Discipline of Counseling

COUNSELING
•Counseling comes from the Latin word
“Consilium” meaning plan, counsel,
wisdom, and advice.
•professional relationship that empowers
diverse individuals, families, and groups to
accomplish mental health, wellness,
education, and career goals.
 PEOPLE WHO USE
COUNSELING AT WORK
• Counseling / Clinical Psychologists
• Welfare Workers
• Teacher
• Nurses, Health Visitors, and midwives
• Occupational and speech therapists
• Social workers
• Physiotherapists
• Ministers of Religion
• Voluntary and Youth workers
 GOALS OF COUNSELING
•DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Assist in meeting or advancing the
client’s human growth and development
including social, personal, emotional,
cognitive, and physical wellness.
 GOALS OF COUNSELING
•PREVENTIVE GOALS
Help the client avoid some undesired
outcomes.
 GOALS OF COUNSELING
•ENHANCEMENT GOALS
Enhance special skills and abilities
 GOALS OF COUNSELING
•REMEDIAL GOALS
Assisting a client to overcome and treat
an undesirable development.
 GOALS OF COUNSELING
• EXPLORATORY GOALS
Examining options, testing of skills,
trying new and different activities.
 GOALS OF COUNSELING
• REINFORCEMENT GOALS
Help clients in recognizing that what
they are doing, thinking, and feeling is fine.
 GOALS OF COUNSELING
• COGNITIVE GOALS
Involve acquiring the basic foundation
of learning and cognitive skills.

Thinking, Reasoning, or Remembering

Normal Functioning
 GOALS OF COUNSELING
•PSYCHOLOGICAL GOALS
- Aid in developing good social interaction skills,
learning emotional control, and developing a positive
self-concept.
- Something that relates to the mind or mental
actions. An example of something psychological is an IQ
test. An example of something psychological is bipolar
disorder.
Bipolar disorder is characterized by
extreme mood swings.
 SCOPE OF COUNSELING
1. Personal (motivation, self-esteem, interest, career choice, etc.)
2. Social (relationship conflicts, socialization, peer relationships,
etc.)
3. Cognitive (study habits, academic performance, irrational
thoughts, etc.)
4. Behavioral (absenteeism, bullying, restlessness, misbehavior,
etc.)
5. Psychological (personality development, stress, etc.)
6. Emotional (anger management issues, phobias, mild anxiety,
etc.)
7. Spiritual (spiritual beliefs, guidance, confusions, etc.)
8. Health (wellness, life and work balance, leisure, etc.)
9. Occupational (word and career decisions, etc.)
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
•ADVICE
The requirement is that a counselor
makes judgments about a counselee’s problems
and lays out options for a course of action.
Advice-giving has to avoid breeding a
relationship in which the counselee feels inferior
and emotionally dependent on the counselor.
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
• REASSURANCE
A way of giving them the courage to face
a problem or confidence that they are
pursuing a suitable course of action.
It is a valuable principle because it can
bring about a sense of relief that may
empower a client to function normally again.
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
• RELEASE OF EMOTIONAL TENSION
Opportunity to get an emotional release
from their pent-up frustrations and other
personal issues.
The release of tensions helps remove
mental blocks by providing a solution to the
problem.
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
• CLARIFIED THINKING
Tends to take place while the counselor
and counselee are talking and therefore
becomes a logical emotional release.
Clarified thinking encourages a client to
accept responsibility for problems and to be
more realistic in solving them.
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
• REORIENTATIONS
Involves a change in the client’s emotional self
through a change in basic goals and aspirations.
This requires a revision of the client’s level of
aspiration to bring it more in line with actual and
realistic attainment.
It enables clients to recognize and accept their
limitations.
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
• LISTENING SKILLS
Listening attentively to clients is the
counselor’s attempt to understand both the
content of the clients’ problem as they see it,
and the emotions they are experiencing related
to the problem.
Good listening helps counselors to
understand the concerns being presented.
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
• RESPECT
Clients must be treated with respect, no
matter how peculiar, strange, disturbed, weird,
or utterly different from the counselor.
Counselors do not have to like the client, or
their values, or their behavior, but they have to
put their personal feelings aside and treat the
client with respect
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
• EMPATHY AND POSITIVE REGARD
Carl Rogers combined empathy and positive
regard as two principles that should go along
with respect and effective listening skills.
Empathy requires the counselor to listen
and understand the feelings and perspectives of
the client and positive regard is an aspect of
respect.
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
• CLARIFICATION, CONFRONTATION AND
INTERPRETATION
Clarification is an attempt by the counselor to
restate what the client is either saying or feeling, so
the client may learn something or understand the
issue better.
Confrontation and interpretation are other more
advanced principles used by counselors in their
interventions.
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
• TRANSFERENCE AND COUNTERTRANSFERENCE
When clients are helped to understand
transference reactions, they are empowered to gain
an understanding of important aspects of their
emotional life.
Countertransference helps both clients and
counselors to understand the emotional and
perceptional reactions and how to effectively manage
them.
Clientele and
Audiences
in
Counseling
 After this module, you are
expected to:
• Identify the different types and needs of clientele
and audience in counseling;
• Articulate the characteristics and needs of the
different types of clientele and audiences for
counseling; and
• To value the participation of the learners in
conducting the research survey. value the rights,
responsibilities, and accountabilities of counselors.
 COUNSELING
A discipline that provides help to the
individual or group of individuals in facing
the encountered issues or problems in a
given situations.
It seeks to help people before the
problem becomes complex.
 COUNSELING
The people obtain service from
counseling professions are identify as the
clientele and audience. They gain counseling
services depending on the nature of their
needs or problems.
 Characteristics and Types of Clientele
and Audiences in Counseling
according to Cleofe, [Link] (2016)
•INDIVIDUALS
Counseling is provided by the Guidance and
Counseling Department.
School setting:
ELEMENTARY: Pupil’s behavioral
HIGH SCHOOL/COLLEGE: career plan or
relationship.
 Characteristics and Types of Clientele
and Audiences in Counseling
according to Cleofe, [Link] (2016)
Industry setting:
EMPLOYEE/PROFESSIONAL: Family reasons,
career-related concerns and even financial
difficulties.
 Characteristics and Types of Clientele
and Audiences in Counseling
according to Cleofe, [Link] (2016)
•GROUP/ORGANIZATIONS
Consists of people who either share similar
concerns or benefit from giving support to one
another.
Students with academic difficulties, honor
students, students with career uncertainties,
children of OFW parents and single parents, etc.
 Different Types of Special
Counseling Population according
to Gibson and Mitchell (2003)
• PEOPLE WHO ABUSED DRUGS
Drug abuse is not just harmful to our physical
health but our mental health as well. It cannot
deny that drug addiction creates more social
problems and contribute to social disintegration.
 Different Types of Special
Counseling Population according
to Gibson and Mitchell (2003)
• PEOPLE WHO USE TOBACCO
Users find difficult to stop smoking. Smokers
who desire to quit tobacco were added to the list
of the counselor’s audiences.
 Different Types of Special
Counseling Population according
to Gibson and Mitchell (2003)
• PEOPLE WHO ABUSE ALCOHOL
Alcoholism is seen as disease and alcoholics
find it difficult to stop drinking on their own. This
requires help from a professional as it requires
appropriate treatment and intervention.
 Different Types of Special
Counseling Population according
to Gibson and Mitchell (2003)
• WOMEN
Even with the changing role of women in
society, men still predominantly control
purchasing and decision-making powers. Most
men still have less participation in household
responsibilities and child care. In this case,
women’s advancement is constrained.
 Different Types of Special
Counseling Population according
to Gibson and Mitchell (2003)
• OLDER ADULTS
Retirees who are adjusting to life outside
work feel lost and ignored. Life to them suddenly
loses meaning. A transition from a busy life to
retirement stage must be instituted
 Different Types of Special
Counseling Population according
to Gibson and Mitchell (2003)
• PEOPLE WITH AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS) has been labeled as most feared disease
due to its incurability. Victims of this disease are
seeking help to improve quality of life and to
handle their emotional stress and low self-
esteem.
 Different Types of Special
Counseling Population according
to Gibson and Mitchell (2003)
• VICTIMS OF ABUSE
This population represents victims of
domestic violence characterize by spouse and
child abuses. The abuse has also become rampant
and has caused psychological damage to the
victims.
 Different Types of Special
Counseling Population according
to Gibson and Mitchell (2003)
• GAY MEN AND LESBIAN WOMEN
There is a growing number of gays and
lesbians that are coming out. There are still
sectors in the society, including their own families
that avoid and discriminate them. They are
usually the victims of harassment, violence,
discrimination, and isolation.
 ROLES, FUNCTIONS
AND COMPETENCIES
OF COUNSELORS
 ROLES, FUNCTIONS AND
COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS
Counseling is a process and a relationship
between the client(s) and counselor and this is a
service aid people to traverse challenging life
situation in their lives. Ready to share time to
explore the client’s clarification of his/her issues
and solve it at the end.
Ultimately, counseling empowers people to
lead healthy and fulfilling lives.
 ROLES OF COUNSELORS
• Assist the person or persons in realizing a
change in behavior or attitude
• Assist clients to seek achievement of goals
• Assist clients to find help
COMPETENCIES OF GUIDANCE
COUNSELORS
•Administer and maintain career guidance and
counseling program
•Administer career advocacy activities
•Capable career advocates
•Facilitate conduct of career advocacy in
collaboration with career advocates and peer
facilitators
Career Guidance is a counselling programme
designed to help students choose the right
career path based on their educational and
professional choices. It is a qualitative and
quantitative assessment of the knowledge, skills,
information, and experience to identify career
options available.
Counselors employ
different styles and
strategies in assisting and
helping a client solve their
own problems by utilizing
some models presented
by known personalities
that suit the needs of a
certain client.
The Egan’s Skilled
Helper Model is a
framework for
conceptualizing the
helping process and is
used in working on
issues in the recent past
and present.
Stage 1: Exploration
The first task is to find out your mentee’s story about what is
happening in their own words and then to reflect it back to them,
without judgement. This involves:
- Attention Giving
- Active Listening
- Acceptance and Empathy
- Paraphrasing and Summarising
- Focusing
- Questioning
Stage 2: Challenging
- What might this look like from another person’s point of view?
- What in particular about this is a problem for you?
- If you were describing someone else in this situation, how would
you describe them?
- What does she/he think/feel?
- Goal setting: This is where you seek to move the mentee forward
from being stuck, by identifying an area in which progress can be
made
Stage 3: Action Planning
Useful questions here include:
- What are the possible ways forward in this
situation?
- What of these feel best for you?
- What will you achieve if you do this? What
will you do first and by when?
Culley and Bond’s
Three-Stage Model of
Counseling focuses on
developing skills and
using them effectively. It
aims to bring structure
to an activity which
could be “random or
chaotic”.
BEGINNING MIDDLE END
Alistair Ross presented
also Three-Stage Model
of Counseling with the
following parts to assist
clients clarify their
issues and come up with
a definite solution to
their problems.
STARTING
MOVING ON LETTING GO
OUT
Foundation Skills in Fostering Conversation and
Exploration in Counseling
(Culley and Bond)
• Attending and Listening
Refers to active listening, which means listening
with purpose and responding in such a way that
clients are aware that they have both been heard and
understood.
Active listening involves listening to the words,
gestures and body language
Active listening is listening for what is said and
what is not said; listening to content – its meaning
and the emotions behind it.
Foundation Skills in Fostering Conversation and
Exploration in Counseling
(Culley and Bond)
•Reflective Skills
Concerned with the other person’s frame of
reference.
Capture what the client is saying and plays it
back to them but in counselor’s own word.
Foundation Skills in Fostering Conversation and
Exploration in Counseling
(Culley and Bond)

•Probing Skills
Facilitate going deeper, asking more directed
or leading questions.
 COMMON SKILLS AS A
COUNSELOR
• Communication Skills
Include the ability to actively listen,
demonstrate understanding, ask appropriate
questions and provide information as needed.
Effective communication means the message
you want to communicate is received as you
intended it to be received.
 COMMON SKILLS AS A
COUNSELOR
• Motivational Skills
These skills are the ones that influence a
client to act after the helping session or
consultation.
 COMMON SKILLS AS A
COUNSELOR
• Problem-solving Skills
Includes differentiating between symptoms
and the problem, pinpointing probable causes
and triggers for the problem, and then generating
a range of possible solutions to the actual
problem.
 COMMON SKILLS AS A
COUNSELOR
• Conflict Resolution Skills
Involves learning about style of conflict
resolution and recognizing the signs of it and
learning the process of conflict resolution.