ANIMAL TISSUES

A tissue is a group of similar cells having a specific function and origin.

EPITHELIAL
TISSUES

CONNECTIV
E TISSUES
ANIMAL
TISSUES MUSCULAR
TISSUES

NEURAL
TISSUES
 I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
ANIMAL TISSUES
(EPITHELIUM)

• It has a free surface that faces body fluid or outside environment.

• Covers or lines body or body parts.
• Cells are compactly packed with little intercellular matrix.
 I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
ANIMAL TISSUES
(EPITHELIUM)

Simple:
Single layered
Epithelial
tissues
Compound:
Multi-layered
 I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
ANIMAL TISSUES
(EPITHELIUM)
I. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
 Composed of a single layer of cells.
 It lines body cavities, ducts and tubes.
 Based on structural modification of cells, simple epithelium is 3 types.
Simple
epitheliu
m
Squamou
Cuboidal Columnar
s
epitheliu epitheliu
epitheliu
m m
m
 I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
ANIMAL TISSUES
(EPITHELIUM)
I. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM 1. Squamous epithelium

• Thin layer of flattened cells

with irregular boundaries.
• Found in the walls of blood
vessels and lung alveoli.
• Functions: form a diffusion
boundary.
 I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
ANIMAL TISSUES
(EPITHELIUM)
I. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM 2. Cuboidal (Cubical) epithelium

• Composed of cube-like cells.

• Found in ducts of glands and tubular
parts of nephrons.
• Functions: Secretion and absorption.
• Epithelium of proximal convoluted
tubule (PCT) of nephron has microvilli.
 I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
ANIMAL TISSUES
(EPITHELIUM)
I. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM 3. Columnar epithelium

• Composed of tall and slender cells.

• Their nuclei are located at the base.
• Free surface may have microvilli.
• Found in lining of stomach & intestine.
• Functions: Secretion & absorption.
 I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
ANIMAL TISSUES
(EPITHELIUM)
Modification of columnar or cuboidal cells 1. Ciliated epithelium
 Cells bear cilia on their free surface.
 Present in the inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles and fallopian tubes.
 Function: To move particles or mucus in a specific direction over the epithelium.
 I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
ANIMAL TISSUES
(EPITHELIUM)
Modification of columnar or cuboidal cells 2. Glandular epithelium

For secretion. They are 2 types:

 Unicellular: Consists of isolated glandular cells. E.g. Goblet cells of the alimentary
canal.
 Multicellular: Consists of cluster of cells. E.g. Salivary gland.
 I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
ANIMAL TISSUES
(EPITHELIUM)
Modification of columnar or cuboidal cells 2. Glandular epithelium

Based on mode of pouring of their secretions, glands are 2 types:

 Exocrine glands: They release secretions through ducts (tubes). Exocrine glands secrete

mucus, saliva, earwax, oil, milk, digestive enzymes etc.

 Endocrine (ductless) glands: No ducts. They produce hormones.
 I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
ANIMAL TISSUES
(EPITHELIUM)
II. COMPOUND EPITHELIUM
 Composed of multi-layered cells.
 Limited role in secretion and absorption.
 They cover the dry surface of skin, moist surface of buccal cavity, pharynx, inner lining of
ducts of salivary glands & pancreatic ducts.
 Functions: Protection against chemical and mechanical stresses.
 CELL JUNCTIONS
• These are the junctions that provide structural and functional links between
adjacent cells.
• They are 3 types:

Tight junctions

Cell
Adhering junctions
junctions

Gap junctions
 CELL JUNCTIONS

Tight • Help to stop substances from leaking

junctions across a tissue.

Adhering • Perform cementing to keep

junctions neighbouring cells together.

• Facilitate the cells to communicate with

Gap each other by connecting cytoplasm of
junctions adjoining cells, for rapid transfer of
ions, small molecules & big molecules.
II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 ANIMAL TISSUES II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 It links and supports other tissues/organs.

 Most abundant in complex animals.
 All connective tissues except blood have fibroblast cells. They secrete fibrous proteins
called collagen & elastin. They give strength, elasticity & flexibility to tissue.
 The cells also secrete modified polysaccharides (matrix), which accumulate between
cells and fibres.
Rustam Sir
 ANIMAL TISSUES II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Loose Areolar tissue
connective
CONNECTIVE TISSUE

tissue Adipose tissue

Dense regular
Dense
connective Dense
tissue irregular
Cartilage
Specialised
connective Bone
tissue
Blood

Rustam Sir
 ANIMAL TISSUES II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. Loose Connective Tissue
• In this, cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells etc.) and fibres are loosely arranged in
a semi-fluid matrix.
• It is 2 types: Areolar & Adipose.

Areolar Adipose

Rustam Sir
ANIMAL TISSUES II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. Loose Connective Tissue a. Areolar Tissue

o Present beneath the skin.

o It serves as a support framework for epithelium.

Rustam Sir
 ANIMAL TISSUES II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. Loose Connective Tissue b. Adipose Tissue

o Seen mainly beneath skin.

o Its cells (adipocytes) store fats.
o Excess nutrients are converted into fats and stored in this tissue.
Rustam Sir
ANIMAL TISSUES II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
2. Dense Connective Tissue
 Fibres and fibroblasts are compactly packed.
 2 types:
 Dense regular connective tissues
 Dense irregular connective tissues

Rustam Sir
ANIMAL TISSUES II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
2. Dense Connective Tissue a. Dense regular

 Show regular pattern of fibres.

 Collagen fibres are present in rows between many parallel bundles of fibres.
 E.g. tendons and ligaments.
Rustam Sir
ANIMAL TISSUES II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
2. Dense Connective Tissue a. Dense regular

 Tendons: Attach skeletal muscles to bones.

 Ligaments: Attach one bone to another.

Tendon Ligament

Rustam Sir
ANIMAL TISSUES II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
2. Dense Connective Tissue b. Dense Irregular

 Irregular pattern of fibroblasts and fibres (mostly collagen).

 Present in skin.

Rustam Sir
ANIMAL TISSUES II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
3. Specialized Connective Tissue A. Cartilage
 In this, intercellular material (matrix) is
solid and pliable (due to chondroitin
Cartilage salts) and resists compression.
cell  Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) are
enclosed in small cavities within the
matrix secreted by them.
 Most of the cartilages in vertebrate
embryos are replaced by bones in
adults.
 Cartilage is present in the tip of nose,
outer ear, joints in the vertebral
column, limbs and hands in adults.
Rustam Sir
ANIMAL TISSUES II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
3. Specialized Connective Tissue B. Bone
 It has hard and non-pliable matrix rich in calcium salts and
collagen fibres which give bone its strength.
 Bone cells (osteocytes) are seen in spaces called lacunae.

Rustam Sir
 ANIMAL TISSUES II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
3. Specialized Connective Tissue B. Bone

Functions
 It provides structural frame to body.
 Support and protect softer tissues
and organs.
 Limb bones serve weight-bearing
functions.
 Take part in locomotion and
movements.
 Blood cells are produced in bone
marrow.

Rustam Sir
ANIMAL TISSUES II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
3. Specialized Connective Tissue C. Blood

 A fluid connective tissue containing plasma, red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells
(WBC) & platelets.
 Helps in the circulation of various substances.
Rustam Sir
III. MUSCLE TISSUE
MUSCLE
TISSUE

• The tissues made of many muscle fibres (muscle cells).

• Muscle fibres are composed of numerous fine myofibrils.
• Muscle fibres can contract (shorten) and relax (lengthen).
• Muscles take part in locomotion and movements.
MUSCLE TYPES OF MUSCLES
TISSUE
Skeletal Smooth (non-
(striated/ striated or Cardiac
voluntary) visceral) muscles
muscle muscle
MUSCLE
TISSUE
1
Skeletal (striated/
voluntary) muscle

 They are attached to bones. E.g. Biceps.

 Striations are present in muscle fibres.
 Muscle fibres are bundled together in a parallel
fashion.
 A sheath of tough connective tissue encloses
several bundles of muscle fibres.
MUSCLE
TISSUE
2
Smooth (non-
striated/ visceral)

 Involuntary & fusiform (fibres taper at both ends).

 No striations.
 Cell junctions hold them together and they are
bundled together in a connective tissue sheath.
 They are seen in the wall of internal organs such as
the blood vessels, stomach and intestine.
MUSCLE
TISSUE
3
Cardiac muscle

 Involuntary muscle seen only in the heart.

 Cell junctions fuse the plasma membranes of
the cells and make them stick together.
 Communication junctions (intercalated discs)
allow the cells to contract as a unit, i.e., when
one cell receives a signal to contract, its
neighbour cells are also contracted.
NEURAL
TISSUE

 Made up of neurons (unit of neural system).

 Responsible for control & co-ordination of body.
 Neurons are excitable cells. They carry impulses.
 Neurons are protected and supported by
neuroglial cells.
 Neuroglia make up more than half the volume of
neural tissue.
 ORGAN AND ORGAN SYSTEM

 Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems.

 This organization is essential for better coordinated activities of
cells.
 An organ is made of one or more type of tissues. E.g. Heart has
epithelial, connective, muscular & neural tissues.
 MORPHOLOGY AND
ANATOMY
 Morphology: Study of form or external features.
 Anatomy: Study of morphology of internal organs.
MORPHOLOGY & ANATOMY OF
COCKROACH
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta
americana)

Phylum Arthropoda
Class Insecta
Genus Periplaneta
Species americana
• They are nocturnal, omnivores, live in damp places.
• Colour: Brown or black. Bright yellow, red & green coloured
cockroaches are also seen in tropical regions.
• Size: ¼ inches to 3 inches (0.6-7.6 cm).
COCKROACH MORPHOLOGY
(Periplaneta  The adults are about 34-53 mm long.
americana)  Body is covered by a hard brown chitinous exoskeleton.
COCKROACH MORPHOLOGY
(Periplaneta  In each segment, exoskeleton has hardened plates called sclerites
(dorsal tergites & ventral sternites). They are joined to each other by
americana) a thin and flexible articular membrane (arthrodial membrane).
 The body has 3 regions: head, thorax & abdomen.

Tergites
Sternites

Dorsal Ventral
COCKROACH MORPHOLOGY 1. Head

(Periplaneta  Triangular head is formed by 6 fused segments.

 It shows great mobility in all directions due to flexible neck.
americana)
 Head bears a pair of thread-like antennae, a pair of compound eyes
and biting & chewing type mouth parts.
COCKROACH MORPHOLOGY 1. Head

(Periplaneta  A labrum (upper lip)  Hypopharynx (tongue)

americana) Mouth  2 mandibles  A labium (lower lip)
parts  2 maxillae
COCKROACH MORPHOLOGY 2. Thorax

(Periplaneta  It has 3 parts: prothorax, mesothorax & metathorax.

americana)  The head is connected to thorax by a neck (short extension of the
prothorax).
 Each thoracic segment bears a pair of walking legs.
COCKROACH MORPHOLOGY 2. Thorax

(Periplaneta 2 pairs of wings: Forewings (2) and Hind wings (2).

 Forewings (mesothoracic) or tegmina: Opaque, dark and leathery
americana)
and cover the hind wings when at rest.
 Hind wings (metathoracic): Transparent, membranous and are used
in flight.
COCKROACH MORPHOLOGY 3. Abdomen

(Periplaneta  It consists of 10 segments.

 In females, 7th (boat shaped), 8th & 9th
americana)
sterna form a brood (genital) pouch.
It contains female gonopore,
spermathecal pores & collateral glands.
COCKROACH MORPHOLOGY 3. Abdomen

(Periplaneta  In males, genital pouch lies at the hind end

of abdomen bounded dorsally by 9th & 10th
americana) terga and ventrally by 9th sternum.
 It contains dorsal anus, ventral male genital
pore (gonopore) & gonapophysis.
COCKROACH MORPHOLOGY 3. Abdomen

(Periplaneta  In both sexes, 10th segment bears a pair of jointed anal cerci.
americana)  Males bear a pair of short, threadlike anal styles.

Anal cercus

Anal style
COCKROACH MORPHOLOGY
(Periplaneta Differences between male and female cockroach

americana)

Male Female
• Larger size • Smaller size
• Wings extend beyond the tip • Do not extend beyond the tip
of the abdomen of the abdomen
• Narrow abdomen • Broad abdomen
• Anal styles present • Absent
• Brood pouch absent • Present
COCKROACH ANATOMY Digestive system

(Periplaneta
americana)

Alimentary canal has 3 parts:

 Foregut
 Mid gut
 Hindgut
COCKROACH ANATOMY Digestive system

(Periplaneta
americana) Foregut
 It is lined by cuticle. It includes
Mouth → pharynx → oesophagus
→ crop (to store food) → gizzard
(proventriculus).
 Gizzard helps in grinding the
food. It has an outer layer of thick
circular muscles and thick inner
cuticle forming 6 chitinous plates
(teeth).
COCKROACH ANATOMY Digestive system

(Periplaneta
americana)
Mid gut (Mesenteron)
 It is not lined by cuticle.
 6-8 tubules (hepatic or gastric
caecae) are seen at the junction
of foregut & mid gut. They
secrete digestive juice.
 At the junction of mid gut &
hindgut, there are 100-150
yellow coloured thin filamentous
Malpighian tubules.
COCKROACH ANATOMY Digestive system

(Periplaneta
americana)

Hindgut
 It is broader than mid gut and
lined internally by cuticle.
 Hindgut includes ileum, colon &
rectum.
 Rectum opens out through anus.
COCKROACH ANATOMY Circulatory system

(Periplaneta
americana)
 Blood vascular system: Open
type.
 Blood vessels are poorly
developed and open into space
(haemocoel).
 Visceral organs located in the
haemocoel are bathed in blood
(haemolymph).
 Haemolymph= colourless plasma
+ haemocytes.
COCKROACH ANATOMY Circulatory system

(Periplaneta
americana)
 Heart consists of elongated
muscular tube lying along mid
dorsal line of thorax and abdomen.
 It has funnel-shaped chambers with
ostia on either side.
 Blood from sinuses enter heart
through ostia and is pumped
anteriorly to sinuses again.
COCKROACH ANATOMY Respiratory system

(Periplaneta  It consists of a network of trachea that open through 10 pairs of

americana) small holes called spiracles present on the lateral side of the body.
 The thin branches of tracheal tubes are called tracheoles. They
carry oxygen from the air to all parts.
 The opening of the spiracles is regulated by sphincters.
 Gas exchange takes place at the tracheoles by diffusion.
COCKROACH ANATOMY Excretory system

(Periplaneta  Uricotelic.
americana)  Excretory organ is Malpighian tubules.
 Each tubule is lined by glandular and ciliated cells. They absorb
nitrogenous wastes and convert them into uric acid. It is excreted
out through hindgut.
 Fat body, nephrocytes & urecose glands also help in excretion.
COCKROACH ANATOMY Nervous system
 It consists of segmentally
(Periplaneta
arranged ganglia joined by paired
americana) longitudinal connectives on the
ventral side.
 3 ganglia lie in the thorax and 6 in
the abdomen.
 The head holds only a bit of
nervous system. Remaining part is
situated along the ventral part of
the body. So, if the head of
cockroach is cut off, it will still live
for one week.
 The supra-oesophageal ganglion
(brain) supplies nerves to
antennae and compound eyes.
COCKROACH ANATOMY Nervous system
 Sense organs: Antennae, eyes, maxillary palps, labial palps, anal
(Periplaneta cerci etc.
americana)  Sensory receptors of antennae monitor the environment.
 Each compound eye consists of about 2000 hexagonal ommatidia.
Using these, a cockroach can receive several images of an object.
This is called mosaic vision. It has more sensitivity but less
resolution, being common during night (hence called nocturnal
vision).

Mosaic vision
COCKROACH ANATOMY Reproductive system

(Periplaneta Male Reproductive System

americana)

It consists of
 A pair of testes
 Seminal vesicles
 Accessory glands
 External genitalia
COCKROACH ANATOMY Reproductive system

(Periplaneta Male Reproductive System

americana)  Testes: Lie laterally in the 4th -6th abdominal segments.
Each testis → a thin vas deferens → seminal vesicle → ejaculatory
duct → male gonopore.
 Seminal vesicles: To store
sperms.
Sperms are glued together to
form bundles called
spermatophores. They are
discharged during copulation.

Cockroach
mating
COCKROACH ANATOMY Reproductive system

(Periplaneta Male Reproductive System

americana)  Accessory glands: Include a mushroom gland (in 6th-7th abdominal
segments) and phallic gland. Their secretions nourish the sperms.

 External genitalia (male

gonapophysis or
phallomeres):
Chitinous asymmetrical
structures, surrounding the
male gonopore.

Cockroach
mating
COCKROACH ANATOMY Reproductive system

(Periplaneta Female Reproductive System

americana)

 It consists of 2 large ovaries, oviducts, spermatheca, genital

chamber, Colleterial glands etc.
COCKROACH ANATOMY Reproductive system

(Periplaneta Female Reproductive System

americana)

Ootheca

 Ovaries lie laterally in the 2nd – 6th abdominal segments.

 Each ovary is formed of 8 ovarian tubules (ovarioles), containing a
chain of developing ova.
 Oviducts of each ovary unite into a single median oviduct (vagina)
which opens into the genital chamber.
COCKROACH ANATOMY Reproductive system

(Periplaneta Female Reproductive System

americana)

Ootheca

 A pair of spermatheca is present in the 6th segment which opens into

the genital chamber.
 Sperms are transferred through spermatophores. Their fertilised eggs
are encased oothecae.
 Ootheca is dark reddish to blackish brown capsule, 8 mm long.
 Females lay 9-10 oothecae, each contain 14-16 eggs.
COCKROACH ANATOMY Reproductive system
 Development of P. americana is
(Periplaneta
paurometabolous (development
americana) through nymphal stage).
 Nymphs look like adults. They moult
13 times to reach the adult form.
 The next to last nymphal stage has
wing pads.
 Only adult cockroaches have wings.

Moulting
COCKROACH ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
(Periplaneta
americana)

 They are pests because they destroy food and

contaminate it with their smelly excreta.
 They also transmit bacterial diseases like cholera,
typhoid, tuberculosis etc.
 FROG
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Amphibia
Genus : Rana
Species : tigrina
 Rana tigrina: Most common spp in India.
 They are cold blooded or poikilotherms.
 They can change the colour to hide from
their enemies (camouflage). This
protective coloration is called mimicry.
 During summer and winter they undergo
aestivation (summer sleep) and
hibernation (winter sleep) respectively to
protect from extreme heat and cold.
 FROG: MORPHOLOGY

 The skin is moist, smooth and slippery due to mucus.

 Dorsal side is olive green with dark irregular spots. Ventral side is pale yellow.
 The frog never drinks water but absorb it through the skin.
 Body is divisible into head and trunk. Neck and tail absent.
 Above the mouth, a pair of nostrils is present.
 Eyes are bulged and covered by a nictitating membrane that protects them while in
water.
 On either side of eyes have a membranous tympanum (ear).
 Forelimbs (4 digits) and hind limbs (5 digits) help in swimming, walking, leaping &
burrowing. Hind limbs are larger and muscular than fore limbs.
 Feet have webbed digits that help in swimming.
 FROG: MORPHOLOGY

 Frogs exhibit sexual dimorphism.

 Male frogs have sound producing vocal sac and also a copulatory (nuptial)
pad on the first digit of fore limbs which are absent in female.
 FROG: ANATOMY
Digestive system
 Consists of alimentary canal and digestive glands.
 Alimentary canal is short because
frogs are carnivores and hence the
length of intestine is reduced.
 Mouth → buccal cavity → pharynx
→ oesophagus → stomach →
intestine → rectum → cloaca.
 Food is captured by bilobed tongue.
 FROG: ANATOMY
Digestive system

Digestive glands
 Gastric glands: Secrete HCl and
gastric juices.
 Liver: It secretes bile. It is stored in
the gall bladder.
 Pancreas: It secretes pancreatic
juice containing digestive
enzymes.
 FROG: ANATOMY
Digestive system
Digestion
 Partial digestion occurs in stomach by HCl
& gastric juices. It forms chyme (Partially
digested food).
 Chyme is passed from stomach to
duodenum.
 Duodenum receives bile and pancreatic
juices through a common bile duct.
 Bile emulsifies fat. Pancreatic juice digest
carbohydrates & proteins. Digestion
completes in the intestine.
 Finger-like villi and microvilli in intestine
absorb digested food.
 Undigested solid waste moves into rectum
and passes out through cloaca.
 FROG: ANATOMY
vRespiratory system
 Skin is aquatic respiratory organ
(cutaneous respiration). Dissolved O2 in
the water is exchanged through skin by
diffusion.
 On land, buccal cavity, skin & lungs
(pulmonary respiration) act as
respiratory organs.
 Lungs: 2 elongated, pink coloured sac-
like organs present in thorax.
Air → nostrils → buccal cavity → lungs.
 During aestivation & hibernation gas
exchange takes place through skin.
 FROG: ANATOMY
Circulatory system

Heart
Blood
blood
vascular vessels
system
Circulato blood
ry
system Lymph
Lympha
lymph
tic channels
system lymph
nodes
 FROG: ANATOMY
Circulatory system
 Closed type.
 Heart: 3-chambered (2 atria &1 ventricle). Covered by pericardium.
 A triangular structure called sinus
venosus joins the right atrium. It
receives blood through major
veins (vena cava).
 Ventricle opens ventrally into a
saclike conus arteriosus.
 FROG: ANATOMY
Circulatory system
Blood from heart → arteries (arterial system) → body parts → Veins
(venous system) → heart.
 FROG: ANATOMY
Circulatory system
 Hepatic portal system (venous connection b/w liver & intestine) and renal
portal system (b/w kidney and lower parts of the body) are present in
frogs.
Blood
 Formed of plasma and cells (RBC,
WBC & platelets). RBCs are nucleated
and contain haemoglobin.
 Lymph lacks few proteins and RBCs.
 Blood circulation is achieved by the
pumping action of muscular heart.
 Blood carries nutrients, gases and
water to the respective sites during
the circulation.
 FROG: ANATOMY
Excretory system
 Consists of kidneys (2), ureters (2), cloaca and urinary bladder.
Ureters
• Emerge from the kidneys.
• In males, they act as urinogenital duct
which opens into Kidney
cloaca. In females,
 ureters
Dark red& oviduct
and beanopen separately in
shaped.
 cloaca.
Found posteriorly in the body
cavity onUrinary
both sidesbladder
of vertebral
column. Present ventral to the
• Thin-walled.
Each kidney
 rectum is formed
which also opens ofin cloaca.
• Frog is a ureotelic
uriniferous animal.
tubules (nephrons).
• Nitrogenous wastes are carried by blood
into the kidney where it is separated and
excreted.
 FROG: ANATOMY
Control and co-ordination
Endocrine system
Endocrine glands secrete hormones.
Endocrine glands
• Pituitary
• Thyroid
• Parathyroid
• Thymus
• Pineal body
• Pancreatic islets
• Adrenals
• Gonads
 FROG: ANATOMY
Control and co-ordination

Central Brain
nervous
system Spinal cord
Nervou Peripheral Cranial nerves
s nervous
system system Spinal nerves
Autonomic Sympathetic
nervous Parasympath
system etic
 FROG: ANATOMY
Control and co-ordination
Nervous system
Olfactory lobes
Paired cerebral
Fore-brain hemispheres
Ventral Diencephalon

Brain Midbrain A pair of optic lobes

Cerebellum
Hind brain
Medulla oblongata
Dorsal
 FROG: ANATOMY
Control and co-ordination
Nervous system
 Cranial nerves (10 pairs): From brain.
 Brain is enclosed in a bony brain box (cranium).
 Medulla oblongata passes out through the foramen magnum and
continues into spinal cord.
 Spinal cord is enclosed in the vertebral column.
 FROG: ANATOMY
Control and co-ordination
Nervous system
Sense organs
 Sense organs include organs of
 Touch (sensory papillae)
 Taste (taste buds)
 Smell (nasal epithelium)
 Vision (eyes)
 Hearing (tympanum with internal ears)

 Eyes are a pair of spherical structures situated in the orbit. These are
simple eyes (possess only one unit).
 Ear is an organ of hearing and balancing (equilibrium).
 FROG: ANATOMY
Reproductive system
Male reproductive organs
 A pair of yellowish ovoid testes,
adhered to the upper part of kidneys
by a double fold of peritoneum
(mesorchium).
 Testes → Vasa efferentia (10-12 in
number) → enter the kidneys →
open into Bidder’s canal →
urinogenital duct → opens into the
cloaca.
 Cloaca is a small, median chamber. It
is used to pass faecal matter, urine
and sperms to the exterior.
 FROG: ANATOMY
Reproductive system
Female reproductive organs
 A pair of ovaries near kidneys.
There is no functional connection
with kidneys.
 A pair of oviduct from the ovaries
opens into the cloaca separately.
 A mature female lay 2500 - 3000
ova at a time.
 Fertilisation is external and takes
place in water.
 Development involves a larva
(tadpole). Tadpole undergoes
metamorphosis to form adult.
 Economic importance

 They eat insects and protect the crop.

 Maintain ecological balance by serving as
an important link of food chain and food
web in the ecosystem.
 In some countries the muscular legs of
frog are used as food.
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