1. For second language learners, success is not guaranteed.

A. For second language learners, success is not guaranteed.

B. However, a study done by Optiz and Degner in 2012 shows that sequential bilinguals (i.e.
C. Later, Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson modified their age cut-offs to argue that after childhood, in gener
D. In most cases, people never achieve the same level of fluency and comprehension in their second la

2. And second language learners can do this by applying the rules they learn to the sentence-construction,
A. These numbers are here compared with those referred to by Ethnologue, a popular source in the lin
B. And in other words, foreign language is used from the perspective of countries; the second language
C. And second language learners can do this by applying the rules they learn to the sentence-construc
D. Such issue leads to a "double sense of national belonging," that makes one not sure of where they b

3.
A. In the learning of a second language the correction of errors remains a controversial topic with many
B. Gauthier and Genesee have done research which mainly focuses on the second language acquisitio
C. These numbers are here compared with those referred to by Ethnologue, a popular source in the lin
D.

4. According to Noam Chomsky, children will bridge the gap between input and output by their innate gram
A. Stern, Rubin and Reiss are just a few of the researchers who have dedicated time to this subject.
B. These views are closely associated with the critical period hypothesis.
C. They looked at four types of motivations—intrinsic (inner feelings of learner), extrinsic (reward from
D. According to Noam Chomsky, children will bridge the gap between input and output by their innate g

5. However, students report themselves being strongly instrumentally motivated.

A.
B. A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1).
C. However, students report themselves being strongly instrumentally motivated.
D. Such issue leads to a "double sense of national belonging," that makes one not sure of where they b

6. Not all educators in second language agree to this distinction; however, the study of how a second langu
A.
B. Likewise, French would be considered a foreign language in Romania and Moldova, even though bo
C. And in other words, foreign language is used from the perspective of countries; the second language
D. Not all educators in second language agree to this distinction; however, the study of how a second l
7. In the 1970s, Dulay and Burt's studies showed that learners acquire grammar forms and structures in a
A. In the 1970s, Dulay and Burt's studies showed that learners acquire grammar forms and structures i
B. Before a child goes through puberty, the chemical processes in the brain are more geared towards l
C. See below Table 1.
D. Furthermore, children who have limited input still acquire the first language, which is a significant dif

8. At this time, more research started to be undertaken to determine exactly which kinds of corrections are
A. At this time, more research started to be undertaken to determine exactly which kinds of corrections
B. However, a study done by Optiz and Degner in 2012 shows that sequential bilinguals (i.e.
C. In the former, the student needs to partake in natural communicative situations.
D. For example, the Canadian census defines first language for its purposes as "the first language lear

9. The first is nativeness which means the speaker's ability to approximately reach the speaking pattern of
A. The first is nativeness which means the speaker's ability to approximately reach the speaking patter
B. A second language may be a neighbouring language, another language of the speaker's home coun
C. A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1).
D. This provides a more balanced approach to teaching and helps students of a variety of learning style

10. For example, English in countries such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Philippines, the
A. And in other words, foreign language is used from the perspective of countries; the second language
B. Instruction may affect the rate of learning, but the stages remain the same.
C. As we are learning more and more about the brain, there is a hypothesis that when a child is going t
D. For example, English in countries such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Philippines, th

11. Being successful in learning a second language is often found to be challenging for some individuals.
A. Being successful in learning a second language is often found to be challenging for some individuals
B. Throughout the last century much advancement has been made in research on the correction of stu
C. ) The difference between learners may be significant.
D. So learners in both their native and second language have knowledge that goes beyond what they h

12. Common methods are the grammar-translation method, the direct method, the audio-lingual method (c
A. Adolescents and adults who know the rule are faster than those who do not.
B. There are many different methods of second-language teaching, many of which stem directly from a
C. Common methods are the grammar-translation method, the direct method, the audio-lingual method
D. His studies in 2002 showed that students learn better when teachers help students recognize and co
13. Also, "older children acquire faster than younger children do (again, in early stages of morphological an
A. Due to such factors, learning foreign languages at an early age may incur one's perspective of his o
B. See below Table 1.
C. Being successful in learning a second language is often found to be challenging for some individuals
D. Also, "older children acquire faster than younger children do (again, in early stages of morphologica

14. Some of their common findings are that a good language learner uses positive learning strategies, is a
A. Some of their common findings are that a good language learner uses positive learning strategies, is
B. The distinction between acquiring and learning was made by Stephen Krashen as part of his Monito
C. The emotional distinction between L1 and L2 indicates that the "effective valence" of words is proce
D. And in other words, foreign language is used from the perspective of countries; the second language

15. The same can be said for French in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, although French is not an official lan
A. Acquiring a second language can be a lifelong learning process for many.
B. Most language teachers do not use one singular style, but will use a mix in their teaching.
C. The same can be said for French in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, although French is not an official
D. " SLA has been influenced by both linguistic and psychological theories.

16. For one, learners may become fossilized or stuck as it were with ungrammatical items.
A. For one, learners may become fossilized or stuck as it were with ungrammatical items.
B. Later, Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson modified their age cut-offs to argue that after childhood, in genera
C. George H. J. Weber, a Swiss businessman and independent scholar, founder of the Andaman Asso
D. As noted elsewhere, L2 learners rarely achieve complete native-like control of the second language

17. A speaker's dominant language, which is the language a speaker uses most or is most comfortable wit
A. After that age, L2 learners could get near-native-like-ness but their language would, while consisting
B. In the 1980s, the strict grammar and corrective approach of the 1950s became obsolete.
C. Moreover, if children start to learn a second language when they are seven years old or younger, th
D. A speaker's dominant language, which is the language a speaker uses most or is most comfortable

18. In practice, French is widely used in a variety of contexts in these countries, and signs are normally prin
A. In the 1980s, the strict grammar and corrective approach of the 1950s became obsolete.
B. These numbers are here compared with those referred to by Ethnologue, a popular source in the lin
C. A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1).
D. In practice, French is widely used in a variety of contexts in these countries, and signs are normally
19. However, children by around the age of 5 have more or less mastered their first language with the exce
A. Other dominant theories and points of research include 2nd language acquisition studies (which exa
B. He contested that the affective side of students and their self-esteem were equally important to the t
C. However, children by around the age of 5 have more or less mastered their first language with the e
D. Being successful in learning a second language is often found to be challenging for some individuals

20. In pedagogy and sociolinguistics, a distinction is made between second language and foreign language
A. In pedagogy and sociolinguistics, a distinction is made between second language and foreign langu
B. The first is nativeness which means the speaker's ability to approximately reach the speaking patter
C. These theories have all influenced second-language teaching and pedagogy.
D. The distinction between acquiring and learning was made by Stephen Krashen as part of his Monito

21. According to Krashen, the acquisition of a language is a natural process; whereas learning a language
A. For example, the Canadian census defines first language for its purposes as "the first language lear
B. And in other words, foreign language is used from the perspective of countries; the second language
C. Being successful in learning a second language is often found to be challenging for some individuals
D. According to Krashen, the acquisition of a language is a natural process; whereas learning a langua

22. There are many different methods of second-language teaching, many of which stem directly from a pa
A. Due to such factors, learning foreign languages at an early age may incur one's perspective of his o
B. There are many different methods of second-language teaching, many of which stem directly from a
C. The distinction between acquiring and learning was made by Stephen Krashen as part of his Monito
D. As far as the relationship between age and eventual attainment in SLA is concerned, Krashen, Long

23. Researchers asserted that correction was often unnecessary and that instead of furthering students' le
A. Researchers asserted that correction was often unnecessary and that instead of furthering students
B. However, a study done by Optiz and Degner in 2012 shows that sequential bilinguals (i.e.
C. And in other words, foreign language is used from the perspective of countries; the second language
D. A similar phenomenon exists in post-Soviet states such as Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Ka

24. Most language teachers do not use one singular style, but will use a mix in their teaching.
A. Success in language learning can be measured in two ways: likelihood and quality.
B. Most language teachers do not use one singular style, but will use a mix in their teaching.
C. In 1998, Lyster concluded that "recasts", the teacher repeating a student's incorrect utterance with th
D. Researchers asserted that correction was often unnecessary and that instead of furthering students
25. In 1998, Lyster concluded that "recasts", the teacher repeating a student's incorrect utterance with the
A. And as children learn more and more foreign languages, children start to adapt, and get absorbed in
B. (Fossilization occurs when language errors become a permanent feature.
C. In 1998, Lyster concluded that "recasts", the teacher repeating a student's incorrect utterance with th
D. Moreover, if children start to learn a second language when they are seven years old or younger, th

26. The data below are from [Link] as of June 2013.

A. Whereas after puberty, the ability for learning a language without an accent has been rerouted to fun
B. The data below are from [Link] as of June 2013.
C. So learners in both their native and second language have knowledge that goes beyond what they h
D. The same can be said for French in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, although French is not an official

27. Due to such factors, learning foreign languages at an early age may incur one's perspective of his or he
A. It is inevitable that all people will learn a first language and with few exceptions, they will be fully suc
B. Due to such factors, learning foreign languages at an early age may incur one's perspective of his o
C. In conclusion, learning a second language and being successful depend on every individual.
D. George H. J. Weber, a Swiss businessman and independent scholar, founder of the Andaman Asso

28. Özgür and Griffiths have designed an experiment in 2013 about the relationship between different moti
A. At this time, more research started to be undertaken to determine exactly which kinds of corrections
B. In 1998, Lyster concluded that "recasts", the teacher repeating a student's incorrect utterance with th
C. According to the test results, the intrinsic part has been the main motivation for these student who le
D. Özgür and Griffiths have designed an experiment in 2013 about the relationship between different m

29. A similar phenomenon exists in post-Soviet states such as Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazak
A. A similar phenomenon exists in post-Soviet states such as Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Ka
B. Also, "older children acquire faster than younger children do (again, in early stages of morphological
C. Adolescents and adults who know the rule are faster than those who do not.
D. At this time, more research started to be undertaken to determine exactly which kinds of corrections

30. A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1).
A. Being successful in learning a second language is often found to be challenging for some individuals
B. A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1).
C. In acquiring an L2, Hyltenstam found that around the age of six or seven seemed to be a cut-off poin
D. So learners in both their native and second language have knowledge that goes beyond what they h
31. Such issue leads to a "double sense of national belonging," that makes one not sure of where they belo
A. Moreover, if children start to learn a second language when they are seven years old or younger, the
B. Such issue leads to a "double sense of national belonging," that makes one not sure of where they b
C. After that age, L2 learners could get near-native-like-ness but their language would, while consisting
D. However, children by around the age of 5 have more or less mastered their first language with the e

32. A second language may be a neighbouring language, another language of the speaker's home country
A. The distinction between acquiring and learning was made by Stephen Krashen as part of his Monito
B. George H. J. Weber, a Swiss businessman and independent scholar, founder of the Andaman Asso
C. A second language may be a neighbouring language, another language of the speaker's home coun
D. So learners in both their native and second language have knowledge that goes beyond what they h

33. Success in language learning can be measured in two ways: likelihood and quality.
A. " SLA has been influenced by both linguistic and psychological theories.
B. Success in language learning can be measured in two ways: likelihood and quality.
C. He also monitors himself and his learning, has a strong drive to communicate, and has a good ear a
D. For L2 pronunciation, there are two principles that have been put forth by Levis.

34. So learners in both their native and second language have knowledge that goes beyond what they hav
A. So learners in both their native and second language have knowledge that goes beyond what they h
B. His studies in 2002 showed that students learn better when teachers help students recognize and co
C. Due to such factors, learning foreign languages at an early age may incur one's perspective of his o
D. Acquiring a second language can be a lifelong learning process for many.

35. Research has been done to look into why some students are more successful than others.
A. Also a good language learner demonstrates a willingness to practice and use the language in real co
B. Research has been done to look into why some students are more successful than others.
C. Bilingualism has been an advantage to today's world and being bilingual gives the opportunity to und
D. A similar phenomenon exists in post-Soviet states such as Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Ka

36. Weber used the Fischer Weltalmanach of 1986 as his primary and only source for the L2-speakers dat
A. George H. J. Weber, a Swiss businessman and independent scholar, founder of the Andaman Asso
B. A speaker's dominant language, which is the language a speaker uses most or is most comfortable
C. Weber used the Fischer Weltalmanach of 1986 as his primary and only source for the L2-speakers d
D. In the 1970s, Dulay and Burt's studies showed that learners acquire grammar forms and structures i
37. According to the test results, the intrinsic part has been the main motivation for these student who learn
A. He contested that the affective side of students and their self-esteem were equally important to the t
B. As far as the relationship between age and eventual attainment in SLA is concerned, Krashen, Long
C. According to the test results, the intrinsic part has been the main motivation for these student who le
D. Due to such factors, learning foreign languages at an early age may incur one's perspective of his o

38. In most cases, people never achieve the same level of fluency and comprehension in their second lang
A. In most cases, people never achieve the same level of fluency and comprehension in their second la
B. Also, "older children acquire faster than younger children do (again, in early stages of morphological
C. For one, learners may become fossilized or stuck as it were with ungrammatical items.
D. Furthermore, children who have limited input still acquire the first language, which is a significant dif

39. Adolescents and adults who know the rule are faster than those who do not.
A. Adolescents and adults who know the rule are faster than those who do not.
B. Also a good language learner demonstrates a willingness to practice and use the language in real co
C. Common methods are the grammar-translation method, the direct method, the audio-lingual method
D. The 1990s brought back the familiar idea that explicit grammar instruction and error correction was i

40. Many psychological theories, on the other hand, hypothesize that cognitive mechanisms, responsible fo
A. However, children by around the age of 5 have more or less mastered their first language with the e
B. Many psychological theories, on the other hand, hypothesize that cognitive mechanisms, responsibl
C. In conclusion, learning a second language and being successful depend on every individual.
D. In the former, the student needs to partake in natural communicative situations.

41. As we are learning more and more about the brain, there is a hypothesis that when a child is going thro
A. As we are learning more and more about the brain, there is a hypothesis that when a child is going t
B. In pedagogy and sociolinguistics, a distinction is made between second language and foreign langu
C. Most language teachers do not use one singular style, but will use a mix in their teaching.
D. Some of these approaches are more popular than others, and are viewed to be more effective.

42. Error correction does not seem to have a direct influence on learning a second language.
A. A second language may be a neighbouring language, another language of the speaker's home coun
B. For one, learners may become fossilized or stuck as it were with ungrammatical items.
C. Error correction does not seem to have a direct influence on learning a second language.
D. He also monitors himself and his learning, has a strong drive to communicate, and has a good ear a
43. Likewise, French would be considered a foreign language in Romania and Moldova, even though both
A. In the former, the student needs to partake in natural communicative situations.
B. These views are closely associated with the critical period hypothesis.
C. In the learning of a second language the correction of errors remains a controversial topic with many
D. Likewise, French would be considered a foreign language in Romania and Moldova, even though bo

44. For example, the Canadian census defines first language for its purposes as "the first language learned
A. A similar phenomenon exists in post-Soviet states such as Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Ka
B. For example, the Canadian census defines first language for its purposes as "the first language lear
C. In most cases, people never achieve the same level of fluency and comprehension in their second la
D. According to the test results, the intrinsic part has been the main motivation for these student who le

45. Later, Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson modified their age cut-offs to argue that after childhood, in general,
A. In 1998, Lyster concluded that "recasts", the teacher repeating a student's incorrect utterance with th
B. So learners in both their native and second language have knowledge that goes beyond what they h
C. Later, Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson modified their age cut-offs to argue that after childhood, in gener
D. Stephen Krashen was a big proponent in this hands-off approach to error correction.

46. George H. J. Weber, a Swiss businessman and independent scholar, founder of the Andaman Associa
A. After that age, L2 learners could get near-native-like-ness but their language would, while consisting
B. George H. J. Weber, a Swiss businessman and independent scholar, founder of the Andaman Asso
C. Özgür and Griffiths have designed an experiment in 2013 about the relationship between different m
D. Not all educators in second language agree to this distinction; however, the study of how a second l

47. Children are exposed to a language environment of errors and lack of correction but they end up havin
A. Children are exposed to a language environment of errors and lack of correction but they end up ha
B. Not all educators in second language agree to this distinction; however, the study of how a second l
C. In the 1980s, the strict grammar and corrective approach of the 1950s became obsolete.
D. There are many different methods of second-language teaching, many of which stem directly from a

48. In 1977, Terrell"s studies showing that there were more factors to be considered in the classroom than
A. In 1977, Terrell"s studies showing that there were more factors to be considered in the classroom th
B. Collecting the number of second language speakers of every language is extremely difficult and eve
C. For L2 pronunciation, there are two principles that have been put forth by Levis.
D. Gauthier and Genesee have done research which mainly focuses on the second language acquisitio
49. Mackey, Gas and McDonough had similar findings in 2000 and attributed the success of this method to
A. In the 1950s and 60s, the viewpoint of the day was that all errors must be corrected at all costs.
B. In pedagogy and sociolinguistics, a distinction is made between second language and foreign langu
C. Mackey, Gas and McDonough had similar findings in 2000 and attributed the success of this method
D. According to Noam Chomsky, children will bridge the gap between input and output by their innate g

50. For example, linguist Eric Lenneberg used second language to mean a language consciously acquired
A. Likewise, French would be considered a foreign language in Romania and Moldova, even though bo
B. After that age, L2 learners could get near-native-like-ness but their language would, while consisting
C. For example, linguist Eric Lenneberg used second language to mean a language consciously acquir
D. In the learning of a second language the correction of errors remains a controversial topic with many