In-organic Chemistry

CHE
Dr. Aliaa Abdel-Fattah
Email: aliaaabdelfatahmohamed@gmail.com
Lec 3 Periodic Table of Element

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 The Periodic Table

. .

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Introduction
 The periodic table is made up of rows of elements and
columns.

 An element is identified by its chemical symbol.

 The number above the symbol is the atomic number

 The number below the symbol is the rounded atomic weight

of the element.

 A row is called a period

 A column is called a group

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Organizing the Elements
• Chemists used the properties of elements to sort them into groups.
• JW. Dobreiner grouped elements into triads.
• A triad is a set of three elements with similar properties.

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 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
 In 1869, a Russian chemist and teacher
published a table of the elements.
 Mendeleev arranged the elements
in the periodic table in order
of increasing atomic mass.

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 Henry Moseley
In 1913, through his work with X-rays, he determined the actual
nuclear charge (atomic number) of the elements. He rearranged
the elements in order of increasing atomic number.
“There is in the atom a fundamental quantity which increases
by regular steps as we pass from each element to the next. This
quantity can only be the charge on the central positive nucleus.”

1887 - 1915

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The Periodic Law
In the modern periodic table elements are arranged in
order of increasing atomic number.
Periodic Law states: When elements are arranged in order
of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition
of their physical and chemical properties

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The elements can be grouped into three broad classes based on
their general properties.
• Three classes of elements are Metals, Nonmetals, and
Metalloids.
• Across a period, the properties of elements become less
metallic and more nonmetallic.

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 Properties of Metals
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
• Metals are shiny.
• Metals are ductile (can be stretched into thin wires).
• Metals are malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets).
• A chemical property of metal is its reaction with water
which results in corrosion.
• Solid at room temperature except Hg.

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 Properties of Non-Metals
Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and
electricity.
• Non-metals are not ductile or malleable.
• Solid non-metals are brittle and break easily.
• They are dull.
• Many non-metals are gases.

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 Properties of Metalloids
Metalloids (metal-like) have properties of both metals and
non-metals.
• They are solids that can be shiny or dull.
• They conduct heat and electricity better
than nonmetals but not as well as metals.
• They are ductile and malleable.

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 Groups Periods
Columns of elements Each horizontal row of elements is
are called groups or families. called a period

Elements in each group have similar The elements in a period a period are
but not identical properties. not alike in properties. properties.

For example, lithium (Li), In fact, the properties change greatly

sodium (Na), potassium (K), and other across even given row.
members of group IA are up IA are all
soft, white, shiny metals.

All elements in a group have the same The first element in a period is always
number of valence electrons. an extremely active solid. The last
element in a period is always an
inactive gas

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Hydrogen
 The hydrogen square sits atop group AI, but it is not a member of
that group. Hydrogen is in a class of its own.
 It’s a gas at room temperature.
 It has one proton and one electron in its one and only energy level.
 Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill up its valence shell.

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Classifying the Elements The periodic table displays the
symbols and names of the elements along with information
about the structure of their atoms.

Atomic number: No of protons

Atomic mass: No protons and neutrons

Atomic 8 Mass number

symbol Protons
O
Name oxygen Neutrons

Atomic mass 15.999 Electrons

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Four chemical groups of the periodic table:
2. alkali metals (IA)
3. alkaline earth metals (IIA),
4. Halogens (VII),
5. Noble gases (VIIIA).

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Alkali Metals
The alkali family is found in the first column of the periodic table.
Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost
level, i ost level, in other words, 1 valence electron.
They are shiny, have the consisten onsistency of clay, and are easily cut
with a knife. a knife.

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Alkali Metals
They are the most reactive metals.
They react violently with water.
Alkali metals are never found as free elements in nature.
They are always bonded with another element.

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Alkaline Earth Metals
They are never found uncombined in nature.
They have two valence electrons.
Alkaline earth metals include magnesium and calcium, among others.

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Transition Metals
Transition elements include those elements in the B groups.
These are the metals you are probably most familiar: copper, tin, zinc,
iron , nickel, gold, and silver.
They are good conductors of heat and electricity.

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Transition Metals
The compounds of transition metals are usually brightly colored and are
often used to color paints.
Transition elements have 1 or 2 valence electrons, which they lose when
they form bonds with other atoms. Some transition elements can lose
electrons in their next level.

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Transition Elements
 Transition elements have properties similar to one another
and to other metals, but their proeir properties do not fit in
with those of any other group.
 Many transition metals combine chemically with oxygen to
form compounds called oxides.

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Representative Elements
Groups 1A – 7A.
 Elements are refered to as representative elements because they
display a wide range of physical and chemical properties.
 For any representative element, its group number equals the number
of electrons in the highest occupied energy level.

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Trends in the periodic table:
Ionization Energy
Atomic Radius
Electron Affinity
Electronegativity

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Sizes of Atoms
The bonding atomic radius is defined as one-half of the distance
between covalently bonded nuclei.

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Atomic Radius Trend
 Group Trend
As you go down a column, atomic radius increases. As you go down, e-
are filled into orbitals that are farther away from the nucleus (attraction
not as strong).
 Periodic Trend
As you go across a period (L to R), atomic radius decreases. As you go L
to R, e- are put into the same orbital, but more p+ and total (more
attraction = smaller size).

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Ionic Radius Trend
 Metals: lose e- , which means more p+ than e- (more
attraction)
SO… Ionic Radius < Neutral Atomic Radius
 Nonmetals: gain e- , which means more e than p+ (not as
much attraction)
SO… Ionic Radius > Neutral Atomic Radius

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 Sizes of Ions
Ionic size depends upon:
 Nuclear charge.
 Number of electrons.
 Orbitals in which electrons reside.

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Sizes of Ions
 Cations are smaller than their
parent atoms.
 The outermost electron is
removed and repulsions are
reduced.

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 Sizes of Ions
 Anions are larger than their parent
atoms.
 Electrons are added and repulsions are
increased

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 Sizes of Ions
 Ions increase in size as you go down a column due to increasing value of n.

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Metals versus Nonmetals
Metals tend to form cations.
Nonmetals tend to form anions.

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Background
 Electrons can jump between shells (Bolls (Bohr’s model supported by
line spectra)
 The electrons can be pushed so far that they escape the attraction of
the nucleus
 Losing an electron is called ionization
 An ion is an atom that has either a net positive or net negative charge
 Q: what would the charge be on an atom that lost an electron? Gained
two electrons?
A: +1 (because your losing a -ve electron
A: -2 (because you gain 2 -ve electrons)

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Ionization Energy
 Amount of energy required to remove an electron from the ground
state of a gaseous atom or solid atom or ion.
 First ionization energy is that energy required to remove first electron.
 Second ionization energy is that energy required to remove second
electron, etc

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Ionization Energy
Group Trend: As you go down a column, ionization energy decreases. As
you go down, atomic size is increasing (less attraction), so easier to
remove an e- .
Periodic Trend: As you go across a period (L to R), ionization energy
increases. As you go L to R, atomic size is decreasing (more attraction),
so more difficult to remove an e- (also, metals want to lose e- , but
nonmetals do not).

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Ionization Energy
 It requires more energy to remove each successive electron.
 When all valence electrons have been removed, the ionization energy
takes a quantum leap

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Trends in First Ionization Energies
 As one goes down a column, less energy
is required to remove the first electron.
 For atoms in the s in the same group,
Zeff is essentially the same, but the
valence electric electrons are
farther from the nucleus.

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Electronegativity
Electronegativity tendency of an atom to attract e-
.

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Electronegativity Trend
 Group Trend: As you go down a column, electronegativity decreases.
As you go down, atomic size is increasing, so less attraction to its own e-
and other atom’s e-
.
 Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R), electronegativity
increases.
As you go L to R, atomic size is decreasing, so there is
more attraction to its own e- and other atom’s e-
.

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H.W 2

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Thank You

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