AVS

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE

[AUTONOMOUS]
Attur Main Road, Ramalingapuram, Salem - 106.
(Recognized under section 2(f) & 12(B) of UGC Act 1956 and
Accredited by NAAC with 'A' Grade)
(Co - Educational Institution | Affiliated to Periyar University, Salem
ISO 9001 : 2015 Certified Institution)
[email protected] | www.avscollege.ac.in
Ph : 98426 29322, 94427 00205.

Study Material
Paper Name : jkpo; kuG kUj;Jtk;
Paper Code : 23UTAME01

Batch : 2023-24
Semester : I
Staff In charge : Ms.S.Ramya
SYLLABUS
 jkpo; kuG kUj;Jtk;

myF-1

kjpg;Gkpf;f czTk; kUe;Jk;

,d;W ehk; tpQ;Qhd cyfpy; tho;fpNwhk;. mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;

kdpjid ,af;Fgitahf cs;sd. kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; gy;NtW fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; kdpjid
NehapypUe;J fhg;ghw;w cjTfpd;wd. ,j;jifa mNyhgjp kUj;Jtk; vd;w tpahghuk;
Mfptpl;lJ.

,g;gbg;gl;l epiyapypUe;J tpLgl;L ,dpa tho;T tho ,aw;if

czT Jiz nra;fpwJ. ,e;j czit kUe;jhfTk; kUe;ij czthfTk; nfhz;L
Rfhjhuk; Ngzp cz;L tho;e;J te;jhy; Neha; ,y;iy.

,aw;if gw;wpa jj;Jtk;:

 ,aw;if clk;Gf;F Gj;Japu; mspf;fpwJ.

 kWkyu;r;rp Cl;LfpwJ.
 gOJ ghu;j;J nrg;gdpLfpwJ.
 mJ clk;gpy; cs;s khRfis fOt cjTfpwJ.
 jd;idj; jhNd Rj;jkhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; ,aw;if Kaw;rpNa tapw;Wg;Nghf;F.
 Fly;fspy; mOfpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; kyj;ij jputkhf;Ftjdhy; Rygkhf mJ
ntspNaWfpwJ.
 ,ij czuhj ehk; clNd Jtu;g;G kUe;J (tul;L B) my;yJ mNyhgjp kUe;J
vd;W vijahtJ cz;L mjid cldbahf epWj;j Kaw;rp nra;fpNwhk;.
 ehd; cly; fopTfs; clypy; Njq;fp tpLtjw;F ehNk fhuzkhfpNwhk;.
 if jd;idj;jhNd Rj;jg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd cjhuzq;fis Njhspy; Vw;gLk;
nfhg;Gsq;fs;> nrhup rpuq;F> gU Nghd;wit.
 ,it uj;jj;jpy; cs;s mOf;FfSk; er;Rg; nghUs;fSk; ntspNaw;wg;gLtjw;fhf
tUgit MFk;.

Nehapd; mwpFwpfs;, rpfpr;irapd; mwpFwpfshd Neha; Vw;gLk; tpjk;:

Neha; vd;gJ jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gpzp vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLk.;

  ,e;jg; gpzp gw;wpa “gpzp vdg;gLtJ rhu;gpy; gpupjha; ,aw;ifapy; jpupe;J
,Lk;ig Gupjy;” vd;W mutiz $w;whf kzpNkfiyapy;$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 gtj;jpwk; mWnfdg;; ghit Nehw;w fijapy; ,t;tup ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
 mjhtJ ,ay;G epiyapypUe;J khwp NtW epiyapy; mjhtJ cly; rhFk;
epiyapy; Neha; tUk; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs; .

Neha; Vw;gLtjw;F gy fhuzq;fs; Kd; itf;fg;gLfpd;wd:

 clypy; nry;fs; Kiwahf nray;gltpy;iy Mdhy; Neha; Njhd;Wk;.

 kdpjd; ,aw;if tpjpfis kPWk; NghJ Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 Nfhgk; jhd; uj;j nfhjpg;G Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk;.
 gak; Nghd;w czu;r;rpfs; ,jaj; Jbg;igNa epWj;jp tpLk;.
 ,it jtpu Neha; Vw;gl ,d;Dk; gy fhuzk; cs;sd.

Xa;tpd;wp cioj;jy;> cupa Neuj;jpy; cwq;fhik> mjpf miyr;ry;>

kd cisr;ry;> Njitaw;w rpe;jid>ftiy>fhk,r;ir> xOf;fk; jtWjy;> clw;gapw;rp
Nkw;nfhs;shik> capuhw;wy; rf;jpia tpuakhf;Fjy;> ve;NeuKk; J}q;fp topjy;>Rw;Wg;Gwr;
Rfhjhuk; NgzhjpUj;jy;> vdpkh cz;zhtpujk; Nkw;nfhs;shjpUj;jy;> Mo;e;j
Rthrkpd;ik> clYf;F xt;thj Milia mzpjy; vd;W mLf;fpf; nfhz;Nl Nghfyhk;.

 ehk; vjw;F vLj;jhYk; trjpfis NjLfpNwhk;.

 elg;gij jtpu;j;J thfd trjp NjLjy;> jhfk; jtpu;ff
; ePiu jtpu;j;J nraw;if
ghdq;fis ehLjy;>kUj;Jtupd; MNyhrid ,d;wp kUe;J cz;Zjy; Nghd;wit
MFk;.

czNt kUe;J:

 cly;eyk; NgZjy; vd;gJ Xu; mupa fiy.

 mf;fiyiag; gw;wp mwpahjjhYk; mf;fiyia NgzhjjhYk; ,d;W ehk;
MNuhf;fpak; vd;Nw gy Neha;fshy; mtjpg;gLfpd;Nwhk;.
 ,jid vspa Kiwapy; jPu;f;f ,aw;if kUj;Jtk; czNt kUe;J kUe;Nj
czT vd;w jj;Jtj;ij Kd; itf;fpwJ.
 ek; Kd;Ndhu; gUt fhyq;fSf;F Vw;g czT cz;Zk;Kiw> czT tif
khw;wk; vd;W gof;fj;jpy; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

czT cd;Dk; jd;ik ehd;F MFk;.

1. jpd;gd - til jpd;Nghk;.

2.cwpQ;Rtd- ghahrk; cwpQ;RNthk;.

3.gUFtd- ePu;> ghy;> Nkhu;> gUFNthk;.

4.cz;gd- Nrhw;iw cz;Nghk;.

,tw;iw fhiy czT NyrhfTk;> kjpa czT rw;W $LjyhfTk;>,uT czT me;jp
khiyapNy kpjkhfTk; cz;z gof Ntz;Lk;.

 czit ed;whf nkd;W nkJthf cz;z Ntz;Lk;.

 nehWq;f jpd;why; E}W taJ vd;gu; ek; Kd;Ndhu;.
 czTnkd;W jpd;gjhy; ckpo;ePUld; czT ed;F fye;J vspjpy; [Puzk; MFk;.

tho;tjw;fhf cz;-cz;gjw;fhf thohNj:

kw;wtu;fSf;fhf cz;zhNj> mtu;fs; te;J [Puzj;ij ju czT

tPzhfp tpLNk vd;W cz;zhNj – mJ cly; eyj;ij tPzhf;fpLk; vd;W kUj;Jt
ty;Yeu;fs; vr;rupf;fpwhu;fs;.

gUt fhyKk; cly;eyj;jpw;Nfw;w czTk;:

 ek; Kd;Ndhu;fs; gUt fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g cly; eyj;jpw;F ed;ik jUk;

czTfis mwpe;J> njupe;J gad;gLj;jp te;Js;sdu;.
 ,Q;rp tapw;Wf;NfhshW fgk; tuhky; jLf;Fk;.
 nte;jak;>[hjpf;fha;>frfrh>Vyk;>fpuhk;G> ytq;fg;gl;il >rPufk;>Nrhk;G> Nghd;wit
thridf;fhfTk; Ritia J}z;lTk; czT vspjpy; nrupf;fTk; cztpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,it cly; c\;zj;ij rPuhf itj;Jf;nfhs;s gad;gLfpd;wd.
 tapw;wpy; thA Nruhky; jLf;fTk; nrupkhdk; mjpfupf;fTk; Xkk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 clYf;F Neha; vjpu;g;G rf;jpiaAk;>clYf;Ff; Fspu;r;rpiaAk; jUtJ ntq;fhak;.
 cly; c\;zj;jhYk; xt;thikahYk; Vw;gLk; rsp> ,Ukiyg; Nghf;f ntq;fhak;
mUkUe;jhf cjTfpwJ.
 cly;eyk; fhf;fTk; cliy Fiwf;fTk; jpl czit tpl fPiufSk; goq;fSk;
Nkyhditahf fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
  mjdhy; jhd; “fPiuj;Njhl;lk; xU kUe;J ngl;b” vd;fpwhu; lhy;];lha;.

2. ,aw;if kUj;Jt Kd;Ndhbfs;

 jpU%yu;
 jpUts;Stu;
 ts;syhu;
 kfhj;kh fhe;jp

jpU%yu;:

 tho;thq;F tho;e;jhy; thDiw nja;tkhfNt Mfyhk; vd;gjw;F topfhl;baha;

mikAk; ,aw;if kUj;Jtj;jpw;F Kd;Ndhbaha; tho;e;jtu;fs; gyu;. mtu;fSs;
Kjd;ikahdtu; jpU%yu;.
 ,tu; vOjpa jpUke;jpuk; gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy; gj;jhk; jpUKiwahf
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 mopAk; cliy Nahfj;jhy; Myak; Mf;fyhk;.
 %r;Rf;fhw;iw mlf;fp jtk; nra;J kuzk; ,y;yhky; gy Mz;Lfs; thoyhk;.
 %d;W Mirfis (kz;> nghd;>ngz;)mlf;fp Ms;tNj Kf;jp jUk; vd;gJ
jpUke;jpuk; ciuf;Fk; fUj;J.
 Neha; vd;gJ kdpjd; Xa;e;J tpLtij Fwpf;Fk;. Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w
nry;tk; vd;gJ gonkhop.
 Nehaw;w cWjpahd clk;gpy;jhd; Md;kh nrk;ikahfg; Nghw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;ghu; jpU%yu;. clk;ghu; mopapd; capuhu; moptu; jplk;gl nka;Qhdk; NruTk;
khl;lhu; clk;ig tsu;f;Fk; cghaKk; mwpe;Njd; clk;ig tsu;j;Njd; capu;
tsu;j;Njd;.
 grpj;jhy; kl;LNk cz;z Ntz;Lk;.
 vijAk; msNthL cz;z Ntz;Lk;.
 kpj kpQ;rp cz;lhy; gpzp jhd;
 Kd;G cz;lJ nrupj;jg;gpd; mLj;J cz;lhy; clYf;F kUe;Nj Njitapy;iy.

1. rhj;tpf czT:

,jid rj;J czT vd;Wk; $Wtu;. ,J ,aw;if czT> jhtu czT>,t;

czthy; clYf;F ve;j NfLk; tUtjpy;iy. ,JNt cliy NgZk; czT> Qhdk;
jUk; czT.
2.uh[r czT:

,J kpFe;j RitAk;>nfhOg;G rj;Jk; epiwe;jJ. gzf;fhuu;fspd; cau;tif

czthfpa ,J clypy; Neha; Vw;gl vspjpy; ,lk; jUk; Ntfitj;Jj; jahupf;Fk;
,t;czTr; Ritf;F mbikahdhy; ,sikapNyNa NehAk; tUk;. clYk; ngUf;Fk;.
Nrhk;gy; mjpfkhFk;.

3. jhkr czT:

,J Gyhy; czthFk;. kpFe;j nfhOg;G czT. ,jid mRu czu;T jUk;

mirt czT vd;gu;. capu;fn
; fhiy vd;gJ ghtk;. vdNt ,J ghtk; jUk; czthFk;.

jpUts;Stu;:

kUj;Jtf; fiy gw;wpa mbg;gil fUj;Jfisj;njhFj;Jj; jUtjpy; Kjd;ikahdtuhf

jpUts;Stu; tpsq;Ffpwhu;.

kUe;J vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; Nehahsp>kUj;Jtd;>cjtpahsd;> kUe;JMfpait gw;wp

njspthf gj;Jf;Fws;fspy; fhl;bAs;shu;.

“cw;wtd; jPu;g;ghd; kUe;Jcior; nry;thndd;W

mg;ghy; ehd; $w;Nw kUe;J” Fws;-950

 ,q;Nf cw;wtd;-Nehahsp (patients)

 jPu;g;ghd;-kUj;Jtd; (Doctor)
 kUe;J- Neha; epthuzp (medicine)
 cior;nry;thd;-cjtpahsd; (compoundar nurse)

vd;W jkpo; kUj;Jtj;Jiwapd; mbg;gilia fhl;Lfpd;whu;.

Neha;ehb Neha; Kjy; ehb mJ jzpf;Fk;

tha;ehb tha;g;gr; nray; Fws; - 948

czit kpFjpahf cz;gtd; ,lj;jpy; Neha; ngUfp epw;Fk;.thjk;>gpj;jk;>

fgk; vd;Dk; ,k;%d;Wk; clypy; msNthL ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ ehk; cz;Zk;
cztpd; Rit> xt;thik fhuzkhf> cz;gjpy; $Ljy; Fiwjy; fhuzkhf Neha;
cz;lhfpd;wJ.
 “kpfpDk; FiwapDk; Neha; nra;Ak;

tsp Kjyh %d;W” Fws; - 941

ehk; goq;fs; cz;Zk; NghJ mg;goq;fs; ek; cliy J}a;ik nra;tjhy;

clypy; cs;Ns mile;J fplf;Fk; rsp ntspNaWfpd;wJ. Mdhy; ehk; gae;J gok;
cz;ljhy; jhd; rsp gpbj;J tpl;lJ. vd;W fUjp rpy goq;fis cz;gij jtpf;fpNwhk;.

Mfhak; rikj;j czthd goq;fs;>fha;fs;>G+f;fs;> ,iyfs; ,aw;ifapd;

tukhd R+upa xsp> ePu; Nghd;wit vy;yhk; clYf;FCW tpistpg;gd my;y. ,ij
czu;e;J filgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. gr;irahf czit cz;zyhk;.

ts;syhu;:

“Md;kNea xUikg;ghl;Lupik”

vd;Dk; ke;jpu nkhopia je;jtu; ts;syhu;.

gpwe;jtu; ahtUk; ,wg;gJ cWjp. Mdhy; ,wthky; vd;nwd;Wk; tho;tJ rhj;jpaNk

vd;fpwhu; ts;syhu;. eQ;Rcz;Lk; rptd; ,wf;ftpy;iy mJ Nghy; mr;rptid
ek;gpatu;fs; mtd; mUshy; kuzkpy;yh ngUtho;T thoyhk; vd;fpwhu;.

“kyu;kpir Vfpdhd; khzb Nru;e;jhy;

epykpir ePL tho;thu;”

vd;Nw ts;StUk; gfpu;fpd;whu;.

kdpjd; rhfhjpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;why; mjid mila xNu top Rj;j rd;khu;f;fk; jhd;
vd;gjid

“rpwe;jpLrd; khu;ff
; k; xd;Nw gpzp %g;G kuzk

Nruhky; jtpu;j;jpLq;fhd; njupe;J tk;kpd; ,q;Nf”

vd;W $wp rkurRj;j rd;khu;ff

; rq;fj;jpw;F vy;NyhiuAk; miof;fpd;whu;.
%ypif kUj;Jtk; gw;wpAk; ts;syhu; gy ,lq;fspy; $wpAs;shu;.

1. mKf;fpuh fpoq;F: vYk;G Nja;khdk; Vw;glhky; ,Uf;f uj;j nfhjpg;G Vw;glhky;

jLf;f> fhrNeha; jtpu;ff
; cliy ngUf;f tplhky; fl;Lld; itj;jpUf;f mKf;fpuh
fpoq;F gad;gLk;.

2. J}Jtis: Qhd %ypif vd;W ,tu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. xU ehisf;F ,uz;L

J}Jtis ,iyia njhlu;e;J cztpy; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;L te;jhy; clypy; c\;zk;
vd;gij ,Uf;fhJ.

“gykhd ,jaj;Jf;F nre;jhkiu

gykhd %isf;F ntz;jhkiu

gykhd Mz;ikf;F Xupjo; jhkiu

gykhd vYk;Gf;F ifahe;jiu

tskhd rijf;F ty;yhiu

gykhd rpWePufj;Jf;F Riu

gy kaf;fk; ePf;FtJ ru;ff

; iu

gil Nghf;Ftuj;J jfiu

gykhf;FtJ Jtiu

gsgsg;GMf;FtJ Mthiu

grp nfhLg;gJ Miu

gU Nghf;FtJ mtiu

FU ts;syhu; cz;lJ Gspahiu”

,JNghd;w Vuhskhd Neha;fSf;F jhuhskhf %ypif kUe;Jfis fz;L nfhz;ltu;fs;

ts;syhupd; rd;khu;ff
; rq;fj;jpy; cs;stu;fs;.

kfhj;kh fhe;jp:
 cly;eyk; fhf;f fhe;jp gy topfis $Wfpwhu; mit mtu;
filgpbj;J czu;e;J $wpajhFk;. xOf;fNk tho;f;ifapd; epajp> caupa xOf;fk;
,y;iyNay; G+uzj;Jtk; va;j KbahJ. xOf;fk; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; mbg;gil. Gyd;
mlf;fNk rkaq;fspy; mbg;gil rj;jpaNk xOf;fj;jpd; rhuhk;rkhFk;.

ngz;fSf;Fupa cz;ikahd Mguzk; mtSila FzKk; J}a

xOf;fKk; jhd; ngz; fhk ,r;irf;fhf Vw;gl;lts; vd;gij kwe;J tpl Ntz;Lk;.
grpj;Jg; Grpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F mtutNu ciof;f Ntz;Lk;. Nfhgk; jtpj;jy;> cz;ik
NgRjy;> ey;y xOf;fk;> ciog;G> md;G fhl;Ljy;> ngha;ik jtpu;j;jy;> Gyhy;
cz;zhik> krhyh czTfis jtpu;j;jy;> $lh xOf;fk; iftply; Nghd;w gy ey;y
Fzq;fisg; gpd;gw;wpdhy; Nehapd;wp MNuhf;fpakhf ePz;l fhyk; thoyhk; vd;gJ
fhe;jpabfs; czu;j;Jk; fUj;jhFk;.

gy;NtW kUj;Jt Kiwfs;:

ghl;b itj;jpak;> ehl;Lg;Gw itj;jpak;> if itj;jpak; vd;W gioa

kUj;Jt Kiwfs; gy ,Ue;jd.*,aw;if topahfNt cliyf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
,aw;if itj;jpak;> rpj;j itj;jpak;> Adhdp itj;jpak;>MAu;Ntj itj;jpak;>
N`hkpNahgjp itj;jpak; vd;W gpd;G gy kUj;Jt Kiwfs; Njhd;wpd.

,aw;if kUj;Jtk;:

 ,aw;if kUj;Jtk; vd;gJ xU rpfpr;ir Kiway;y. ,J xU tho;f;if

KiwahFk;.
 ,k;Kiwrpj;jh> MAu;Ntj KiwfSld; neUq;fpa njhlu;GilajhFk;.
 xU jhtuj;jpd; vy;yh ghfq;fSk; ,k;kUj;Jtj;jpy; kUe;jhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,k;kUj;Jt Kiwf;Fs;NsNa ghl;b itj;jpak;> if itj;jpak; ehl;LGw
itj;jpak; vy;yhk; mlq;Fk;.
 ,aw;ifia rhu;e;j kdpjd; tho;fpd;whd; ,e;j tho;f;if jhd; kdpjDf;F
cfe;jJ cz;ikahdJ cau;e;jJ capNuhl;lk; cs;sJ ,JNt MNuhf;fpak;
jUk; tho;f;ifahFk;.
 Nehia NtNuhL mopg;gJk;> Neha; tuhky; jLg;gJk; gf;ftpisTfs;
Vw;gLj;jhjJk;> rpf;fdkhdJk; Mf ,aw;if kUj;Jtk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
  Rtu; ,Ue;jhy;jhd; rpj;jpuk; tiua KbAk; mJNghy; MNuhf;fpakhf ,Ue;jhy;
jhd; tho;f;ifapd; ,yl;rpaq;fis rhjpf;f KbAk;.
 ,d;W ,aw;if kUj;Jtj;jpw;F gyu; khw tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Ie;J tUlk; kUj;Jt gbg;ghf ,g;gb i`juhghj;> fu;ehlfhtpy;
cs;s ju;k];jyhtpy; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 gy Mq;fpy kUj;Jt Nkijfs; ,aw;if kUj;Jt E}y;fs; gytw;iw vOjp
,aw;if kUj;Jtkidfis elj;jp vy;yh tpjkhdNeha;fisAk;
Fzg;gLj;jpajhf gy E}y;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wd.

Dr.Y}ap$Nd - ePu; kUj;Jt E}y;

(n[u;kd; ehl;il Nru;e;jtu;)

Dr.ru;kh (,e;jpah) 'spinal bath' vd;w E}y; (ePu; kUj;Jtk;- KJFj; jz;L Fspay;)

Dr.RUMFORD- ntg;g rpfpr;ir gw;wp E}y;. ,JNghd;w vj;jid E}y; ek; ehl;by;
fhe;jp[papd; MNuhf;fpa jpwTNfhy; vd;w E}y; ey;y ,aw;if kUj;Jt E}yhFk;.

,aw;if kUj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; gpw kUj;Jtq;fSf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL

t.vz; ,aw;if kUj;Jtk; gpw kUj;Jtk;

1 rpf;fdkhdJ nryT mjpfk;
2 gf;f tpisT ,y;iy gf;f tpisT cz;L
3 vspikahf gpd;gw;wf; $baJ gpd;gw;w fbdkhdJ
4 gj;jpak; ,y;iy msthd MNuhf;fpakhd gj;jpak; cz;L msT gw;wp ftiy
czT gupe;Jiu ,y;iy
5 khkpr czT $lhJ czT cz;zyhk;
6 czNt kUe;jhFk; kUe;Nj czthFk;
7 gpuhzahkk; clw;gapw;rp mtrpak; mJ mJ gw;wpa mf;fiw
fhl;lgLtjpy;iy
8 Neha; ePf;f> %ypiffSk;> rikf;fhj Neha; ePf;f urhadk; fye;j
gr;ir czTk; jug;gLfpwJ kUe;JfSk; rikj;j czTk;
jug;gLfpwJ
9 ePz;l MASld; tho top tFf;Fk; MASf;F cj;juthjk; ,y;iy
10 Nehia NtNuhL mopf;Fk Nehapd; mwpFwpfis mopf;Fk
 11 Neha; ePq;f ehshFk; Mdhy; G+uz Rfk; epj;jpa fz;lk; G+uz MAR
NehA clNd ePq;fpaJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk; vdyhk;
12 vy;yh Neha;f;Fk; xNu kUj;Jtu; xt;nthU Neha;f;Fk; xt;nthU
kUj;Jtu;

rpj;j kUj;Jtk;:

 rpj;j kUj;Jtk; vg;nghOJ Kjy; eilKiwapy; cs;sJ vd;w fhy Muha;r;rpapy;

Jy;ypakhd fUj;J vJTk; ,y;iy.
 jkpo; rpj;ju;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l kUj;Jtkhf ,J fUjg;gLfpwJ.
 cyfk; gQ;rG+jj;jhy; MdJ. ,jpy; xU G+jj;jpy; vd;d ele;jhYk; mjw;F kw;w
G+jq;fspd; gq;fspg;G cz;L.
 Ik;G+jq;fSf;Fk; kUj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; njhlu;G cz;L.
 tpz;Zyfk;> kz;Zyfk;> ghjhs cyfk; Mfpa %d;iwAk; mz;lk; vd;Wk;
kdpj cliy gpz;lk; vd;Wk; rpj;ju;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wdu;.
 mz;lj;jpy; cs;sJ gpz;lj;jpYk; gpz;lj;jpy; cs;sJ mz;lj;jpYk; cs;sd
vd;gJ rpj;ju;fspd; rpj;jhe;jk;.

t.vz; mz;lk; gpz;lk;

1 epyk; vYk;G> euk;G>jir>Njhy;> cNuhkk;

2 ePu; ,uj;jk;>rpWePu;>[Ptrj;J>%is> nfhOg;G
3 neUg;G Mztk;>gak;>Jf;fk;>mfq;fhuk;> Nrhk;gy;
4 fhw;W ,Uj;jy;>gUj;jy;>Mly;>elj;jy;> Xly;
5 Mfhak; Nfhgk;> nrUf;F> nghwhik> fhkk;
jpU%yu; clk;gpd; rpwg;ghf capu;>cly;>cs;sk;>Neha;>rl;lkUe;J >rhT gw;wp
tpsf;fpAs;shu;.

1. thjehb -fhw;W

2 .gpj;jehb -neUg;G

3. fgehb -ePu;
 ,k;%d;W ehbfSk; rupahf ,Ue;jhy; Neha; ,y;iy. ,it
rupahf ,aq;f ehbg; ghu;j;J kUe;J nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.mk;kUe;J %ypiffs;>
cNyhfq;fs; %yk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. mit R+uzk; >fw;gfk;>g];gk;> Nyfpak; >m\;lfk;
>f\hak; Nghd;w tiffspy; jug;gLfpwJ. fw;gfk;-%ypif ,iyia gr;irahf miuj;J
ney;ypf;fha; msT rpwpajhf cUl;b tpOq;FtJ.

 R+uzk;-Ntu; >gl;il >fha;e;j ,iy> tpij ,tw;iw nghbj;J itj;jpUg;gJ.

jpupgyh R+uzk;> m\;l R+uzk; Nghd;wd.
 g];gk;-jq;fk;> jhkpuk; >gtsk; Nghd;wtw;iw nghRf;fpg; nghbahf;fp jUtJ- jq;f
g];gk;> gts g];gk; Nghd;wit.
 Nyfpak;-kUe;J nghUs;fisf; $o; Nghy; Mf;fp cUl;b cz;Zk; gb jUjy;-
fz;lq; fj;jpup Nyfpak; Nghd;wd.
 m\;lfk;-ePu; kUe;J- mNrhfhup\;lk; Nghd;wd. ijyk;> vz;nza;-
vz;nzapy;kUe;Jg; nghUspl;Lf;fha;r;rp vz;nza; jltf; nfhLg;gJ- gpz;l ijyk;
rpj;jdhjpj; ijyk; Nghd;wd.

,e;j kUj;JtKk; ,d;W gutyhf fhzg;gLfpwJ

,aw;if, rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; %d;W:

1. clypy;Njq;Fk; fopTfNs Neha; Vw;glf;fhuzk;. vdNt Njitaw;w fopTfshy;

NrUk; er;Rf;fs; clNd ntspNaw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

2. fha;r;ry;>jiytyp>[yNjh\k;> tPf;fk; Nghd;wit ,dp tug;NghFk;

VNjhnthUngupa Neha;f;F mwpFwpNa jtpu mit Neha; my;y> ,ja Neha; >ePuopT
Neha;> M];Jkh Nghd;w Neha;fSf;F vLj;Jf;nfhz;l mNyhgjp kUe;Jfs;>Crpfs;>
mWit rpfpr;irapd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;l kaf;f kUe;Jfs; %yk; NehiamKf;fp
itj;jjd; nkhj;j ntspg;ghLjhd; Nkw;fz;l Neha; mwpFwpfs; MFk;.

3. Neha;fis Fzg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; nraiy cly; ,aw;ifahf jhNd epfo;j;jpf;

nfhs;Sk;. ,aw;if kUj;Jtj;jpy; czT gof;fq;fs;> tho;f;if eilKiwfs; >J}a
eilKiwfis gpd;gw;Wjy;> ePu; rpfpr;ir> Fspu;r;rpxj;jlk; >kz;rpfpr;ir> Fspay;
Kiwfs; >clk;ig mKf;fp tply; >Nahf Kiw %r;Rg; gapw;rpfs;> vdpkh vLj;jy;
Nghd;w gy;NtW Kiwfspy; Neha; ePf;Fk; NghJ ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
MAu; Ntj itj;jpak;:

,t; itj;jpak; “capu; tho;tpay;” vd;W nghUs; jUfpwJ .,e;j kUj;Jt

Kiw 4000 Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf gy E}w;whz;Lfshf eilKiwapy; ,Ug;gjhf
$wg;gLfpwJ.

MAu;Ntj rh];jpuk; vl;L gFjpahf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. ry;ah -mWit rpfpr;ir Kiw

2. rygh-fz;>%f;F>tha;> fhJ rk;ge;jkhd rpfpr;ir Kiw

3. fha -cly; KOtijAk; nghJthfg; ghjpf;Fk; fha;r;ry; ePuopT Nghd;w

Neha;fSf;fhd rpfpr;ir Kiw.

4. G+jtpj;ah-Nga;> gprhR gpbj;jjdhy;> Vw;glf;$ba Neha;fSf;fhd rpfpr;ir Kiw.

5. Fkhu g;uj
P ;jpah: Foe;ijfs; rk;ge;jkhd Neha;fSf;F cupa rpfpr;ir Kiw

6. mfhlh-tp\aj;ij Kwpg;gjw;fhd rpfpr;ir Kiw7.urhadh MNuhf;fpak; Ngzp

MAis tpUj;jp nra;a cjTk; rpfpr;ir Kiw

8.th[pfhuzh-jsu;Tw;wpUf;Fk; gpwg;GWg;GfSf;F tYT+l;b clypd; capu;r; rf;jpia

mjpfupf;f nra;Ak; rpfpr;ir Kiw.

Adhdp kUj;Jtk;:

 fpNuf;f muhgpa kUj;Jtk;> ,];yhkpa kUj;Jtk; vd;W gy ngau;fspy;

,k;kUj;Jtkidmiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 mNugpau; thOk; ,lq;fspy; kUj;Jt Kiw cs;sJ.*fpNuf;fj;jpy; `pg;Ngh
fpNul;l]; vd;gtuhy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhf $wg;gLk;.
 ,aw;gpay;> Ntjpapay;> jhtutpay; >clypaq;fpay;> Neha; Fwpapay; kUe;jpay;>
mwpT kUj;Jtk; vd;W gy KiwfisAk; ,izj;J tpsq;Ftjhf kUj;Jtk;
cs;sJ.
 Adhdp kUj;Jtj;jpy; MW Kf;fpa Njitfs; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wd .

mit

1.fhw;W
2.czT

3.ePu;

4.cly; ,af;fk;

5. cwf;fKk; tpopg;Gk;

6.kyf;fopTk; Njf;fKk; vd;gdthFk; .

 nghb>FbePu;> khj;jpiufs; >jputq;fs; vd;w tbtq;fspy; NehahspfSf;F

jug;gLfpd;wd.
 cly; xOq;F> rpfpr;ir czT > kUe;J rpfpr;ir> mWit rpfpr;ir Mfpa
rpfpr;ir Kiwfspy; Neha;fs; Fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd .
 thzpak;ghb mf;gu; fTru; kUj;Jtkid ,d;W rpwe;j Adhdp kUj;Jtkidahf
fUjg;gLfpwJ.

mNyhgjp kUj;Jtk;:

 Mq;fpy kUj;Jtk; vd;W ,k;kUj;Jtk; vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

 ,k; kUj;Jtj;jpy;kdpjdpd; cly; cWg;Gfspy; Vw;gLk; xt;nthU Neha;f;Fk;
xt;nthU rpwg;G kUj;Jt Jiw cs;sJ.
 kdpjd; fz;zpy; typ> ghu;it Fiw Nghd;wtw;wpw;Ff;fz; kUj;JtiuAk; Njhy;
mupg;G Nghd;wtw;wpw;F Njhy; kUj;JtiuAk;> ,ijNa rpWePuf ghJfhg;gpw;F ,ja
rpWePuf kUj;JtiuAk;mZFfpd;whd;. ,e;j Neha; te;jJ vd;W mwptjw;F
gzj;ij mjpfkhfr; nrytpLfpwhd;. (,uj;jk; > rpWePu;> kyk; Nrhjpj;jy;>vf;];Nu>
];Nfd; vLj;jy; Nghd;wd.)
 Mq;fpy kUj;Jtj;jpy; tpahjpfs; GjpJ Gjpjhff;fz;Lgpbf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 Gjpa kUe;JfSk;> Gjpa kUj;Jtu;fs; cUthfpwhu;fs;.
 ntWk; jir >vYk;Gfshy; Mfpa,t;Tly; khj;jpiu kUe;JfshNyNa ,Wjptiu
capu; thOk;.
 tpiy cau;e;j Crp kUe;Jfs;>khj;jpiufs;> fspk;Gfs; >lhdpf;Ffs;
,k;kUj;Jtj;jpy; jug;gLfpd;wd.
 myF - 2

Ik;G+jkUj;Jtk;

 Mfhak;
 fhw;W
 neUg;G
 ePu;
 epyk; (kz; )
Mfhak;

Ik;G+jq;fspy; Kjd;ikahdJ Mfhak;. vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhd rf;jp.

cliyf; fhl;bYk; capUf;Nf ,J czT. ,J Fiwe;jhy; capu;rf;jp FiwAk;.

czT cz;zhky; ,Ug;gJ cgthrk; my;yJ cz;zhtpujk; my;yJ

cz;zh Nehd;G vdg;gLk;. cz;zhtpujk; ekf;F Neubahf kUe;jhf miktjpy;iy.
Mdhy; Nehia cz;lhf;f fhuzkhf cs;s er;Rj; jd;kfis ePf;f fhuzkhfpwJ.
Xa;tpd;wp ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ek; cly; ,af;fj;jpw;F rw;W Xa;T jUk; Kiwia
cz;zhtpujkhFk;.

“xUNtis cz;gtd; Nahfp

,UNtis cz;gtd; Nghfp

%d;WNtis cz;gtd; Nuhfp

ehd;FNtis cz;gtd; JNuhfp”

,e;j clk;Gf;Fg; gQ;rG+jq;fs czT. mJNt kUe;J. cz;zhtpuj kUj;Jtk; Mfha

top kUj;Jtk; MFk;. fhw;W kz;lyj;jpw;f;F mLj;jJ Mfhak;. Mfhak; vd;gJ
ntw;wplk;. czit ehk; kWf;Fk; NghJ ekJ ,iug;ig Fly; fhypahfp ntw;wplkhfpwJ.
,e;j fhyplj;ij jhd; Mfhak; vd;gu; .

cz;zh Nehd;gpd; gad;fs;:

 tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> jpRf;fis fl;Ltjw;Fk;> Ntiy nra;aTk;> cliy NgZtjw;Fk;>

czTr; rj;Jf;fs; Ntz;Lk;> rf;jpAk; Ntz;Lk; .
 ,ij xUtu; mtUs; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; czTg; nghUl;fs; %yk;
cz;zhtpujk; Nkw;f;nfhs;Sk; NghJ ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; . ,J Nguhrpupau;
khu;Fyp]; vd;gtupd; fUj;jhFk;.
 clypy; fopTg; nghUl;fshfTk; > Ntz;lhj RikahfTk; > Neha; jUk;
eQ;rhfTk; Neha;g;gl;l jpRf;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;w y;yhg; nghUs;fSk; cz;zh
tpujj;jpy; ntspNaw;wg; gLfpd;wd .
 cz;zhtpujk; njhlu;e;J elf;Fk;NghJ ,uj;jKk; epzePUk;
J}a;ikahf;fg;gLfpd;wd .
  cly; fopTfs; ntspNaw;WtJld; euk;G kz;lyk;mikjpmilfpd;wJ .
 clYf;Fg; gad;glhJ ,Ue;j nghUl;fs; fiutjhy; Ntz;lhj mjpfr;Rik
ePq;FfpwJ .
 kdjpy; J}a epidTfs; ngUfp kdjpd; rf;jp midj;Jk; tsu;fpd;wJ .
 kuzk;kpy;yh ngUtho;itg; ngWtjw;F ts;syhu; $WtJ %d;Nw. mJ jdpj;jpU>
grpj;jpU> tpopj;jpU .
 vy;yh cWg;GfSk; Xa;tpy; ,Ug;gjhy; clypy; nrythFk; rf;jp Nrkpf;fg;gl;L
mJ%isapy; ,af;fj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ .
 “cz;b RUq;fpd; cghak; gy” “tapW epuk;gpatUf;Fr; rpe;jid gpwf;fhJ”
“tapW Gilf;fj; jpd;W kdk ;Nehf thOk; epiy ekf;Nfd;”
 ek; clypDs;NsNa Neha; Njhd;Wk; er;Rf;fSk; > Flypy; Vw;gLk; Gspg;G mOfy;
Nghd;w nray;fSNk tho;f;ifapd; vy;iyia epu;zapf;fpd;wd .
cz;zhtpujj;jhy; ,it ePf;fg;gLfpd;wd .
cz;zh Nehd;G Kiw :

cly; eyk; fhf;Fk; tpujk;v d;gij mwpe;Njh mwpahkNyh md;wpypUe;J

,d;Wtiu kf;fs; Nehd;gpUf;fpwhu;fs; . cz;zh Nehd;ig %d;W tifahf gpupj;J
mjid tpsf;fpAs;shu; K.m mg;gd; mtu;fs; .

 cyu; cz;zh Nehd;G

 ePu; cz;zh Nehd;G
 rhW cz;;zh Nehd;G .
cyu; cz;zh Nehd;G :

xU ehs; kl;Lk; cz;zh Nehd;G ,Uf;Fk; NghJ jz;zPu; $l mUe;jhky;

fhw;iw kl;Lk; Rthrpj;J> capu; tho;tJ ,k;Kiwapy; mlq;Fk; .

mjpfgl;rk; %d;W ehl;fSf;FNky; ,t;tif cz;zh Nehd;ig ahUk;

Nkw;nfhs;tjpy;iy .

tpujj;jpd; NghJ kpfTk; ftdkhf kdij xUKfg;gLj;jpf; nfl;l rpe;jidapd;wp

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ePu; cz;zh Nehd;G:

,J 3 ehl;;fs; Kjy; 7 ehl;fs; tiu ,Uf;Fk; cz;zh Nehd;G tifahFk;.

cz;zh Nehd;G ,Uf;Fk; ehl;fspy; cz;z Ntz;Lk; vd;Nwh> grpg;gJ Nghd;Nwh
Njhd;wpdhy; ePu; kl;Lk; mUe;JtJ ePu; cz;zhNehd;G MFk;. ,sePu;> kz;> ghidePu;>
Njd; fye;j ePu;> gor;rhW Nghd;wtw;iw rpwpJ rpwpjhf mUfyhk;.

rhW cz;zh Nehd;G :

go cz;zh Nehd;G vd;Wk; ,jid miog;gu;. cz;zh Nehd;gpUf;Fk;

fhyq;fspy; Njitg;gl;lhy; vYkpr;rk;gok; my;yJ MuQ;Rgok; Nghd;w goq;fspd;
rhw;Wld; %d;W my;yJ ehd;F Ftis ePu;Nru;j;J mjpfg;Gspg;Gk;> mjpf ,dpg;Gk;
,y;yhJ mUe;jyhk; . vYkpr;irg;gok;rhw;wpy;rpwpJNjd;fye;JgUfyhk;. gpw
gor;rhWfisAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,e;j cz;zh Nehd;G ngUk;ghYk; VOehl;fs; tiu
filgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ.

fhw;W:

 cyfpy; ehk; neLq;fhyk; capu; tho cjTtJ fhw;W .

 jz;zPu; mUe;jhky;> czT cz;zhky; gyehs; capNuhL thoyhk; .
 Mdhy;> capu;f;fhw;W ,y;yhky; ve;j capUk; 12 epkplk; $l capUld; ,Uf;f
KbahJ.

J}a fhw;iwg; ngWk; Kiw :

 ey;y ntspr;rKk;> ey;yfhw;Nwhl;lKk; cs;s tPl;by; trpf;fyhk; .

 ,utpy; ,Wf;fkhd cil mzpjiyj; jtpu;ff ; yhk; .
 jpwe;j ntspapy; J}q;Fk; gof;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;syhk; .

Rthrpg;gjpd; gad; :

 fhw;iw %f;fpd; topNa cs;Ns ,Og;gJk; ntspNa tpLtJk; “Rthrk;”

vdg;gLfpwJ .
 xU kdpjdpd; gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiu epfo;fpwJ.
 xU ruhrup kdpjd; jd; tho;ehspy; 50 Nfhb Kiw epfo;fpwJ .
 nkJthf Rthrpf;Fk; NghJ MAs;$Lk; .
 ,jid %r;Rg; gapw;rp vd;gu;.

Rthrpg;gjpd; NjitAk; - gpuhzahkKk; :

 Rthrpj;jy; %d;W tifg;gLk; .

 cjutpjhdj;ij gad;gLj;jp Rthrpj;jy; .
 khu;gstpy; Rthrpj;jy; .
 tapw;wiwapy; cs;s jirfisg; gad;gLj;jp Rthrpj;jy;.
 capu;fspd; ,jaj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; %r;R gpuhzd; vdg;gLk;.
,J mghdk;; rkdhk;> cjhdk;> tpahdk; vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

 Fjk;> gpwg;G cWg;Gfspy; ,aq;Fk; %r;R - mghdk; .

 njhg;gspy; ,aq;Fk; %r;R - rkhdk;.
 Fuy; tisapy; ,aq;Fk; %r;R - cjhdk; .
 cly; KOtJk; ,aq;Fk; %r;R - tpahdk; .
gpuhzhahkk; nra;Ak; KiwfSk; tiffSk; :

 cly; epiy rupapy;yhjNghJ gpuhzhahkk; nra;af;$lhJ .

 J}a;ikahd> mikjpahd fhw;Nwhl;lk; cs;s ,lj;jpy; gpuhzhahkk; vdg;gLk;.

gpj;jpahfhuk; :

 gpuhzhakj;jpw;F mLj;j epiy gpuj;jpahfhuk;.

  cyfg; gw;iw Mirfis tpyf;fp kdk; xUikg;gLj;JtJ ,e;epiyahFk;.

jhuiz :

 gpuj;jpahfhuj;jpw;F mLj;j epiy jhuiz.

 ,J VNjDk; xUnghUspd; Nky; kdij epiy epWj;JtJ MFk;.
gpuj;jpahfhuj;ij nray;gLj;JtJ jhuiz MFk;.

jpahdk; :

jhuizf;F mLj;j epiy jpahdk;. ,iltplhj ,iwr; rpe;jidahy; kdij xU

Kfg;gLj;JtJ jpahdk; vdg;gLk; .

neUg;G:

neUg;G vd;gJ ,lk;> tyk;> Nky; Mfpa %d;W jpf;FfspYk; gutf;$baJ.Mdhy;

jplkhd jilfis CLUtpr; nry;Yk; Mw;wy; mjw;F ,y;iy.clYf;F neUg;G epwj;ij
nfhLf;fpwJ .

 epyk; - thrid
 neUg;G - epwk;
 Mfhak; - rg;jk;
 ePu; - Urp
 fhw;W - njhl;Lzu;T
clk;gpy; thjk;> gpj;jk;> fgk; nrayhw;Wfpd;wd . gpj;jk; vupf;Fk; rf;jpf;F xg;ghFk;. ,J
Ie;J ,lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;fpwJ.

 tapw;wpy; [Puzj;ijr; nra;fpwJ .

 fy;yPuy;> kz;zPuy;fspy; epd;W ,uj;jj;jpw;F epwj;ijf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ .
 ,Ujaj;jpy; jq;fp mwpitAk;> epidthw;wiyAk; jUfpd;wJ .
 fz;zpd; fUtpopfspypUe;;J ghu;it epwj;ij nfhLf;fpwJ. Njhypw;FxspjUfpd;wJ
vupjy; epfo;r;rp eilngWk; Neuk;:

vupjy; epfo;r;rp ehk; cz;l czT nrupkhdk; Md gpd;du; ,uj;jj;Jld;

fyf;fpwJ. ehk; Rthrpf;Fk; fhw;wpy; cs;s gpuhzthAk; ,uj;jj;jpy; Nru;fpwJ .
,r;Nru;fi
; fapdhy; vupjy; epfo;r;rp clk;gpy; xt;nthU ghfj;jpYk; eilngWfpwJ .

R+upa ek];fhuj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs;:

 [Puz kz;lyj;jpw;F cap&l;b Mw;wy; mspf;fpwJ .

 kyr;rpf;fy; ePq;Fk;. jirfs; tYg;ngWk; .
 nfhOg;G Fiwe;J jir kbg;Gfs; kiwAk; .
 euk;G kz;lyk; ed;F nray;gLk;.
 epidthw;wy; mjpfupf;Fk;.
 Njhy; Gj;Jzu;T ngw;W nghypT milAk; .
 mjpf tpau;thy; clypy; cs;s er;Rf;fs; nfhOg;ghf ntspNaWk;.
  ePuopT> kdtpahjp> uj;jnfhjpg;G> ,jaNeha;> Nghd;w Neha;fs; ek;ik mZfhJ .
 ,sik moF vd;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;.
 fOj;J Kd; gpd; tistjhy; ijuha;L> ghuijuha;L Rug;gpfSf;F ,uj;j Xl;lk;
mjpfupf;Fk;.
 cly; mirTfSk; %r;R Xl;lKk; ,zf;fkhf eilngWk;.
ePu; rpfpr;ir :

“ePupd;wikah Jynfdpd; ahu;ahu;fF

; k;

thdpd; wika njhOf;F”

cyfpw; gapu;tsu;r;rp capu;tsu;r;rp vd;W vJTk; ePupd;wp eilngw KbahJ . ePNukUe;J -

ePu;rpfpr;ir Kiwgw;wpf; $wpatu; n[u;kd; ehl;il Nru;e;j wpQu;Y}ap$NdMthu;.

Fspay; tiffs;:

ePu; rpfpr;ir vd;gJ goq;fhy itj;jpa Kiw. ,JNt Fspay; Nghu;j;jy;>

gPr;Rjy;> Cw;Wjy; mOj;jy;> xj;jlk; nfhLj;jy;> fOTjy;> nfhg;gspj;jy; t];jp vdg;
gy tifg;gLk;. ,jpy; gy Fspay; Kiwfs; cs;sd. ,Lg;G Fspay;> mku;e;j Fspay;>
KJFj; jz;L Fspay;>cg;G Fspay;> jiy Fspay; >clk;GFspay;> mq;ff;Fspay;>
tapw;Wf; Fspay;> ghj Fspay;> vd gy tifg;gLk;. $Ndapd; ePu; rpfpr;ir Kiwapy;
,Lg;G ];ehdk;> mku;e;j];jhdk;> kpf Kf;fpakhdJ .

njhl;b Fspay; :

nghJthf tPl;by; gpsh];bf;> rpnkd;l;> ,Uk;Gj; njhl;b nra;ayhk;. njhl;bapd;

msT 6 mbePsk; 2 mb mfyk; 1mb cauk; ,Uf;fyhk;. xU Ftis ePuhdJ
mwpe;Jtpl;L mjd;gpd; njhl;bf; Fspay; nra;ayhk;. njhl;bapy; Fspu;e;jePu; my;yJ ntJ
ntJg;ghd ePiuepug;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nehahsp cs;Ns cl;fhUk; NghJ njhl;bDs; ePu;
jOk;gp ntspNa tope;J tuf;$lhJ.

ePu;j; njhl;bia Fspay; miwapy; itj;J rha;e;J nfhs;s KJF gf;fk;

Rtw;Nwhuk; xUgyif rha;j;J itf;fyhk;. njhl;bf;F ntspNa ghjq;fis itj;Jf;
nfhz;lgb njhl;bf;Fs; cl;fhu Ntz;Lk; .jz;zPu; ntspNa cs;s cly; gFjpfs;
Fspuhky; ,Uf;f mtw;iw ed;whf Nghu;j;jpl Ntz;Lk;. Trjpahf njhl;bf;Fs;
cl;fhu;e;J nfhz;Nlgpd; kpUJthd Jz;Lnfhz;L mbtapw;iw Nyrhf Nja;j;Jf;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Fspaiy 5 Kjy; 30 epkplq;fs; tiu nra;ayhk;. R+L
FiwAk;> [Puzrf;jp ngUFk;> grp vLf;Fk;> fPo;thjk;> M];Jkh >Nghd;w Neha;fs;
tpyFk;. ngz;fSf;F khjtplha; rpf;fy;fs; ePq;Fk;. fha;r;ryhy; Vw;gLk; ntg;gk; jzpAk;
Gj;Jzu;r;rpAk; RWRWg;Gk; Vw;gLk;. kyr;rpf;fy; ePq;Fk;.

,Lg;GFspay;:

,Lg;GFspay; rpwpatl;lj; njhl;bapy; mku;e;JFspg;gJ ,Lg;GFspay;MFk; .

njhl;bapy; jz;zPu; epuk;gp mbtapWNky; njhilfs; jz;zPUf;Fs; ,Ug;gJNghy;
njhl;bf;Fs; mkuNtz;Lk;. fhy;fis ntspNa xU kug;gyif Nky;itj;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. xU Jzpahy; nkd;ikahf njhilfisAk; ,Lg;igAk; Nja;j;J tpl Ntz;Lk;.
Miu kzpNeuk; fopj;J vOj;J cliy Jilj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. ,f;Fspay; %yk;
cly; ntg;gk; jzpe;J kyr;rpf;fy; ePq;fp er;Rf;fs; KwpAk;. %yNeha;fs; mwNt mfYk
,iug;ig Fly;fs; rpWePufk; gpwg;GWg;Gf;fs; gpj;jg;ig Kjypay cWg;GfSf;F ,uj;j
Xl;lk; mjpf;Fk;.

,ul;il Kiw njhl;bf; Fspay; :

,ul;il Kiw njhl;bf; Fspay; vd;gJ ,uz;L njhl;bfs; mLj;jLj;J mikj;J

xd;wpy; Fspu;e;j ePUk; xd;wpy; nte;ePUk; epug;g Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;L njhl;bfs; khwp khwp
xUepkplk; mku;e;J Fspj;J voNtz;Lk;. Ie;jhW jilt ,g;gbr; nra;ayhk;.
,f;Fspaiy nte;ePu; njhlq;fp Fspu;ePupy; Kbf;fyhk; .nte;ePuhy; ,uj;j ehsq;fs;
tpuptiltJk; Fspu;ePuhy; RUq;FtJkhf clYf;F epfo;e;jhy; uj;j Xl;lk; tpiuTgLk;.
fy;yPuy; kz;zPuy; Neha;fs; ePq;Fk; njhe;jp FiwAk;. clYWg;Gfspd; ghjpg;Gk; NehAk;

kdpj cly; gy;NtW cWg;Gfshy; MdJ. mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjd; %yNk ePz;l

MASld; thoyhk;. Mdhy; me;j cWg;Gfs; gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L
Neha;fs; cz;lhfpd;wd.

%is:

cliy ,af;Fk; cWg;G. %isapd; Kd;gFjp mwpT> rpe;jid> epidthw;wy;>

Ngr;R Mfpa nray;fSf;F cjTk;. mjd; gf;fg;gFjp Nfl;gJ> vOJtijAk;> eLg;gFjp
rUk czu;Tfs; jir mirTfs;> Efu;Tfs; Nghd;w nray; elf;fTk; cjTk;. gpd;gFjp
ghu;itf;Fk; cjTk;. ,j;jifa midj;Jr; nray;fSk; ,ilaPL ,y;yhJ eil ngwNt
%is gj;jpukhf kz;il Xl;Lf;fs; ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjdhy; %isf;Fg;
ghjpg;G Vw;glhky; ftdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpgj;jpy; jiy mbgl;lhy;> %isf;Fr;

nry;Yk; euk;Gfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy; %is nraypof;fpwJ. ghu;it

FiwfpwJ. epidT jg;GfpwJ. cly; ,af;fk; FiwfpwJ. MfNt Nfhgk; mdhtrpa
rpe;jid> Xa;tw;w miyr;ry;> J}f;fkpd;ik Nghd;w nray;fisj; jtpu;j;jhNy %isf;Ff;
NfL tuhky; ghJfhf;fyhk;.

,jak;:

kdpjspd; capu;ehb ,jak;. ,jaj;jpw;F tUk; ,uj;j fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ> mjid

,uj;jf;Foha;fSf;F xNu rPuhfr; nrYj;JtJ ,jd; gzpahFk;. clypd; gy
gFjpfspypUe;J tUk; mRj;j ,uj;jj;ij EiuaPuy;fSf;F mDg;gp Rj;jg;gLj;jp kPz;Lk;
ngw;W clypd; vy;yhg; ghfq;fSf;Fk; mDg;gp itg;gJk; ,jd; gzpahFk;. ,jw;F
Xa;Nt fpilahJ. kdpjd; capu; cs;stiu ,jaj;Jbg;Gk; cz;L> Gifgpbj;jy;> mjpf
vz;nza;> nea; nfhOg;G> khkpr czT> thAg;gz;lq;fs; cz;Zjy; Nghd;wtw;why;
,jak; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. khuilg;G tUk;. vdNt ,tw;iwAk; kd mOj;jk; jUk;
nray;fisAk; (Tension) jtpu;j;J ,jaj;ijg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
EiuaPuy;@

Rthrg;gzpf;F cupaJ. jhk; Rthrpg;gjhy; ,jaj;jpypUe;J mRj;j ,uj;jk;

EiuaPuYf;F tUfpd;wJ. mg;NghJ mjpy; cs;s rptg;gDf;fspy; `PNkhFNshgpd; vd;w
nghUs; EiuaPuypYs;s fhw;Wr; rpw;wiwfSf;F te;J Mf;]p[id vLj;Jf;nfhz;L
fupakpy thAit EiuaPuYf;Fj; jUfpd;wd. ,g;gzpapd; njhlu;jhd; jhk; %r;RtpLtJ.
%r;R ,Of;ifapy; %f;fpy; J}R > thrid Jk;kiy tUtpf;Fk;. ,JNghy;
EiuaPuYf;Fs; J}R VNjDk; nrd;Wtpl;lhy; mjid EiuaPuy; ntspNaw;Wk; nray;jhd;
,Uky; vdg;gLfpwJ. Gifgpbg;gJ> rspgpbg;gJ> Rj;jkpy;yhj fhw;iw Rthrpg;gJ
Nghd;wtw;why; ,Uky; Jk;ky; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iwj; jtpu;j;J EiuaPuiyg;
ghJfhf;fyhk; cz;Zk; NghJk; ePu; mUe;Jk; NghJk; NgRtJ. rpupg;gJ $lhJ vd;W
ngupNahu; nrhy;tij ,q;F rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;g;gJ eyk;.

fy;yPuy; @

EiuaPuypd; fPNo cs;s ,t;TWg;gpy; gy rpw;wiwfs; cz;L. ,jpy;

Mapuf;fzf;fhd Rug;gpr; nry;fSk; cs;sd ,q;Nf jhd; gpj;j ePu; Ruf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j ePu;
gpj;jg;igia te;jilfpwJ. fy;Yf;Fs; gpj;j ehsq;fSld; ,uj;jehsq;fs;. epzePu;
ehsq;fs;> euk;Gfs; cs;sd: ehk; cz;Zk; cztpYs;s khTg;nghUis fy;yPuy;
Nrkpj;J itf;fpwJ. ,uj;jj;jpy; cgupahf ,Uf;Fk; GNuhl;Bd; rj;Jf;fisAk;
khTr;rj;jhf khw;wpr; Nrkpf;fpwJ. cz;zhNehd;gpd; NghJ clYf;F Cl;lk; juTk;.
tpgj;jpy; ,oe;j ,uj;j ,og;ig <L nra;aTk; ,J cjTfpd;wJ. kJg;gof;fk;> Nghij
khj;jpiufs;> msTf;F mjpfkhd mNyhgjp khj;jpiufisj; jhkhfNt cz;gJ
(itj;jpaiuf; Nfl;fhky; Neha;f;F kUe;Jf;filfspy; jhNk kUe;J thq;fpj; njhlu;e;J
gad;gLj;Jjy;) Nghd;wtw;why; fy;yPuy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. vdNt ,g;gof;fq;fisj; jtpu;j;Jf;
fy;yPuiyg; Ngz Ntz;Lk;.

rpy Rug;gpfs; El;gkhdit. Neubahf ,uj;jj;NjhL rk;ge;jKilait.

(c.k;) ijuha;L Rug;gpfs; ,tw;wpy; Ruf;Fk; ePu;> `hu;Nkhs;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,it kpf
Kf;fpakhd gUt tsu;r;rp> ghYzu;r;rp> fU cw;gj;jp Kjypa gzpfspy; gq;F
ngWfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; NfL Vw;gLk; NghNj cly; tsu;r;rpapy;> ,ay;gpy;yhj $Ljy;>
Fiwjy;> kyl;Lj;jd;ik ghYzu;r;rpapy; NfhshWfs; Nghd;wit Vw;gLfpd;wd. Rug;gpfs;
ed;F Ntiy nra;aTk;> Neha; tuhky; jLf;fTk; Nahfhrdq;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.

fizak;:

,t;TWg;gpy; cs;s gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd Rug;gpr; nry;fshy; fiza ePu;

Ruf;fpd;wJ. ,e;ePu; (xU ehisf;Fr; Rkhu; 800kP. ypl;lu; Rug;gjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ)
ehsq;fs; topahfr; rpWFly; mile;J ehk; cz;Zk; czT nrupf;f cjTfpd;wJ.
,jpy; Ruf;Fk; ,d;Rypd; ePu; khTg;nghUisr; ru;ff ; iu Mf;fp ,uj;jj;jpy; fyf;fr;
nra;fpwJ. ,r;nray;ghL Fiwe;jhy; ,d;Rypd;> Fiwthfr; Rue;J ru;ff ; iu ,uj;jj;jpy;
fyf;fhky; Ngha;tpLk;. ,jdhy; rpWePu; mjpfkhf; ntspNaWk; fisg;G Vw;gLk;. ehtwl;rp>
mbf;fb cz;lhFk;. ,jidj;jhd; ePupopT Neha; vd;gu;> kJ mUe;JtjhYk; czTf;
Fiw ghl;lYk; clw;gapw;rp eilg;gapw;rp ,d;ikahy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. vdNt ed;F
elj;jhNy fizaj;ijg; ghJfhf;fyhk;. msthd rj;jhd czTg;gof;fKk; mtrpak;.
fizaj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy; ePupopT Nehia tpul;b tplyhk;

,iug;ig:

,J xU [Puz cWg;G. ,J Nkw;Gwk; czTf;FlYlDk; fPo;g;Gwk;

Kd;rpWFlYlDk; ,ize;jpUf;Fk;. ,jd; cl;Gwr;Rtupy; Njq;fha;g;G+j; Jthiy Nghy
mjpf mstpy; kbg;Gfs; cs;s jir ciw cz;L. czitf; $o;Nghyhf;fp
rpWFlYf;F mDg;Gk; gzpiaAk; cztpYs;s GNuhl;Bd; rj;Jf;fisg; gpupe;J vLj;J
[Puzpj;J mtw;iw ,uj;jj;jpy; fyf;fr; nra;Ak; gzpiaAk; ,t;TWg;G nra;fpwJ.
%isapypUe;J Ntf]; vd;w euk;G ,iug;igf;F tUfpwJ. ,J jhd; ePu; Rug;igj;
J}z;LfpwJ. ,jdhy; jhd; ekf;F rPuhfg; grp vLf;fpwJ. grpj;Jg; Grpj;jhy; jhd; Neha;
tuhJ. MfNt grp vLf;ff; fhuzkhf cs;s ,t;TWg;ig ed;F ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fbd czT> xt;thj czT> mjpf czT Mfpa ,tw;iwj; jtpu;j;jhNy nrupkhdKk;
grpAk; xOq;fhf ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; ehk; Nfhgg;gLk; NghJk; tUj;jg;gLk; NghJk; ,iug;ig
rupahf Ntiy nra;tjpy;iy. mjdhy; ,f;Fzq;fisj; jtpu;ff ; Ntz;Lk;.
kfpo;r;rpAlDk; NghJk; vd;w kdepiwTlDk; czT cz;z Ntz;Lk; mjw;fhf kpfTk;
gpbf;Fk; vd;W fhu czT Gspg;G czT cz;lhy; ,iug;ig ghjpg;gilAk;. tapw;wpy;
Gz; (my;ru;) cz;lhFk;. fhgp. B. kJ mUe;JjYk; NfL tpistpf;Fk; vdNt ,tw;iwj;
jtpu;e;J ey;y gof;fq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhy; Neha;f;F tpilnfhLj;J tplyhk;.

rpWePufk;:

jk; clypy; tpij tbtpy; fPo;KJfpd; tyJ> ,lJ gf;fq;fspy; ,uz;L

rpWePufq;fs; cs;sd. xt;nthU rpWePufj;jpypUe;Jk; rpWePu; ehsk;. rpWePufr;rpiu Mfpa
,uz;Lk; ntsptUfpd;wd. rpWePufj;jkdp> epzePu; ehsk; euk;Gfs; Mfpait
rpWePufj;jpw;Fs; nry;fpd;wd. ,it rpWePu;g;igAld; ,ize;jpUf;Fk; ,iltplhJ
,aq;Fk; ,t;tWg;G ,uj;jj;ijr; Rj;jpfupj;J rpWePiu ntspNaw;w cjTfpd;wJ.
rpWePufk; gOjilj;jhy; (Kw;wpa ePupopT fy;yilg;G Nghd;w Neha;fs;) capUf;Nf
Mgj;J tUk;. vdNt rpWePufj;ijg; ghJfhf;fg; mNyhgjp kUe;Jfs;> xt;thj czT
jtpu;ff
; Ntz;Lk; mjpfk; ePu; mUe;j Ntz;Lk;. cly; ciog;Gk; eilg;gapw;rp mtrpak;.
tpau;it ntspNawhj fhyj;jpy; (kiof;fh rpWePu; mjpfk; ntspNaWk;. mjw;Nfw;g
ciof;Fk; ,t;tWg;ig ed;F ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. ez;zPu; mUe;JjYk; ehu;r;rj;Js;s
thioj;jz;L Nghd;w czTk; gor;rhWfSk; rpWePufj;ij ghJfhf;Fk;.

Fly;fs;:

rpWFly; ngUq;Fly; vd;W ,J ,Utifg;gLk; rpWFly; ,iug;igapy;

njhlq;Fk;. ngUq;Fly; kythapy; KbAk;. ,it RUq;fp tpupe;J czT nrupf;f
cjTfpd;wd. nrupj;j cztpYs;s vy;yhr; rj;Jf;fisAk; gpupj;J ,uj;jj;jpw;F
mDg;GtJ rpWFlypd; gzpahFk;. kPjpr; rf;ifapypUf;Fk; jz;zPiug; gpupj;J
,uj;jj;jpw;F mDg;gp itg;gJk;> rf;if czitj; jplepiyahf;fp kykhf
ntspNaw;WtJk; ngUq; Flypd; gzpahFk;. kyk; ntspNawhtpl;lhy; tpahjpjhd;. vdNt
fhiyapy; vOe;jJk; Fiwe;jJ miuypl;lu; jz;zPuhtJ gUf Ntz;Lk;. jz;zPu;
gUFtjd; %yk; czT nrupf;f cjTk; Fly;fisg; ghJfhf;f KbAk;. NkYk; vspjpy;
nrupf;ff;$ba rj;jhd czTfisNa cz;zg; gof Ntz;Lk;. fhy Xl;lj;jpw;Nfw;gh
,d;W Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gLk; tpiuT> Jupj czT tiffis (fast food)> krhyh
fye;j czTfis> Ngf;fup czTfis> khTr; rj;J epiwe;j czTfisj; jtpu;g;gjd;
%yKk; Fly;fisg; ghJfhg;gJld; Nehapd;wpAk; thoyhk;.

vYk;G:

ek; clypy; cs;s vYk;Gfs; fhy;rpak; cg;Gf;fshy; Mdit. ,it

jirfSld; ,izj;J cly; cWg;Gfs; nray;gl cjTfpd;wd. ek; clypy; fhy;rpak;
rj;J Fiwe;jhy; vYk;Gfs; tajhFk; NghJ Nja;khdk; milfpd;wd gy;nfhl;b
tpLfpd;wJ. efq;fs; mjpfk; tsu;tjpy;iy. cly; ciog;G FiwAk; NghJ jirfs;
RUq;fhky; cly; ngUf;fpwJ . taJ VWk; NghJ jirfs; jsu;r;rp milfpd;wd.
vdNt vd;Wk; ,sikAld; ,Uf;f> Neha; tuhky; ghJfhf;f> cly; gUkidf; Fiwf;f
fhy;rpak; rj;J epiwe;j czTfis msNthL cz;L cly;eyk; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Njhy;:

cliyg; ghJfhf;Fk; Njhypy; gy mLf;Ffs; cz;L. tpau;itr; Rug;gpfSk;

vd;nza;r; Rug;gpfSk; mtw;wpy; cz;L. cNuhkq;fs; cz;L. ,j;Njhy; clypd; cs;
cWg;Gfisg; ghJfhg;gJld; clypd; ntg;g epiyiar; rPuhf itf;fTk; cjTfpd;wJ.
vdNt jpdKk; Gwj;J}a;ik (Fspe;J) nra;J Njhiyg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,urhadr;
Nrhg;Gfisj; jtpu;j;J ,aw;iff; Fspay;nghb> kQ;rs;J}s; Nghd;wtw;iw
gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yKk;> jpdKk; goq;fs;> gr;irf;fha;fs; cz;gjd; %yKk;
Njhy;tpahjpfs; tuhky; gsgsg;ghf itj;jpUf;f KbAk;.

,uj;jk; ,y;iyNay; cly; ,af;fk; ,y;iy. ,uj;jr; rptg;gZf;fSk;>

nts;is mZf;fSk; capiug; ghJfhf;fpd;wd. ,uj;jk; Fiwe;jhy; ,uj;j NrhifAk;.
,uj;jk; mjpfkhdhy; (,jak; Ntfkhfj; Jbj;jhy;) ,uj;jf; nfhjpg;G NehAk; Fiwe;j
,uj;j mOj;jk;. cau; ,uj;j mOj;jk;) cz;lhfpd;wd. ,jw;F glglg;G> Nfhgk;
kdijj; jsu tplhky; Nfhgg;glhky; (nld;\d;) ,Ue;jhy; ,uj;jmOj;j Nehiaf;
Fiwj;J tplyhk;. NkYk;> vg;NghJk; kpjkhd #l;bYs;s ePiu mUe;Jtjhy; ,uj;j
msit rupahf itf;f KbAk;. goq;fs;> G+f;fs; (KUq;ifg;G+ Nuh[hg;G+> nrk;gUj;jpg;G+
Njd; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; ,uj;jf; Fiwghl;ilAk; rup nra;J tplyhk;. ,J jtpu gy;
fz;> fhJ> %f;F> efk; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; ghJfhj;jy; Nehiatu tplhky; jLf;fyhk;.
fupryhq;fz;zpg; nghbahy; gy;Jyf;fpdhy; gy; vdhkiyg; ghJfhf;fyhk;.
mUfk;Gy;iyAk; khtpiyiaAk; nkd;W gy; Jyf;fpdhy; gy;ypd; MAis mjpfupf;fyhk;.
mj;jf; fhyj;jpy; Myhq;Fr;rpAk;> Ntg;gq;Fr;rpAk; gy; Jyf;Fk; gpu\;\hf
gad;gl;likiaAk; ,q;F Nehf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;.

fz;fis mbf;fb fOTjy;> fz; gapw;rp nra;jy; mjpf xspiaj;

jtpu;j;jy; %yk; fz;fisg; ghJfhf;fyhk;. mjpf xyp jtpu;j;jy;> fhjpy; Fr;rptpl;Lf;
Filjy;> fz;l vz;nza;fisAk; fhjpy; Cw;Wjy; Nghd;wtw;iwr; nra;ahkypUe;jhNy
fhJfisg; ghJfhf;fyhk;. %f;fpy; rsp fl;bj;njhy;iy nra;Ak; NghJ Efu;T euk;Gfs;
ruptu Ntiy nra;tjpy;iy Rj;jkhd fhw;iwr; Rthrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. rspia cz;L
gz;Zk; Fspu; nghUl;fs;> ghy;> Gspj;j japu; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jtpu;g;gJld; %f;fpy;
jpuptpl;Lj; Jk;Kjy;> nghb NghLjy; Nghd;w nray;fisr; nra;tijAk; tpLj;jhy;
%f;fpw;Fj; njhe;juT ,y;iy. Mf Neha; tu ehNk fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. Neha;
jhNk tUtjpy;iy vd;gij czu;e;J nray;gl;lhy; cly; cWg;GfisAk;
ghJfhf;fyhk;. NehiaAk; jtpu;ff; yhk;.

cWg;G Fspay; mku;e;j Fspay;

njhl;bapd; Kf;fhy; njhl;b jz;zPu; Cw;wp njhl;bf; Fs; xU gyif

Nghl;L mku Ntz;Lk;. gyif ePu;kl;lj;jpw;F rw;W caukhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. njhl;bw;F
ntspNa fhy;fis njhq;ftpl;L jiuapy; gyif itj;J mjpy; fhy;fis itj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,f;Fspay; cilfs; ,d;wp Fspg;gjhFk; jz;zPu; mb tapw;Wf;F
fPNo ,Ug;gJ NghJkhdJ. ,f;Fspapay; %yk; euk;GfSf;F czu;Tl;lg; gLfpwJ
.,Lg;G Fspais tpl ,e;j FspaYf;Nf $Nd Kjyplk; nfhLf;fpwhu; .

jz;Ltl Fspay;

,f;Fspay; Kiw ek; ehl;il Nru;e;j = yl;Rkp eukh vd;gtupd;

fz;Lgpbg;ghFk;. KJF jz;bd; Mjhu rf;fuq;fs; rpwg;ghf gzpahw;w ,f;Fspay; Kiw
cjTfpwJ. %d;W mb ePsk; miu mb cauk; cs;s ePskhd njhl;bapy; ,uz;L
mq;Fyk; cauk; ntz;zPu; Cw;wp ky;yhe;J gLf;f Ntz;Lk;. iffSk; jiyfSk;
epiwe;jpUf;Fk; gb itj;Jf;nfhz;L fhy;fisAk; njhl;bf;F ntspNa rupahf itj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. KJFj;jz;L jz;zPupy; %o;fp ,Ug;gjhy; nefpo;T Vw;gl;L
uj;jehsq;fs; czu;T ngw;W cly; cWg;GfSf;F Gjpa rf;jp fpilf;fpwJ. fhy; kzp
Neuk; nra;ayhk; .,f;Fspay; %yk; euk;G kz;lyk; ed;F nray;gLk;>euk;G Neha;fs;
>ePq;Fk; KJF typ Fiwe;J Kw;wpYk; ePq;Fk;.

ghjf;Fspay; :

njhl;b my;yJ xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; ntz;zPu; Cw;wp ehk; xU ehw;fhypahy; mku;e;J

,uz;L fhy; ghjq;fspYk; jz;zPupy; itf;f Ntz;Lk; fZf;fhy; Kq;Fk; msT ePu;
,Ue;jhy; NghJk;. fy; kz; Neuk; ghjk; Neupy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; ,f;Fspay; Kbe;jhy;
ed;F Ntu;f;Fk; ,jdhy; jiytyp ePq;Fk; .fPo; thOk; fZf;fhy;fSf;F RSf;F>
jilg;gl;l khjtpyf;F Nghd;wit ePq;Fk; .

Nghw;Wk; Fspay;

fha;r;ry; J}f;fkpd;ik cs;stu;fSf;F ,f;Fspay; Kiw gad;gLfpwJ. xU

fl;bypy; fdkhd fk;gpypia tpupj;J mjd; Nky; eidj;J gpupe;j fdkhd E}y; Jzpia
tpupf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjpf fha;r;ry; cs;stu;fSf;F mjpy; gLf;f itj;J <uj;Jzp
fk;gisNa mg;gb cly; Rw;w Ntz;Lk; jiyapy; NtW gpope;J <uj;Jzpia Rw;w
Ntz;Lk;. cld; NgUf;Fk; J}f;fk; tUk; fha;r;ry; jdpAk;.

cg;Gf; Fspay; :

mz;lhtpy; ehk; cl;fhu;e;J nfhz;Lk; ghj;jpuk; epiwa nte;ePu; Cw;w Ntz;Lk;.

jz;zPu; Njitahd msT cg;G Nghl;L fye;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. fOj;J tiu ePu;
,Uf;fyhk; .jiy eida $lhJ .clypy; mkpy rj;Jf;fs; kpf vspjpy; ,J khw;wptpLk;.
khu;G rsp Mfpait FzkhFk;. gytPdkhdtu;fs; ,ja Nehahspfs; ,f;Fspaiy
Nkw;nfhs;sf;$lhJ . ,JNghy; tapw;Wf; Fspay; xj;jlk; nfhLj;jy;>nfhg;gspj;jy;>
ePuhtp Fspay; Nghd;w gy tif cs;sd.

kz; kUe;J :

,aw;if kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir Kiwfspy; kz; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpwJ. gy

Neha;fSf;F kz; ey;y kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ. kz;zpdhy; ve;j vjpu; tpisTfSk;
,y;iy. kz;zpd; fz;fSf;F Gyg;glhj Ez;Jisfs; ,Uf;Fk;. ,tw;wpy; ePu;
GFe;jpUf;Fk; cly; gQ;rk; G+jq;fshy; MdJ kz;zpy; XusT ePu; neUg;G fhw;W
Mfhak; Mfpa kw;w G+jq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ek; cz;Zk; czT ngUk;ghYk; kz;
jj;JtNk. gQ;rG+jq;fspy; VjhtJ xd;W Fiwe;jhYk; $bdhYk; Neha; epiy Vw;gLk;.
kz; Fspay; :

J}a;ik nra;j kz;iz ePu; fye;J gpire;J cly; KOtJk; fz;> fhJ>
%f;F >tha; jtpu kw;w ghfq;fspy; G+rpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; .miu kzp Kjy; xU kzp
tiu ,sk; ntapypy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kz; NghFkhW jz;zPupy; ed;F Fspj;J tpl
Ntz;Lk; .,g;gb nra;jhy; cly; NyrhdJ Nghy; ,Uf;Fk; mj;Jld; Njhy; Neha;fs;
nrhwp rpwq;F Gd; fl;bfs; Nghd;wit ePq;fptpLk;. uj;j Xl;lk; mjpfkhFk; cly; #L
jzpAk;.

kz; gl;b :

45 nrd;bkPl;lu; ePsKk; 15 nrd;bkPl;lu; mfyk; cs;s Rj;jkhd

nkd;ikahd nts;isj; Jzpapy; jz;zPUld; gpire;j kz;iz 20 nrd;bkPl;lu; ePsk; 6
nrd;bkPl;lu; mfyk; nfhz;l miw nrd;bkPl;lu; cauk; gug;gp kPjKs;s Jzpia gug;gp
kz; kPJ %b Rw;wp itf;f Ntz;Lk; .Nehahspia ky;yhf;f gLf;f itj;J kz;
Kbr;ir njhg;GSf;Fs; fPNo mbtapw;wpy; FWf;F tl;lj;jpy; itf;f Ntz;Lk;. 20 Kjy;
40 epkplk; mg;gbNa ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,k;Kiwapy; tapw;W NfhshW jiytyp khu;G rsp
khu;G typ fha;r;ry; Nghd;wit FzkhFk; .kz; gw;W kz;iz jz;zPupNyh nte;ePupNyh
Njitf;F Vw;g fiuj;Jf; nfhz;L G+RtJ kz; gw;W vdg;gLk; .vy;yh typfs; tPf;fq;fs;
Gz;fs; fl;bfs; gw;W Nghl;lhy; clNd FzkhFk;.

kz; Gijay; :

Neubahf kz;iz cgNahfpg;gJ kz; Gijay; MFk; .kz;Zk; kzYk;

fye;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; mRj;jk; ,y;yhj ,lkhf ghu;j;J MW mb ePsk; 2 mb mfyk;
nfhz;l Fop Njhz;l Ntz;Lk;. Fspj; njd; tlyhf ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ .nghJthf Njhy;
Neha; cilatu;fs; kz; rpfpr;irapy; ek;gpf;if cilatu;fs; kz; Gijaiy
ifahSfpd;wdu;. kz; Gijay; fiy 10 kzpf;F Kd;Dk; 4 kzpf;F gpd;Dk; ,sk;
ntapypy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJ ey;yJ. ,k;Kiwapy; clypy; cs;s er;Rg; nghUl;fs;
Njhy; %yk; ntspNaWk;. cly; KOtJk; #L rkepiy ngWk; .
kz; gl;b :

kz; gl;b fz; vupr;ry; fz;typ cilatu;fSf;F gpire;J kz;iz xU

&gha; mfyj;jpy; Jzpapy; Rw;wp gLf;ifapy; gLj;Jf;nfhz;L ,ikfs; %ba epiyapy;
fz;fspy; kz; gl;bia itj;Jf;nfhz;L fhy; kzp Neuk; fopj;J vLj;J tplyhk;.
,jdhy; fz; Neha; ePq;fp fz;fs; Fspu;r;rp ngWk;. fz;fis mbf;fb ed;ePupy;
fOTtjpYk; fz;kPJ <uj;Jzp kz;gl;b NghLjYk; fz;fis ghJfhf;f KbAk;.

1. Ik;G+jq;fspy; Kjd;ikahdJ?

m)Mfhak; M) ePu; ,) neUg;G <) kz;

2. xUNtis czT cz;gtid ___ vd;gu;?

m) Nahfp M) Nghfp ,) Nuhfp <) JNuhfp

3.,UNtis czT cz;gtd; vd;gu; ?

m) Nghfp M) Nahfp ,) Nuhfp <) JNuhfp

4. %d;W Ntiy czT cz;gtid _ vd;gu; ?

m) JNuhfp M) Nuhfp ,) Nahfp <) Nahfp

5. ehd;F Ntiy czT cz;gtid _ vd;gu;?

m) JNuhfp M) Nghfp ,)Nahfp <)JNuhfp

6. ekJ cly; ---- MdJ ?

m)%d;W G+jq;fs; M)ehd;F G+jq;fs; ,)gQ;rG+jq;fs; <)G+jq;fs;

7. cd;d Nehk;G Kiw vj;jid tifahf gpupf;fyhk;?

m) ,uz;L M) %d;W ,)ehd;F <)Ie;J

8. cz;zhNehk;G Kiwia tifahf gpupj;jtu; ?

m) K.M.Iag;gd; M) rp.it.jhNkhjud; ,)ts;syhu; <)K.M.mg;gd;

9. cyu; cz;zh Nehd;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ehl;fspd; vz;zpf;if?

m) ,uz;L M)%d;W ,) ehd;F <)Ie;J

10.ePu; cz;zh Nehd;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ehl;fspd; vz;zpf;if?

m) xd;Wk; Kjy; MW ,) ,uz;L Kjy; vl;L

,) %d;W Kjy; VO <)ehd;F Kjy; Ie;J

11. cyfpy; ehk; neLq;fhyk; capu; tho cjTtJ ?

m) ePu; M) fhw;W ,) neUg;G <) kz;

12.fhw;iw %f;fpd; topNa cs;Ns ,Ug;gJk; ntspNa tpLtJk;----vdg;gLk; ?

m) Rthrk; M) fhw;whiw ,) %r;riu <) cl;Rthrk;

13. xU ruhrup kdpjd; jd; tho;ehspy; vj;jid Kiw Rthrpf;fpwhd; ?

m)50>000 M) Ik;gJ yl;rk; ,) 50Nfhb <)50 Kiw

14. Rthrpj;jypy; vj;jid tiffs; cz;L?

m) xd;W M) ,uz;L ,) ehd;F <) %d;W

15.-------- vd;gJ goq;fhy itj;jpa Kiw ?

m) kz; rpfpr;ir M) ePu;rpfpr;ir ,)MAu;Ntjk; <)vz;nza;rpfpr;ir

16. jz;Ltlf; Fspaiy fz;Lgpbj;jtu;?

m) ];uy
P \;kz ru;kh M) y\;kz; ,) ];ue
P urpk;kd; <) eFyd;

17. Mtp gpbg;gJ vd;gJ ----- Fspay;?

m) kz; Fspay; M) njhl;b Fspay; ,) cg;G Fspay; <) ePuhtpf; Fspay;

18. kz; vd;gJ ------ kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir?

m) ,aw;if kUj;Jtk; M) nraw;if kUj;Jtk;

,) Nahdp kUj;Jtk; <) rpj;j kUj;Jtk;

19. Neubahf kz;iz cgNahfpg;gJ ------ MFk; ?

m) kz; Fspay; M) kz; Gijay; ,) kz; gl;b <) kz; gw;W

20. cliy ,af;Fk; cWg;G ?

m) %is M) vYk;G ,)jir <)euk;G

21.kdpjdpd; capu; ehb?

m) EiuaPuy; M) fy;yPuy; ,),jak; <) fizak;

22. ----- vd;gJ Rthr gzpf;F cupaJ?

m) ,jak; M) EiuaPuy; ,) rpWePufk; <) fizak;

23.gpj;j ePu; Ruf;fg;gLk; cWg;G?

m) fy;yPuy; M) fizak; ,) rpWePufk; <) EiuaPuy;

24. gy;yhapuk; fzf;fhd rpwg;G nry;fshy; Ruf;fg;gLk; ePu;?

m) fiza ePu; M) rpWePufk; ,) fy;yPuy; Rug;gp <) ePu; Rug;gp

25. ---- vd;gJ [Puz cWg;G?

m) fy;yPuy; M) ,izak; ,) ,iug;ig <) rpWePufk;

26. tpij tbtpy; clypy; fhzg;gLk; cWg;G ?

m) fizak; M) ,iug;ig ,) rpWePufk; <) EiuaPuy;

27. Fly;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?

m) %d;W M) ehd;F ,) Ie;J <) ,uz;L

28. vYk;Gfs; ----- Ms; Mdit?

m) fhy;rpak; cg;Gfshy; M) mNahbd; ,) fhu;Nghi`l;Nul; <)tpl;lkpd;];

29. cliy ghJfhf;f gad;gLk; cWg;G ?

m) vYk;G M) euk;G ,) Njhy; <) ,jak;

30. ----- ,y;iy vd;why; cly; ,aq;fhJ ?

m) ,uj;jk; M) vYk;G ,) euk;G <) ,jak;

 myF – 3

,aw;if kUj;Jtk; jtpu;ff

; r; nrhy;Yk; czTg;nghUl;fs;

ehk; ey;y MNuhf;fpaj;Jld; tho Ntz;Lkhdhy; rpy czTg;nghUl;fisj;

jtpu;;f;Fk;gb ,aw;if kUj;Jtk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ,q;Nf jtpu;ff
; r; nrhy;Yk;
nghUl;fs; gy kUj;Jt Kiwfspy; cly; MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;fhfr; Nru;f;fr; nrhy;Yk;
nghUshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,q;F jtpu;ff
; r; nrhy;Yk; nghUl;fs; ehd;F nts;isau;fSk;>
,uz;L fUg;gu;fSk; MFk;. mitahtd cg;G> ghy;> Kl;il> rPdp> fhg;gp> B
vd;gdthFk;.

cg;G

ehk; cz;Zk; cg;G flypypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fy; cg;G. Nrhbak; FNshiuL vd;w
nraw;if cg;igAk; Fwpf;Fk;

rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpy; kUe;J> jPf;fhak;> nte;ePu; jirapy; nfhl;btpl;lhYk;> jhspf;Fk;

NghJ vz;nza; gl;Ltpl;lhYk; rpwpJ cg;ig jltpdhy; me;j ,lk; nfhg;gspf;fhJ.

Njhypd; epwk; khwhJ.

rpwpJ Neuk; Njhy; vupAk;. gpd; jhdhfNt ve;j kUe;Jk; ,y;yhky; jhdhfNt MwptpLk;.

cg;gpy;yh czT cly; viliaf; Fiwf;fpd;wJ vd;fpd;wdu;.

„cg;gpl;ltiu cs;ssTk; epid‟

„cg;gpy;yhg; gz;lk; Fg;igapNy‟ vd;W gonkhopfs; cs;sd.

ehk; cz;Zk; fPiu> fha;fspy; ,aw;ifahfNt ek; clYf;F Njitahd cg;G

cs;sjhy; nraw;if cg;igf; Fiwj;J cz;gJ ey;yJ.

,aw;ifahfNt cg;G epiwe;j nghUl;fs; gy cs;sd. mtw;Ws; rpy>

fPiu – Kisf;fi
P u> nte;jaf;fPiu> Ks;sq;fpf;fPiu> Kl;ilNfh];

fha; - Ks;sq;fp> fhul;> nrsnrs> ntz;g+rzp> E}y;Nfhy;> nts;sup> Eq;F> gPu;f;fq;fha;>

Glyq;fha;> Riuf;fha;> ntq;fhak;
gok; - nru;up> mj;jpg;gok;> Mg;gps;> vYkpr;ir> jf;fhsp> Kyhk;;gok;> jpuhl;ir>
Mg;gpupfhl;> thio

g+ - fhspgpstu;

gpw - Njd;> Njq;fha;

MfNt nraw;ifahf cg;igr; Nru;g;gijf; Fiwj;J my;yJ jtpu;j;J

cly; MNuhf;fpak; ngwyhk;.

fhg;gp

,d;W fhgp> NjePu; mUe;Jk; gof;fk; gutyhfg; ngUk;ghNyhuplk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. fhgpd;

vd;w eQ;R mlq;fpa ,t;tif ghdq;fs; cly; eyDf;F NfL tpistpg;gdthFk;. jhtu
tiffspypUe;J ,e;jf; fhg;gpAk;> BAk; fpilj;jhYk; fpsu;r;rpa+l;Lk; nghUl;fs; MFk;.

“gLf;iff; fhg;gp gLf;ifapy; js;Sk;” vd;gJ gonkhop

fhg;gp mjpfk; mUe;Jtjhy; clypy; gy;NtW cWg;Gfspy; Gw;WNeha;

tutha;g;Gs;sJ vd;W kUj;Jtu;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;

fhgp mUe;Jtjhy; cztpd; %yk; cly; cl;ftUk; ,Uk;Gr;rj;J 40 rjtPjk;

Fiwe;JtpLfpwJ.

kdpj clypYs;s fhy;rpaj;jpd; kPJk; fhgpd; rpy ghjpg;Gfis cz;L

gz;ZfpwJ. Cly; fhgpid EfUk; NghJ mjw;F rkkhd msT fhy;rpaj;ij fhgpNdhL
ntspNaw;WfpwJ.

Gifapiy> kJ:

,d;W Gifapiy gad;;gLj;Jk; gof;fk; mjpfk; cs;sJ. Mz;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp

ngz;fSk; ,g;gof;fj;jpw;F mbikahf cs;sdu;. Gz;gl;l kdij Giftpl;L Mw;WNthk;
vd;W fhjy; Njhy;tp> Ntiyapd;ik vd;W gy fhuzq;fshy; ,g;gof;fj;jpw;F
,isQu;fs; mjpfk; mbikahfpwhu;fs;.

Gifapiy Gifg;gjhy; mJ euk;G kz;lyj;ij fpsu;r;rp milar;nra;fpwJ.

epf;Nfhbd; EiuaPuy; %yk; cl;fpufpf;fg;gLtjhYk;> vr;rpy; %yKk; czTg;
ghijapypUe;J uj;jj;jpy; fye;JtpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; gy. mit
Flw;Gz;> Fkl;ly;> %r;RtpLtjpy; rpukk;> ,jaj;Jbg;gpy; xOq;fpd;ik Nghd;wit MFk; .
ghy;

jhtug;ghy;> jha;g;ghy;> tpyq;fpdg;ghy; vd ghypid tifg;gLj;jyhk;. kdpjDf;F

jhtug;ghYk;> jha;g;ghYk; rpwe;jJ.

Foe;ijf;F jha;g;ghy; nfhLf;fhky; Gl;bg;ghy; nfhLj;J tsu;g;gjhy; gpw;fhyj;jpy;

fz;zhb NghLk; mtyepiy Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd;W ,aw;if kUj;Jtu;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;.

ghypy; mjpfkhd GujKk;> ,Uk;Gr;rj;Jk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;w jtwhd ek;gpf;if

epyTfpwJ. cz;ikapy; ghypy; ,Uk;Gr;rj;J ,y;iy. NkYk; jhtu czTfspypUe;J
fpilf;Fk; ,Uk;Gr;rj;Jf;fis clYf;F fpilf;fhky; jLf;Fk; nghUshf ghy; cs;sJ.

Njq;fha;g;ghy;> NrhahgPd;]; ghy;> Nfg;igg;ghy;> NfhJikg;ghy;> vz;nza;

tpj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; ghy; Nghd;wit jhtug;ghy;fshFk;. khl;Lg;ghiy tpl
jhtug;ghypy; rj;Jf;fs; mjpfk;.

Kl;il

Kl;ilfs; kdpj clYf;F ed;ik jUtjhf $wg;gLfpwJ. ,aw;if kUj;Jtk;

Kl;il czit jtph;f;fr; nrhy;YfpwJ. Kl;ilapy; GNuhl;Bd; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; mjpfk;
cs;sd. ,r;rj;J tpisahl;L tPuh;fSf;Fk; fh;gpzp ngz;fSf;Fk; Foe;ij
tsh;r;rpf;Fk; KjpNahUf;Fk; kpfTk; ed;ikj; jUk; vd;W gpw kUj;Jth;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;.

Kl;ilfs; gy;NtW tiffspy; cly; eyj;jpw;F jPq;F tpisf;fpd;wd. fhuzk;

Kl;ilapy; clYf;F Njitahd ,d;wpaikahj Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fshd ,Uk;G fhy;rpak;
nkf;fpdPrpak; Nghjpa mstpy; ,y;iy. Kl;il czT vspjpy; nrwpg;gjpy;iy. Tpiy
FiwT vd;gjw;fhf Kl;il cz;gij jtph;g;gJ my;yJ msNthL cz;gJ eyk;.

rh;f;fiu

,J rPdp vd;w nts;is rh;f;fiuia Fwpf;Fk;. ehf;fpd; Rit czh;it jpUg;jp

gLj;j gad;gLk; ,r;rPdp xU rj;JTzT my;y. rh;f;fiu kdpjDila clYf;F
Njitapy;iy. clYf;F Njitahd fNyhhp Mw;wYk; rf;jpAk; jhdpaq;fspypUe;Jk;
goq;fspypUe;Jk; fha;fwpfspypUe;Jk; ntFvspjhf fpilf;fpd;wd vd;fpwhh; A+l; fpd;.

nts;is rh;f;fiu cztpy; Nrh;g;gjhy; gw;fy; ghJfhg;ig ,of;fpd;wd. ,jak;

rpWePufk; Njhy;Neha;fy; Nrhpkhdf; NfhshUfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. nts;is rh;f;fiuia
Rz;zhk;G rh;f;fiu vd;whh;fs;. Rz;zhk;ig Nghy ,JTk; clypy; kpFe;j
ntg;gj;ijAk; jPq;ifAk; tpistpf;Fk; uj;jFoha; jbj;;jy; uj;jmOj;jk; ,sikapy;
KJik Nghd;wit ,jdhy; cz;lhFk;.

vz;nza;

vz;nza; gy tifg;gLk;. ,jdhy; ed;ikAk; cz;L> jPikAk; cz;L.

vz;nza; clYf;F Fsph;r;rp jUk;. fz;ghh;it tpiutpy; kq;fhJ. if fhy; ,af;fk;
ed;whf ,Uf;Fk;. %l;Ltypf;F fLF vz;nza; Njq;fha; vz;nza;apy; fw;G+uk; Nghl;L
fha;r;rp gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;W gyKiw cz;L. tpsf;nfz;nza; kykpsf;fpahfTk;>
cly; Fsph;r;rpf;Fk; fOj;J typf;Fk; gad;gLk;.

Ntg;ngz;nza; jiyg;Ngid xopf;Fk;. fliynaz;iz rj;J kpFe;jJ.

Njq;fha; vz;izAk; fliy vz;iznzAk; rikj;jhy; cly; vil $Lk;.
vs;spypUe;J vLf;fg;gLk; ey;nyz;iz jhd; clYf;F ed;ik nra;af;$bait.
vz;nza; czTk; msNthL ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ.

fPiufSk; gad;fSk;.

cyfpy; vj;jidnah fPiu tiffs; ,Uf;f 51 tif fPiutiffs; kl;LNk

czthf gad;gLj;jp tUfpNwhk;. fPiuia rikf;Fk;NghJ mjpf cg;G Gsp fhuk;
Nrh;f;ff; $lhJ. rikj;j fPiuia fhyk;jho;j;jp; cz;lhy; gyd; ,y;iy.

Nfhilf;fhyj;jp;y; Fsph;fhyj;jp;y; vy;yhf; fhyj;jpYk;

cz;zf;$ba fPiufs; cz;zNtz;ba fPiufs; cz;zNtz;ba fPiufs;

nte;ja fPiu J}JNtis fPiu KUq;iff; fPiu

kzj;jf;fhsp fPiu Gjpdh miuf;fi
P u
Kisf;fi
P u KRKRf;if fPiu ty;yhiufPiu
nghd;dhq;fz;zp fPiu %f;ful;il fPiu Gspr;irf; fPiu
griyf;fPiu fw;G+uts;sp fPiu
fhpryhq;fz;zp fPiu Rf;fhq; fPiu
rh;f;fth;j;jp fPiu
ty;yhuf; fPiu
miuf;fi
P u
mfj;jpf;fPiu
kdpj cWg;G ghJfhg;G jtph;f;fg;gLk; kw;Wk; Neha;fs; ePf;Fk; fPiufs;

1. %is – ty;yhiu> KUq;if

2. fy;yPuy; - fhpryhq;fz;zp> fPohney;yp
3. euk;G kz;lyk; - nte;ija fPiu> J}JNtis
4. fz; - nghd;dhd;fz;dp> KUq;if fPiu> nfhj;jky;yp fUNtg;gpiy
5. Njhy; - gUg;GfPiu> Rf;fhq; fPiu
6. %l;L – fUNtg;gpiy> Klf;fj;jhd; fPiu
7. ,y;ywtho;T rpwf;f – KUq;ffPiu> mwf;fPiu> griy fPiu> J}JNtis> Gspr;ir
fPiu> ty;yhiu fPiu.
8. $e;jy; tsu – fUNtg;gpiy> fhpryhq;fz;dp> nghLjiy
9. fhy;rpak; rj;J – griy> mfj;jpf; fPiu
10. ,Uk;Gr; rj;J – KUq;iff; fPiu
11. uj;jk; mjpfhpf;f – nte;ijaf; fPiu
12. fgk; ePq;f – fw;G+uts;sp> J}Jtis fPiu
13. Fly; Gz;> tha; Gz; - kzj;jf;fhsp
14. Foe;ijfspd; cly; tsh;r;rp> %is tsh;r;rp> rUkNeha; ePq;f – Kisf;fPiu>
rpWfPiu.
15. euk;G kz;lyk; nray;gl mbg;gl;l fhak; Mw>gpj;jk; Fiwa – mfj;jp fPiu
16. cly; Nju> ,jak; tYg;ngw – miuf;fPiu
17. kyl;Lj;jd;ik ePq;f –KUq;iff;fi
P u
18. fh;g;gg;ig NfhshU – jz;Lf;fPiu
19. ePhpopT Neha;> %isf;NfhshU rhpahf – miuf;fi
P u
20. tapw;W Neha;fs; - Rf;fhq; fPiu
21. rpWePuf ghJfhg;G> uj;jNrhif> euk;G jsh;r;rp – nyr;rnfl;l fPiu
22. nrhpkhdk;> thAj; njhy;iy> Fly;Gz; vhpr;ry;- Gjpdh fPiu
23. cly; Fspr;rp> kyr;rpf;fy;> rpWePuf ghJfhg;G – gpz;zhf;F fPiu
24. nrhwp> rpuq;F mfy – Gspr;irf;fPiu
25. kQ;ry; fhkhiy> gpj;jk;> cly;vhpr;ry;> fha;r;ry; ePq;f – nfhj;jky;yp fPiu
26. fy;yPuy;> kz;zPuy;> [Puzg;ig typikngw – fUNtg;gpiy
27. %yk; Neha; - Jj;jpf;fPiu
28. Ehs;gl;l kyr;rpf;fy;> grpvLf;f> RSf;F ePq;f – gpuz;il fPiu
 29. thjk; gpj;jk;> %l;Ltyp ePq;f – Klf;fj;jhd; fPiu> Gspahiuf; fPiu

,f;fPiufis gUg;Gld; Nrh;j;J $l;L> R+g;G nra;J cz;zyhk;. frhakhf Fbf;fyhk;.

gr;rb nra;ayhk;. gr;irahf miuj;J rpwpJ cUz;ilahf;fp tpOq;fyhk;.

fha;fwpfSk; goq;fSk;.

1. mtiuf;fha;

Gujk;> khTg;nghUs;> gh];gu];> nghl;lhrpak;> tpl;lkPd; V> gp> b cs;sJ. jirtyp

nrhpkhdf;FiwT> ePhpopT gpj;jk; tapw;Wtyp Mfpatw;iw Nghf;Fk;.

2. ghfw;fha;
fgk;> gpj;jk; mfw;Wk;. uj;jj;ij Rj;jpfhpf;Fk;> kykpsf;Fk;. grp
cz;lhf;Fk;> uj;j Nrhif fha;r;ry; ,Uky;> Fly;Gz;> Njhy; tpahjp kQ;rs;
fhkhiy> ePhpopT Nghd;w Neha;fs; tuhky; ghJfhf;Fk;.Njhy;Neha;> %yNeha;
cilatu;fSf;F ,f;fha; MfhJ.

3. nts;shpf;fha;

,Uk;G> fhy;rpak;> gh];gu]; Nghd;w rj;Jf;fs; epuk;gpaJ. gpj;jk; mfw;Wk;.

grp cz;lhf;Fk;> uj;jk; Rj;jpfhpf;Fk;> $e;jy;tsUk;> Kfk; nghypTngWk;.

4. Rz;ilf;fha;.

,Uk;Gr; rj;J epiwe;jJ. tapw;W Neha;f;F> %yNeha;> khh;G rsp FzkhFk;.

Fliy Rj;jg;gLj;jp cliy tYgLj;Jk;.

5. Riuf;fha;

“Nghd Nehia nfhz;L tUk; nghy;yhj Riuf;fha”; vd;gjhy;

msTf;fjpfkhf cz;lf;$lhJ. ,jaj;jpw;F ey;yJ. cly; R+L jzpAk;.

6. Glyq;fha;

fz;ghh;it kpFk;. Kbnfhl;lhJ. R+iy Neha; cilath;fSf;F ,f;fha;

cjthJ.
7. KUq;iff;fha;

rspiag;Nghf;Fk;. Cisr;rijiag; Nghf;Fk;. vYk;G tYg;ngWk;.

,uj;jNrhif ePq;Fk;.

8. mj;jpf;fha;

cly; R+L jzpAk;. Tha; ehw;wk; ePq;Fk;. rPuzk; xOq;Fg;gLj;Jk;. gy;

Ml;lk; epw;Fk;.

9. thiof;fha;

gpj;jk; Fiwf;Fk. jiyr;Rw;wy; ePq;Fk;. cly; R+L> ,Uky;> gpj;jk;

Fiwf;Fk;. ckpo;ePu; Ruf;Fk;. thA clk;G cilatu;fSf;F thA njhe;juT jUk;.
10. thioj;jz;L

ehu;r;rj;J kpFe;jJ. nfhOg;igf; Fiwf;Fk;. tapw;Wg;Gz; Mw;Wk;. ePupopit

Fiwf;F
; k;. njhe;;jp FiwAk;. tapw;Wg;g+r;rp xopf;Fk;. Njhy; Neha; Vw;glhJ.
11. fj;jupf;fha;

Nfhioia mfw;wp euk;ig gyg;gLj;Jk;. thjk;> gpj;jk;> kyf;fl;L>

njhz;ilf;fl;L rupahFk;. ,f;fha; clypy; mupg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;. Njhy; Neha;
cs;stu;fSf;F ,f;fha; MfhJ.

12. gPd;];

ehu;r;rj;J kpFe;jJ. khuilg;G Neha;fSf;fhd tha;g;Gfisf; Fiwf;Fk;.

kdNehahspfSf;F ey;y fha;.

13. guq;fpf;fha;

,jpy; gpQ;R ey;yJ. cly; R+l;lhy; cly; nkype;jhy; ed;ik cz;lhf;Fk;.

cly; fdj;jtu;fSf;Fk>; kUe;J cz;NghUf;Fk; ,f;fha; ey;yjy;y.
 14. gg;ghspf;fha;

tpl;lkp;d; rp rpwpjsTk;> fhy;rpak; mjpfsTk; cs;sJ. cly; gUkd;

FiwAk;. ,f;fhapypUe;J tUk; epzePu; „ngapd;‟ vdg;gLk;. ,J gy; tpahjpfis
Fzg;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.

15. ntz;ilf;fha;

Gujk;> jhJg;nghUl;fs;> gh];gu];> ,Uk;G> fNuhl;bd;> jpahkpd;>

upNghgpstpd;> epahrpd;> tpl;lkpd; rp Nghd;wit epiwe;Js;sd. ,iug;igg;Gz;>
Fly; vupr;ry;> tapw;W typ mfw;Wk;. fha;r;ry; Fiwa cjTk;. Qhgf rf;jp
mjpfupf;Fk;.

16. gPl;Ul;

,uj;jj;ij tpUj;jp nra;Ak;. Nkdp moF ngWk;. Rpwe;j kykpsf;fp.

17. Nfhitf;fha;

kyr;rpf;fy;> thAg; nghUky;> njhg;ig> neQ;nrupr;ry; tpyFk;. ePupopT Neha;

cs;stu;fSf;F ey;y kUe;J. cau; uj;j mOj;jk;> nfhOg;G FiwAk;.

xU kjpg;ngz;fs;

1. ,aw;ifapNyNa cg;G epiwe;jJ vJ?

m) fPiufs; M); jhdpaq;fs; ,); gUg;G tiffs; <) vz;nza; tiffs;
2.fhg;gp mUe;Jtjhy; FiwAk; ,Uk;Gr;rj;J vt;tsT rjtPjk;?
m); 30 M) 50 ,) 40 <) 60
3. Gifapiyapy; cs;s Ntjpg;nghUs; vJ?
m) epf;Nfhbd; M); fhgpd; ,); Nrhbak; FNshiuL <) fhy;rpak;
4. gy; ghJfhg;ig Fiwg;gJ vJ?
m) vz;nza; M); Kl;il ,) ghy; <) ru;ff
; iu
5. clYf;F kpFe;j ed;ik jUk; vz;nza; vJ?
m) ey;nyz;nza; M); tpsf;nfz;nza; ,) Ntg;ngznza; <) fliy vz;nza;
6. vy;yh fhyj;jpYk; cz;zj;jFe;j fPiu vJ?
m) KUq;iff;fPiu M)J}Jtis ,) kzj;jf;fhsp <)KRKRf;if
7. fhy;rpak; rj;J epiwe;j fPiu
m) miuf;fi
P u M) KUq;if ,) mfj;jp <); griy
8. fy;yPuy;> kz;zPuy; eyj;Jf;F cjTtJ?
m) fUNtg;gpiy M) nfhj;jky;yp ,) Gjpdh <) kzj;jf;fhsp
9 tpl;lkpd; V>gp>b cs;sJ vJ?
m) mtiuf;fha; M) ghfw;fha; ,) Nful; <) Ks;sq;fp
10. ,Uk;Gr;rj;J mjpfk; epiwe;jJ vJ?
m) Rz;ilf;fha; M) thiof;fha; ,) jf;fhsp <) gPlUl;
11. Nfhioia mfw;wp euk;ig gygLj;JtJ vJ?
m) fj;jupf;fha; M) ntz;ilf;fha; ,) Nfhitf;fha; <) gg;ghspf;fha;
12. ehu;r;rj;J kpFe;jJ vJ?
m) nrsnrs M)Nful; ,) gPd;]; <) gPl;Ul;
13. ,iug;ig Gz; mfw;WtJ
m) fj;jupf;fha; M) ntz;ilf;fha; ,) Nfhitf;fha; <) gg;ghspf;fha;
14. ,uj;j tpUj;jpia cz;lhf;FtJ vJ?
m) nrsnrs M)Nful; ,) gPd;]; <) gPl;Ul;
15.ePupopT Neha; cs;stu;fSf;F mUkUe;J?
m) fj;jupf;fha; M) ntz;ilf;fha; ,) Nfhitf;fha; <) gg;ghspf;fha;
15. ehu;r;rj;J kpFe;jJ> nfhOg;ig Fiwg;gJ vJ?

m) thioj;jz;L M) KUq;if ,) mfj;jp <); griy

16.cly; R+L jzpAk;> rPuzk; xOq;FgLj;Jk;
m) mj;jpf;fha; M) ghfw;fha; ,) Nful; <) Ks;sq;fp
17. Mz;ikiag; ngUf;FtJ> euk;ig gyg;gLj;JtJ?
m) fj;jupf;fha; M) ntz;ilf;fha; ,) KUq;iff;fha; <) gg;ghspf;fha;
18 njhg;igia Fiwg;gJ vJ?
m) mj;jpf;fha; M) ghfw;fha; ,) Riuf;fha; <) Ks;sq;fp
19. fz; ghu;itf;F cfe;jJ?
m) thioj;jz;L M) Glyq;fha; ,) mfj;jp <); griy
20. ,uj;jj;ij Rj;jpfupj;J> grpia J}z;LtJ?
m) mj;jpf;fha; M) ghfw;fha; ,) Nful; <) Ks;sq;fp
5 kjpg;ngz;fs;
1. Nfhilf;fhyj;jp;y; cz;zf;$ba fPiufs; gw;wp vOJf;
2. nts;isr;ru;ff
; iuahy; Vw;gLk; jP;ikfisg; gw;wp $Wf.
3. ghy;> Kl;il Fwpj;J vLj;Jiuf;f.
4. clYf;F ed;ik jUk; vz;nza; tiffis gw;wp tpsf;fk; jUf.

10. kjpg;ngz;fs;

1. fPiufSk; gad;fSk; Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu tiuf.

2. fha;fwpfSk; goq;fSk; gw;wpa gad;fis tupirg;gLj;jp tpsf;Ff.
 myF-4
goq;fSk; gad;fSk;
kyh;fSf;Fk; fdpfSf;Fk; cs;s rpwg;G mjd; mofpdhYk;>RitapdhYk;
kl;Lk; te;jjy;yF!mtw;wpw;F ,Uf;Fk; kUj;Jtf; Fzq;fshYk; jhd;.
fdp vd;why; vd;d?

 fdp vd;gJ jhtuj;jpd; fUg;ig

 fdp jd; Foe;ijfis tpijfshy; cs; itj;;jpUf;Fk; fUg;ig
 jhd; cwpQ;Rk; midj;J cd;djr; rj;Jf;fisAk; jd; tpijfis
tsh;g;gjw;fhf jhtuk; toq;FfpwJ.
 jhtuj;jpd; mj;jid rj;Jf;fSk; tpijiar; R+o;e;Js;s fdpg;
gFjpfspy; fpilf;fpwJ.
Kf;fdp

 kh>gyh>thio
 xw;Wikahy; ed;ik cz;L vd;gij tpsf;Fgit Kf;fdpfs;.
 %Nte;jh; Nru>Nrho>ghz;ba ehl;by; gyhg;goKk; me;jg; gFjpfspd; kz;
tsj;jpw;Nfw;g tpise;jd.
 Ntt;NtW Rit nfhz;l Kf;fdpfis $l;lhfTk;>jdpj;jdpahfTk;
cz;gJ cly; eyj;Jf;F ed;ik.

khk;gok; (Mango)

 khk;gok; Kf;fdpfspy; Kjd;ikahdJ.

 khk;gok; clYf;F c\;zk; Vw;gLj;JtJld; kykpsf;fpahfTk;
nray;gLfpwJ.
 ,jd; Njhypy; cs;s rj;Jf;fs; rh;f;fiu Neha;>nfhy];buhy;
Nghd;wtw;iw fl;Lg;gLj;JtJld; rpytif goq;fs; Gw;WNeha;fSf;F
kUe;jhfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
 khk;goj; Njhypy; mlq;fpAs;s ,Uk;Gr; rj;J uj;;jNrhiff;F kUe;jhf
gad;gLk;.
 ,jpy; “nu]; ntuhluhy;” vd;Dk; urhadk; cs;sjhy;> uj;jj;jpy; cs;s
nfhOg;igf; Fiwj;J nfhubuhy; ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;glhky; jLg;gJld;
uj;jj;jpy; cs;s rh;f;fiu msitAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 khq;nfhl;ilapy; cs;s gUg;gpy; frhak; fha;r;rp gUfpdhy; tapw;wpy;
cs;s gOf;fs; kw;Wk; fpUkpfspd; njhy;iy ePq;Fk;.

gyhg;gok; (Jack Fruit)

 Kf;fdpfspy; ,uz;lhtJ fdpahd gyh midtUf;Fk; gpbj;jkhdJ.

 cly; c\;zj;ij Fiwj;J>gpj;j kaf;fk;>jiyr;Rw;wy; Mfpatw;iw
Fzkhf;Fk;.
 Njdpy; Cwitj;J cl;nfhz;lhy; rpe;jid rpjwy; Nghd;w ghjpg;Gfs;
FzkhFk;.
thio

 thiog;goj;jpYs;s nghl;lhrpak; rj;J cs;sJ.

 ,jaj;jpw;F ey;yJ: Fdk(my;]h;) NehahspfSf;F mUkUe;J.
 kyr;rpf;fy; jPuTk; ,J toptFf;Fk;.
 gr;ir thiog;goj;jpw;F rspia mjpfhpf;Fk; FzkpUg;gjhy;
fgNehahspfs; mij jtph;f;fyhk;.
 kQ;rs; fjyp goj;ij Foe;ijf;F rsp ,Uf;Fk; NghJ nfhLf;f
Ntz;lhk;.
 Fjpf;fhypy; typ ,Ug;gth;fs; nrt;thio rhg;gpl;lhy; Fzk; njhpAk;.
 Kyr;rpf;fy; ,Ug;gtUf;F „ehl;Lg;gok;‟ vdg;gLk; mjpf ehh;j;jd;ik
nfhz;l tif ey;yJ.
 rpW Foe;ijfSf;F $ohQ;nrz;L my;yJ kiyg;gok; nfhLf;fyhk;.
 M];Jkh rsp ,Ug;gth;fs; fhiy 7 kzpf;Fg; gpd;dNu thiog;gok;
rhg;gpLtijj; jtph;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
ehty;gok;

 ehty;gok; kJNkf NehahspfSf;Fr; rpwe;jJ.

 Rw;W cg;Gld; Nrh;j;Jr; rhg;gpLtjd; %yk; $Ljyha; ,jd; gyidg;
ngw KbAk;.
 Ehty; nfhl;iliag; nghb nra;J kJNkf Nehahspfs; rhg;gpl> ,uj;j
rh;f;fiu msTf; FiwAk;.
ney;ypf;fdp

 mjpakhd; Xsitf;F nfhLj;J ePLop tho tho;j;jpaJ

ney;ypf;fdpiaj;jhd;.
 mjpf Neha; vjph;g;G rf;jpia jd;Ds; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; caph;r;rj;J
Vitamin C %yk; nfhLf;Fk; ney;ypf;fdp fdpfSs; kpf cah;thdJ.
 mjd; jd;ikia CWfha; Nghl;Lf; nfLj;Jtplhky; mg;gbNa
rhg;gpLtJ ey;yJ.
 Njdpy; Cwitj;Jk; rhg;gplyhk;.
 ½ Jz;L NghPl;ir ½ ];G+d; Njd; ½ gok; ney;ypf;fdp jpdk;
mUe;JNthh;f;F ,uj;jk; tpUj;jpailAk;.
 “mdPkpah” vDk; ,uj;j Nrhif cs;Nshh; ,jidr; rhg;gpl;Lg;
gad;ngwyhk;.
tpy;tg; gok;

 mbf;fb tapW fopjy;>kUe;jhy; tUk; njhe;juTfs;>kd mikjpf;

FiwT cs;sth;fSf;F tpy;tg; gok; xU tpy;yq;fkpy;yhj Njhod;.
 ,g;goj;jpy; kzg;ghF Syrup nra;J jpdKk; rhg;gpl;lhy; gpur;ridj;
jPUk;.
kzj;jf;fhsp

 kzj;jf;fhspg; goj;ij NeubahfNth> tw;wyhfNth rhg;gpl;L tu

tha;g;Gz;fs; jPUk;.
gg;ghspg;gok;

 gg;ghsp Vitamin A rj;J epiwe;j gok; .

 mj;NjhL ,g;gok; gpurtpj;j kfspUf;F ghy; Rug;igj; J}z;Ltpf;fTk;
cjTk;.
 Fd;k(myrh;) NehahspfSf;Fk; gg;ghspg; gok; rpwe;e kUe;J.
J}Jtisg; gok;

 J}Jtisr; nrbapy; tpisAk; goq;fisr; Nrfhpj;J>Fz;^rpapy; rpWrpW

Jisfspl;L Njdpy; Cw itj;J 1];G+d; msT rhg;gpl;L tu
rsp>,Uky;>M]Jkh Mfpa Neha;fs; jPUk;.
jf;fhspg; gok;

 jf;fhspg; goj;jp; rpte;j epwj;jpw;F fhuzkhd Lycopene vd;gJ Anti-

Oxidant jd;ikAilaJ.
 tajhdth;fSf;F tUk; Guh];Nll; Nfhs tPf;fj;ijg; Nghf;ff; $ba
rf;jp ,jw;fpUg;gjhfj; jw;NghJ fz;lwpe;Js;shh;fs;.
 rpWePuff; fy; cilatUk; M]Jkh myh;[p cs;stUk; jtpu gpwh;
,g;goq;fisr; rhg;gplyhk;.
vYkpr;ir

 Rkhh; 60 tiffs; cs;s ,g;gok; kUj;Jtk; ke;jpu khah [hyq;fspYk;

Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpwJ.
 ,y;yq;fspy; ,J kq;fsfukhd gokhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
 Neha; vjph;g;G>Neha;j;jLg;G Mw;wy; nfhz;ljhy; ,g;gok; kUj;Jt
kd;dd; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,g;gok; rpwe;j fpUkp ehrpdpahfr; nray;gLfpwJ.
 ,jdhy; nrhwp rpuq;F>gil>gw;W>fug;ghd; Nghd;w Njhy; Neha;fs; tuhky;
jLg;gJld; clypy; nfl;;l ehw;wk;>mk;ikj; jOk;G>Kfg;gUf;fs;
Nghd;witAk; vYkpr;rk; goj;ijj; Nja;j;Jf; fOtf; FzkhFk;.
MuQ;Rg;gok;

 fkyh>re;jpuh>rhRkh>nfhil MuQ;R>rhj;Jf;Fb>nkhrk;gp vd;W gy

ngah;fspy; toq;fg;ngWk;.,g;goj;jpy; caph;rr
; j;J
V.gp>gp2>rp>Rijak;>mad;>gh];gu]; Nghd;w rj;Jf;fs; cs;sd.
 %l;Ltyp>Kyq;fhy; typ>Filr;ry;>Kl;lowprp tPf;fk;>vYk;G k[;i[fspy;
Vw;gLk; FiwghLfs; Fzg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; ,g;goj;jpw;F cz;L.
 ed;F nrhpkhdk; MFk;.
 %isf;Fg; NghJkhd msT ,uj;jj;ij mDg;gp epidthw;wiy
Nkk;gLj;jp clYf;F Neha; vjph;g;G rf;jpia mspf;ff; $baJ.
jpuhl;irg; gok;

 ,g;gok; cly;epiy rhpapy;yhjth;fSf;Fj; Njitahd

c\;zk;>,uj;jk;>rf;jp mspf;fpwJ.
 ,jpYs;s FSf;Nfh]; tpiuthf ,uj;jj;jpy; fye;J clYf;Fg; gyk;
jUk;.
  grpiaj; J}z;Lk;.
 czit [Puzpf;Fk;.
 cly; Nrhh;itg; Nghf;Fk;.
 ,jag; ghJfhg;gpw;F ,J mUkUe;jhFk;.
Mg;gps; gok;

 tpiyf; fhuzkhf ,J gz;ffhuh;fs; cz;Zk; gokhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

 ,g;gok; %isf;F gyj;ijAk;>clYf;F cWjpiaAk; juf;$baJ.
 <WfSf;Fk; gw;fSf;Fk; ghJfhg;igj; jUk;.
 Njhiyr; rPthkYk; ntl;lhkYk; mg;gbNa cz;Zk; NghJ ,jpy;
cs;s naf;gpd; vd;Dk; ehh;rr; j;jhy; ngWk; gyk; mjpfk;.
 %isf;F tYT+l;lg;gLfpwJ.
 ,uj;jNrhif mfy;fpwJ.
 %yk;>ePbj;j tapw;W typ ePq;Fk;.
 fz;ghh;itj; njspTg; ngWk;.
 rpWePhpy; cUthFk; fw;fs; fiuf;fg;gLk;.
,ye;ijg; gok;

 caph;rr; j;J m>Rijak;>mad; cs;sJ.

 ,J clYf;F tYTk;>vYk;G>gw;gSf;F cWjpAk; mspf;Fk;.
 gpj;jk; jzpf;Fk;.
 Fkl;ly; the;jp FzkhFk;.
 Cly; ntg;gj;ijj; jzpj;J grpiaj; J}z;b>nrhpkhd rf;jpia
mjpfg;gLj;jp clypaf;fj;ij eLepiyg; Nghf;FfpwJ.
 ,uj;jr; Rj;jpfhpg;G nra;J ke;j Gj;jpiag; Nghf;Fk;.
 \hk;G>rPaf;fha;j; J}Sf;F gjpyhf ,ye;ij ,iyia ed;whf
miuj;Jf; Fspay; J}shfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

jhdpaq;fspd; gad;fs;
jhdpak;

 jhdpak; vd;gJ Gy;tif jhtuq;fspy; tpistpf;fg;gLk;

czTg;nghUl;fisf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
 jhtutpay; Kiwg;gb ,it cyh; ntbahf;fdp my;yJ fhhpahg;rp];
tiff; fdpahFk;.
 ngUk;ghyhd jhdpaq;fs; Kis R+o;jir>Kisf;FWj;J kw;Wk; jtpL
(ckp) Mfpatw;iw nfhz;Ls;sd.
 cyfshtpa mstpy; jhdpa kzpfs; kw;wg; gaph;fisf; fhl;bYk;
ngUksT tptrhak; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
 ,itj; jtpu gpw jhtuf;FLk;g tiffspy; ,Ue;Jk; jhdpaq;fs;
cw;gj;jpr; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
 jhdpag; gaph;fs; cz;zj; jFe;j mtw;wpd; jhdpaq;fs; my;yJ
tpijfSf;fhfg; gaphplg;gLgit MFk;.
jhdpaq;fspd; cw;gj;jp Kiw

 ,aw;ifahd; KO jhdpakhdJ mjpfsT caph;rr

; j;Jf;fs;>jhJ
cg;Gf;fs; fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs;>nfhOg;Gr; rj;Jf;fs;>vz;nza;r; rj;J
kw;Wk; Gujk; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
 ,ae;jpuq;fs; nfhz;L ckp ePf;fg;gLk; NghJ Nkw;fz;l midj;J
rj;Jf;fSk; ePf;fg;gl;L kPjkpUf;Fk; Kis #o;jirapy;
fhhNghi`l;Nul;Lf;fs; kl;LNk vQ;rpapUf;Fk;.
 Gy tsUk; ehLfspy; jhdpaq;fshdJ mhprp>NfhJik>tuF>Nrhsk;
Nghd;w tbtpy; jpdrhp czthf cl;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
jhdpar; nrhy; cUthf;fk;

 jhdpaj;jpw;fhd Mq;fpyr; nrhy; nruy; (Cereal) vd;gJ MFk;.

 mWtil kw;Wk; Ntshz;ikapd; fpNuf;fg; ngz; flTshd nru];
(Ceres) vd;w ngahpy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpajhFk;.

gRikg; Gul;rp

 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; mjprpaf;fj; jf;f tifapy;

jhdpaq;fspd; cw;gj;jp mjpfhpf;fj; Jtq;fpaJ.
 ,jd; %yk; ney; kw;Wk; NfhJikap;d; cw;gj;jp mjpfhpf;fj;
njhlq;fpaJ.
 1940-fspy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l gaph;r;nra;if El;gq;fs; Ntshz;
cw;gj;jpia gd;klq;F ngUf;fpd.
 ,e;j Ntshz; njhopy;El;gKk; mjdhy; epfo;e;j r%f nghUshjhu
murpay; khw;wq;fSk; gRikg; Gul;rp (Green Revolution) vdg;gLfpwJ.

jhdpa tiffs;

 ney;>NfhJik>Nrhsk;>fk;G>Nfo;tuF>mtiu>Fuf;fd;>ghrpg;gaW>nfsg;gp>
rpe;jhkzpf;fliy>fr;rhd;>rhik>nfhs;S>jpid>thw;NfhJik.
$yk; gjpndl;L

 $yk; gjpdhW vd;W ew;wpiz ciuapy; gjpndl;nldTk;

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.mit:

1) ney; 10) nfhs;S

2) Gy; 11) gaW
3) tuF 12) cSe;J
4) rhik 13) mtiu
5) jpid 14) Jtiu
6) ,Wq;F 15) fliy
7) ,uhfp 16) nkhr;ir
8) Njhiu 17) Nrhsk;
9) vs;S 18) fk;G
rpWjhdpaq;fs;

 rpWjhdpak; vd;gJ cUtpy; rpwpajhf cs;s jhdpa tif .

  rpWjhdpak; (Millet) goe;jkpoh; cztpy; ngUk;gq;F tfpj;jJ vd;gij
gy;NtW rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; thapyhf mwpaKbfpwJ.
 rpWjhdpaq;fs; vd;gJ fk;G> Nrhsk;> tuF> gdptuF> rhik> jpid>
Fjpiuthyp> Nfo;tuF Nghd;wtw;iw MFk;.
 rpWjhdpa czTfisr; rhg;gpLtjhy; rh;f;fiu Neha;> cly; gUkd;>
,uj;j nfhjpg;G Nghd;w Neha;fspy; ,Ue;J fhj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.
tuF

 rpWjhdpaq;fspy; Kf;fpakhdJ tuF.

 ,ij igl;bf; mkpyk; Fiwe;J ehh;rr ; j;J kpFe;Jk;> ,Uk;G> fhy;rpak;
kw;Wk; gp-itl;lkpd; nfhz;ljhfTk; cs;sJ.
 jhJg;nghUl;fSk; epuk;g cs;sd.
 ,jpy; Gujk;> ,Uk;G kw;Wk; Rz;zhk;R rj;J cs;sJ.
 cly; viliaf; Fiwf;ff; $baJ.
 %l;Ltypiaf; Fiwf;fpwJ.
fk;G

 ,e;jpahtpy; tpisAk; jhdpa tiffspy; xd;W.

 ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; jq;fSila cztpy; mjpfstpy; jhdpa
thiffisr; Nrh;j;J te;jd.
 fhiyapy; fk;ig fQ;rpahf;fp mUe;jpdh;.
 kdr;Nrhh;T ,Ue;jhy; cly; Nrhh;T cz;lhFk;. mJNghy; ntapypy;
mjpfk; miyfpwth;fs;> fbd Ntiy nra;gth;fs; Gj;Jzh;Tg; ngw
fk;G cjTfpwJ.
 m[Puzf; NfhshWfs; ePq;fp ed;F grp vLf;Fk;.
 tapw;wpy; Gz;> tha;g;Gz;iz fk;G Fzg;gLj;Jk;.
 ,seiuiag; Nghf;Fk;.
Fjpiuthyp

 Fjpiuthypf;F rh;f;fiu Nehiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jd;ik cz;L.

 ehh;rr
; j;J> khTr;rj;J> nfhOg;Gr;rj;J> Rz;zhk;Gr; rj;J> gh];gu];
mlq;fpAs;sJ.
 Mz;b Mf;]pld;l; Mf Ntiyr; nra;fpwJ. NfhJikia tpl
MWklq;F ehh;rr ; j;J cs;sJ.
Nrhsk;

 ePhpopT Neha;> nrhpkhd Fiwfs;> ,uj;j Nrhif Kjypatw;iw

Fzg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 rpWePiu mjpfkhfg; ngUf;Fk; rf;jp ,jw;F ,Ug;gjhy;> clk;gpy; cs;s
cg;ig fiuf;Fk; jd;ik cz;L.
 fz; FiwghLfis rPh; nra;Ak; „gPl;lh fNuhl;bd;‟ ,jpy; mjpfkhf
cs;sJ.
jpid
  goq;fhyj;jpy; Kjyhtjhfg; gaphplg;gl;L kdpjdhy; cgNahfpf;fg;gl;l
jhdpa tif> jpid jhd;.
 fp.K6000 rPdhtpy; gaphplg;gl;L cgNahfpf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sJ.
 jpidkhT mjpf rj;Jf;nfhz;l czTfspy; xd;W.
 jpidapy; clYf;Fj; Njitahd Gujr;rj;Jf;fSk;> Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fSk;
ep;iwe;Js;sd.
 ,J ,jaj;ij gyg;gLj;Jk;> grp cz;lhf;Fk;.
nfhs;S

 „,isj;jtDf;F vs;S> nfhOj;jtDf;Ff; nfhs;S‟ vd;ghh;fs;.

 nfhs;S cly; viliaf; Fiwf;Fk;.
 cly;typ NghFk;.
 fz;Zf;F ey;yJ.
 nfhs;S urk; thjNeha; jzpf;Fk;.
Jtiu

 cly; vilf; FiwAk;> vspjpy; [PuzkhFk;.

 thA ePq;Fk;.
 %l;Ltyp> thjk;> kyf;fl;L> Nghd;wit ePq;Fk;.
 midtUf;Fk; Vw;w czT.
nfhz;ilf; fliy

 rpwpJ cg;gpl;L mtpj;J cz;zyhk;.

 kpFe;j gyd; jUtjpy;iy. Mdhy; cly; ciog;ghsh;fSf;Fr; rf;jp
jUk;.
gr;irg; gaW

 jhdpaq;fspy; rpwg;ghdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

 kyf;fl;L> cly; twl;rp> %yNeha;> fz; Neha;> %l;L typ Nghd;wtw;iw
ePf;Fk;.
 vYk;G tYthFk;.
 cly; vilf;$L;k;.
 fzghh;it ngUFk;.

kyh;fspd; gyd;fs;
‘nghd;id itf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; G+it itf;fyhk;‟ vd;ghh;fs;. kyh;fSf;Fk; ek;
gz;ghl;by; mj;jid Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
kztiuapypUe;J fy;yiu tiu>
Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; ,Ue;J Nfhapy; fsk; tiu
kyh;fspd; Ml;rpjhd;.
Nuhrhg; G+

 md;gpw;F milahskhf cs;sijf; Fsph;tpf;f toq;fg;gLk; Nuhrhg; G+

cliyAk; Fspu itf;Fk; jd;ikAilaJ.
 rhjhuzkhf rpW Foe;ijfSf;F fizr; #l;bdhy; kyf;fl;L Vw;gLtJ
cz;L.
 jpdKk; ,utpy; gLf;Fk; Kd;d 3>4 kzpNeuk; ePhpy; Cwpa ehl;L Nuh[h>
,jo;fs; ehd;if ,uz;L cyh;e;j mq;$h; jpuhl;irAld; Nrh;j;J
nfhLq;fs;.
 2 taJf;F Nkyhd Foe;ijfSf;F Nuhrh ,jopd; nra;ag;gLk; Fy;fe;J
nfhLf;fyhk;.
 nghpath;fSf;F gd;dPh;g;G+ Nyfpak; juyhk;. ,itnay;yhk; kyf;fl;L
ePq;f cjTk;.
nrk;gUj;jp

 nrk;gUj;jpg;G+ ,jaj;ij gyg;gLj;jf; $baJ.

 „,UkYf;Fr; rpw;wuj;ij: ,jaj;jpw;F nrk;guj;ij‟ vd;nwhU tof;F
nkhop cz;L.
 ,ja Nehahspfs; ehl;L nrk;guj;ij ,jo;fis ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W
vLj;J jpdKk; ntWk; tapw;wpy; rhg;gplyhk;.
 twz;l Nfrk; cilath;fs; nrk;gUj;jpg; G+it rpiff;fhAld; miuj;J
jiyf;Fj; Nja;j;Jf; Fspf;fyhk;.
 $e;jy; ijyq;fs; fha;rR; k; NghJ nrk;gUj;jpiar; Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
ee;jptl;lg; G+

 „nkl;uh]; I‟ vd;gJ fz;NzhL fz;zhf tUk; Neha;.

 ,jw;F xNu rpwg;G kUe;J ee;jpahtl;ilg; G+ jhd;.
 ,e;j kyhpd; rhiu XhpU Jsp fz;zpy; tplyhk;.
 kyiuNa fz;zpy; itj;Jf; fl;bf;nfhs;syhk;.
Mthuk; G+

 fpuhkGuq;fspy; tay;ntspfspy; G+j;Jf; FYq;Fk; kyh; Mthuk; G+.

 ,e;j kQ;rs; epw kyiu gwpj;J te;J cyh;j;jp itj;Jf; nfhz;L
jpdKk; fhiyapy; frhak; Nghl;Lr; rhg;gpl kJNkf Neha; fl;Lf;Fs;
tUk;.
 ntapy; nghOjpy; jiyr;Rik Rke;J nry;Yk; fpuhkthrpfs;> jk;
clw;#l;ilj; jzpf;f jiyg;ghifapDs; Mthuk; G+it itf;Fk;
tof;fk; ,d;Dk; cz;L.
Ntg;gk; G+

 G+f;Fk; gUtj;jpy; Ntg;gkuj;jpypUe;J Vuhskha; Ntg;gk;G+ cjpUk;

,tw;iw Nrfhpj;J urj;jpy; Nghl;L rikj;Jr; rhg;gpl tapw;W GOf;fs;
ePq;Fk;.
thiog;G+
  rpWePuff;fy;> tapw;Wg;Gz; vDk; Fd;k Nehahspfs; thiog;G+itr;
rikj;Jr; rhg;gpl rpWePh; ed;Fg; gphpAk;.
 tapw;W typf; FiwAk;.
KUq;ifg; G+

 Foe;ijNgW ,y;yhky;> tpe;fZf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff; Fiwthf ,Ue;J

tUe;Jk; Mlth; KUq;ifg; G+it ,utpy; ghypy; fye;J rhg;gpl
tpe;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if ngUFk;.
jhkiug; G+

 cly; c\;zk;> Nfhio> <uy; Neha;fs;> fha;r;ry;> ,jaNeha;

Nghd;witj; jPh;f;Fk;.
 ,g;G+tpd; rh;gj; ,uj;j %yk;> ,uj;j Ngjpiaf; Fzg;gLj;Jk;.
 fz;Zf;Ff; Fsph;r;rpj; jUk;.
 ,g;G+tpYs;s Njd; fz; Neha;fF ; kUe;jhfpwJ.
 jhiu tpij Njhy; Nehiag; Nghf;Fk;.
njd;dk; G+

 ngz;fspd; fh;g;gigj; njhlh;ghd Neha;fSf;F kUe;jhFk;.

 neUQ;rpg;G+ ePhpopT Neha;f;F kUe;J.
 myF-4
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; :
1.fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; Kf;fdpapy; xd;W ?
m) thiog;gok; M)nfha;ahg;gok; ,)jf;fhspg; gok; <)ehty; gok;
2. gpj;j Neha; Vw;gl fhuzkhf ,Uf;Fk; gok; ?
m) thiog;gok; M) gyhg;gok;,) ju;G+rzp<)nfha;ahg;gok;
3. goq;fspd; murd; vd $wg;gLtJ?
m)thiog;gok; M)khk;gok; ,)gyhg;gok; <) khJisgok;
4.jPjpw;gok;Gsp vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gok;?
m)khk;gok; M)Gspak;gok; ,)ehtw;gok; <)thiog;gok;
5.fw;G+uk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gok; ?
m) Gspak;gok; M) khk;gok; ,)Ngupr;rk;gok; <),ye;ij gok;
6 .gg;ghsp goj;jpy; cs;s tpl;lkpd;?
m)tpl;lkpd; VM)tpl;lkpd; gp ,) tpl;lkpd; rp<) tpl;lkpd; ,
7.’mNuhrpf;fh’Neha;f;F kUe;jhf gad;gLk; gok; ?
m)khJisgok;M)vYkpr;ir gok; ,) ,ye;ij gok; <) gg;ghsp gok;
8.kUj;Jtkd;dd; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gok; ?
m)vYkpr;ir gok;M)khJis gok; ,)nfha;ahg;gok; <)Gspak;gok;
9.vYkpr;irgoj;jpd;tiffs;?
m)10 M) 20 ,)60 <) 70
10.gok;cz;z Mir ,Ue;jhy;____ goj;ij Njb cd; vd;fpwhu;fs; rpj;ju;fs;?
m) tpshk;gok;M)vYkpr;ir gok; ,) khJis gok; <) khk;gok;
11.______ gok; mjpfk; cz;gjhy; fug;ghd; vd;Dk; gil Neha; Vw;gLk;?
m) tpshk;gok;M) vYkpr;ir gok; ,)ehty; gok;<)thiog;gok;
12.rPjhg;goj;jpy; cs;s rj;J ?
m) mad;M)tpl;lkpd; ,)fhy;rpak; <)nfhOg;G
13.ju;G+rzp goj;jpy; cs;s capu;r;rj;J?
m)B1M)tpl;lkpd; ,)itl;lkpd; rp <)gp 12
14. Gw;WNeha;f;F kUe;jhf gad;gLk; gok; ?
m) thiog;gok; M) khk;gok; ,)Gspak;gok; <)jpuhl;ir gok;
15. gzf;fhuu;fs; cz;Zk; gokhf fUjg;gLk;gok;?
m)Mg;gps; gok;M) ,oe;ijgok; ,) nfha;ahg;gok;<) thiog;gok;
16.Fspu;r;rp jUk; gok;?
m) nts;supg;gok;M)gg;ghspg;gok; ,)ehty; gok; <)khk;gok;
17.’clk;igf; fhf;Fk; ______’vd;gJ gonkhop ?
m) cSe;JM) gr;ir gapW ,) muprp <) NfhJik
18. NfhJikapy; cs;s rj;J?
m) ehu;r;rj;JM) ePu;r;rj;J ,) fhy;rpak; <) itl;lkpd;
19. Ntu;f;fliyapy; mjpfk; cs;s rj;J?
m) itl;lkpd; V M) itl;lkpd; gp ,)ehu;r;rj;J <)fhy;rpak;
20.ePuopT Neha;f;F gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; jhdpa czT?
m) muprp M)Nfo;tuF,)fk;G <)gr;ir gapW
21.vd;Wk; ,sik jUk; jhdpak; ?m) fk;GM) Nfo;tuF ,)jpiz <) NfhJik
22.,isj;jtDf;Fvs;SnfhOj;jtDf;F ____ vd;gu;?
m)nfhs;SM)muprp ,)NfhJik <)Nfo;tuF
23.jhkiu tpij _____ Neha;f;F kUe;J?
m) Njhy; Neha;M) ,Uja Neha; ,) EiuaPuy; <) tapw;Wg;Gz;
24.neUQ;rpg; G+ _____ Neha;f;F kUe;J ?
m) ePuopTM) fhkhiy,) the;jp <) ,ja Neha;
25.KUq;ifg;G+ _____ toptFf;Fk;?m),uj;j tpUj;jpM) ,jaj;Jf;F,) E}iuapuy;<)
jhJcw;gj;jp26.Nuh[hg;G+____ jahupf;f gad;gLfpwJ ?
m) Fy;fe;JM) fw;fz;L ,)nty;yk; <) kdg;ghF 27.ee;jpahtl;l G+ ___kUe;J?
m)jiyM) if ,) fhy; <)fz;
28.nrk;gUj;jp kzg;ghF ___ ey;yJ ?
m) ,Uja Neha;M) tapw;Wg;Gz; ,) jiytyp<) ,Uky;
29.khJis G+ ____ njhlu;ghd Neha;f;F kUe;J ?
m)jiytyp M) fz; vupr;ry; ,) tapW <) ,Uk;gy;
30.thiog;G+ ___ NfhshW jPu;f;Fk;?
m)fu;g;gigM)neQ;Rvupr;ry; ,) thA <) jiy

5-kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. goq;fs; gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd; gad;fs; gw;wpAk; vOJf?
2. Kf;fdp gw;wp tpsf;Ff?
3. jhdpaq;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf?
4. jhdpaq;fspd; gad;fs; gw;wp vOJf?
5. kyu;fs; gw;wpAk; kyu;fspd; gad;fs; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;G tiuf?
10. kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. goq;fs; gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd; gad;fs; gw;wpAk; tpupthf vOJf?
2 .jhdpaq;fisg; gw;wpAk; jhdpaq;fspd; gad;fs; gw;wpAk; tpupthf $Wf?
3. kyu;fs; gw;wpAk; kyu;fspd; gad;fs; gw;wpAk; tpupthf vOJf?

myF-5
Neha;fSk; %ypiffspd; gad;fSk;

kUe;jhfTk;> czthfTk; gad;glf;$ba vj;jidNah jhtuq;fisg; gw;wp

ehk; mwpe;jpUg;Nghk;. gad; mwpahj jhtuq;fSk; gy cs;sd.

mUfk;Gy;:

●‘My;Nghy; jioj;J mUFNghy; Nt&d;wp vd;gu;’.

●rpwe;j fhafy;g %ypifahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
●mWfk;Gy;iy kz; ePf;fp fOtp miuj;Jr; rhW vLj;J jpdKk; xU Ftis gUfptu
Muk;gg; Gw;WNeha; ePq;Fk;.
● gOjile;j rpWePufk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.
●my;ru;>m[Puzk;>ke;jk;> tapW ,iur;ry;> kyr;rpf;fy;>Fly; Neha;fs; vd;W tapW
njhlu;Gila midj;J Neha;fSk; FzkhFk;.

MlhNjhil:

●ML jPz;lhgg;ghisvd;W ,jid miog;gu;.

●kpfTk; frg;ghdJ.
●rsp>,Uky;>fhr Neha;f;F cupa kUe;J.
●mlu;j;jpahf tsUk; nrb ,dj;ijr; Nru;e;jJ.
●EiuaPuy; njhlu;Gila Neha;fis ,t;tpiyfs; ePf;Fk;.
●M];Jkh>,uj;jf; nfhjpg;G>fhkhiy Neha;fisg;Nghf;f ty;yJ.
Jsrp:

• ,J nja;tf
P %ypif vd;W $wg;gLk;.
• ,jid tp\;Zg;gpupah>gpUe;jhvd;nwy;yhk;ngaupl;Lmiog;gu;.
• rUk Neha;fSf;F Jsrpr;rhWk;>,iyAk; ey;y kUe;jhFk;.
● Jsrp ,iyiaj; jpdKk; 4cz;z,uj;jk; Rj;jkhFk;.
● clypy; cs;ser;Rf;fpUkpfs; mopAk;.
● mk;khd;gr;ruprp ,iyr;rhW>Jsrp ,iyr;rhW rk msT fye;J Kfj;jpy; gU cs;s
,lq;fspy; jltp tu vj;jifa gUTk; fha;e;J cjpu;e;JtpLk;.

jpUePw;Wg;gr;ir:

 fgthe;jp>uj;jthe;jpf;F ,J kUe;J.
 ,e;j ,iyAld; rpwpJ trk;G Nru;j;J miuj;J Kfg;gUtpy; G+r gU ePq;Fk;.
 fz; fl;bfSf;F mjd; Nky; ,e;j ,iyr;rhw;iwg; G+rpdhy; fl;b fiue;J tpLk;.
 clypy; cs;s ntg;gj;ijf; Fiwj;J rpWePiug;ngUf;fp ntspNaw;Wk;.
 gil rUk Neha;fSf;F Neha; fz;l ,lj;jpy; ,t;tpiyr;rhw;iwg; G+rp tu mJ
vspjpy; kiwAk;.
 Njs; fbj;jhy; typ ePq;ff; fbthapy; ,t;tpiyiamiuj;J G+r Ntz;Lk;.

J}Jtis:

● J}Jtisia rpq;fty;yp> myu;ff

; k; vd;W NtW ngaupYk; miog;gu;.
● J}Jtis> fz;lq;fj;jpup> fupryhq;fz;zp Mfpa ,k;%d;W %ypiffSk; Qhd
rhjdq;fs; vd;W ts;syhuhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
● Nfhioia(rsp) mfw;wf; $baJ.
● ,iy> G+> fha;> gok;> nfhb> Ntu;> vd midj;Jk; kUj;Jtg;gad; cilaJ.
● G+ Mz;ikia mjpfupf;Fk;.
neUQ;rpy;:
● rpW neUQ;rpy;> ngU neUQ;rpy; vd ,U tif cz;L.
● rpW neUQ;rpy; kQ;rs; epwj;jpy; rpwpa G+Tk;> rpwpa ,iyAk;> rpwpa fhAk;
Kl;fSlDk; ,Uf;Fk;.
● ngU neUQ;rpypy; ngupa kQ;rs; G+> mfykhd ngupa ,iyAld; ngupa Kl;fSk;
$ba fha;fSk; ,Uf;Fk;.
● ngU neUQ;rpYf;F ahid tzq;fp vd;W kw;nwhU ngaUk; cz;L.
● ntz;Gs;sp> NkfNeha; Nghd;wtw;iwf; $l ahid neUQ;rpy; Nghf;Fkhk;.
Nrhw;Wf; fw;whio:
● ,jd; rij gw;W kUj;Jt Fzk; cs;sJ.
● rpWePuf NfhshWfSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;fhd fu;g;gig njhlu;ghd NfhshWfSf;Fk; ,jd;
rijg;gw;W kUe;jhf cs;sJ.
● ,d;W \hk;G> $e;jy; ijyk;> Kfg;G+r;R> Nghd;w nghUl;fs; jahupf;fTk; ,J
gad;gLfpwJ.

mk;khd; gr;rup:

●fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; tNahjpfu;fs; Xahky; ,Ukpf; f\;lg;gLk; NghJ ,k;%ypif

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
● jhJtpUj;jp> [yNjh\k;> Xahj tpf;fy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; ,k;%ypif kUe;jhFk;.
● ,e;j ghiyf; fhy; Mzpapd; Nky; jlt 3 ehl;fspy; fhy; Mzp tpOe;J tpLk;
kPz;Lk; tuhJ.
Klf;fj;jhd;:
●gpurtpf;ff; f\;lg;gLk; ngz;fSf;F ,t;tpiyia miuj;J mbtapw;wpy; fdkhfg; G+rp
tpl;lhy; rpy epkplj;jpy; Foe;ij gpwe;JtpLk; vd;gu;.

Mthiu:

●,J fhl;Lg;gFjpapy; tsUk; nrb.

● ,jd; ,iyiaj; Njitahd msT miuj;J mjDld; mNj msT Rj;jkhd
fspkz;izr;Nru;j;J Fioj;J jiyapy; jltp CwpaTld; jiyFspj;jhy;jiy
KOf;fcs;s nghLFfs;kiwAk;.
ghfy; ,iy:
,t; tpiyr;rhW 1mTd;]; fhiy ntWk; tapw;wpy; nfhLf;f tapw;wpy; cs;s
fPupg;G+r;rpfs; kbe;J kyj;Jld; ntspNaWk;.
Gjpdh:

●[Puzj;jpw;F ey;y kUe;J.

● ,r;rhW Foe;ijfspd; tapw;Wg;Nghf;F> the;jpiaf; Fzg;gLj;Jk;.
● fha;e;j nghjpdh ,iyg;nghb xU gq;F fhy; gq;F cg;G fye;J gy; Jyf;f gy;
njhlu;ghd vy;yhtpjkhd Neha;fSk; FzkhFk;.
,Yg;ig ,iy:
●,t;tpiyia Ntfitj;J miuj;J clk;G KOtJk; G+rpf; Fspf;fj; Njhy; Neha;fs;
ePq;fp Njhy; kpUJthFk;>totog;ghfTk; khWk;.
●Njky;> gil>nrhwprpuq;fpw;F ,J ey;y kUe;J.

ehAUtp:

●gytif %y Neha;fSf;F ,J xU ey;y kUe;J.

● ekr;ry;> gil> nrhwprpwq;Fk; ,k;%ypif kUe;jhfpwJ.

rikj;j czTk; rikf;fhj czTk;

 czT cd;gJ capu; tho;tjw;fhf> cztpw;fhf> mJTk; Urp kpFe;j

czTf;fhf tho;tJ kdjpw;F mbikg;gLtjhFk;.
 jw;NghJ czT rikj;jy; vd;gJ jtpu;f;f KbahjJ Mfptpl;lJ.
 Kdptu;fSk;> NahfpfSk;>rikf;fhj gok;> fPiufis> cz;L gy E}W Mz;Lfs;
capu; tho;e;jdu;.
 ,d;W mjpfk; rikj;j czit ehLk; ehk; gy;NtW Neha;fSf;F MshfpNwhk;.
 fhQ;rp gukhr;rhupahu; rikj;j czitj; jtpu;j;J 100 Mz;L fhyk; tho;e;jjhff;
$Wtu;.
 fhe;jpabfs; Ml;Lg;ghy;> Ngupr;rk;gok;> Nghd;w ,aw;if czT cz;L 78
Mz;Lfhyk; MNuhf;fpakhf tho;e;jjhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
 “,jkhdij mwpe;J gjkhfr; rikj;J kpjkhf cz;“ vd;gJ xU gonkhop.
  mjpf vz;nza;>nea; jtpu;j;J krhyh ePf;fp Mtpapy; Ntfitj;J rj;ij
tPzhf;fhky; rpwpjsT rikj;J cz;gNj ey;yJ.
 Mfhak; rikj;j czthff; fUjg;gLk; gr;irf; fPiufs;> fha;fs;> goq;fs;>
nfhl;ilfs;> Nghd;wtw;iw cz;gJ kpf kpf ey;yJ.
 ,aw;if czitr; rq;fq;fs;> kUj;Jtkidfspy;> rikf;fhj Njq;fha;> ghy;>
gok;> ,sePu;> fha;fs;> %ypifr; rhWfs;> nfhLj;Nj Neha;fs; jPu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 jpiz khT> Njd;> Nghd;wit rpwe;j MNuhf;fpa czthFk;.
 gr;irahf cz;zhky; Ritf;fhfg; goq;fisAk; [hk; nra;tJk;vrd;]; Nru;j;J
[_]; Mf;FtJk;> fha;fis CWfha; nra;tJk;> vy;yhtw;iwAk; vz;nza;
nea;apy; tjf;FtJ> nghupg;gJk; ,aw;if kUj;Jtj;jpy; jtwhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

czTg; nghUlfis rikf;ff; $lhjjd; fhuzq;fs; :

 Cl;lr;rj;J mope;J tpLfpd;wd.

 jhtu czit czthf cl;nfhs;Sk; gpuhzpfs; Neha; te;J gLg;gjpy;iy.
 kUj;Jtiu ehLtjpy;iy.
 ,d;Wk; kdpjd; mtw;iw tPl;by; nry;yg;gpuhzpfshf tsu;j;J mjw;F rikj;J
czT+l;Lfpd;whd;.
 mjdhy; mtw;Wf;F Vw;gLk; Neha;fisj; jPu;f;f ,d;W fhy;eil(ntl;dup)
lhf;lu;fs; cUthfp tUfpwhu;fs;.
 Gyhy; czT Gujr;rj;jpw;fhf ,d;W cz;zg;gLfpwJ.
 rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpd; kUe;jhfTk; cs;sJ.
 ,aw;ifahd jhtu cztpy; ehu;r;rj;J FiwT.
 Gyhy; czT mjpfk; cz;lhy; Neha; Vw;gLk;.
 ,aw;ifAld; ,iae;Jk; ,ize;Jk; tho;e;jJ Mjpapy; ,Ue;jJ.
 ,d;Wk; ,e;epiy njhlu;e;jhy; ekf;F kUj;Jtr; nryT mjpfk; ,Uf;fhJ.

rpy MNuhf;fpa czT tiffs;:

nghb:
● fUNtg;gpiy nghb - fha;e;j fUNtg;gpiy ,uz;L gpb > xU fuz;b kpsF> xU
fuz;b rPufk; ,tw;iwg; nghbj;jhy; mJjhd; fUNtg;gpiy nghb.
● ,J $e;jy; tsu> eiuKb kiwa> fz; ghu;it njsptila> gpj;jk; Nghf cjTk;.
● Ritf;F cg;G Njitapy;iy vd;why; rpwpjsT cg;Gkl;Lk;gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
● ,Nj Nghy; ky;ypg;nghb>Gjpdhg;nghb vd;W nra;J gad;gLj;jyhk;.
Jtiu> cSe;J> gr;ir gapW> nfhs;S Nghd;w jhdpaq;fisAk;rpwpjsT kz;rl;bapy;
tWj;jg;gpd; fhuj;jpw;F kpsF my;yJ tukpsfha; rpwpjsT Nru;j;J nghbj;Jg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
● GNuhl;bd; kpFe;j rj;J epiwe;j czTg;nghbfs; ,it.

fha;fyit gof;fyit (rhyl;):

● G+rzpf;fha;> nts;supf;fha;> fhul;> ntq;fhak;> ntz;ilf;fha;> gPd;];> Kl;ilf;Nfh];>
vd;W gy fha;fspy; fha; fyit nra;ayhk;.
● fha;fisr; rpwpjhf eWf;fp my;yJ JUtpf; nfhz;L rpwpJ vYkpr;irr; rhW tpl;L
gpire;J fhuj;jpw;F kpsFj;J}Sk;>Fspu;r;rpf;F rPufj;J}Sk; Nru;j;Jf; fye;J fUNtg;gpiy>
ky;ypAk; fye;J gr;irahf cz;zyhk;.
●,J vspjpy; [Puzk; MFk;.
●grpiaj; J}z;Lk;.
● ehu;r;rj;J kpFe;jJ.
● clYf;F rf;jp fpilf;Fk;.
● Kisfl;ba jhdpaq;fisAk; vYkpr;irr;rhW> Njq;fha;g;G+> ,e;J cg;G fye;J
my;yJ ehl;Lr; ru;ff
; iu> fye;Jk; cz;zyhk;.
● rpwpjsT cz;lhYk; mjpff;fNyhup fpilf;Fk;.
rhWfs; (R+g; tiffs;) :
● vy;yhtpjkhd fha;fs;> fPiufs;> %ypiffisj; jdpahfNth my;yJ gUg;GePu;
jf;fhsp goj;Jld; Nru;j;J mtpj;J ,Wj;Jf;> Fiog;gJ rhW MFk;.
● Ritf;fhfr;rpwpJ cg;G> kpsF> rPufk;> Nru;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
● Njd;> ,sePu; rpwe;j gr;ir czthFk;.
● ,sePiu mjd; tOf;ifAld; cz;z tapW njhlu;ghd vy;yh NehAk; jPUk;.
● Njd;> Njd; ney;ypf;fha; nra;aTk;> Nuh[h Fy;fe;J nra;aTk;>kUe;J Fioj;J
cz;zTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
● mau;d; fhy;rpak; kpFe;j czTfs; ,it.
fha;r;ry; khj;jpiu:
● Jsrp> tpy;tk;> Ntk;G -,t;tpiyfs; jdpj;jdpNa rpW ifg;gpb msT fLf;fha; rpwpJ
re;jdf;fl;il 2 fpuhk; kpsF> 15 rpj;jpuj;ij 10 ,tw;iw mk;kpapy; itj;J jz;zPu;
tpl;L ikahf miuj;J ngupa kpsF mstpy; cUl;b gj;J ehl;fs; ntapypy; fha
itj;J vLj;J ghl;bypy; itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
● ngupatu;fSf;Ff;fha;r;ry; te;j NghJ fhiy> khiy ,U Ntisf;Fk; ,uz;L tPjk;
ehd;F cUz;ilfSk;> rpWtUf;F xd;W tPjk; ,uz;L cUz;ilfs; KOf;ff; fha;r;ry;
rupahFk;.
,Uky; rspf;fhd R+uzk;:
● fLf;fha;g;gpQ;R 10 fpuhk;> gdq;fw;fz;L my;yJ rPdf; fw;fz;L 10 fpuhk;> nts;is
kpsF 10 fpuhk;> ,tw;iw nghbj;J Ntisf;F jpupfLF gpukhzk; Njdpd; Fioj;J
cz;z ,Uky;> rsp mwNt ePq;Fk;.
nrk;gUj;jp kzg;ghF:
● 30 Ie;J ,jo; rptg;G nrk;gUj;jpg;G+f;fspd; ,jo;fs; kl;Lk;> ,it %o;Fk; msT
vYkpr;irr; rhW tpl;L mg;gbNa 6 kzp Neuk; ntapypy; itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
● rpte;j epwk; fpilj;jJk; rpwpJ nty;yg;ghFld; nrk;gUj;jpr;rhw;iw Cw;wpf; fha;r;r
ey;y thrid tUk;.
● gf;Ftkhff;fha;r;rp MwpaTld; Nrkpj;J ,ja Neha; cs;stu;fs; jpdKk; 2 ];G+d;
ntWk; tapw;wpy; cz;z mWit rpfpr;irapd;wp,jak; fhf;fyhk;.
Nyfpak;:
● frfrh 100 fpuhk;> nty;yk; 75 fpuhk;> frfrhit ,uT ed;F Cw itj;Jf fhiyapy;
ikahf miuj;J nty;yk; Nru;j;J rpwpJ nea; tpl;L
Nyfpakhff; fpz;b itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; ngz;fSf;fhd khjtplha;g; gpur;ridfSf;F
,J ey;y kUe;jhFk;.

,aw;if kUj;Jtg; gonkhopfs;

,aw;if kUj;Jtk; gw;wpa gytpjkhd gonkhopfs; tof;fpy; ,Ue;jhYk;

mbg;gilahd rpy kl;Lk; ,q;Nf jug;gl;Ls;sd.

czT cz;gJ gw;wpait:

1. grpj;J Grp
2. urpj;J Grp
3. gy;yhy; miuj;Jg; Grp
4. kyk; fopj;j gpd; Grp
5. kfpo;Tld; Grp
6. ePu; mUe;jhky; Grp
7. nkJthf>epjhdkhfg;Grp
8. Nfhgk; jtpu;j;J Grp
9. Fiwthfg;Grp(miutapWcz;)
kw;wit:
 msNthLcz;LtsNkhLthoDk;.
 msTf;FkpQ;rpdhy;mkpu;jKk;eQ;R.
 mWntWj;jfQ;rpiatpltpWtpWj;jgl;bdpNky;.
 mkpo;NjahapDk; goq;fwp Ntz;lhk;.
 mfpyj;jpy; njtpl;lhjJ md;dKk;> ePUk;.
 mOjgps;is ghy;Fbf;Fk;.
 miug;gts;miuj;jhy;mLg;Gr;rhk;gYk;kUe;jhFk;.
 muprp kwe;j $Of;F cg;G xU Fiwah?
 md;W jpd;w NrhW MW khrj;Jf;F MFkh?
 md;dKk; kpff; nfhs;thDk; Mil mOf;F MfhDk; gju;.
 Mapuk; fyk; ney;Yf;F xU me;Jg;G+r;rp NghJk;.
 Mwpd fQ;rp goq;fQ;rp.
 Mthuk; G+r;nrb Misj;Njw;WNk.
 ,isj;jPl;bf;Fioa tof;fZk;.
 ,ioj;jtDf;F vs;S nfhOj;jtDf;Ff; nfhs;S.
 ,aw;if czNt ,d;g czT.
 ,sePu; ,dpa ePu;.
 ,k;Guhit fhzhky; ,isg;G te;J nrj;jhNd.
 ,zq;fpdhy; ,dpg;G> gpzq;fpdhy;> frg;G.
 ,e;j vYk;igf;fbg;ghNdd; nrhe;jg;gy;Y NghthNdd;.
 cz;zhky; Cnuy;yhk; Nghfyhk;; cLf;fhky; xU tPL Nghf KbAkh?
 cz;bnfhLj;Njhu;capu;nfhLj;NjhNu.
 cg;gpl;ltiu cs;sTk; epid.
 cg;gpy;yhg;gz;lk;Fg;igapNy.
 czu;T,y;yhjfUtpAk;>cg;gpy;yhjNrhWk;rup.
 cz;lclk;gpw;FcWjpcOjGyj;jpw;F ney;Y.
 cz;lhy; jpd;why; czT nfhz;lhy; nfhLj;jy; cwT.
 czitf; Fb> ePiu cz;.
 cgrhu thu;j;ij fhrhFkh? cz;lhy; xopag; grp jPUkh?
 cz;ltd; cuQ; nra;thd;.
 cz;Zk; fPiuapy; ez;ZNkGy;yUtp.
 cg;Gj;jz;zPUk;> fg;G kQ;rSk; Crpg; NghfhJ.
 cwpaNy fl;bj; J}f;fpdhYk;>mOfw; G+rzpf;fha; mOfNy.
 CZkpr;rk; cotpYk; ,y;iy.
 vs;Sq;fpwJf;F Kd;dhbNa vz;izah epf;fZk;.
 vs;Sk;> fUk;Gk; ,Wf;fpdhy; gad; jUk;.
 xU ghidr; Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk;.
 xU gps;is vd;W Cl;b tsu;j;jhshk;. mJ nrupah ke;jk; gpbj;Jr; nrj;jjhk;.
 fLF rpWj;jhYk; fhuk; NghfhJ.
 fwe;j ghiyf; fha;r;rhky; Fbj;jhy; fhr Neha; jhNd tUk;.
 flypy; fhak; fiuj;jhw; Nghy.
 fUk;gpy; Njd; ,Uf;Fk; fs;spapy; ghy; ,Uf;Fk;.
 fs;sizAk; GifapiyiaAk; fl;bj; jPUk;.
 filrpr; Nrhw;Wf;F NkhUk;> fhy; khl;bw;Fg; ghAk; Ntz;Lk;.
 flg;ghiwia tpOq;fptpl;L> Rf;Ff; frhak; Fbj;jJ Nghy.
 fUNtg;gpiy khjpup J}f;fp vwpQ;rpl;lhd;.
 fwpNtg;gpiy fha;fwpf;nfy;yhk; jha;g;gps;is.
 fdpAz;L gpzpapd;wp tho;Nthk;.
 fha;r;ry; te;jhy; gl;bdp fplfha;e;jXl;Lf;Fr;Nrjk; ,y;iy.
 fhiyapy; ,Q;rp>fLk;gfy;Rf;F> khiy fLf;fha;kUe;jha; mikAk;.
 fhwpg;Nghd fUizf;fpoq;F> gok;Gspahy; gjk; ngw;wjhk;.
 Fj;jp tbj;jhYk; rhk;ghu; Fg;igapNy Nghl;lhYk; khzpf;fk;.
 $ohdhYk; Fspj;Jf; Fb.
 ifg;gpbf;fPohney;ypahy;> fy; fbf;Fk; gy; cWjpahk;.
 Nfhiuf;fpoq;F xUNtisf;F cjTk;.
 Nfhgk; MAisf; Fiwf;Fk;.
 rpW Foe;ij ,y;yhj tPLk; tPly;y rPufk; ,l;L Mfhj fhupak; fupay;y.
 rpwpahNuhL ,zq;fhNj Nrhk;Gf;Fg; Gypapl;L Mf;fhNj.
 myF-5
5 kjpg;ngz;tpdh:
1. Neha; jPu;f;Fk; %ypif gad;fis gw;wp vOJf?
2. rikj;j czT gw;wp $Wf?
3. rikf;fhj czT gw;wp $Wf?
4. rpy MNuhf;fpa czTfisg; gw;wp $Wf?
5. ,aw;if kUj;Jt gonkhopfs; rpytw;iw $Wf?
10 kjpg;ngz;tpdh:
1. Neha;fSk; mjid jPu;f;f gad;gLk; %ypifapd; gad;fSk; gw;wp tpupthf $Wf?
2. rikj;j czT gw;wpAk; rikf;fhj czT gw;wpAk; tpupthf vOJf?
3. rpy MNuhf;fpakhd czTfs; gw;wp tpupthf $Wf?
4. ,aw;if kUj;Jt gonkhopfs; gw;wp tpupthf fhz;f?
1 kjpg;ngz;:
1.‘My; Nghy; jioj;J mUF Nghy; Nt&d;wp’ vd;W $wg;gLk; %ypif?m)
mUfk;Gy;M)J}Jthis ,)Klf;fj;jhd; <)Jk;ig
2.fhafy;g %ypif vd;W fUjg;gLtJ?
m) mUfk;Gy;M)kUjhzp ,)Ntk;G ,iy <)fw;G+uts;sp
3.ML jPz;lh ghiy ,d;W miof;fg;gLk; %ypif?
m)kQ;rs; M)Ntk;G ,)MlhNjhil<)Jsrp
4.nja;tf
P %ypif vd $wg;gLk; %ypif?
m) Ntk;G M)kUjhzp ,) Jsrp<) kQ;rs;
5.tp\;Z gpupah vd;W miof;fg;gLk; %ypif?
m)JsrpM)kQ;rs; ,)kUjhzp <)Ntk;G
6.jpUePw;Wg;gr;ir vjw;F kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ?
m)the;jp M)jiytyp ,)fgthe;jp<) fha;r;ry;
7.rpq;fty;yp vd;W miof;fg;gLk; %ypif?
m)Jk;ig M)Klf;fj;jhd; ,)J}Jthis<)fPohney;yp
8.Qhd rhjdq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; %ypifapy; xd;W?
m) fupryhq;fz;zpM)Jk;ig ,)fPohney;yp <)Jsrp
9.neUQ;rp %ypifapd; tiffs;?
m) %d;W M)ehd;F ,) ,uz;L<) Ie;J
10.ahid tzq;fp vd;W miof;fg;gLk; %ypif?m) rpWneUQ;rp
M) ngUneUQ;rp ,) J}Jthis <) Jsrp
11.rpj;jg;gpuik cz;lhf;Fk; %ypif?
m) neUQ;rp M) Ckj;ij,) nrk;gUj;jp <) J}Jthis
12.\hk;G> $e;jy; ijyk; jahupf;f gad;gLtJ?
m) fupryhq;fz;zp M) Nrhw;Wf;fw;whio ,) kUjhzp <) nrk;gUj;jp
13.%yNeha; tpiutpy; Fzkhf gad;gLk; %ypif?
m) Jj;jpM)mk;kd;gr;ruprp ,)nfhbf;fs;sp <)Jk;ig
14.fl;bg; Nghl;lhy; Fl;b QQNghLk; nrb?
m),uzfs;sp M) njhl;lhy;rpdpq;fp ,) thio<) neUQ;rp
15.cj;jhkzp vd;W miof;fg;gLk; %ypif?
m) fhl;Lg;gFjp M) Ntypg;gFjp ,) Fg;igNkdp <) ehAUtp
16. gpd;tUtw;wpy; fhl;Lg; gFjpapy; jhdhf tsUk; %ypif?
m) MthiuM) Fg;igNkdp ,) J}Jtis <) trk;G
17Itdk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; %ypif?m) kUjhzp
M) kUNjhd;wp,)Mthiu <) neUQ;rp
18.‘lhd;rp ypl;B];’ vd;w rij tsu;r;rpf;F gad;gLk; %ypif?
m) Ntk;G M) tpy;tk; ,) kQ;rs; <) ney;yp
19.‘fupg;ghd;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLk; %ypif?m) fupryhq;fz;zp
M) fz;lq;fj;jpup ,) neUQ;rp <) Ckj;ij
20. Ks;KUq;if ___ vd miof;fg;gLk;?
m) fy;ahz KUq;if M) KUq;if ,) ehl;L KUq;if <) ghk;G KUq;if
21. G+id tzq;fp vd;W miof;fg;gLk; %ypif?
m) ehAUtp M) rpW neUQ;rp ,) Fg;igNkdp<) Klf;fj;jhd;
22. gy; G+r;rpfs; mopf;f ____ ,iy nkd;W Jg;gpdhy; rupahFk;?
m) Ntk;G M) ghfw; ,) Jk;ig<) Jsrp
23. kQ;rs; fhkhiyf;F gad;gLk; %ypif?
m) fPohney;yp M) Nkyhney;yp ,) ney;yp<) kQ;rs;
24. gpuz;il frhak; ________ kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ?
m) rpWePufNfhshW M) czTnrupkhdk; ,) khuilg;G <) fy;yilg;G
25. gy fyitia Mq;fpyj;jpy; _______ vd;gu;?
m) rhyl; M) kpf;ru; ,) fyit <) /g;&l;