EC2306 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define Signal.
A signal is a function of one or more independent variables which contain some
information. Eg: Radio signal, TV signal, Telephone signal etc.
2. What are the main types of signals with respect to time as independent
variable?
Continuous time (analog) signals &discrete time (discrete) signals
3. What is analog signal?
The analog signal is a continuous function of independent variables. The analog
signal is defined for every instant of independent variable and so magnitude of
independent variable is continuous in the specified range. Here both the independent
variable and magnitude are continuous.
4. What is discrete signal?
The discrete signal is a function of discrete independent variables. The independent
variable is divided into uniform interval and is represented by an integer. The discrete
signal is is defined for every integer value of independent variable. here both the
values of signal and independent variable are discrete.
5. What are the different types of signal representations?
Graphical representation
Functional representations
Tabular representation
Sequence representation
6. What is digital signal processing?
The dsp refers processing of signal by digital system.
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7. What are the steps involved in digital signal processing?
1) Converting the analog signal to digital signal ,which is performed by A/D
converter
2) Processing the digital signal by digital systems.
3) Converting the digital output signal from the digital system to analog signal
by D/A converter.
8. What are the advantages of DSP?
1) The programme can be modified easily for better Performance.
2) Better accuracy can be achieved by using adaptive algorithm.
3) The digital signal can be easily stored and transported.
4) Digital systems are cheaper than analog equallent.
5)
9. Give some applications of DSP?
Speech processing ,Communications , Biomedical
10. Define LTI causal system?
A LTI system is causal if and only if , h(n) = 0 for n<[Link] is the sufficient and
necessary condition for causality of the system.
11. Define LTI stable system?
The bounded input x(n) produces bounded output y(n) in the LTI system only if,
When this condition is satisfied, the system will be stable.
12. Define system function?
H(z)= Y(z) /X(Z) is called system function. It is the z transform of the unit sample
response h(n) of the system.
13. How unit sample response of discrete time system is defined?
The unit step response of the discrete time system is output of the system to unit
sample sequence. i.e., T[?n)]=h(n). Also h(n)=z {H(z)}.
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14. A causal DT system is BIBO stable only if its transfer function has
_________.
A causal DT system is stable if poles of its transfer function lie within the unit circle.
15. If u(n) is the impulse response response of the system, What is its step
response?
Here h(n) = u(n) and the input is x(n) = u(n).
Hence the output y(n) = h(n) * x(n) = u(n) * u(n)
16. Convolve the two sequences x(n)={1,2,3} and h(n)={5,4,6,2}
y(n)={5,14,29,26,22,6}
17. Determine the range of values of the parameter ‘a’ for which the linear time
invariant system with impulse response h(n)=an u(n) is stable?
H(z)= z , There is one pole at z=a. The system is stable, if all its poles. z-a i.e., within
the unit circle. Hence |a| < 1 for stability.
18. What are the basic elements of Block diagram?
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] delay
19. Write the state model for DT system?
XK+1 = F+GUK
YK=HX+JUK
20. Define Transfer function in DT System.
It is defined as the ratio of Z transform of the systern output to the Z-transform of
system input.
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21. Define Impulse response.
The response to is called the impulse [Link] inverse Z-transform of H(Z)
gives h(n)
22. Define periodic and non periodic discrete time signals?
If the discrete time signal repeated after equal samples of time then it is called
periodic [Link] the discrete time signal x[n] satis fies the condition
x[n+N]=x(n), then it is called periodic signal with fundamental period x(n+N) then it
is called nonperiodic signals.N [Link] x(n)
23. Define System.
A system is a set of elements or functional block that are connected together and
produces an output in response to an input signal.
Eg: An audio amplifier, attenuator, TV set etc.
24. Define unit step, ramp and delta functions for CT.
Unit step function is defined as
U(t)= 1 for t >= 0
0 otherwise
Unit ramp function is defined as
r(t)=t for t>=0
0 for t<0
Unit delta function is defined as
δ(t)= 1 for t=0
0 otherwise
25. State the relation between step, ramp and delta functions(CT).
The relation ship between unit step and unit delta function is
δ (t)= u(t)
The relationship between delta and unit ramp function is
δ (t).dt = r(t)
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26. Define random signals.
A random signal is one which cannot be represented by any mathematical
[Link]: Noise generated in electronic components, transmission channels, cables
etc.
27. State the classification or characteristics of CT and DT systems.
The DT and CT systems are according to their characteristics as follows
(i). Linear and Non-Linear systems
(ii). Time invariant and Time varying systems.
(iii). Causal and Non causal systems.
(iv). Stable and unstable systems.
(v). Static and dynamic systems.
(vi). Inverse systems.
28. Define linear and non-linear systems.
A system is said to be linear if superposition theorem applies to that system. If it does
not satisfy the superposition theorem, then it is said to be a nonlinear system.
29. Define Causal and non-Causal systems.
A system is said to be a causal if its output at anytime depends upon present and past
inputs only.
A system is said to be non-causal system if its output depends upon future inputs also.
30. Define time invariant and time varying systems.
A system is time invariant if the time shift in the input signal results in corresponding
time shift in the output. A system which does not satisfy the above condition is time
variant system.
31. Define stable and unstable systems.
When the system produces bounded output for bounded input, then the system is
called bounded input, bounded output stable. A system which does not satisfy the
above condition is called a unstable system.
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32. Define Static and Dynamic system.
A system is said to be static or memoryless if its output depends upon the present
input only. The system is said to be dynamic with memory if its output depends upon
the present and past input values.
33. What are FIR and IIR systems?
FIR (finite impulse response):this type of system has an impulse response which is
zero outside the finite time interval eg. h(n)=0 for n<0 and n>N
IIR (Infinite Impulse Response):An IIR system exhibits an impulse response of
infinite duration.
34. Show whether the system is linear? Y(n)=n x(n)
H{aX1(n)+BX2(n)}=a H{X1(n)}+b H{X2(n)} then H is linear.
a H{X1(n)}+b H{X2(n)}=anx1(n)+bnx2(n)-------(1)
H{aX1(n)+BX2(n)}= anx1(n)+bnx2(n) ------------(2)
(1)=(2) So the system is linear.
35. Show whether the system is linear? Y(n)=nx2(n)
Since x2(n) term is present in the system which implies non linearity in to the system.
Therefore the system is nonlinear.
36. Determine if the following system is time variant or not?Y(n)=x(n)+x(n-1)
If the input is delayed by k units in time we have y(n,k)=H{x(n-k)}=x(n-k)+x(n-k-1)
If we delay the output by k units then y(n-k)= x(n-k)+x(n-k-1) So the system is time
invariant.
37. Determine if the system described by the following equation is causal or not?
Y(n)=x(n2)
For n = -1 Y(-1)=x(1)
For n = 2 Y(2) = x(4)
Therefore the output of the system depends on future input and hence the system is
non causal.
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38. Define unit sample response of a system and what is it’ s significance?
The response of a system denoted as h(n),obtained from a discrete time system when
the input signal is a unit sample sequence is known as unit sample response.
39. Define Sampling.
It is the process of converting CT signals to DT signals. Sampling frequency must be
atleast twice the highest frequency.
40. Define Aliasing.
The High frequency signals interferes with low frequency signals and low frequency
signals
41. Define Nyquist rate.
The minimum rate at which the signals are sampled
42. What are the techniques used to avoid aliasing?
1)Ideal low pas filter
2)Bandlimiting the signal
43. Define Sampling theorem.
A band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency components higher
than w Hz,is completely specifying the values of signal at instants of time separated
by 1/2W sec.
44. What is Nyquist interval?
The time interval between any two adjacent samples when sampling rate is Nyquist
rate.
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