Internal Combustion Engine
Prem Kumar
Assistant Professor
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Government Engineering College Samastipur
Module-IV (Fuel Supply System )
❑Fuel supply systems in SI and CI engines,
❑carburetors,
❑Port fuel injection
❑Direct injection and
❑Common rail injection
Fuel Injection Systems
Fuel Supply System in Spark Ignition (SI) Engines
❑ Purpose: The system supplies a proper air-fuel mixture to the engine's combustion chamber.
❑ Components:
• Fuel Tank: Stores the fuel.
• Fuel Pump: Transfers fuel from the tank to the carburetor or fuel injectors.
• Carburetor (Traditional Systems): Mixes air and fuel in the correct proportion.
• Fuel Injectors (Modern Systems): Directly inject fuel into the intake manifold or combustion chamber.
• Air Filter: Filters the air entering the carburetor or injectors.
• Throttle Valve: Regulates airflow to control engine power and speed.
❑ Working:
• Air is drawn into the carburetor or intake manifold.
• Fuel is atomized and mixed with air in a precise ratio (e.g., 14.7:1 for petrol).
• The mixture is then delivered to the combustion chamber for ignition.
Fuel Supply System in Compression Ignition (CI) Engines
❑ Purpose: Supplies diesel fuel under high pressure for efficient combustion.
❑ Components:
• Fuel Tank: Stores diesel fuel.
• Fuel Pump: Pressurizes and sends fuel to injectors.
• Fuel Filters: Remove impurities from diesel.
• Fuel Injectors: Injects atomized diesel into the combustion chamber.
• High-Pressure Lines: Transport fuel under high pressure.
❑ Working:
• Air is compressed in the combustion chamber, raising its temperature.
• Diesel is injected at high pressure through the injectors.
• The high temperature of compressed air ignites the diesel, initiating combustion.
Carburetor
❑ To maintain a small reserve of petrol at constant head.
❑ To vaporize the petrol by means of engine suction and to produce homogenous air fuel mixture.
❑ To supply the required air &petrol at the correct mixture strength.
Working Principle
Types of Carburetors
❑There are mainly three types of carburators
o Up Draught
o Down Draught
o Cross Draught
Port Fuel Injection System Vs. Gasoline Direct Injection
❑ In a GDI engine, the fuel injectors are situated in the cylinder head and fuel is sprayed directly into the cylinder where the air /
fuel mixing then occurs.
❑ There are many advantages of the GDI system over the PFI design, the most significant of which is its better fuel economy.
Common Rail Injection Systems
Common Rail Injection is a modern fuel injection system used in diesel engines to achieve precise fuel delivery, higher
efficiency, and reduced emissions. Unlike traditional fuel injection systems, where fuel is pressurized separately for each
injector, the common rail system uses a single high-pressure fuel rail (a shared pipe) to supply fuel to all injectors.
Working of Common Rail Injection:
1.Fuel Pressurization:
1. The high-pressure pump compresses fuel to the required pressure and supplies it to the common rail.
2.Fuel Storage in the Rail:
1. The common rail stores the fuel at high pressure, making it readily available for the injectors.
3.Precise Injection:
1. The ECU determines the precise timing, duration, and quantity of fuel injection based on engine parameters like speed,
load, and temperature.
2. The fuel injectors spray atomized fuel directly into the combustion chamber for efficient combustion.
Fuel Injection Systems
Advantages of Common Rail Injection:
1.High Efficiency:
1. Precise control over injection timing and pressure improves fuel
economy.
2.Reduced Emissions:
1. Better combustion control reduces harmful emissions like NOx
and particulate matter.
3.Smooth Operation:
1. Multiple injections per cycle (pilot, main, post-injection) reduce
engine noise and vibration.
4.Improved Power Output:
1. Higher injection pressures allow finer atomization, leading to
better combustion and more power.
5.Flexibility:
1. Adaptable to different engine sizes and configurations.
