ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Basic Electric Circuit
PREPARED BY: HAFTU NGUS
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In electrical engineering, we are often interested in
communicating or transferring energy from one point to
another. To do this requires an interconnection of electrical
devices.
Such interconnection is referred to as an electric circuit, and
each component of the circuit Is known as an element.
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.
3 Simple circuit
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The six basic SI units
Quantity Basic unit Symbol
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram Kg
Time Second s
Electric current Ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature Kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela cd
The SI prefixes
Multiplier prefix Symbol
5 10^18 exe E
10^15 peta P
10^12 tera T
10^9 giga G
10^6 mega M
10^3 kilo k
10^2 hecto h
10^1 deka da
10^-1 deci d
10^-2 centi c
10^-3 milii m
10^-6 micro µ
10^-9 nano n
10^-12 pico p
10^-15 femto f
10^-18 ato a
6 Electric charge
Electric charge is measured in Coulombs. Coulomb is defined as
the quantity of charge that passes through the cross-section of an
electrical conductor carrying one ampere for one second. One
coulomb is equal to the amount of charge for 6.28×10^18
electrons.
If one coulomb is equal to the amount of charge for 6.28×10^18
electrons, an object with one coulomb of negative charge has
6,280,000,000,000,000,000 extra electrons.
7 Electric charge
When a conducting wire (consisting of several atoms) is connected to a
battery (a source of electromotive force), the charges are compelled to
move; positive charges move in one direction while negative charges
move in the opposite direction. This motion of charges creates electric
current.
It is conventional to take the current flow as the movement of positive
charges, that is, opposite to the flow of negative charges as figure
shown below
8 Electric charge
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Conventional flow
conductor
Electron flow
Free electrons
I
10 Electric current
Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A).
Mathematically, the relationship between current i, charge q, and time t is
𝑖 = 𝑑𝑞/𝑑𝑡 ------------------- (*)
Where current is measured in amperes (A), and
1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second
The charge transferred between time t and t is obtained by integrating both sides
0
of Eq. (*). We obtain
𝑡
𝑞 = න 𝑖𝑑𝑡
𝑡𝑜
11 DC (Direct Current) CURRENT
If the current does not change with time, but remains constant, we call it a direct
current (dc).
12 AC (Alternating Current) CURRENT
A common form of time-varying current is the sinusoidal current
or alternating current (ac).
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Conventional current flow
-Ve current flow
-10A
10A
+Ve current flow
14 voltage
To move the electron in a conductor in a particular direction requires
some work or energy transfer.
This work is performed by an external electromotive force (emf),
typically represented by a battery. This emf is also known as voltage or
potential difference.
+a
𝑣𝑎𝑏
battery
-b
15 voltage
The voltage 𝑣𝑎𝑏 between two points a and b in an electric
circuit is the energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge
from a to b; mathematically,
𝑣𝑎𝑏 = 𝑑𝑤/𝑑𝑞
Where w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulombs (C).
The voltage 𝑣𝑎𝑏 or simply v is measured in volts (V).
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17 Power
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured
in watts (W).
𝑑𝑤
𝑝=
𝑑𝑡
where, p is power in watts (W),
w is energy in joules (J), and
t is time in seconds (s).
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑞
𝑝= where, 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑤/𝑑𝑞, and 𝑖 = 𝑑𝑞/𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖
18 Power
The power p is a time-varying quantity and is called the
instantaneous power.
Thus, the power absorbed or supplied by an element is the
product of the voltage across the element and the current through
it. If the power has a + sign, power is being delivered to or
absorbed by the element.
If, on the other hand, the power has a − sign, power is being
supplied by the element.
19 How do we know when the power has a negative or a positive sign?
Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current enters
through the positive terminal of an element and p = +vi. If the
current enters through the negative terminal, p = −vi.
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Power
i -i
V V
p=vi p=-vi
21 Power
The law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in any electric
circuit. For this reason, the algebraic sum of power in a circuit, at
any instant of time, must be zero:
∑𝑝 = 0
This confirms the fact that the total power supplied to the circuit
must balance the total power absorbed.
22 Energy
The energy absorbed or supplied by an element from time 𝑡0 to time 𝑡 is
𝑡 𝑡
𝑤 = න 𝑝𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑡
𝑡0 𝑡0
Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).
The electric power utility companies measure energy in watt-hours
(Wh), where
1𝑊ℎ = 3600𝐽
