Hello. So good morning to everyone.

So today, again, we will be, meeting, through

this medium, and I hope you're all doing good. So, we will just take up a a
peculiar matter which we had briefly discussed in the previous class with regard to
the law commissions and what are the various functions which the law commissions
have actually, carried out, in development of a legal system in India. So, in the
previous class, we asked about what does what are the various laws rules of law
commission and what was how the first law commission was actually set up in after
the 1833 charter, and what was the role that the first law commission was actually,
was bestowed with, by the, English East India Company, in developing, the legal
system in India.

So we'll just go through the first four law commissions in India as well as the
first law commission that was appointed in 1955 after the constitution came into
power which which had a kind of a long long lasting impact over the laws that were
developed and reformed in the post independent India. So, we will just discuss
about, the role and, different law commissions, role of different law commissions
spanning over a period of, over a period of one century itself, which was which is,
prominent or most important when we read about the laws that were developed and the
reforms that they have actually carried out under the, chairmanship of different
law commission chairmans. And these people have actually, the constitution of law
commissions and the powers that were given for law commissions varied according to
the times, as well as the government which was in power at that point of time. So,
it is not something of a uniform in nature As well as when we look, the
constitution and the presence of law commission right now in India, it is, it is it
is not even having slightest of similarity or familiarity with the law commission
that was set up in 1833.

Understood. So, yeah, this lecture will be specifically focusing on the law
commission, and it is one of the most important part of your syllabus. Okay. So so
we'll just begin with the first law commission. Yes.

So when we talk about, the first law commission, we will not be able to, mention
any of the, any of the functions or the reforms that were carried out by law
commission without mentioning about lord Macaulay. So lord Macaulay, as we know, is
considered to be a kind of a a very, misunderstood figure in the Indian history
because we consider him to be the the embodiment of all the qualities that was done
by that was done by the British administration in India. Macaulay was actually, for
law students, especially, he was actually, a person who wanted to be more good
than, and he's understood often, generally about the British administration. So
Macaulay was, actually was actually a person who, was who started from the Morris,
background, in England, and he did not actually have, the, same status as well as
the background, compared to the other British officials who were there at that
point of time. And he was actually a strong follower of Bendham who who wanted to,
provide with maximum happiness and maximum benefits for the citizen.

So he believed, in converting the common law system or the, law legal system into
more of a legislative, having a more legislative backing where the laws are
embodied with specific legislations which will provide maximum benefit and
happiness, for for the for the citizens. So he actually, he which is why he was
actually, he was actually bestowed with duty to come to India and provide with a
platform wherein the laws are actually made for specifically for the indigenous
communities in India. And this actually was, evident in the way he was actually
provided with what was the background in which he was actually made to come to
India and what were the, the the the duties that were actually or duties and
obligations that were given to him, in 1833. So we know that the Charter Act of
1833 actually reorganized the entire British government in India by creating a
unified legislative body, right, in the form of an appoint, in a in the form of a
legislative council headed by the governor general, which we discussed yesterday in
the last class. So which, which also centralized and coordinated the civilian
military authority of East India Company and its commercial interest in the
subcontinent.

So a no commission under Macaulay, Macaulay's direction was struck shortly, after,

after his coming to India, as a council's legal representative. So he was, like we
discussed, he was actually, he was, interested with this due to providing some
legal devices to this government generalist council to make laws in India, which
would actually provide with a bridge or kind of, provide a, kind of, an
understanding between the Indian people as well as the, British administration in
India. So but the physical and mental distance separating east and west was to be
annihilated by the discoveries of science by commercial intercourse and by
transplanting the genius of English laws and English education This was the actual
plan of, the English administration at that point of time. And it was the attitude
of English liberalism, that, it it it was having this obligation to, educate the
beast. It was actually going, more primitive by days, with the passage of time.

And by 1836, law reforms ended by restraint of the press and special privileges
accorded to the European resident in criminal cases. Education reforms, widened
accessibility and modernized curriculum also contributed kind of uh-uh a kind of
easing the the entire process of law reforms the Indian Penal Code which was like
we discussed in the previous class it was the first draft was completed in 1837 it
was Macaulay's biggest project because he had to actually provide with the
substantive definitions as well as the entire meaning of various penal offenses and
its punishment by 1837 itself. And it and, mind you, it was the first court of
criminal law in the British empire itself and is arguably his most influential
lasting achievement, which was even absent in, in the inside, British IS itself. So
it was something of a remarkable achievement that the Indian penal code was
actually passed in 1837 in India. And Macaulay faced less formidable legal
professional, and judicial resistance in India when it compared, to the reforms
that they had actually carried out in other, major, colonies because, here, it was
in a strong position, both politically as well as admin in an administration level
to actually, act as a utilitarian, enlightened, despotic legislator, because, the
legislator or the the power of the English East India Company in the subcontinent
was more, prominent and it was actually able to enforce a particular law when it
when it gets passed.

Understood. And, the the the basic philosophy of Macaulay was actually reflected
first law commission and the various, various, what you can say, reforms that they
had actually proposed in 1837. And Macaulay distinguished, the a kind of
distinguished himself as a, contributed to the debates leading to the passage of
the, the the Great Reform Act of 1833 1832 and the final legislative steps to
prohibit slavery, throughout the empire. So this this was one of the, other, what
you can say, the prominent, reforms that was carried out because it actually, made
a legal platform where an individual rights as well as the status of an individual
was recognized through laws as well as, by the state itself was actually providing
you with this kind of an alternative wherein each individual was actually
considered to be having certain rights. Even though there was actual societal
hierarchies still existed and it was not completely exhausted by the, British
administration, we can actually say that that but there was actually attempts which
actually provided with a a a kind of a a platform wherein people started believing
that they were actually having certain individual rights.

And this contributed to the enlightenment movements, the the so called

enlightenment movements that happened in India in various parts. Even though it was
not something that was had that happened uniformly, we will find that in in the
pockets of the subcontinent, they will have, enlightenment movements where social
reform leaders started working out, their philosophies on the basis of the law as
well as the right the concept of rights that were propounded, after the first law
commission. And it was actually a conscious effort of the British administration
itself. And, it is it is something that, what you can say, a remarkable
contribution of the law commission as well as the the working of Macaulay himself.
So we will just begin with the first law commission.

It was so it was under the governor general and council, which appointed, a law
commission in India, and it was through the governor general and council that the
law commission actually drew its powers and section 53 of the charter act of 1833,
which provided the objects and functions of the law commissions. Understood. And it
it was actually, to set up a a Lex Locky for the subcontinent, that the first law
commission was actually established. So the concept of Lex Locky is very much
important. So I hope that you will read more deeply about Lex Locky commission as
well as the concept of Lex Locky itself before the next lecture because we will be
discussing that in the, in in tomorrow.

So, in tomorrow. So, I just hope that you will read about it. So Lex Locky was,
kind of, an objective that was made out through the first law commission wherein
there was a requirement or kind of a mandatory requirement wherein a particular
uniform central, legislation or law that should be established from which the
entire legal system will actually draw its powers. So that will be something that
is of very common, in, nature, and it will be having certain uniformity and
stability as a fundamental nature. And that will provide with the kind of certainty
to the entire legal system that was functioning in the, subcontinent rather than
having, different, law systems as well as, nature of law concepts that are
different between each region all those things were creating confusions and it was
actually leading to maladministration so all these things could be actually changed
or reformed when you have a central, legislative, resource wherein that will be
considered to be the the the principal source of power.

So right now, what which which is the lexlucky that we have, it is a constitution
of India. But but previously, there was no constitution of India, but there was
there was required that the for every discourse of law, there needs to be having a
lexlochy wherein that lexlochy will act as the central part of the entire
jurisprudence of that particular area. So for consider for consider for example, we
have the Indian contract act which was passed. So Indian contract act will be the
lexlochy of the entire contractual jurisprudence that is there in the subcontinent.
And every person including the British subjects that are who are actually working
inside the subcontinent will be, will be governed by the the rules of the lexicon
of contract act.

Okay. So this this was the idea of Lex Locky Commission, which was appointed after
the 1833. And the for the major contributions made by the first law commission was
three in nature. Firstly, it drafted the penal code like we discussed. The first
draft was, passed by 1837, and then a formidable changes were, inculcated into the,
draft of the penal code.

And finally, it was it got passed in 1860. And then there was the publication of
the first Lex Lockey report itself. The Lex Lockey commission was set up to make
inquiries, like I said, for establishing the law of the land for non Hindus and non
Muslims exhibiting in the muficel. Okay. So there was kind of a kind of a, need or
requirement that there needs to be a kind of a unbiased law or set of rules which
will govern the people irrespective of their religion.

The commission attempted to justify the recommendation on the ground that in in the
presidency towns, the increased law was applicable to non Hindus and non Muslims,
and therefore, the same law should be applied to them in Mufasa also. As far as
possible, the laws law of the land should be the same throughout the territory of
the company. So that was the reason why they were actually, so urgently, pursuing
this idea of Lex Lock itself. And thirdly, they actually included, many other
miscellaneous contributions like the drafting of civil procedure code and the code
of law of limitations, which we actually discussed, briefly in the previous class
which what constitutes the law of limitation. So these were the three major
contributions prominently being the the, publication of flex loci report and the
drafting of penal code.

And then there was valid recommendations. So when we look into the Lex Locky
commission in exclusivity, there were certain valid recommendations that were made
by the Lex Locky commission. So there was the, the substantive law of England
should be declared as Lex Law Key for non Hindus and non Muslims was one of the
prominent one, especially in the Mufasa areas because, they wanted to reform the
the secondary, hierarchy of the, district administration because in the presidency
towns, as we know, that there was already reforms conducted and the English laws
were getting enforced there without any kind of problem. But the more facility
areas as well as the district level areas needed also reforms, And that can only be
done when there is actually a platform or kind of a institution, which is which is
having certainty as the most fundamental feature of it. And it was very easy to
reach out to the people in equal manner, when there is actually a uniform set of
laws.

So much of the substantive law of England as was applicable to the situation of the
people of Mufasa, and was not inconsistent with any regulation or with any act
passed with the government council, was to be called the lexlaki, for both the non
Hindus and non Muslims, who are inhabiting in these areas. And, I mean, it was
actually something that was applicable, especially to the personal loss as per that
concerns with the marriage, inheritance in the state as well as testamentary
succession, adoption of people, adoption of children. All these things had to have
actually a uniform, interpretation of law and a uniform set of laws which was
propounded or kind of, put forth by the Lexi Law Commission. So, we will just go
through the major functions of the Lexi Law Commission in the next class. K?

So we move on to the second law commission, that was, appointed by the crown in
1853 for a span of around three years, and it was presided by one person one person
called sir John Romilly. And the first report submitted, a draft plan to amalgamate
the supreme court at Fort William in Bengal with Sadar Devani and Sadar Deshmiz
Ahmedabad, which was actually a a kind of a very, a sweeping move wherein the
entire institutions of judiciary, which was functioning till then was getting
transformed all of a sudden. And the it also recommended, on the other hand, for
the establishment of IQOS, which came about within a span of eight years after the
second law commission. But, the amalgamation of, Sadar Devani and Sadar Nizamat
Adalat was actually a sweeping move wherein the entire reality of judicial
administration and institutions was actually transformed all of a sudden, and there
was establishment of new port systems, within the span of eight years. And in the
second report, the commission was not in favor of accepting any of the law of
England as luxe loci because it was it again, like, like we discussed in the
previous, Lexor Lockey commission report.

It actually, objected with many of its findings, and it wanted not to have the
English laws directly transported to India, but rather have Indian laws being made,
which would be made applicable to the people. And it suggested that, like I said,
that a body of substantive civil law should be enacted on the basis of the law of
England and, and of enactment, but it should be it should be considered or it
should be felt like it is the law of India itself. It shouldn't be actually
something that is taken directly from the English, group of laws. And the
commission also recommended enacting more special laws targeting, very specific
geographical areas in the subcontinent because the Lexilocchi commission had also
found out that there are areas in the subcontinent which was completely left out
from the British administration, and they were actually having their own
administration state. So those areas should also be brought into the fold by making
specific laws targeting the population who are residing in those areas.

And also the commission, kind of objected the codification of Hindu and Mohammed al
law, which was kind of a philosophy of, Lord Dalhousie at that point of time as
well because they wanted to actually have a equal, arms length with, both the,
communities, and they want did not want to interfere with the personal laws of
neither of these communities because they felt that, interfering with them was
actually causing more problems than actual reforms that they actually thought that
they were bringing. And it also, kind of, proposed judicial system in the
Northwestern provinces, which we discussed in the previous lecture lecture of
establishing, high court in the, in the city of Agra, and then it was actually,
transferred into the city of Allahabad. And it also, finally, it also proposed the
judicial plan for the presidencies of Bombay and Madras, which, culminated in the,
India establishment of the high courts in in both these cities as well as, the the
passing of the high courts act. And that was the because this, second law
commission only spanned for around three years. The recommendations and the actual
functioning of the law commission itself was very short.

But the plans that they actually brought about, had sweeping changes especially in
the fundamental institution, of judiciary in India, which, the most prominent being
the establishment of high courts act and the, establishment of high courts in each
of these presidency towns and the amalgamation of Supreme Court with the Sadar
Darets, in 1850 after 1853. Understood? Yes. Yes. Moving on to the third law
commission report, we will, understand that that by the time the third law
commission report was brought about by 1861, even though the law commission started
from 1861, it actually brought about seven reports of its own, and it was it
culminated in the year, 1870.

So there was around a span of 10 in a span of ten years, the local the third law
commission actually brought about substantive changes in the legislature. Not the
legislature, the legislative, instruments. And they actually brought about
recommendations to bring about various laws and thus actually brought about
colossal changes in the entire understanding of law itself in India. So we will
find that the commission, was, was established in 1861. And the first report
contained a draft of inheritance and such as no itself.

And it was generally applicable to all persons except Hindus and Mohammedans
because there was exceptions to Hindus and Muslim people in Muslim community
because they had their own personal laws. So they, provided with an exception to
it. Then then came the second report, which actually condemned the draft bill of
contract that we know that, the contract that was passed in 1872. But the bill was
brought about within the span of 1860 in the eighteen sixties, And it actually
called the it codified the entire ideas of English law of contract in an Indian
way, which allowed the people to actually have a a kind of a a a transformation
process wherein they were able to, understand and align with the ideas of English
laws of contract. And then then came the third law or third report of the law
commission, which contained the draft of negotiable instruments bill.

And the fifth law report brought about the evidence bill, which, which actually,
initiated reforms into, reforms as well as, even providing with the novel ideas of,
collecting evidence and what is the process of understanding a particular evidence,
what is the difference between oral evidence and documentary evidence. All those
concepts were brought into the Indian realm, by the evidence bill. And then the
sixth report actually contained the transfer of property bill, which obviously
became the transfer of property act, and it also had its own, kind of influence,
which we'll be discussing in the next module of your curriculum. And then the final
as the as the seventh, report of 1870 contained the draft to the criminal procedure
code. And so within a span of seven separate reports that were brought about by the
third law commission, it actually, kind of, introduced a colossal changes when by
introducing multiple instruments of legislations, which actually, kind of codified
the entire law system or legal system in India.

Especially the, the, the, influence of contract act and negotiable instruments act
at that point of time was very sounding because, it actually provided, definitions
as well as clarity to many concepts which the Indians were unaware of of, but even
though they were dealing in those areas. And this actually resulted, by the by by
by the, fourth law commission came about, there was actually passing of all these
legislations within this period of twenty years between 1861 and 1881. And we will
find that all these legislations brought about a culture itself that the British
administration will have to pass more legislations, in the similar nature in order
to, kind of kind of they will have to attempt to codify the laws so that they will
be able to provide a better administration in the subcontinent. So we will see that
then in the eighteen nineties, we had the Land Acquisition Act, which actually
provided with this definition of imminent domain. What is the role of the state in
acquiring the land?

What are the, rights of a person over a private property land? And what does the
private property itself, and, how the state can acquire private property from
individuals for, for, initiating developmental projects, and what should be the
compensation that the state should provide or whether compensation should be
provided at all. All these concepts came about after the Land Acquisition Act of
1896. So following up the from the third law commission, you will find multiple
legislations that were brought about in an Indian way just like we had discussed in
the second law commission, which actually, kind of codified the entire legal system
of India. And in the early twin, nine twentieth century, you will find multiple
legislations, including environmental legislations coming up, including the Forest
Act of 1920, which actually provided with more, clarity with, to various other
areas, other than the administrative, administrative area assessors.

So we just want to the fourth law commission because third law commission was only
about the seven reports that came about. The fourth law commission, was even though
it was set up in 1875, it also had kind of kind of, an expanded, effect over, a
period of time. And the first, first feature of the fourth law commission was the
codification of substantive law to continue with the English law to the basis with
native habits and moral of thoughts. So that particular philosophy was not at all,
left out, even when the fourth law commission had its recommendations came about.
And the old object the principal object was to introduce uniformity in legislation.

So any legislation that brought about actually for followed a uniform schema of,
recommendations, which actually even though it dealt with different subjects, it
was actually having some uniform some sort of uniformity, which was, providing,
more assurity to the people about the legal system. And but special and local
customs were treated with great respect asset. So that was also there, which was
actually a a recommendation that was given by lord Macquarie in the first law
commission itself to to support the local customs and religious laws, which will
be, important or prominent for the British administration in India. And then the
laws relating to negotiable instruments and, transfer of property, the concept of,
vicarious liability, like, you might have studied it, like, the relationship
between master and servant, easements, trusts, are to be had had to be codified
because there were transactions and contracts that was covering all these concepts,
and it had to be legally codified. So that was one of the objective which was,
taken forward by the fourth law commission.

Even though the draft bills were already ready, there were constant recommendations
that were made by fourth law commission to embody the entire concept of, transfer
property as well as negotiable instruments to robust legislations, by '25 in the
'26 seventies and eighteens. And the commission recommended, a a a a kind of a law
which will also provide a kind of a codification of the rules which will govern the
interpretation of these statutes itself in the post. Because whenever we actually
make a law, there needs to be some sort of a schema which will actually lead the
people who are actually interpreting the law how to interpret these concepts of
law. Right? So there are interpretation of statutes itself is a different law
subject that we deal in, in our LLB, sorry, bachelor of law time.

So, similarly, the interpretation of statutes is actually a discipline which

requires, certain rules to be codified or established by the by the administration
so that there will be uniformity in the understanding of law at least from the part
of the judicial itself so that there will be, the enforcement mechanism will be
uniform, in its own nations, in its own versions. So that was, that was again a
kind of a recommendation that was made by the law commission. And then, after the
fourth law commission, we will find that even though there were multiple
administrative level reforms, including the Mentor Mondele reforms as well as the
Kemps Board reforms, then, we, bring about the, the role of the government of India
act of 1919 and then the government of India act of 1935. All these were
legislations that were brought. It was not law commissions, but these legislations
had equal effect of a law commission in the Indian legal system, including the,
introduction of the federal government itself so we in the next class into that is
tomorrow we will just discuss about what was the role of the 1935 government of
India act as well as we'll briefly touch upon the 1919 government of India act and
what was the contrary how it actually contributed the concept of federalism, in the
in the subcontinent, especially 1935 government of India act and how it actually
influenced the constitution of India, itself in '19 in the '19 in 1950.

Okay. So, we just want to the final law commission that is the fifth law commission
that was also the first law commission of the independent India that was set up in
1955. And the fifth law commission, established in the wake of independence was had
this duty to reconsider the entire legislations that were brought about by the
British administration, especially in the light of the new conditions and, and the
the one ends of a new independent Republic Of India, and the modernization of these
laws, reducing the, what you can say, the questions of case law and resolving the
conflicts and the decisions of high courts, that was, increasing by day by day. And
that was all because there was kind of a lack of uniformity even after
consideration that about the interpretation of statutes and there was constant
conflict between each high courts. And there was, questions of how a case law can
be getting can actually get enforced.

So in 1937, we know that there are federal court or the Supreme Court was
established by the British administration. And now we had a kind of a principal
court in this, with the seat in Delhi, which was actually having the principal
authority or kind of a jurisdiction over all the other matters. So there needs to
be kind of a coordination between all these judiciary, which needs to be
established. So the the major two objectives of the first law commission of the
independent India was first to review the system of judicial administration in all
its aspects and suggest ways for improving it and making it speedy and less
expensive. Because considering the Indian economy at that point of time, the
judicial process cannot be expensive, which will make it, kind of difficult to be
reached out by the common man.

And secondly, to examine the central acts and, central acts and rules which were
passed by the British administration and about its general application and
importance and recommend lie recommend, the lines on which they should be amended,
revised, consolidated, or you can say otherwise, brought up to date, in the lines
of the constitution of constitution that was that was adopted in 1950. So the
entire legislations had to be brought about, in congruence with the constitutional
principles. So we know that there are concepts of, constitutional, pre
constitutional, post constitutional laws and how pre constitutional laws gets
eclipsed by the, the the passing of the constitution, in 1950 and certain laws and
parts of laws got, exhausted or kind of exterminated by the presence of
constitutional law, constitutional principles, especially part three of the
constitution. So, we might, also tread upon all those concepts, especially the
doctrine of eclipse, doctrine of, what you can say, presumptive law making,
doctrine of proportionality. All these concepts, we can actually discuss, when we
move on to the next module of your curriculum.

K. So, the the but the focus, the commission also had certain specific focus areas
which were given. And it was firstly to like we discussed, to, it was about how to
to determine determine determine the operation and effect of the already
established laws, especially principal laws being the contractual the law of
contracts, the law of transfer property. The, the majority of the legislations
which affected the lives of the people had to be, rechecked or kind of, kind of
revised by the, commission. And it was to, kind of, it had this objective of to
eliminate, necessary litigation that was they're coming up because of lack of
clarity with regard to how to interpret these law principles and to speed up the
disposal of cases.

So at that point of self itself, there was this, delay in decision making in the at
the judiciary level. So it had to be surpassed by, certain recommendations that
were made by the first law commission. And then to remove the anomalies and
ambiguities of, conflicts that was arising between the high courts and the between
high courts and supreme court. So there needs to be, a kind of, interpret how to a
a a kind of a guide guideline to, interpret the constitutional principles about the
supreme court as well as high courts and what will what might can be the the, what
you can say, the the conflicts that can arise between these two institutions and
even between the high courts and how these conflicts can be actually resolved in a
amicable manner. And then thirdly, the organization of civil and criminal codes
according to civil as well as the criminal procedure code respectively had to be
planned, and there was technical obstructions with regard to how there needs to be
a hierarchy of criminal courts itself, and that will also affect the sentencing
policy.

So all these sentencing policy and uniformity that had to be established with
regard to the powers and jurisdiction of criminal courts and civil courts had to
be, kind of resolved by the, first law commission. And then the recruitment of
judiciary, that is again, something that we actually deferred from the system that
were that was already established. Even though the the test the the fundamentals of
the system was already in place, we wanted to change with regard to how a person,
could actually have an opportunity to get, selected as a person of judiciary and
whether it actually applied merit or the social background or whether it requires
the upliftment of certain categories into these fold so that they will also get
empowered, and ball going by the principles of the constitution. And then of course
the, the increasing or kind of, regularizing the entire, legal education as well
as, the practice of law, especially under Bar Councils was actually another, focus
area of the first law commission of nineteen fifty five. So yes.

So we will just, discuss about, the final part focusing these four, these five tie
focus areas of the commission more elaborately in the next class, so that, you will
have more, we will have a more face to face discussion about these, how these
actually unfolded. And these four whether these focus areas got actual reforms
after the first law commission. And it also, we'll find that terms of reference of
the commission was enlarged in 1971 because there was there required some certain
forms into the functions of the law commission itself. So, they actually that
included to ascertain, the laws that were inconsistent with the constitution, which
we discussed, just, moments before where we discussed that certain laws that what
that would consider to be pre constitutional in nature and to had certain concepts
which were not, in congruence with the constitutional principles. And it had to be
a certain what to do with those laws and to, do what you can say, to consolidate
acts belonging to the same subject, even though there was technical deviations
between these, these legislations.

Some revisions could be carried out in these legislations, and this entire loss
could be consolidated into one single legislation. And, the directive principles of
state policy that was part of the constitution had to be embodied, through certain
legislations. And this idea, was put forth by the law commission in 1971. And then
two initiate reforms, by suggesting, some necessary laws in accordance with the
part four and part three of the constitution was, again, kind of, an extension of
the constitution the establishment of constitution itself. So this was this
happened in 1971.

So we'll find that there was even though there was multiple law commission
chairmans, it was pre unlike the previous model, we did not actually change the law
commissions itself. There was change in the commissions, but there was no change in
the institution of law commission itself. So, bearing this, the role of law
commission, we will understand what is the, state of law commissions presently in
the in presently in India and how, different the role of law commissions have
actually, have actually become because, the current law commissions are not
actually involving the society as well as the reforms that are carried out in the
legal system, compared to the the changes the sweeping changes that were brought
about the previous law commissions. Understood. So we will discuss about the focus
areas of the nineteen fifty five law commissions more proficiently in the next
class.

So I'm also, along with this, sound recording, I'm also attaching a kind of a
curious article written by AG Noorani about, the, the, judicial institutions under
our constitution, because that is something that is very important how the initial
idea of law committee, the law legal institutions were actually established under
our constitution when it when it got, when when it was brought into thirty nineteen
fifty. So I hope you will go through that particular act article as well, so we
will have a deep discussion about it in the next class. K? So have a nice day.
Thank you.