The reviewer is composed of calculations that may help you. Good luck!
Remember:
1L = 1,000 mL
1kg = 1,000 g
Example:
Convert 2,500 mL to liters (L)
2,500 mL x (1 L)/(1,000 mL)=2.5 L
Convert 143g to kg
143 g x(1 kg )/(1,000 g)=0.14 kg
CHEMICAL REACTION AND TYPES
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Reactants Products
Types:
1. Combination Reaction – There are two or more substances react to form one product. In this case,
Na and Cl2 reacted to form NaCl
A + B AB
2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl
2. Decomposition Reaction – It is like the opposite of combination reaction, wherein one substance
breaks down into two or more substances.
AB A + B
NaCl Na + Cl
3. Single Replacement Reaction – In this reaction, one element replaces one element in a compound.
Look at the example, the reactant Zinc (Zn) changed position with the Hydrogen (H) from the 2HCl
reactant resulting to the products ZnCl2 + H2.
AB + C AC + B
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
4. Double Replacement/Displacement Reaction – There are two elements exchange making new
compounds.
AB + CD AC + BD
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
5. Combustion – A hydrocarbon (compound with hydrogen and carbon, regardless of the coefficient)
reacts with O2 (regardless of the coefficient) to produce CO2 + H2O (regardless of the coefficient).
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
C6H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
6. Neutralization – An acid (the red colored reactant) reacts with a base (the blue colored reactant) to
produce a type of salt (not necessarily NaCl) and water.
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
HBr + KOH KBr + H2O
CALCULATING MOLAR MASS
H2O
H – 2 (how many H atoms are present) x 1 (mass number rounded up to the nearest whole number) = 2
O – 1 (how many O atoms are present) x 16 (mass number rounded up to the nearest whole number) = 16
Then add 2 and 16 = 18g/mol
H=2x1 = 2
O = 1 x 16 = 16
18 g/mol
Another example:
Molar mass of Al2(SO4)3
Al =2
S = 3 (because S has no subscript which is equivalent to 1, but multiply it by 3 because of the 3 outside the parenthesis)
O = 12 (the subscript of O is 4, multiply it by 3 outside the parenthesis)
*Al is not included in multiplying by 3 because only S and O are inside the parenthesis
Al =2 x 27 = 54
S =3 x 32 = 96
O = 12 x 16 = 192
342 g/mol
BALANCING EQUATIONS
First, count the atoms on each side.
H2 + O2 → H2O
H–2 H-2
O–2 O-1
Second, change the coefficient of one of the substances.
H2 + O2 → 2 H2O
Third, count the numbers of atoms again and, from there, repeat steps two and three until you’ve balanced
the equation.
H2 + O2 → 2 H2O
H–2 H – 4 (2 subscript multiply to 2 coefficient)
O–2 O – 2 (1 subscript multiply to 2 coefficient)
Repeat steps two and three until you’ve balanced the equation.
2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O
H–4 H–4
O–2 O–2
*Additional tips (do it only if it’s applicable)
1. Balance first the metals
2. Balance the non-metals (aside from H and O)
3. Balance the H and O
For example:
First, count the atoms on each side.
___ NaOH + ___ H2CO3 →___ Na2CO3 + ___ H2O
Na – 1 Na – 2
C–1 C–1
H–3 H–2
O–4 O–4
Second, change the coefficient of one of the substances. (Priority metals, in this case, Na)
2 NaOH + ___ H2CO3 →___ Na2CO3 + ___ H2O
Third, count the numbers of atoms again and, from there, repeat steps two and three until you’ve balanced
the equation.
2 NaOH + ___ H2CO3 → ___ Na2CO3 + ___ H2O
Na – 2 (no subscript equivalent to 1 multiply by 2 coefficient) Na – 2
C–1 C–1
H – 4 (no subscript equivalent to 1 multiply by 2 coefficient = 2) H – 2
+ (2 from H2)
O – 5 (no subscript equivalent to 1 multiply by 2 coefficient = O – 4
2) + (3 from O of H2CO3)
Repeat steps two and three until you’ve balanced the equation.
2 NaOH + ___ H2CO3 →___ Na2CO3 + 2 H2O
Na – 2 Na – 2
C–1 C–1
H–4 H–4
O–5 O–5
EMPIRICAL FORMULA
1. A sample of a compound of nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) contains 1.52 g of N and 3.47 g of O.
Get the empirical formula of the substance
Step 1:
N = 1.52/14 = 0.108 (14 came from the mass number of N rounded up to the nearest whole number)
O = 3.47 /16 = 0.217 (16 came from the mass number of O rounded up to the nearest whole
number)
Step 2: find the smaller, 0.108 or 0.217. use the smaller as denominator
N - 0.108 /0.108 = 1
O - 0.217 /0.108 = 2 (round up to the nearest whole number)
Empirical Formula – NO2
LIMITING AND EXCESS REAGENT/REACTANT
How many liters of hydrogen can be produced from the reaction of 80.0 g of CH4 and 16.3 g of H2O? What
is the limiting reactant?
CH4 + H2O → H2 + CO2
Step 1: Check if the equation is balanced. If it’s not, balance it. (Coefficient can be an indicator that the
equation is already balanced).
2 CH4 + H2O → 4 H2 + CO2
Step 2: Analyze the problem, if what product will be used (either H 2 or CO2), in this case H2 since the
problem indicates “how many liters of hydrogen can be produced”. If there is only one product, there is no
need for this.
Step 3: Get the molar mass of the reactants and the product to be used. (Coefficients are not included in
molar mass, only subscripts)
CH4 → 16 g/mol
H2O → 18 g/mol
H2 → 2 g/mol
Step 4: Calculate what is the limiting and excess reagent/reactant
constant 1 mol coefficient of H2 from the balanced equation
1 mol 4 mol H 2
80.0g CH 4
x x
16 g CH 4 2 mol CH 4
= 10 mol = excess (bigger)
molar mass of CH4 coefficient of CH4 from the balanced equation
constant 1 mol coefficient of H2 from the balanced equation
1 mol 4 mol H 2
16.3g H O x 18 g H
2 x = 3.62 mol = limiting (smaller)
2O 1 mol H 2 O
molar mass of H2O coefficient of H2O from the balanced equation
PERCENT YIELD
Simple problem:
Calculate the percent yield of a reaction that had a theoretical yield of 3.76g and an actual yield of 1.45g.
Percent Yield = 1.45 g/3.76 g x 100
amount actually obtained - actual yield
amount possible to make - theoretical yield
Percent Yield = 38.56%
Another problem Getting the Percent Yield
1. If 20g of Zn reacts with 120g of AgNO3 to form Zn(NO3)2 and Ag,
determine the theoretical yield if 50g of Ag is produced from the
reaction of Zn and AgNO3.
_ Zn + 2 AgNO3 _ Zn(NO3)2 + 2 Ag
Step 1: What are given? (Get molas mass of substances)
20g Zn
120g AgNO3
50g Ag
65g Zn
170g AgNO3 molar mass of substances
108g Ag
Step 2: Balance the equation (no need to do it if it’s already balanced)
_ Zn + 2 AgNO3 _ Zn(NO3)2 + 2 Ag
Step 3: Check if what is the limiting reagent (reactant) and excess reagent (reactant)
1 mol 2mol Ag
20g Zn x x
65 g 1mol Zn = 0.62mol Limiting reagent/reactant
1 mol 2 mol Ag Excess reagent/reactant
120g of AgNO3 x 170 g x 2 mol AgNO 3 = 0.71mol
Step 4: Use the limiting reagent to get the theoretical yield
20g came from the mass of Zn (limiting reagent)
constant 1 mole of reactant molar mass of Ag
coefficient of Ag
in the balanced equation
1 mol 2mol Ag 108 g Ag
20 g Zn x x x = 66.46g = Theoretical Yield
65 g Zn 1mol Zn 1 mol
constant 1 mole of product
molas mass of Zn coefficient of Zn in the balanced equation
1 mol 2mol Ag 108 g Ag
20g Zn x x
65 g Zn 1mol Zn
x
1 mol = 66.46g
Step 5: Get the percent yield
If 20g of Zn reacts with 120g of AgNO3 to form Zn(NO3)2 and Ag,
determine the theoretical yield if 50g of Ag is produced from the reaction
of Zn and AgNO3. Get the percent yield.
_ Zn + 2 AgNO3 _ Zn(NO3)2 + 2 Ag
%Yield = ( Actual Yield)/(Theoretical Yield )x 100
%Yield = 50 g/66.46 g x 100=75.23 %
CONCENTRATION (MOLARITY AND MOLALITY)
MOLARITY (mol/L)
MOLALITY (mol/kg)
*aside from the unit of measurement, temperature is sometimes involved in problems about molality
Sample problem
a. A typical seawater contains 2.7g of NaCl with molecular weight of 58 g/mol per 100ml.
What is the molarity of NaCl in the ocean?
Given: 2.7g NaCl and 100ml solvent
*Convert 2.7g to mol
1mol
2.7 g NaCl x =¿0.047 mol
58 g
*1 mol is constant, 58g is from the molar mass of NaCl (to the nearest whole number; dropping the /mol)
1L
100 mL x =¿0.1 L
1,000 mL
*mL is converted to L because the unit of measurement for molarity is mol/L
0. 047 mol
= 0.47 mol/L
0.1 L
b. How many grams of MgCl2 (molecular weight 95.20 g/mol) should be weighed out to
prepare
0.5 L of a 0.100 M solution?
Step 1: multiply Molarity with volume of solution in liters #
moles = (0.100M)(0.5L)
= 0.05 mol
Step 2: convert number of moles to grams
*95g is the molar mass of MgCl2
95 g
0.05 mol x = 4.75g
1mol
MgCl2
PERCENT COMPOSITION
DILUTIONS
Reviewer niyo ‘to ha!
a. How many grams of MgCl2 (molecular weight 95.20 g/mol) should be weighed out to
prepare
0.5 L of a 0.100 M solution?
Step 1: multiply Molarity with volume of solution in
liters # moles = (0.100M)(0.5L)
= 0.05 mol
Step 2: multiply number of moles with molecular
weight actual mass = (0.05 mol)(95.20 g/mol)
= 4.76g
