroids.
29. State Brewster’s law.
30. What is double refraction?
31. What are the uses of spectrometer?
32. What is myopia? What is its remedy?
33. What is hypermetropia? What is its remedy?
34. What is presbyopia?
35. What is astigmatism?
UNIT 7 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
1. Define work function of a metal. Give its unit.
2. What is photoelectric effect?
3. Define Stopping potential.
3. Give the definition of intensity of light and its unit.
4. How will you define threshold frequency?
5. What is a photo cell? Mention the different types of photocells.
6. State de Broglie hypothesis(or) matter waves.
7. A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has greater de Broglie
wavelength. Justify.
 de Broglei wavelength of proton ; 𝝀𝒑=𝒉/√𝟐 𝒎𝒑 𝑲
 de Broglei wavelength of electron ; 𝝀𝒆=𝒉/√𝟐 𝒎𝒆 𝑲
 Here the mass of the proton is greater than the mass of the electron (𝒎𝑷>𝒎𝒆)
 Hence the de Broglei wavelength of electron is greater than that of proton (𝝀𝒆> 𝝀𝑷)
8. An electron and an alpha particle have same kinetic energy. How are the de Broglie
wavelengths associated with them related?
9. What are X-rays?
10. Write the applications of X-rays.
UNIT 8 Atomic and Nuclear physics
1. What are cathode rays?
2. Give the results of Rutherford alpha scattering experiment.
3. What is meant by excitation energy.
4. Define the ionization energy and ionization potential.
5. Define impact parameter.
6. What is isotope? Give an example.
7. What is isotone? Give an example.
8. What is isobar? Give an example.
9. Define atomic mass unit u.
10. Show that nuclear density is almost constant for nuclei with Z > 10.
11. What is mass defect?
12. What is binding energy of a nucleus? Give its expression.
13. Calculate the energy equivalent of 1 atomic mass unit.
14. What is meant by radioactivity?
15. What is mean life of nucleus? Give the expression.
16. What is half-life of nucleus? Give the expression.
17. What is meant by activity or decay rate? Give its unit.
18. Define curie.
19. How will you classify Neutrons based on their kinetic energy.
20. Define Nuclear fission.
21. Define Nuclear fussion.
22. Define thermonuclear fusion reaction.
23. Write proton-proton cycle of fusion reaction.
24. What are the constituent particles of neutron and proton?
UNIT 9 Semiconductor Electronics
1. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.
2. What do you mean by doping?
3. Define rectifier Efficiency.
4. Define zener breakdown voltage.
5. Distinguish between avalanche and zener breakdown.
6. Draw the circuit diagram for NPN transistor in CB,CC,CE mode.
7. Explain the current flow in a NPN transistor.
8. What is Light Emitting Diode (LED). Give its symbol.
9. Define Input resistance or input impedence.
10. Define Output Resistance or output impedence.
11. Define Forward current gain.
12. What is meant by damped and undamped oscillations.
13. Draw oscillator block diagram?.
14. Write the Barkhausen conditions for sustained Oscillations
15. What is Logic gates.
16. State De Morgan’s first and second theorems.
17. Distinguish between Digital ICs and Analog ICs or linear ICs.
18. Define barrier Potential.
19. What is meant by biasing.
UNIT 10 Communication Systems
1. Give the factors that are responsible for transmission impairments.
2. The three different causes of impairment are attenuation, distortion, and noise.
3. Define modulation.
4. Define amplitude modulation.
5. Give the advantages and limitations of amplitude modulation.
6. Define frequency modulation.
7. Give the advantages and limitations of frequency modulation.
8. Define phase modulation and give its advantages.
9. Distinguish between wireline and wireless communication? Specify the range of
electromagnetic waves in which it is used.
[Link] centre frequency or resting frequency in frequency modulation.
11. Define bandwidth.
12. Define channel width or bandwidth of the transmission system.
13. Define Ground wave propagation (or) surface wave propagation.
14. Define Sky wave propagation (or) ionospheric Propagation.
15. Define skip distance.
16. Define skip zone or skip area.
17. Define Space wave propagation.
18. What is fiber optic communication.
19. What do you mean by Internet of Things?
UNIT 11 Recent Developments in Physics
1. Distinguish between Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.
2. What is the difference between Nano materials and Bulk materials?
3. Give any two examples for “Nano” in nature.
4. Mention any two advantages and disadvantages of Robotics.
5. Why steel is preferred in making Robots?
6. What are black holes?
7. What are sub atomic particles?
8. What is meant by Cosmology?