METALS
ABE 221
Content
1. Metal
2. Properties of Metal
3. Classification of Metal
4. Types of Metal
5. Metal Fabrication Process
6. Types of Rebar
7. Metal Sizes Available on the
Market
What is Metal?
Metal
any of a class of substances
characterized by high electrical and
thermal conductivity as well as by
malleability, ductility, and high
reflectivity of light.
Properties of
Metal
Properties of Metals
Physical Properties
-are properties related to the
texture of metals, such as their
appearance, color, luster, weight,
etc.
Properties of Metals
Mechanical Properties
-represent the intrinsic capacity
of metals such as hardness,
ductility, malleability, etc.
Properties of Metals
Chemical Properties
-show the behavior of metals in
various chemical reactions.
Classification of
Metal
Classification of Metal
Ferrous Metal
Non-Ferrous Metal
Alloy
Classification of Metal
Ferrous Metal
metals which have iron as constituents
have a high carbon content which generally
makes them vulnerable to rust when exposed
to moisture.
Most ferrous metals are magnetic which
makes them very useful for motor and
electrical applications.
Classification of Metal
Ferrous Metal
Example: steel, iron, cast iron, etc.
Classification of Metal
Non-Ferrous Metal
metals that do not have iron in them at all.
This means that Non-ferrous metals are
not attracted to a magnet and they also
do not rust when exposed to moisture.
Example: copper, aluminum, lead, tin.
Classification of Metal
Alloy
a mixture of two or more elements to
make another metal with particular
properties.
Example: sterling silver, silicon steel,
etc.
Types of Metal
Types of Metal
IRON
Iron is the most popular and inexpensive
metal.
Iron makes up nearly 5% of the Earth.
Pure iron is not a stable element because
it combines with the oxygen in the air,
producing iron oxide.
The three types are pig iron, cast iron,
and wrought iron.
Types of Metal
IRON (3 Types of Iron)
Pig iron - is a rudimentary form of iron that is
used to make a variety of different ferrous
metals, including cast iron and steel.
Cast iron - is formed by melting pig iron with
coke and limestone. Cast iron is fragile and
notably difficult to weld.
Wrought iron - is tough, ductile, and corrosion-
resistant, wrought iron. It is a highly purified
metal, used for metal fabrication in many
industries.
Types of Metal
IRON (3 Types of Iron)
Pig iron Cast iron Wrought iron
Types of Metal
Magnesium
one of the naturally occurring metals
(Mg).
It is often alloyed with other metals like
Aluminum. That implies combining it with
other metals and elements to form a
hybrid material with specified features.
Magnesium is regarded as a step higher
than aluminum in terms of high-strength
weight reduction.
Types of Metal
Steel
an alloy composed of numerous chemical
elements, including iron and carbon, to
form a strong and fracture-resistant
metal.
high tensile strength and inexpensive
cost.
There are 3 kinds of steel, carbon steel,
stainless steel, and alloy steel.
Types of Metal
STEEL (3 Kinds of Steel)
Carbon Steel Stainless Steel Alloy Steel
Types of Metal
Aluminum
a light metal that hardens and stiffens
when it is combined in trace amounts
with other alloys.
aluminum does not magnetize and is
simple to manufacture.
Types of Metal
Copper
a malleable, flexible, and ductile reddish-
brown metal.
It has strong electrical conductivity and
may be rolled, forged, cast, and pulled
into wires.
It is widely utilized for coinage, wire, and
kitchenware.
Types of Metal
Titanium
It is one of the most corrosion-resistant
metals.
The metal sample has good heat stability
even in extreme heat conditions, which is
why the aerospace industry records the
highest titanium use.
Types of Metal
Bronze
a metal alloy obtained from a
combination of metal samples like
copper and tin or aluminum.
It is solid and does not rust or corrode
when exposed to moisture.
Types of Metal
Brass
a zinc and copper alloy.
more durable than copper but has lesser
conductivity to electricity and heat.
It is also very resistant to air corrosion
and can be soldered with ease.
Types of Metal
Lead
one of the heaviest metals on earth and
has a low melting point.
It is easily malleable and soft, which
makes it simple to cut.
Types of Metal
Tungsten
has the highest melting and boiling point
on earth and can withstand the most
adverse heat treatment of metals.
also has the greatest tensile metal
strength among pure metals and is used
in metal engraving or cutting.
Types of Metal
Zinc
mainly used to coat other metals as it
has high resistance to corrosion and
wear.
due to its low electrochemical potential,
it does not rust.
Types of Metal
Tin
a soft metal and is easily malleable.
is mostly used to make alloy metals like
bronze.
Types of Metal
Nickel
Used commonly to make stainless steel.
nickel is one of the most used for metal
plating.
It increases the strength and corrosion
resistance of the metal surface finish.
one of the most used metals in
electroplating.
Types of Metal
Chromium
improves the metal hardness of other
elements and can also enhance surface
finishing.
It is hard like carbon and has a high
melting point.
Types of Metal
Silicon
one of the most popular non-ferrous
metals as it has qualities of both metals
and nonmetals.
Silicon helps other metals to improve
their features and is a good alloying
material.
has a high melting point and is not a
good heat conductor.
Types of Metal
Cobalt
popularly used to make blue pigment for
paints and dyes.
a byproduct of the mining of copper and
nickel and is rarely produced on its own.
Types of Metal
Lithium
This metal is mostly used to improve the
appearance of glass and ceramics due to
its silvery white luster.
It is a known soft metal with poor
conductivity.
Types of Metal
Gold
an expensive metal that has been used
for ages to create jewelry, coins, and
other decorations.
It is uncommon, soft, flexible, and does
not corrode in the atmosphere.
it conducts electricity well and is solid at
room temperature, dense, resistant to
corrosion, and easily malleable.
Types of Metal
Silver
a precious metal and is used mostly for
ornaments and adorning pieces due to
its luster.
It is a soft, malleable metal and is
resistant to atmospheric corrosion.
It conducts electricity and heat properly.
Types of Metal
Beryllium
a silvery-white soft metal with a low
density, high rigidity, high strength,
structural stability, and reflectivity.
It is distinguished among metals in terms
of specific rigidity.
has the second-lowest density compared
to metals.
Metal
Fabrication
Process
Metal Fabrication Process
Forging Extrusion
Casting Cutting
Drawing Punching
Forming Stamping
Machining Welding
Metal Fabrication Process
Forging
The process involves using forced
compression to achieve the desired
shape.
Done by hand, forging involves heating
metal to the point that it can be bent,
shaped, and formed with the use of a
hammer or die strikes.
One of the oldest forms of metal
fabrication processes in existence.
Metal Fabrication Process
Casting
the process of pouring molten metal into
a mold.
widely accepted as the go-to process for
mass-produced products where the
same mold can be used over and over
again with minimal variance in the final
outcome.
Metal Fabrication Process
Drawing
This fabrication process utilizes tensile
force to pull metal into a tapered die.
This stretches the metal into a thinner
shape.
most commonly used in sheet metal
fabrication processes where the final
product is a box-like or cylindrical vessel.
Metal Fabrication Process
Forming
the process of bending metal to the
desired angle.
most often accomplished with a brake
press that applies pressure to metal so
that a crease is formed.
Metal Fabrication Process
Machining
a subtractive shaping process that
removes unwanted material to create a
form.
there are several different forms
including drilling, turning, and milling.
Metal Fabrication Process
Extrusion
metal is forced between an opened or
closed die.
the piece of metal is reduced to the
cross-section of the die. As a result, a
cavity is formed.
Metal Fabrication Process
Cutting
One of the most versatile metal
fabrication processes.
Technology like lasers, waterjets, power
scissors, and plasma are all utilized to
create exacting cuts.
Metal Fabrication Process
Punching
This process creates holes in a
workpiece.
Punch presses have specially designed
turrets that hit the metal through a die
to produce holes in specific locations.
Punching is used in both light and heavy
metalwork.
Metal Fabrication Process
Stamping
stamping involves creating indentations
in metal, instead of holes with the use of
a press or handheld hammer.
The most common applications for
stamping are creating letters, shapes,
and images.
Metal Fabrication Process
Welding
the art of adjoining two or more pieces of
metal through a mixture of heat and
pressure.
It’s popular because various pieces of
metal can be conjoined no matter their
shape or size.
Types of Rebars
Types of Rebars
Epoxy Coated Rebar
Epoxy coated rebar or
corrosion resistant rebar is
used instead of conventional
reinforcing bars to strengthen
the concrete and protect
against corrosion.
Types of Rebars
Carbon Steel Rebar
Carbon steel, also known as
tempered steel rebar or black
bar, is the least expensive and
thus most commonly used for
residential and commercial
concrete construction.
Types of Rebars
Galvanized Rebar
Galvanized steel is standard
steel that is coated in zinc to
provide enhanced corrosion
resistance.
Types of Rebars
Stainless Steel Rebar
Stainless steel rebar is a type of
reinforcing bar made from
stainless steel that's used to
strengthen concrete and
masonry structures.
Types of Rebars
European Rebar
European rebar is also known
as manganese-based rebar.
Because manganese is a
relatively weak mineral that
bends easily.
Types of Rebars
Mild Steel
Mild steel is a ferrous metal
made from iron and carbon. It is
a low-priced material with
properties that are suitable for
most general engineering
applications.
Types of Rebars
Deformed Steel Bar
Deformed bars are steel bars
that have surface projections
and indentations within them.
Types of Rebars
Mild Steel
Mild steel is a ferrous metal
made from iron and carbon.
Types of Rebars
Glass-fiber-reinforced polymer(gfrp)
A composite material that
consists of a polymer matrix
and glass fibers. The polymer
matrix is usually an epoxy,
vinylester, or polyester
thermosetting resin.
Types of Rebars
Welded Wire Mesh
Welded wire mesh provides
tensile strength and crack
control for all your structural
elements. Steel welded wire
mesh is used to add robustness
and toughness to concrete in
construction applications.
Types of Rebars
Thermo Mechanical Treatment or TMT Rebar
TMT steel bars are generally
used material in construction
for enhanced protection against
earthquake and another type of
natural disasters.
Types of Rebars
Expanded Metal Bar
TMT steel bars are generally
used material in construction
for enhanced protection against
earthquake and another type of
natural disasters.
Types of Rebars
Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer or GFRP
GFRP was used as an alternative
material to the steel rebar. It is
lightweight, no-corrosion,
superior tensile strength, and
high mechanical performance.
Types of Rebars
Prestressing Steel Bars
It is an alloy of iron, carbon,
manganese and optional materials.
Pre-stressing steel, conventional
non-pre-stressed reinforcement is
used for flexural capacity (optional),
shear capacity, temperature and
shrinkage requirements.
Types of Rebars
Cold Rolled Bar
Cold rolled steel is essentially hot
rolled steel that has been further
processed by being allowed to cool
at room temperature and annealed
or temper rolled. It produces steel
with closer dimensional tolerances
and a wider range of surface
finishes than hot rolling.
Types of Rebars
Sheet Metal Reinforcing Bars
Sheet Metal Reinforcing Bars are
pieces of annealed sheet steel
that are twisted into
corrugations and used to
strengthen concrete. They are
often used in the construction of
roofs, stairs, and floor slabs.
Metal Sizes
Available on the
Market
Metal Sizes Available on the Market
Steel Bars (Rebars)
Standard Diameters: 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm,
25mm, 28mm, 32mm, and 36mm.
Metal Sizes Available on the Market
Tubular Steel (Square Tubes)
20mm x 20mm x 1.0mm thick 32mm x 32mm x 1.2mm thick
25mm x 25mm x 1.0mm thick 50mm x 50mm x 1.2mm thick
32mm x 32mm x 1.0mm thick 25mm x 25mm x 1.5mm thick
50mm x 50mm x 1.0mm thick 32mm x 32mm x 1.5mm thick
25mm x 25mm x 1.2mm thick 50mm x 50mm x 1.5mm thick
Metal Sizes Available on the Market
Tubular Steel (Rectangular Tubes)
50mm x 25mm x 1.0mm thick 50mm x 25mm x 1.2mm thick
75mm x 50mm x 1.2mm thick 75mm x 50mm x 1.5mm thick
100mm x 50mm x 1.2mm thick 100mm x 50mm x 1.5mm thick
150mm x 50mm x 1.2mm thick 150mm x 50mm x 1.5mm thick
Standard Length: 6 meters.
Metal Sizes Available on the Market
Light Steel Frames
Products and Dimensions:
C-Tracks: 3m length, 0.40 – 1.00mm thickness
C-Studs: 3m length, 0.40 – 1.00mm thickness
Carrying Channels: 5m length, 0.60 – 1.00mm thickness
Double Furring: 5m length, 0.25 – 0.60mm thickness
Single Furring: 5m length, 0.25 – 0.60mm thickness
Wall Angles: 2.44m length, 0.40 – 0.60mm thickness
Note: Special lengths are available upon request.
Metal Sizes Available on the Market
Steel Pipes
Diameters: 12.7mm, 15.9mm, 19.1mm, 22.2mm, 25.4mm,
31.8mm, 38.1mm, 50.8mm, 63.5mm, 76.2mm, 101.6mm
Thicknesses: 0.55mm, 0.7mm, 1.0mm, 1.5mm, 2.0mm, 2.5mm,
3.0mm
Standard Length: 6 meters.
Metal Sizes Available on the Market
Wide Flange Beams (I-Beams and H-Beams)
Sizes: Various sizes and grades are available to suit
different structural requirements.
Metal Sizes Available on the Market
Galvanized Steel Grating
Loading Bar: 32mm x 5mm
Cross Bar: 6mm
Opening Size: 30mm x 100mm
Material: Mild steel with hot-dip galvanized surface
treatment.
Metal Sizes Available on the Market
Steel Tubes
Diameters: 12.7mm, 15.9mm, 19.1mm, 22.2mm, 25.4mm, 31.8mm,
38.1mm, 50.8mm, 63.5mm, 76.2mm, 101.6mm
Thicknesses: 0.55mm, 0.7mm, 1.0mm, 1.5mm, 2.0mm, 2.5mm,
3.0mm
Standard Length: 6 meters.
Thank you for
listening!
References
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