Angelica L.
Tiongco, PTRP, MSPT
FAPN111
CEREBRUM
Telencephalon Diencephalon
Corpus Callosum
Frontal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Insula
Insula
Limbic System
• Components:
– cingulate
– parahippocampal
– subcallosal gyri
– hippocampal formation
Basal Forebrain Nuclei and Septal Area
White Matter
Microscopic Structure of the
Cortex
Cortical Layers
• pyramidal cells
– apical dendrite reaching from the upper end toward the cortical
surface, and basilar dendrites extending horizontally from the
cell body
• stellate neurons
– star shaped with dendrites extending in all directions
• fusiform neurons
– found in deeper layers, with a large dendrite that ascends
toward the surface of the cortex
Types of Cortices
• allocortex (archicortex)
– found predominantly in the limbic cortex
– fewer layers than isocortex
• isocortex
– found in the cerebral hemisphere and contains 6 layers
• juxtallocortex (mesocortex)
– transition between the allocortexand isocortex
– 3-6 layers: found in cingulate gyrus and insula
B. Layers
• Isocortex (cytoarchitecture)
• molecular layer (I)
– nonspecific afferent fibers that come from within the cortex or form
the thalamus
• extrenal granular layer (II)
– dense layer composed of small cells
• external pyramidal layer (III)
– pyramidal cells in row formation
– whose axons enter the adjacent white matter
B. Layers
• internal granular layer (IV)
– thin layer with cells similar to those in the external granular layer
• internal pyramidal layer (V)
– pyramidal cells that aewer in numbers but larger in size
– projects to distal structure (brainstem and spinal cord)
• fusiform (multiform) layer (VI)
– irregular fusiform cells whose axons enter the adjacent white matter
Classification of Principal Areas
Brodmann's Area
• based on
cytoarchitectonics and
uses numbers to label
individual areas of the
cortex
• reference base for the
localization of physiologic
and pathologic processes
Frontal Lobe
• Area 4 (primary motor area)
– Large pyramidal neurons (Betz's cells) and smaller neurons
give rise to axons that descend as the corticospinal tract
• Area 6 (premotor area)
– second motor map
• Area 8 (frontal eye field)
– eye movements
• Areas 44 & 45 (Broca's area)
– controls the lips & tongue
– for speech
• association area
– recieves inputs from
multiple sensory modalities
and integrates them
Parietal Lobe
• Area 3,1,2 (primary sensory areas)
– poscentral gyrus
– receives somatosensory input from the ventral posterolateral
(VPL) and ventral posteromedial (VPM) nuclei in the thalamus
Occipital Lobe
• Area 17 (primary visual area/striate)
– geniculocalcarine radiation relays visual input m the lateral
geniculate to the striate cortex
– the lower part of the retina (upper parts of the visual field) are
represented in the lower parts of area 17
• Area 18 & 19 (visual association areas)
Temporal Lobe
• Area 41 (primary auditory area)
• Area 42 (associative auditory area)
– both areas are referred to as Heschl's gyrus
– receive input (via the auditory radiations) from the medial
geniculate
• Area 22 (Wernicke's area)
– comprehension of language
Internal Structure of the Cerebral Hemispheres
• Lateral Ventricles • White Matter
• Basal Nuclei – Commissure fibers
– Corpus Striatum – Association fibers
– Amygdaloid Nucleus – Projection fibers
– Claustrum
• Septum Pellucidum
• Tela Choroidea
Lateral Ventricle
• C-shaped cavity lined
with ependyma and
filled with
cerebrospinal fluid
• occupies the parietal
lobe (body), anterior
(frontal), posterior
(occipital), and inferior
(temporal) horns
Basal Nuclei
Corpus Striatum
• lateral to the thalamus
• 2 parts:
– caduate nucleus
– lentiform nucleus
• divided by the internal
capsule
Basal Nuclei
Amygdaloid Nucleus
• situated in the temporal
lobe close to the uncus
• considered part of the
limbic system
Basal Nuclei
Claustrum
• a thin sheet of gray
matter that is separated
from the lateral surface of
the lentiform nucleus by
the external capsule
• Function: unknown
White Matter Of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Commissure Fibers
• connect corresponding
regions of the two
hemispheres
1. corpus callosum
2. anterior commissure
3. posterior commissure
4. fornix
5. habenular commissure
1. Corpus Callosum
• fibers of the genu curve forward into the frontal lobes →
forceps minor
• Intersect with bundles of association and projection fibers
as they pass to the cerebral cortex
• form the roof and lateral wall of the posterior horn of the
lateral ventricle and the lateral wall of the inferior horn of
the lateral ventricle; these fibers are referred to as the
tapetum
• laterally, the fibers in the splenium arch backward into the
occipital lobe and form the forceps major
2. Anterior Commissure
• a small bundle of nerve fibers that crosses the midline in
the lamina terminalis
• laterally, a smaller or anterior bundle curves forward on
each side toward the anterior perforated substance and
the olfactory tract
• A larger bundle curves posteriorly on each side and
grooves the inferior surface of the lentiform nucleus to
reach the temporal lobes
3. Posterior Commissure
• a bundle of nerve fibers that crosses the midline
immediately above the opening of the cerebral aqueduct
into the third ventricle
• pretectal nuclei
– involved in the pupillary light reflex
– cross in this commissure on their way to the parasympathetic
part of the oculomotor nuclei
4. Fornix
• composed of myelinated nerve fibers and constitutes the
efferent system of the hippocampus that passes to the
mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
• alveus: a thin layer of white matter covering the
ventricular surface of the hippocampus, and then
converge to form the fimbria
• consists of transverse fibers that cross the midline from
one column to another just before the formation of the
body of the fornix
• The function of the commissure of the fornix is to connect
the hippocampal formations of the two sides
5. Habenular Commissure
• a small bundle of nerve fibers that crosses the midline in
the superior part of the root of the pineal stalk
• habenular nuclei receive many afferents from the
amygdaloid nuclei and the hippocampus
• The afferent fibers pass to the habenular nuclei in the
stria medullaris thalami
• Some of the fibers cross the midline to reach the
contralateral nucleus through the habenular commissure
• function: unknown
White Matter Of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Association Fibers
•short association fibers •uncinate fasciculus
• lie immediately beneath the • connects the first motor speech
cortex and connect adjacent area and the gyri on the inferior
gyri surface of the frontal lobe with
• these fibers run transversely to the cortex of the pole of the
the long axis of the sulci temporal lobe
•long association fibers
• collected into named bundles
that can be dissected in a
formalin- hardened brain
White Matter Of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Association Fibers
• cingulum •superior longitudinal
– a long, curved fasciculus fasciculus
lying within the white matter • largest bundle of nerve
of the cingulate gyrus fibers
– connects the frontal and • connects the anterior part
parietal lobes with of the frontal lobe to the
parahippocampal and occipital and temporal
adjacent temporal cortical lobes
regions
White Matter Of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Association Fibers
• inferior longitudinal •fronto-occipital fasciculus
fasciculus • connects the frontal lobe to
– runs anteriorly from the the occipital and temporal
occipital lobe, passing lateral lobes
to the optic radiation, and is • deep within the cerebral
distributed to the temporal hemisphere and is related
lobe to the lateral border of the
caudate nucleus
White Matter Of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Projection Fibers
• upper part of the brainstem •Corona radiata- fibers which
– fibers form a compact band emerge and radiate in all
known as the internal directions
capsule
•Optic radiation- most
• the internal capsule is bent to
form an anterior limb and a posterior part of the posterior
posterior limb limb of the internal capsule
radiate toward the calcarine
sulcus
Septum Pellucidum
• a thin vertical sheet of nervous
• tissue consisting of white and gray matter covered on
either side by ependyma.
• stretches between the fornix and the corpus callosum
• forms a partition between the anterior horns of the lateral
ventricles
• A: occupies the interval between the body of the corpus
callosum and the rostrum
Tela Choroidea
• two-layered fold of pia mater
• between the fornix superiorly and the roof of the third
ventricle and the upper surfaces of the two thalami
inferiorly
• projects down through the roof of the third ventricle to
form the choroid plexuses of the third ventricle
• Blood supply: choroidal branches of the internal carotid
and basilar arteries
Tela Choroidea
• A: interventricular foramina
• L: irregular and project laterally into the body of the lateral
ventricles
– covered by ependyma and form the choroid plexuses of the
lateral ventricle
• P: the lateral edges continue into the inferior horn of the
lateral ventricle and are covered with ependyma so that
the choroid plexus projects through the choroidal fissure
Diencephalon
Diencephalon
Gross Features
INFERIOR SURFACE SUPERIOR SURFACE
• hypothalamus • fornix
• Anterior to Posterior • roof of the 3rd ventricle
– optic chiasma
– optic tract
– infundibulum, with the
tuber cinereum
– mammillary bodies
Diencephalon
Inferior Surface Superior Surface
Gross Features
LATERAL SURFACE MEDIAL SURFACE
• Internal capsule • superior
– medial surface of the
thalamus
• inferior
– hypothalamus
Diencephalon
4 Major Parts of Diencephalon
1. thalamus
2. subthalamus
3. epithalamus
4. hypothalamus
1. Thalamus
• large ovoid mass of gray matter
• a cell station to all the main sensory systems (except the
olfactory pathway)
• seen on each side of the third ventricle
Thalamus
1. Thalamus
• Anterior: narrow and rounded and forms the posterior boundary of
the interventricular foramen
• Posterior: form the pulvinar
• Superior:
– medially: tela choroidea and the fornix
– laterally: ependyma and forms part of the floor of the lateral ventricle
• Inferior: continuous with the tegmentum of the midbrain
• Medial: sup. part of lat. walls of the 3rd ventricle (connected by
interthalamic connection)
• Lateral: separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal
capsule
Thalamus
2. Subthalamus
• inferior to the thalamus
• lies between the thalamus and the tegmentum of the
midbrain
• craniomedially: related to the hypothalamus.
• biconvex lens shape
• important connections with the corpus striatum
–control of muscle activity
3. Epithalamus
• consist of the habenular nuclei and pineal gland
1. habenular nuclei
– a small group of neurons just medial to the posterior surface of
the thalamus
– Afferent fibers are received from the amygdaloid nucleus in the
temporal lobe through the stria medullaris thalami
– other fibers pass from the hippocampal formation through the
fornix
– Some of the fibers of the stria medullaris thalami cross the
midline and reach the habenular nucleus of the opposite side
(Habenular commisure)
3. Epithalamus
2. Pineal gland (body)
• small, conical structure
• projects backward so that it lies posterior to the midbrain
• base of the pineal stalk possesses a recess that is
continuous with the cavity of the third ventricle
• superior part of the stalk: contains the habenular
commissure
• inferior part of the stalk : contains the posterior
commissure.
3. Epithalamus
2. Pineal gland (body)
• Two types of cells
– pinealocytes
– glial cells
• Function:
– directly inhibit the production of hormones or indirectly inhibit
the secretion of releasing factors by the hypothalamus
4. Hypothalamus
• extends from the region of the optic chiasma to the caudal
border of the mammillary bodies
• controls and integrates the functions of the autonomic
nervous system and the endocrine systems and plays a
vital role in maintaining body homeostasis
• activities as regulation of body temperature, body
fluids,drives to eat and drink,sexual behavior,and emotion
4. Hypothalamus
• Anterior: area extends forward from the optic chiasma to
the lamina terminalis and the anterior commissure
(preoptic area)
• Caudally: merges into the tegmentum of the midbrain
• Superior: Thalamus
• Inferolateral: subthalamic region
• In relation to structure (A-P)
– (1) the optic chiasma,(2) the tuber cinereum and the
infundibulum, and (3) the mammillary bodies
Optic Chiasma
• flattened bundle of nerve fibers situated at the junction of
the anterior wall and floor of the third ventricle
• S: attached to the lamina terminalis
• I: related to the hypophysis cerebri
– separated by the diaphragma sellae
• AL: continuous with the optic nerves
• PL: continuous with the optic tracts
*fibers from the nasal half of each retina cross the median plane at
the chiasma to enter the optic tract of the opposite side
Tuber Cinereum
• a convex mass of gray matter
• continuous inferiorly with the infundibulum
– Infundibulum: hollow and becomes continuous with the
posterior lobe of the hypophysis cerebri
• neurohypophysis: median eminence, infundibulum, and
the posterior lobe (pars nervosa) of the hypophysis
cerebri
Mammillary Bodies
• two small hemispherical bodies side by side posterior to
the tuber cinereum
• possess a central core of gray matter invested by a
capsule of myelinated nerve fibers
• P: posterior perforated substance
– transmit the central branches of the posterior cerebral arteries
Mammillary Bodies
3rd Ventricle
• derived from the forebrain vesicle
• a slitlike cleft between the two thalami
• Communicates
– A: lateral ventricles --> interventricular foramina (foramina of
Monro)
– P: fourth ventricle --> cerebral aqueduct
• lined with ependyma
3rd Ventricle
• A: lamina terminalis
– runs the anterior commisure
• P: opening into the cerebral aqueduct
– Superior to this opening is the small posterior commissure
• L:
– medial surface of the thalamus superiorly and the hypothalamus inferiorly
(hypothalamic sulcus)
– lateral- superiorly by the stria medullaris thalami --> joined by the
interthalamic connection
• S: fornix and the corpus callosum
• I: optic chiasma, tuber cinereum, infundibulum, mammillary bodies
3rd Ventricle
CEREBRAL DOMINANCE
• dominant hemisphere
– Handedness, perception of language, and speech
• nondominant hemisphere
– spatial perception, recognition of faces, and music
• More than 90% of the adult population is right-handed
and, therefore, is left hemisphere dominant
• About 96% of the adult population is left hemisphere
dominant for speech.
