JSS 3 HOME ECONOMICS LESSON NOTE

WEEK ONE

Period 1

BASIC TEXTILE TERMS

Fabrics or textile are very important, as we all know that textile is one the primary
needs that we cannot do without .the amount of satisfaction we derived from the
clothes we wear depend on the type of fabrics you selected .

BASIC TEXTILE TERMS

1. FIBRE- This is hair like basic unit of raw material used in the making of
yarn and fabrics.
2. YARN: This is the thread made by twisting fibres.
3. FABRICS: This is cloth constructed with yarn or directly from fibres E.G
weaving, knitting or crochets.
4. The WARP: This is the yarn which runs length wise in a woven fabric.
5. THE WEFT: This is the yarn that runs cross wise in a fabric.
6. THE SELVEDGE: This is the edge of the fabric made by the weft thread.
7. GRAIN: This refers to the direction of yarn.
8. THE RIGHT SIDE(RS): This is the side to be worn out
9. THE WRONG SIDE (WS): This is the side to be worn inside.

REASONS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXTILE

1. To be able to identify different types of fibre textiles and their properties.

2. To be able to use fabric intelligently
3. Taking proper care of the fabric
4. Making you a wise consumer.
5. Making you happier with your clothing and fabric purchases. This will give
you confidence when you dress up.

PERIOD 2
USES OF TEXTILE
Textiles are used for:
 I Construction of personal and family clothes

II. Construction of household linen

III. Production of sportswear and swim wear.

IV. Beautify or adorning the body.

V. Protecting the body from harsh weather

VI. They are used in Medicare for producing various articles such as
bandages, masks etc

VII. They are used in automobile e.g. cars, buses.

FABRIC CONSTRUCTION METHODS

This is the process of twisting fibres into yarns and yarns into fabrics.

Fabric twisting

1. WEAVING: This is the process of constructing fabrics by interlacing two

sets of yarns (the warp and yarns) at the right angle.
2. KNITTING: This is the process of constructing fabrics by forming rows
of loops with the yarn.

WEEK 2

Period 1

CLASSES AND PROPERTIES OFFIBRES (COTTON AND LINEN

Fibres are classified into two main classes. The natural and the man- made

CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES

COTTON

Cotton is a vegetable fibre. It is made from cotton balls or bolls from cotton plant.
Cotton plant grows in northern parts of Nigeria and many other countries such as
Egypt, China, America, India and Asia.
Properties of cotton

1. It absorbs moisture quickly

2. It is strong and durable
3. It increases or wrinkles quickly but irons very well
4. It is cool and comfortable to wear.
5. It can be affected by mildew
6. White cotton can be bleached.
7. It can withstand hot water.
8. It can be dyed easily and shrinks when washed
9. Under the microscope, a cotton fibre appears twisted.
10.Cotton burns easily in flame. It gives off smell of burning paper.

LINEN

Linen is a vegetable fibre.It is gotten from the stem of flax plant. The flax plant
grows in such countries as France, Belgium , Russia, Northern Ireland.

PROPERTIES OF LINEN

1. It is stronger than cotton

2. It dries slowly and cool wear
3. It is absorbent and decreases badly
4. It frays badly and easily
5. It has natural lustre
6. It is not fluffy. Linen is therefore suitable as cloth. Since it will leave no
limit on glassware.
7. It is strong and durable.
8. Under the microscope a linen fibre looks rounded. It resembles bamboo
rods.
9. It burns readily and gives off smell of burning papers.
 PERIOD 2

WOOL

Wool is an animal fibre with hair or fleece of sheep. The hair of a camel, angora
rabbit or angora goat can also be used. Wool is commonly produced in
temperate countries such as Britain, Austria, New Zealand etc

PROPERTIES OF WOOL

1. A wool fibre has a scally appearance

2. It is elastic and spongy to touch
3. It is absorbent and does not crease.
4. It is stronger when dry than when wet
5. It can absorb moisture very well without appearing damp
6. It is readily affected by bleach
7. It is attacked by cloth moth
8. It gives the smell of burning feathers when burnt.

SILK

Silk is an animal fibre. It is produced by silk warm. Silk is produced chiefly in

France, Italy, China and Japan.

Characteristics of silk

1. It is smooth and fine

2. It has natural lustre
3. It is elastic
4. It is elastic and crease resistant
5. It is an expensive fibre
6. It is easily dyed and absorb moisture quickly
7. It is weak when wet
8. It gives a smell of burning feather when burnt.

WEEK 3

Period 1

ARTIFICIAL FIBRES
VISCOSE RAYON

This is made by treating wood pulp or cotton litres with a certain chemicals. Also
cuprammonium Rayon.

PROPERTIES OF RAYON

1. It is absorbent
2. It is not very strong
3. It resemble silk in appearance
4. It is not attacked by mildew.

ACETATE

This is also made from wood pulp or cotton litres located with acetic acid.

PROPERTIES OF ACETATE

1. It is fairly cool but uncomfortable in hot weather.

2. It loses strength when wet.
3. It is moderately elastic.
4. It dries quickly.
5. It is attached by cloth moth.

Period 2

Nylon is the family name for all synthetic polyamides.

CHARACTERISTICS OF NYLON

1. It is very strong
2. It requires no ironing
3. It is not comfortable to wear in hot weather
4. It is resistant to creases
5. It does not shrink
6. It does not absorb much water
7. White nylon may become gray or yellow with age
POLYESTER

Polyester is a product of complex series of chemical process using petroleum

products and other chemicals.

PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER

1. They are very strong

2. They do not absorb much water
3. They are creases resistant
4. They do not dye easily
5. They are easy to wash
6. They are resistant to creases
7. Polyester are often used to add strength to wool or cotton.

WEEK 4

Period 1

Manufacturing Process of Cotton Fibres

Cotton fabrics are processes from cotton bolls by the following steps.

1. CANNING: This is the process of separating cotton fibres from the seeds.
The hairs left on the seeds after ginning are called linters.
2. BAILING: The ginned cotton is pressed into bales. The bales are sent to
factory.
3. CLEANING: The impurities in the cotton are removed in the factory or in
the mill.
4. CARDING: At this stage, many shorter fibres are removed. The longer ones
are formed into thick ropes.
5. DRAWING: This is the process of making to twisted fibres into yarn.
6. SPINNING: This is the process of making twisted fibres into yarn
7. DYEING: The yarn can be bleached or dyed into different colours
8. WEAVING: The yarn is used to produce fabrics
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF LINEN

1. RETTING: This is the process of softening the retting tanks by letting them
rot in ponds or special retting tanks
2. BREAKING AND SCOTHING: These are mechanical treatments that break
and remove the woody matter and impurities from the fibres
3. COMBING: This is the process of passing the fibres through special series
of combs to separate long fibres from short ones
4. SPINNING: This is the process of drawing the fibre into silvers and twisting
them for strengthen
5. The yarns can be dyed before weaving

Period 2

MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF WOOL

Wool are processed into two forms:

1. Worsted yarn: This is from long fibres

2. Woollen yarn: This is made from short fibres

Major steps are:

a. Clipping: the fibre (fleece from the sheep) This is cutting of the hair. The
fleece is then packed in bales and transported to the factories.
b. Sorting: The process of grading and separating fibres are according to length
c. Scouring: The process of washing the fibres in a soapy alkali water to
remove dirt and grease
d. Carbonizing: The process of removing all vegetable matters from the fibres
by treating with acid heat and pressure
e. Carding: the process of separating the mated fibres
f. Spinning: The process of twisting the fibres
g. Weaving: The process of making the wool fabric from the yarn

MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SILK

A silk worm spins filament from his cocoon (the fibres) for its cocoon. The fibre is
then held together by silk gum. Before the pupa changes into a moth, the cocoon is
put into boiling water. This softens the gum. The silk fibre is then drawn from the
cocoon. The raw silk is reeled up into skins and packed into small bundle called
books. Silk is processed by the following steps.

a. Throwing: This is the process of twisting fibre to form a strong yarn

b. De- gumming: This is the process of removing the silk gum from the yarn
by boiling in soapy water
c. Weaving: This is the process of constructing the yarn into silk fabric
WEEK 5

Period 1

USES OF COTTON FABRIC

Cotton fabrics can be used for personal clothes, underwear, bedsheet, pillow cases,
table cloth.

Uses of Linen

Linen can be made into different articles such as kitchen linen, glass cloth, tea
towels, table cloth, suits, dresses.

Uses of wool

Wool can be used for underwear, sweaters, socks, suits, vests, trousers, body
wears. They are suitable for cold weathers

Uses of silk

Silk fabrics are used for making scarves, ties, dresses, suits.

Period 2

Typical Cotton Fabrics

These include calico, poplin sateen, flannelette, brocade

Typical Cotton Fabrics

These includedamask,canvas, twill, lawn

Typical wool

Woolens e.g blanket,flannel

Worsted e.g. gabardine, suiting

Typical Silk

These include chiffon, satin, crepe, georgette, velvet, organza

Uses of Acetate

Bedsheet, bedcover, underwear, dresses

Uses of Nylon Night wear, underwear, stoking, curtains, carpets, upholstery.

WEEK 6

Period 1

SEWING MACHINE

Sewing machine is a machine with a mechanically driven needle for sewing or

stitching cloth. It is very important in successful sewing.

Types of sewing machines

1. Hand sewing machines: It is simple, it is operated with hand. It requires to

be placed on a table.
2. Treadle sewing machine: this is operated with feet. The hand has both hand
free for guiding the work. It normally has a special stand.
3. Electric sewing machine: This is operated with the aid of an electric motor.
Some hand and treadle machine can easily be connected to electric sewing
machine by using the electric motor.

Period 2

Parts of a sewing Machine

MACHINE PART FUNCTIONS

Balance wheel It is turned either forward or backward to make the
machine sew.
It raises and lower the needle
Presser foot It holds the fabric firmly in place for stitching
Presser foot lifter It is used to raise and lower the presser foot. It is at
the back of the machine
Feed dog It holds the fabric tight against the presser foot. It
pulls the fabricating along for stitching as it moves
up and down.
Throat plate It provides slots or opening through which the needle
Spool pin This holds the spool of the thread
Thread guides These support the thread from one part of the
machine to another
Needle clamp It is an attachment for needle
Stitch regulator It is used to shorten or lengthen the thread
------- It is used for---- tie--- which goes in the lower part of
the machine
Bobbin case It is the case that holds the bobbin
Stop motion crew This is used to disconnect the --- and stop it from
moving when the machine is operated

Tension Disc This regulates the tightness of the thread as I form

WEEK 7/8

Period 1

Guidelines for choosing sewing machine

1. Compare similar types of machines from different machines

2. Consider the weight of the machine
3. Consider the money available
4. Check to ensure that you have manual or handbook before paying for the
machine
5. Before carrying away the machine, it is necessary to have the dealer
demonstrate to you how it should be operated and try it yourself

Period 2

Care and maintenance of the sewing machine

1. Clean the machine often by dusting to remove dirt and dust

2. Oil the necessary points according to the handbook

3. Cover the machine when not in use

4. Always carry your machine properly and carefully. Avoid dropping it on the
ground.

5. Create a permanent sewing centre or area in the house so as to avoid carrying

the machine about each time you want to sew
WEEK 9

Period 1

FOOD HYGIENE

Food hygiene involves the conditions and measures necessary to ensure the
safety of food from production to consumption. Food safety is a scientific
discipline, dissenting the handling, preparation and storage of food in a way that
prevents food borne diseases

REASONS FOR HEALTHY FOOD HANDLING

The following are key principles of food hygiene according to WHO (World
Health Organisation)

a. Prevents food contamination with pathogens spread by people and pests.

b. Separate raw and cooked food to prevent contaminating the cooked foods.
c. Cook food for the appropriate length of time and at appropriate temperature
to kill pathogens
d. Store food at the appropriate temperature
e. Use safe water and appropriate cooking utensils.

Period 2

Ways of handling food for safety

1. All cooking utensils should be thoroughly cleaned before and after use
2. Wash all fruits and vegetables with plenty water, little salt can be added to
the washing water in order to kill germ
3. Use clean plates to serve cooked food
4. Top of cans and tins such as salad cream, milk, tomatoes paste canned beef
should be washed before opening them
5. Make sure you wash your hands thoroughly before food and using toilets
6. Use tissue paper when you sneeze or cough and make away from the kitchen
then wash your hand
7. Hairs must be covered when in the kitchen. This will keep hair out of the
food.
8. Food that are perishable such as meat and fresh fish should be kept in the
deep freezer
9. Cooked food must be kept hot until it is eaten
10.Pest should be kept away from all foods because they contaminate food
which their eggs and diseases
 WEEK 10

Period 1

SYMPTOMS OF FOOD CONTAMINATION AND POISONING

Food poisoning can be caused by eating food contaminated by bacteria.

Symptoms may include

a. Nausea
b. Vomiting
c. Stomach pain
d. Diarrhoea
e. Feeling weak
f. Fever

Period 2

SOURCES OF FOOD CONTAMINATION AND POISONING

a. Eating spoilt food

b. Pest infestation
c. Drinking polluted water
d. Unhygienic handling of food
e. Eating food not properly covered.