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Large eddy simulation of a 660 MW utility boiler under variable load conditions

Article in Frontiers in Energy · January 2020

DOI: 10.1007/s11708-020-0659-2

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 Frontiers in Energy

Large eddy simulation of a 660 MW utility boiler under

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variable loads
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Journal: Frontiers in Energy

Manuscript ID FIE-2019-0492.R1
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Manuscript Type: Special Issue: Clean and Highly-efficient Utilization of Coal

Date Submitted by the

01-Nov-2019
Author:
iew

Complete List of Authors: Shen, Haoshu; Tsinghua University, Energy and Power Engineering
wu, yuxin; Tsinghua University, Energy and power engineering
Zhou, Minmin; University of Utah, Chemical Engineering
Zhang, Hai; Tsinghua University, Energy and Power Engineering
Yue, Guangxi; Tsinghua University, Energy and Power Engineering
On

Lyu, Junfu; Department of Thermal Enginering

Keywords: large eddy simulation, ultra-supercritical boiler, operation load

Speciality: coal combustion, numerical simulation, utility boilers

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Page 1 of 27 Frontiers in Energy

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2 Response for FIE-2019-0492
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4 Journal: Frontiers in Energy
5 Manuscript ID: FIE-2019-0492
6 Title: Large eddy simulation of a 660 MW utility boiler under variable loads
7 Authors: Haoshu Shen; Yuxin Wu; Minmin Zhou; Hai Zhang; Guangxi Yue; Junfu Lyu
8
Article Type: Research paper
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11 We appreciate the comments given by the reviewers and would like to answer them as follows.
12
13  Response to Reviewer 1
14
15
This manuscript deals with double-reheat ultra-supercritical boiler simulation using large eddy
16 turbulent model. This research is interesting and the performance characteristics such as flow field,
17 NOx formation, temperature distribution and heat flux at different loads are given which are beneficial
18 for the operation of the boiler. Therefore, it is recommended to be accepted for publication in Frontiers
19
in Energy.
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21 Response: Thanks for your comments which inspire us to make persistent efforts.
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23  Response to Reviewer 2
24 Issue 1: Fig. 5 shows the vertical gas velocity distributions along the boiler height under different
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operation loads. What’s the meaning of the square solid symbol? Please add the legend of the thermal
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27 calculation.
28 Response: The square solid symbols in Fig. 5 represent the vertical gas velocities of the thermal
29 calculation. The legend has been added to Figs. 5 and 6.
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32 Issue 2: In Fig. 6, why the flue gas temperature in the main combustion zone is much lower than that in
33 OFA burnout zone for three operation loads? Why the flue gas temperature at 50% load is higher than
34 that at 100% and 75% loads. Please explain it clearly in the revised manuscript.
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35 Response: The following table (Table 4 in the manuscript) shows the excess air ratios in the boiler. The
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flame is under the lean-burn condition in the main combustion zone while it is of the rich-burn mode in
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38 the OFA burnout zone. The flue gas temperature increases in the OFA burnout zone due to the
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39 complete combustion of pulverized coal. Compared to the 100% and 75% loads, the excess air ratio of
40 the 50% load is higher in the main combustion zone. Thus, the flue gas temperature of the 50% load is
41 higher than those of 100% and 75% loads. The explanation has been added to the revised manuscript.
42
43
Please refer to lines 143-150.
44
45 Excess air ratio
46 Position
BMCR 75%THA-100 50%THA-100
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48
Main combustion zone 0.70 0.75 0.85
49 OFA burnout zone 1.10 1.11 1.17
50 Total 1.15 1.17 1.26
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52
Issue 3: In Figure 9, the NOx concentration is as low as 30-100ppm. Please explain it and it’s better to
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54 compare it with the operation data of NOx emission for actual boiler loads.
55 Response: The NOx concentration computed by LES is valid for two reasons. First, the semi-empirical
56 NOx model adopted in this study was validated by air-staged combustion experiments in an electric
57 heated down-fired furnace [1]. Second, the deep air-staged combustion technology was applied to the
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 Frontiers in Energy Page 2 of 27

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2 utility boiler. The design value of NOx emission ranged from 93 ppm to 142 ppm which was consistent
3 with simulation results. We are now in contact with the power plant to ask for the operation data and
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the comparison will be done in the future. The revision can be found in lines 163-165.
5
6
7 [1] Zhang Z, Wu Y, Chen D, Shen H, Li Z, Cai N, Zhou M, Smith S T, Thornock J N, Isaac B J. A
8 semi-empirical NOx model for LES in pulverized coal air-staged combustion. Fuel, 2019, 241: 402-409.
9
10
11
Issue 4: The analysis of the heat flux distribution in Fig. 10 is too simple. Please extract the simulated
12 volumetric and cross-section heat flux and compared it with the designed values.
13 Response: The time-average wall heat flux has been extracted and compared quantitatively in Fig. 11.
14 Please refer to lines 167-171.
15
16
17  Response to Reviewer 3
18 Issue 1: It is necessary to give the size of the boiler furnace in Figs. 1 and 2. It can help the reader to
19 know where is “profile at the cross-section of X=34.226 m”.
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20 Response: I am sorry that the specific sizes of the boiler cannot be provided in this paper without the
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permission of Shanghai Boiler Works Co., Ltd. I have marked the coal inlets and OFA injection on Fig.
1 to help readers understand the boiler structure. The cross-section of X=34.226 m refers to the D layer
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24 shown in Fig. 1.
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Issue 2: It is necessary to give the main design run parameters of the boiler and the burner at the three
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28 loads.
29 Response: The operation parameters are shown in Table 2.
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Page 3 of 27 Frontiers in Energy

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1 Large eddy simulation of a 660 MW utility boiler under variable loads
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5 2 Haoshu Shen1, Yuxin Wu1*, Minmin Zhou2, Hai Zhang1, Guangxi Yue1, Junfu Lyu1
6 3 1
Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
7 4 2
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
8
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5 *Corresponding author: Yuxin Wu, [email protected], (+86) 010-62781559
10 6
11 7 Abstract: Large eddy simulation (LES) has become a promising tool for pulverized coal combustion
12
8 with the development of CFD technologies in recent years. LES can better capture the unsteady features
13
14 9 and turbulent structures of coal jet flame than RANS. The coal-fired power plants in China are now
15 10 required to be operated under a wide load range and quickly respond to the electric grid. The boiler
16 11 performance of variable loads should be evaluated in terms of flow, heat transfer and combustion
17
18 12 processes. In this paper, LES was applied to simulate a 660 MW ultra-supercritical boiler under BMCR,
19 13 75%THA-100 and 50%THA-100 conditions. The predicted gas velocities agree well with the thermal
20 14 calculation and the temperature error is less than 130 K. The simulation results show that the operation
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15 load has significant effects on the boiler performance. It is also proved that LES can provide guidance
23 16 for the design and operation of the advanced coal-fired boilers.
24 17 Keywords: Large eddy simulation, ultra-supercritical boiler, operation load
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18
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27 19 1. Introduction
28 20
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The electricity generated by the coal-fired power plants makes up of more than 70% of the total
29 21 electricity production in China [1]. In the past decades, the generating equipment availability hours have
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31 22 dropped to the level of less than 4000 hours per year. It means that most of the power plants are operated
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32 23 under low loads. According to the Paris Agreement, China has pledged to decrease the carbon emission
33 24 per unit GDP by 40%-45% and increase the ratio of renewable energy consumption to 15% in 2020
34
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25 compared with 2005. However, the renewable energy such as wind and solar power is highly unstable
36 26 and affects the operation safety of grid. The coal-fired power plants are required to adjust the load
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37 27 dynamically to offset the volatility of the renewable energy. The transition to a more flexible power
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28 system needs to understand the boiler performance under wide load conditions thoroughly.
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40 29 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a useful tool to study the flow, heat transfer and combustion
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41 30 processes in the utility boilers. CFD can be classified into three levels which are Reynolds Averaged
42 31 Navier Stokes (RANS) computations, Large Eddy Simulations (LES) and Direct Numerical Simulations
43
44 32 (DNS) [2]. RANS techniques are developed to solve for the mean values of all quantities and require
45 33 turbulent models for unclosed terms. DNS solves the full instantaneous Navier-Stokes equations without
46 34 any model for turbulent motions. Luo et al. investigated the pulverized coal jet flame in a heated co-flow
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35 by means of DNS [3, 4]. However, it is only limited to academic problems due to tremendous
49 36 computational costs. LES explicitly calculates the turbulent large eddies and models the small-scale
50 37 eddies. Chen and Ghoniem found that LES better captured the pulverized coal jet flame and provided
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38 insights into the flame stabilization mechanism [5].
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53 39 Many researchers investigated the effects of operating conditions on the tangentially coal-fired
54 40 boilers due to their widespread application. Belosevic et al. investigated the influence of turning off the
55 41 burners, the air/fuel ratio and the boiler load [6]. The outlet average flue gas temperature and carbon-
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57 42 dioxide content decreased with the boiler load reduction from the full load. Turning off the burners to
58 43 achieve the load decrease would change the overall flow and temperature field. Belosevic et al. further
59 44 studied the flame geometry and position in order to optimize the operation parameters of a utility boiler
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 Frontiers in Energy Page 4 of 27

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3 45 [7]. It was recommended to supply more fuel through the upper- than the lower level of the main burners
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5 46 to avoid excessively low position of the flame. Al-Abbas et al. explained the effects of boiler loads on
6 47 the combustion processes [8]. When the operation load is under the full load, the coal reaction with
7 48 oxidizers can be improved due to the increased residence time in the combustion zone. When the
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49 operation load is above the full load, the higher aerodynamics and oxygen concentrations lead to the
10 50 improved mixing and reaction conditions. Tian et al. found that the CO concentration dramatically
11 51 decreased with the operation load changing from 100% to 50% and the NOx concentration at the outlet
12
52 was not sensitive to the operation load [9]. The simulation results were validated by the experimental
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14 53 measurements. However, Belosevic et al. showed a negative correlation between the NOx concentration
15 54 and the boiler load [10]. Dong et al. studied the wall temperature distributions in an ultra-supercritical
16 55 boiler [11, 12]. The wall temperatures in the full load condition are much higher than those in 75% and
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18 56 50% loads. Liu et al. investigated the effects of flue gas recirculation injection position on the temperature
19 57 distribution, NOx emission, and gas temperature deviation under boiler maximum continuous rating
20 58 (BMCR), 75% turbine heat acceptance (THA) and 50%THA loads [13]. The investigated boilers in the
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59 previous studies had different arrangements of burners and heating panels and were operated under
23 60 various conditions. Thus, some of conclusions seem to be contradictory and are lack of generality.
24 61 In this paper, a 660 MW ultra-supercritical boiler was simulated by LES under a wide range of
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62 operation loads. The particle phase was tracked by a simplified direct quadrature method of moments
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27 63 (DQMOM) in the Eulerian framework [14]. The simulation results were compared with the thermal
28 64
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calculation and they were in good agreement. The effects of operation load on the flow, heat transfer and
29 65 combustion processes were discussed subsequently in section 4. This study is helpful to the design and
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31 66 operation of utility boilers.
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33 68 2. Investigated utility boiler
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69 The 660 MW ultra-supercritical tangentially fired boiler was built in Suqian, China. It started a
36 70 commissioning test at the end of 2018. It adopted a tower-type furnace and a double-reheat steam cycle
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37 71 in order to improve the efficiency. The steam parameters of 31MPa/600C/620C/620C were first
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72 realized in this boiler. Figure 1 shows the boiler structure and the arrangements of burners and heating
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40 73 panels.
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41 74 There are six layers of pulverized coal burner at each corner. Two layers of over-fire air with three
42 75 inlets each are installed over the main burner zone. An imaginary circle which rotates clockwise is formed
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44 76 in the center of the furnace as shown in Fig. 2. The deflected air between two adjacent coal inlets deviates
45 77 from the direction of primary air and is closer to the wall. The recirculation flue gas is injected into the
46 78 ash hopper in order to adjust the gas temperature.
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79 Table 1 shows the designed coal used in the thermal calculation. The coal is ground into fine
49 80 particles with R90 in the range of 18%-20%. The uniformity index of coal particles is between 1.0 and
50 81 1.1. Table 2 presents the operating parameters of 100%, 75% and 50% loads which are simulated in this
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82 study.
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53 83
54 84 3. Numerical models
55 85 A LES tool named Arches was used to simulate the utility boiler. Arches solves the conserved
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57 86 quantities (mass, momentum, energy and scalar) in a turbulent flow field by massively parallel computing
58 87 method. It has been applied to many industrial problems including solid fuel combustion and gasification
59 88 [15-17]. The related models are introduced in the following section.
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3 89
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5 90 3.1. Governing equations of gas phase
6 91 The gas conservation equations are written in finite volume form including mass balance,
7 92 momentum balance, mixture fraction balance and energy balance equations.
8
9  
+ (  u i )= S m (1)
t xi
10
11  (  u i )   u i u j  p
  [ ij   (u  
i u j  u i u j )]    g i  S ui
12 t x j x j xi
(2)
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14  (  h )   h  qi
 (  u i h )  [   (u  
i h  u i h )]   Sh (3)
15 t xi xi xi xi
16
 (  )   u i  
17   [D   (u  
i  u i )]  S  (4)
t xi xi xi
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19 93 where S represents the source term. The bar and tilde over variables denote filtered and Farve-filtered
20 94 operators respectively.  is the mixture fraction which is used to determine the thermochemical state of
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95 the flow field.
23 96
24 97 3.2. Simplified DQMOM model
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98 A simplified DQMOM model is used to track the particle phase in the Eulerian framework. The
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27 99 particle phase can be represented by a number density function (f) which describes the number of particles
28 per volume and varies with space ( ⃗), time (t) and internal coordinates (x⃗). Seven internal coordinates
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29 101 are used to represent the intrinsic characteristics of coal particles. They are raw coal mass, char mass,
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31 102 particle diameter, particle enthalpy and three components of particle velocities [18]. DQMOM solves the
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32 103 transport equations of weights ( ) and weighted abscissas (z = 〈x 〉 ) as shown in Eq. (5) and
33 104 (6).
34
   
35 ( )  ( ui    )  ( x ( ))  a (5)
i ,
36 t xi xi xi
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37    
38 t
( n ) 
xi
( ui    n ) 
xi
( x
i ,
xi
( n ))  bn (6)
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40 105 where and are the unknown source terms which are solved by a set of linear equations. Solving
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41 106 the linear equations can be avoided by assuming no birth and death of particles and no dispersion terms
42 107 between different particle groups. Thus, the source terms can be obtained without solving the linear
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44 108 equations. Detailed explanation can be found in a previous study [14].
45 a  0 (7)
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47 bn   Gn, (8)
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49 109
50 110 3.3. Coal models
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111 As for pulverized coal combustion, the particles are highly dispersed so that any particle-particle
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53 112 interactions are small enough to be omitted. Only drag force and gravity are included in the single particle
54 113 velocity model and other forces can be neglected for micro-sized particles [18]. The devolatilization
55 114 equations combines the single rate reaction model and the distributed activation energy model. The model
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57 115 parameters are defined by comparing with CPD data [19]. Three reactions given by equations (9) - (11)
58 116 are used to model the char oxidation process [18]. An ash deposition with wall heat transfer model is also
59 117 incorporated into the code [20]. In order to predict the NOx distribution, a semi-emperical NOx model is
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3 118 applied to quantify NO homogeneous reduction by the concentration of CO + H2 [21]. The NOx model
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5 119 was validated by air-staged combustion experiments in an electric heated down-fired furnace.
6 C  s   0.5O2  CO (9)
7 C  s   H2O  CO  H2 (10)
8
C  s   CO2  2CO (11)
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10 120
11 121 3.4. Simulation setup
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122 In consideration of the computational costs, only a portion of the furnace (from the ash hopper to
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14 123 the high-temperature super-heater) was chosen as the simulation domain as shown in Fig. 3. X axis refers
15 124 to the vertical direction along the boiler height and Y, Z axes denotes the horizontal directions. The
16 125 uniform cubic meshes with a length of 0.1 m were used across the simulation domain. The total mesh
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18 126 number was nearly 24 million. Although the mesh resolution was not enough for the near-wall flows,
19 127 LES could provide more reliable results because the large eddies dominated the flow field in the boiler.
20 128 Three cases with operation loads of BMCR, 75%THA-100 and 50%THA-100 were simulated and the
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129 load decrease was achieved by turning off burners. The excess air ratios were 1.15, 1.17 and 1.26
23 130 respectively. Each case was run for 168 hours on 1421 processors. The total physical time was more than
24 131 20 s which was long enough to reach a steady state. Five particle sizes were used to represent the
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132 continuous particle size distribution. Table 3 gives the initial particle size distribution set in the
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27 133 simulations. They are defined by the Gaussian quadrature theory to ensure conserved moments [22].
28 134
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29 135 4. Results and discussion

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31 136 Figure 4 shows that the mass-averaged gas temperature at the inlet of the low-temperature super-
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32 137 heater changes over time. The gas temperature reaches a steady state after 10 seconds. In the following
33 138 analysis, the variables are all averaged over a time period of 3 seconds. In order to validate the numerical
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139 models, the simulation results are compared with the thermal calculation under different operation loads.
36 140 The vertical gas velocity distributions along the furnace height scaled by the furnace width are presented
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37 141 in Fig. 5. They increase with the operation load because the total air flow rate increases. It is found that
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142 the LES results agree well with those of thermal calculation which are denoted by points. The gas
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40 143 temperature plays an important role in the heat transfer process. Figure 6 shows the gas temperature
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41 144 profiles of different operation loads. In the main burner zone, the gas temperatures increase dramatically
42 145 and the distributions are quite similar. However, the gas temperatures at the 50% load are higher than
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44 146 those of the 100% and 75% loads. It is because the excess air ratio of the 50% load is larger as shown in
45 147 Table 4. The gas temperature keeps rising at the OFA burnout zone except for the 50% load. The
46 148 pulverized coal is fully burnt off along with more heat released from combustion when extra air is injected
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149 into the furnace through the OFA burners. The maximum error of gas temperatures between LES and
49 150 thermal calculation is 127 K.
50 151 Figure 7 shows the tangential velocity profiles along the centerlines of the D layer scaled by the
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152 furnace width. The differences of the velocity profiles among three operation loads are relatively small.
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53 153 The diameter of the real velocity circle is much larger than that of the imaginary circle. Figure 8 shows
54 154 the gas temperature profiles on the same cross-section as Fig. 7. These curves take on the distribution of
55 155 “saddle shape”. The high-temperature zones are very close to the furnace wall. The diameter of the
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57 156 temperature circle is even larger than that of the velocity circle.
58 157 Figure 9a shows the species distributions along the furnace height under different operation loads.
59 158 O2 is fully consumed in the main burner zone while its mass fraction increases to 4% over the OFA zone.
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3 159 When the operation load goes down, the CO mass fractions decrease and CO2 mass fractions increase. It
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5 160 is because the excess air ratio at the main burner zone is larger for a lower operation load. Figure 9b
6 161 presents the NO profiles in the furnace. The NO distributions are quite similar for BMCR and 75%THA-
7 162 100 cases. When the operation load is as low as 50%THA-100, the NO mass fractions are relatively high
8
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163 in the main burner zone and decrease to a low level in the OFA zone. The design value of NOx
10 164 concentration ranges from 93 ppm to 142 ppm which is consistent with LES results. These species
11 165 distributions will be further validated by experimental data.
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166 Figure 10 shows that the wall heat flux is extremely high near the burner port while it is uniformly
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14 167 distributed above the main combustion zone. The area where the wall heat flux is larger than 300 kW/m3
15 168 shrinks when the operation load decreases from 100% to 50%. Figure 11 presents the time-average wall
16 169 heat flux distributed along the furnace height quantitatively. The distribution of 50% load is lower than
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18 170 those of 75% and 100% loads in the main combustion zone. The wall heat flux of BMCR peaks in the
19 171 OFA burnout zone while it is not obvious for the other two cases.
20 172
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22 173 5. Conclusion
23 174 LES was applied to study the effects of the operation load on the flow, heat transfer and combustion
24 175 processes of a 660 MW ultra-supercritical boiler. Three operating conditions including BMCR,
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176 75%THA-100 and 50%THA-100 were simulated. The predicted gas velocities agreed well with the
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27 177 thermal calculation and the maximum temperature error is less than 127 K. The gas velocity distributions
28 178
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on the horizontal cross-section are similar among three operation loads while the vertical gas velocities
29 179 distributed along the furnace height decline with the decrease of operation load. The gas temperatures
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31 180 are little affected by the operation load in the main burner zone. However, the area where the wall heat
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32 181 flux is larger than 300 kW/m3 shrinks along with the operation load declining. As for the species
33 182 distributions, CO mass fractions decrease and CO2 mass fractions increase when the operation load goes
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183 down. The NO concentration of the 50% load is higher in the main combustion zone and lower in the
36 184 OFA zone compared to 75% and 100% loads. The species distributions should be further validated by
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37 185 the experimental data. The simulation results show that the operation load has significant effects on the
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186 boiler performance. It is proved that LES can provide guidance for the design and operation of advanced
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40 187 coal-fired boilers.
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41 188
42 189 Acknowledgement
43
44 190 This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.
45 191 2017YFB0602102) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51761125011).
46 192
47
48 193 References
49 194 1. China Electricity Council. Annual Statistics of China Power Industry 2018. http://www.cec.org.cn/,
50 195 2019-6-10.
51
196 2. Poinsot T, Veynante D. Theoretical and numerical combustion. 2nd ed. USA: RT Edwards, Inc., 2005.
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53 197 3. Luo K, Wang H, Fan J, Yi F. Direct Numerical Simulation of Pulverized Coal Combustion in a Hot
54 198 Vitiated Co-flow[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2012, 26(10): 6128-6136.
55 199 4. Luo K, Bai Y, Jin T, et al. Direct Numerical Simulation Study on the Stabilization Mechanism of a
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57 200 Turbulent Lifted Pulverized Coal Jet Flame in a Heated Coflow[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2017, 31(8): 8742-
58 201 8757.
59 202 5. Chen L, Ghoniem A F. Simulation of Oxy-Coal Combustion in a 100 kWth Test Facility Using RANS
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3 203 and LES: A Validation Study[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2012, 26(8): 4783-4798.
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5 204 6. Belosevic S, Sijercic M, Tucakovic D, Crnomarkovic N. A numerical study of a utility boiler
6 205 tangentially-fired furnace under different operating conditions. Fuel, 2008, 87(15-16): 3331-3338.
7 206 7. Belosevic S, Sijercic M, Crnomarkovic N, Stankovic B. Numerical Prediction of Pulverized Coal
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207 Flame in Utility Boiler Furnaces. Energy & Fuels, 2009, 23(11): 5401-5412.
10 208 8. Al-Abbas A H, Naser J. Computational fluid dynamic modelling of a 550 MW tangentially-fired
11 209 furnace under different operating conditions. Procedia Engineering, 2013, 56: 387-392.
12
210 9. Tian D, Zhong L, Tan P, Ma L, Fang Q, Zhang C, Zhang D, Chen G. Influence of vertical burner tilt
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14 211 angle on the gas temperature deviation in a 700 MW low NOx tangentially fired pulverised-coal boiler.
15 212 Fuel Processing Technology, 2015, 138: 616-628.
16 213 10. Belošević S, Tomanović I, Crnomarković N, Milićević A, Tucaković D. Numerical study of
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18 214 pulverized coal-fired utility boiler over a wide range of operating conditions for in-furnace SO2/NOx
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20 216 11. Dong J, Zhou T, Wu X, Zhang J, Fan H, Zhang Z. Coupled Heat Transfer Simulation of the Spiral
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24 219 12. Dong J, Fan H, Wu X, Zhou T, Zhang J, Zhang Z. Study on the effect of flame offset on water wall
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27 221 and Technology, 2019, 191(3): 472-490.
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31 224 with deep-air-staging[J]. Fuel, 2019, 246: 285-294.
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32 225 14. Shen H, Wu Y, Xu K, Smith P J, Zhang H. Eulerian LES simulation of coal jet flame with a simplified
33 226 DQMOM model. Fuel, 2018, 216: 475-483.
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227 15. Sundén B, Faghri M. Transport phenomena in fires. Britain: WIT press, 2008.
36 228 16. Pedel J, Thornock J N, Smith P J. Ignition of co-axial turbulent diffusion oxy-coal jet flames:
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230 17. Pedel J, Thornock J N, Smith S T, Smith P J. Large eddy simulation of polydisperse particles in
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40 231 turbulent coaxial jets using the direct quadrature method of moments[J]. International Journal of
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44 234 19. Schroeder B B, Smith S T, Smith P J, Fletcher T H, Packard A, Frenklach M, Hegde A, Li W, Oreluk
45 235 J. Scale-Bridging Model Development for Coal Particle Devolatilization. arXiv, 2016: 1609.00871.
46 236 20. Zhou M, Parra-Álvarez J C, Smith P J, Isaac B J, Thornock J N, Wang Y, Smith S T. Large-eddy
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237 simulation of ash deposition in a large-scale laboratory furnace. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,
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50 239 21. Zhang Z, Wu Y, Chen D, Shen H, Li Z, Cai N, Zhou M, Smith S T, Thornock J N, Isaac B J. A semi-
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240 empirical NOx model for LES in pulverized coal air-staged combustion. Fuel, 2019, 241: 402-409.
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53 241 22. Shen H, Wu Y, Zhou M, Smith ST, Zhang H, Yue G. Identification of the initial particle size
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3 244 Figure captions
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5 245 Fig. 1. Schematic view of the 660 MW ultra-supercritical tangentially fired boiler
6 246 Fig. 2. Vertical view of the main burner zone
7 247 Fig. 3. The simulation domain built in Arches
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248 Fig. 4. Gas temperature versus time at the inlet of low-temperature super-heater
10 249 Fig. 5. Vertical gas velocity distributions along the scaled furnace height under different operation loads
11 250 Fig. 6. Gas temperature distributions along the scaled furnace height under different operation loads
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251 Fig. 7. Tangential velocity profiles along the centerlines of the D layer
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14 252 Fig. 8. Gas temperature profiles along the centerlines of the D layer
15 253 Fig. 9. Species distributions along the scaled furnace height under different operation loads: (a) O2, CO
16 254 and CO2 and (b) NO
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18 255 Fig. 10. Wall heat flux profiles (W/m2) under different operation loads: (a) BMCR, (b) 75%THA-100
19 256 and (c) 50%THA-100
20 257 Fig. 11. Wall heat flux distributions (W/m2) along the scaled furnace height
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3 259 Table 1. Proximate and ultimate analysis of the designed coal
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5 Item Vdaf (%) Mt (%) Aar (%) LHV (kJ/kg)
6 Value 38.2 11.9 28.3 18443
7 Item Car (%) Har (%) Nar (%) Oar (%) Sar (%)
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9 Value 47.4 3.2 0.8 7.2 1.2
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3 261 Table 2. The operating parameters of 100%, 75% and 50% loads
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5 Item Unit BMCR 75%THA-100 50%THA-100
6 Primary air flow rate kg/h 487302 370668 273111
7 Secondary air flow rate kg/h 1568196 1172106 883984
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9 Total air flow rate kg/h 2141138 1628421 1242741
10 Primary air temperature C 76 76 76
11 Secondary air temperature C 352 320 298
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14 Flue gas flow rate kg/h 2350224 1784451 1353380
15 Recirculation gas ratio % 4.0 4.0 6.0
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3 264 Table 3. The initial particle size distribution
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6 Particle size (m) 3.7 17.5 49.6 93.8 148.4
7 Mass fraction (%) 0.43 12.37 49.97 34.25 2.98
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3 267 Table 4. Excess air ratios at different positions in the boiler
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5 Excess air ratio
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8 Main combustion zone 0.70 0.75 0.85
9 OFA burnout zone 1.10 1.11 1.17
10 Total 1.15 1.17 1.26
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