ECOSYSTEM

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A) MCQ
1) Which of the following is an example of a natural ecosystem?
i. Aquarium iii. Garden
ii. Pond iv. Farm
The answer is Pond.
2) Which pigment is responsible for trapping the sun's energy in green plants?
i) Carotene iii) Chlorophyll
ii) Xanthophyll iv) Phycobilinn
The answer is Chlorophyll.
3) Which of the following is a freshwater ecosystem?
i) Pacific Ocean iii) Pond
ii) Grassland iv) Desert
The answer is Pond.
4) What is the primary role of scavengers in an ecosystem?
i) Produce food iii) Consume plants
ii) Break down dead organisms iv) Trap sunlight
The answer is Break down dead organisms.
5) Which of the following is an abiotic component of an ecosystem?
i) Tree iii) Soil
ii) Fish iv) Bacteria
The answer is Soil.
6) Which of the following is a terrestrial ecosystem?
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 i) River iii) Ocean
ii) Desert iv) Pond
The answer is Desert.

B) SAQ
1) Define biotic components and give two examples.

 Biotic components are all living organisms present in an ecosystem. Examples

include plants, animals, and decomposers.
2) Differentiate between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

 Terrestrial ecosystems are land-based ecosystems like forests, deserts, and

grasslands. Aquatic ecosystems are water-based ecosystems like ponds, rivers, and
oceans.
3) List two examples of marine ecosystems.

 Examples of marine ecosystems include shallow water ecosystems and deep-water

ecosystems.
4) What are autotrophs? Give an example.

 Autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own food from inorganic
substances using sunlight or chemical energy. An example is green plants.
5) What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

 Chlorophyll is a pigment in green plants that absorbs sunlight, providing the energy
needed to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen during
photosynthesis.

C) Marks 1 Questions
1) What is an ecosystem?

 An ecosystem is a self-contained unit that consists of all living and non-living things
in a particular area and their interactions with each other.
2) What are the two main components of an ecosystem?

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  The two main components of an ecosystem are abiotic (non-living things) and biotic
(living things).
3) What is the primary role of producers in an ecosystem?

 Producers synthesize their own food through photosynthesis and form the base of
the food chain.
4) What is the significance of decomposers in an ecosystem?

 Decomposers break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the
ecosystem.
5) What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

 Autotrophs produce their own food using sunlight or chemical energy, while
heterotrophs depend on other organisms for food.

D) Marks 2 Questions
1) Explain the role of producers in an ecosystem.

 Producers are living organisms capable of synthesizing their own food from
inorganic compounds through photosynthesis. They form the base of the food
chain by converting solar energy into chemical energy, which is then used by other
organisms in the ecosystem.
2) Why are decomposers essential in an ecosystem?

 Decomposers break down dead organic matter and waste materials, recycling
nutrients back into the soil. This process ensures the availability of essential
nutrients for producers, maintaining the nutrient cycle and supporting the entire
ecosystem.
3) What would happen if there were no producers in an ecosystem?

 Without producers, there would be no food or energy source for consumers,

leading to the collapse of the food chain and the eventual extinction of all life forms
in the ecosystem.
4) How do abiotic factors influence biotic components in an ecosystem?

 Abiotic factors like temperature, water, sunlight, and soil composition determine
the survival, growth, and reproduction of biotic components. For example, plants
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 require sunlight and water for photosynthesis, while animals depend on these
plants for food and shelter.
5) What is the importance of biodiversity in an ecosystem?

 Biodiversity ensures ecosystem stability, resilience, and productivity. It supports

various ecological processes like nutrient cycling, pollination, and pest control, and
provides resources like food, medicine, and raw materials for humans.

E) Marks 3 Questions
1) Describe the interrelationship between biotic and abiotic components in an
ecosystem.

 Biotic components (living organisms) and abiotic components (non-living things)

interact continuously in an ecosystem. For example, plants (biotic) use sunlight,
water, and carbon dioxide (abiotic) to perform photosynthesis, producing oxygen
and food. Animals (biotic) depend on plants for food and oxygen, while
decomposers break down dead organisms, returning nutrients to the soil (abiotic).
This interdependence maintains the balance and sustainability of the ecosystem.
2) Explain the process of photosynthesis and its significance in an ecosystem.

 Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use chlorophyll to trap

sunlight, converting carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) into glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
and oxygen (O₂).The chemical equation is:

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

This process is significant because it produces food and oxygen, which are essential
for the survival of all living organisms. It also forms the basis of the food chain,
transferring energy from the sun to all other trophic levels.
3) Compare natural and artificial ecosystems with examples.

 Natural ecosystems are self-sustaining and formed by nature, such as forests,

ponds, and oceans. Artificial ecosystems are man-made and require human
intervention to maintain, such as aquariums, gardens, and farms. While natural
ecosystems have high biodiversity and self-regulation, artificial ecosystems have
limited biodiversity and depend on external inputs for sustainability.

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 4) Explain the role of consumers in an ecosystem.

 Consumers are organisms that obtain energy by eating other organisms. They are
classified into primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumers (carnivores),
and tertiary consumers (top predators). They play a crucial role in energy transfer
and maintaining the balance of the ecosystem.
5) Discuss the energy flow in an ecosystem.

 Energy flows through an ecosystem in a unidirectional manner, starting from the

sun. Producers capture solar energy and convert it into chemical energy through
photosynthesis. This energy is transferred to primary consumers (herbivores) when
they eat plants, and then to secondary and tertiary consumers (carnivores) through
predation. Decomposers break down dead organisms, releasing energy back into
the environment. At each trophic level, energy is lost as heat, limiting the number
of trophic levels in an ecosystem.

F) Detailed Questions (Marks 5)

1) Describe the nutrient cycle in an ecosystem.

 The nutrient cycle involves the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic
matter back into the production of living matter. For example, in the carbon cycle,
plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, which is then passed to
consumers through the food chain. Decomposers break down dead organisms,
releasing carbon back into the atmosphere through respiration. Similarly, the
nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification, ensuring
the availability of nitrogen for plant growth.
2) Discuss the impact of climate change on ecosystems.

 Climate change alters temperature and precipitation patterns, affecting ecosystems

in various ways. It can lead to habitat loss, species migration, and changes in species
interactions. For example, rising temperatures may cause coral bleaching in marine
ecosystems, while changing rainfall patterns can disrupt freshwater ecosystems.
These changes threaten biodiversity and ecosystem services, impacting human
livelihoods.
3) Explain the concept of a self-contained ecosystem with an example.

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  A self-contained ecosystem is a system where all living and non-living components
interact to maintain balance without external inputs. An example is a pond, where
plants produce oxygen and food, animals consume plants and each other, and
decomposers recycle nutrients, creating a sustainable cycle.
4) How do human activities impact ecosystems?

 Human activities like deforestation, pollution, and urbanization disrupt ecosystems

by destroying habitats, altering nutrient cycles, and introducing harmful
substances. This leads to biodiversity loss, climate change, and the degradation of
ecosystem services.
5) Why are aquatic ecosystems important?

 Aquatic ecosystems regulate water cycles, provide habitats for diverse species, and
support human activities like fishing, transportation, and recreation. They also play
a key role in climate regulation.

PAGE-3-4
A) MCQ
1) Which of the following is an example of a primary consumer?
i) Cow
ii) Lion
iii) Hawk
iv) Vulture
The answer is i. Cow.
2) What is the role of scavengers in an ecosystem?
i) Produce food
ii) Break down dead organisms
iii) Consume plants
iv) Trap sunlight
The answer is ii. Break down dead organisms.
3) Which organisms are considered decomposers?
i) Bears
ii) Bacteria
iii) Lions
iv) Hawks
The answer is ii. Bacteria.
4) What is the primary source of energy in a food chain?

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 i) Herbivores
ii) Carnivores
iii) Producers
iv) Decomposers
The answer is iii. Producers.
5) Which of the following is an example of a tertiary consumer?
i) Deer
ii) Rabbit
iii) Snake
iv) Hawk
The answer is iv. Hawk.
6) What is the main function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
i) Produce oxygen
ii) Recycle nutrients
iii) Trap sunlight
iv) Consume herbivores
The answer is ii. Recycle nutrients.
7) Which of the following is an omnivore?
i) Cow
ii) Lion
iii) Bear
iv) Vulture
The answer is iii. Bear.

B) SAQ
1) Define consumers and give two examples.
 Consumers are heterotrophs that cannot prepare their own food and depend on
other living organisms for nutrition. Examples include cows (herbivores) and lions
(carnivores).
2) What are the three categories of consumers based on their feeding habits?
 The three categories are primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumers
(carnivores), and tertiary consumers (top carnivores).
3) What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
 Decomposers feed on dead and decaying organic matter, breaking it down into
simpler compounds. These compounds are then reused by producers, helping in
nutrient recycling and cleaning the environment.
4) What is a food chain?
 A food chain is a linear sequence that shows the transfer of energy from producers
to consumers and finally to decomposers. For example, herbs → insects → birds →
hawks.
5) What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

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  A food chain is a linear sequence of energy transfer, while a food web is a network
of interconnected food chains that shows a more realistic representation of energy
flow in an ecosystem.
6) What are scavengers, and what role do they play in an ecosystem?
 Scavengers are organisms that feed on dead animals. They help keep the
ecosystem clean by removing dead bodies and preventing the spread of diseases.
7) What is the significance of tertiary consumers in a food chain?
 Tertiary consumers are top carnivores that feed on secondary consumers. They
help regulate the population of other organisms and maintain the balance of the
ecosystem.

C) Marks 1 Questions
1) What are herbivores?
 Herbivores are primary consumers that feed directly on plants.
2) What is the role of scavengers?
 Scavengers feed on dead animals and help keep the ecosystem clean.
3) What are decomposers?
 Decomposers are organisms like bacteria and fungi that break down dead organic
matter into simpler compounds.
4) What is a trophic level?
 A trophic level is a step in a food chain that represents the transfer of energy from
one organism to another.
5) What is an example of an omnivore?
 An example of an omnivore is a bear or a human.

D) Marks 2 Questions
1) Explain the role of primary consumers in an ecosystem.
 Primary consumers, or herbivores, feed directly on plants and transfer energy from
producers to higher trophic levels. Examples include cows and deer.
2) How do decomposers contribute to nutrient recycling?
 Decomposers break down dead and decaying organic matter into simpler
compounds, which are then reused by producers to synthesize food, ensuring
nutrient recycling in the ecosystem.
3) What is the significance of scavengers in an ecosystem?
 Scavengers feed on dead animals, preventing the accumulation of dead bodies and
helping to keep the ecosystem clean.
4) Describe the relationship between producers, consumers, and decomposers.
 Producers synthesize food using sunlight, consumers (herbivores, carnivores, and
omnivores) obtain energy by eating producers or other consumers, and
decomposers break down dead organisms, recycling nutrients back into the
ecosystem.
5) What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
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  A food chain is a linear sequence of energy transfer, while a food web is a complex
network of interconnected food chains that shows multiple feeding relationships
in an ecosystem.

E) Marks 3 Questions
1) Explain the concept of trophic levels with an example.
 Trophic levels represent the steps in a food chain where energy is transferred from
one organism to another. For example, in the food chain herbs → insects → birds
→ hawks, herbs are producers (1st trophic level), insects are primary consumers
(2nd trophic level), birds are secondary consumers (3rd trophic level), and hawks
are tertiary consumers (4th trophic level).
2) Describe the role of omnivores in an ecosystem.
 Omnivores, like bears and humans, feed on both plants and animals. They play a
dual role in the ecosystem by acting as both primary and secondary consumers,
depending on their diet.
3) How does energy flow through a food chain?
 Energy flows through a food chain from producers (plants) to primary consumers
(herbivores), then to secondary consumers (carnivores), and finally to tertiary
consumers (top carnivores). At each level, energy is lost as heat, limiting the
number of trophic levels.
4) What is the importance of decomposers in maintaining ecosystem balance?
 Decomposers break down dead organic matter, releasing nutrients back into the
soil, which are then reused by producers. This process ensures nutrient recycling
and helps maintain the balance of the ecosystem.
5) Explain the concept of a food web with an example.
 A food web is a network of interconnected food chains that shows multiple feeding
relationships in an ecosystem. For example, rats can be eaten by snakes and eagles,
and snakes can also be eaten by hawks, creating a complex web of energy flow.

F) Comparison-Type Questions (Tabular Form)

1) Differentiate between a food chain and a food web.

Food Chain Food Web
Network of interconnected food
Linear sequence of energy transfer.
chains.
Represents a single pathway of Represents multiple pathways of
energy. energy.
Example: Grass → Rabbit → Snake → Example: Multiple food chains
Hawk. interlinked.

2) Differentiate between producers, consumers, and decomposers.

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 
Producers Consumers Decomposers
Synthesize their own Depend on other Break down dead organic
food. organisms for food. matter.
Example: Green Example: Herbivores,
Example: Bacteria, fungi.
plants. carnivores.

Transfer energy to Recycle nutrients back

Base of the food chain.
higher levels. into the soil.
3) Differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers.

Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers
Feed directly on Feed on primary Feed on secondary
plants. consumers. consumers.
Example: Deer, cow. Example: Lion, fox. Example: Hawk, eagle.
Herbivores. Carnivores. Top carnivores.

G) Detailed Questions (Marks 5)

1) Describe the relationship between producers, consumers, and decomposers in an
ecosystem.
 Producers, consumers, and decomposers are interconnected in an ecosystem.
Producers (plants) synthesize food using sunlight, which is consumed by primary
consumers (herbivores). Secondary consumers (carnivores) feed on herbivores,
and tertiary consumers (top carnivores) feed on secondary consumers.
Decomposers break down dead organisms, recycling nutrients back into the soil,
which are then used by producers. This cycle ensures the continuous flow of energy
and nutrients in the ecosystem.
2) Discuss the role of scavengers and decomposers in maintaining ecosystem health.
 Scavengers and decomposers play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem health.
Scavengers feed on dead animals, preventing the accumulation of dead bodies and
reducing the risk of disease. Decomposers break down dead organic matter into
simpler compounds, recycling nutrients back into the soil. This process ensures the
availability of nutrients for producers, maintaining the balance and sustainability
of the ecosystem.
3) Explain the concept of energy transfer in a food chain with an example.
 Energy transfer in a food chain occurs in a step-by-step manner from producers to
consumers. For example, in the food chain grass → rabbit → snake → hawk, grass
(producer) captures solar energy and converts it into chemical energy through
photosynthesis. The rabbit (primary consumer) eats the grass, the snake
(secondary consumer) eats the rabbit, and the hawk (tertiary consumer) eats the

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 snake. At each trophic level, energy is lost as heat, limiting the number of trophic
levels.
4) How do human activities impact the balance of food chains and food webs?
 Human activities like deforestation, pollution, and overhunting disrupt food chains
and food webs. Deforestation reduces the number of producers, affecting
herbivores and higher trophic levels. Pollution introduces harmful substances into
the ecosystem, affecting the health of organisms. Overhunting reduces the
population of certain species, disrupting the balance of the food web. These
activities can lead to the collapse of ecosystems and loss of biodiversity.
5) What is the importance of biodiversity in maintaining a stable food web?
 Biodiversity ensures the stability and resilience of a food web. A diverse ecosystem
has multiple species at each trophic level, providing alternative food sources and
reducing the risk of ecosystem collapse. For example, if one species of herbivore
declines, others can still support the carnivores. Biodiversity also supports
ecological processes like nutrient cycling and pollination, ensuring the long-term
sustainability of the ecosystem.

Page-5-6
H) MCQ
1) What percentage of energy is transferred to the next trophic level according to the
ten percent law?
i) 5%
ii) 10%
iii) 20%
iv) 50%
The answer is ii. 10%.
2) Which of the following is the base of an ecological pyramid?
i) Carnivores
ii) Herbivores
iii) Producers
iv) Decomposers
The answer is iii. Producers.
3) Which type of ecological pyramid represents the number of individuals at each
trophic level?
i) Pyramid of energy
ii) Pyramid of biomass
iii) Pyramid of numbers
iv) Pyramid of nutrients
The answer is iii. Pyramid of numbers.
4) In which ecosystem is an inverted pyramid of numbers observed?
i) Grassland
ii) Pond
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 iii) Forest
iv) Desert
The answer is iii. Forest.
5) Which of the following is an example of symbiosis?
i) Lion hunting a deer
ii) Rhizobium in leguminous plants
iii) Tapeworm in the human intestine
iv) Vulture feeding on dead animals
The answer is ii. Rhizobium in leguminous plants.
6) What is the role of E. coli in the human intestine?
i) Causes diseases
ii) Produces vitamin K
iii) Acts as a predator
iv) Breaks down dead matter
The answer is ii. Produces vitamin K.
7) Which of the following is an example of parasitism?
i) Rhizobium in leguminous plants
ii) E. coli in the human intestine
iii) Tapeworm in the human intestine
iv) Lion hunting a deer
The answer is iii. Tapeworm in the human intestine.

I) SAQ
1) What is the ten percent law of energy transfer?
 The ten percent law states that only 10% of the total energy at each trophic level
is transferred to the next level, while the remaining 90% is used for metabolic
processes or lost as heat.
2) What is an ecological pyramid?
 An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of the trophic levels in an
ecosystem, showing the relationship between producers, consumers, and
decomposers.
3) What is a pyramid of numbers?
 A pyramid of numbers is a graphical representation of the total number of
individuals at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
4) What is symbiosis? Give an example.
 Symbiosis is a close relationship between two different species where both benefit
mutually. An example is the relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and
leguminous plants.
5) What is parasitism? Give an example.
 Parasitism is a relationship between two species where one benefits at the expense
of the other (the host). An example is a tapeworm living in the human intestine.
6) What is predation? Give an example.
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  Predation is a relationship where one organism (predator) hunts and kills another
organism (prey) for food. An example is a lion hunting a deer.
7) What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
 Decomposers break down dead organic matter into simpler compounds, recycling
nutrients back into the ecosystem for use by producers.

J) Marks 1 Questions
1) What is the base of an ecological pyramid?
 The base of an ecological pyramid is formed by producers.
2) What is the tip of an ecological pyramid?
 The tip of an ecological pyramid is formed by top carnivores.
3) What is the ten percent law?
 The ten percent law states that only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic
level.
4) What is an example of a symbiotic relationship?
 An example is the relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and leguminous plants.
5) What is an example of a parasite?
 An example is a tapeworm in the human intestine.

K) Marks 2 Questions
1) Explain the pyramid of numbers with an example.
 A pyramid of numbers represents the number of individuals at each trophic level.
For example, in a grassland ecosystem, grass (producers) is abundant,
grasshoppers (primary consumers) are fewer, rats (secondary consumers) are even
fewer, and hawks (tertiary consumers) are the least in number.
2) What is the difference between an upright and an inverted pyramid of numbers?
 In an upright pyramid of numbers, the number of individuals decreases from the
base to the top (e.g., grassland ecosystem). In an inverted pyramid, the number of
individuals increases from the base to the top (e.g., tree ecosystem).
3) What is the role of Rhizobium in leguminous plants?
 Rhizobium bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen into simple compounds for the plant,
while the plant provides shelter and nutrition to the bacteria.
4) What is the difference between symbiosis and parasitism?
 In symbiosis, both species benefit mutually (e.g., Rhizobium and leguminous
plants). In parasitism, one species benefits at the expense of the other (e.g.,
tapeworm in the human intestine).
5) What is the significance of the ten percent law in energy transfer?
 The ten percent law explains why energy availability decreases at higher trophic
levels, limiting the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem.

L) Marks 3 Questions
1) Describe the three types of ecological pyramids.
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  The three types of ecological pyramids are:
• Pyramid of numbers: Represents the number of individuals at each trophic
level.
• Pyramid of biomass: Represents the total mass of organisms at each trophic
level.
• Pyramid of energy: Represents the flow of energy at each trophic level.
2) Explain the concept of symbiosis with two examples.
 Symbiosis is a close relationship between two species where both benefit.
Examples include:
• Rhizobium bacteria and leguminous plants: Bacteria fix nitrogen for the plant,
and the plant provides shelter and nutrition.
• E. coli and humans: Bacteria produce vitamin K, and humans provide food and
habitat.
3) How does energy flow through an ecological pyramid?
 Energy flows from producers to primary consumers, then to secondary consumers,
and finally to tertiary consumers. At each level, only 10% of energy is transferred,
while the rest is lost as heat or used for metabolic processes.
4) What is the difference between predation and parasitism?
 In predation, one organism (predator) kills and consumes another (prey) for food
(e.g., lion and deer). In parasitism, one organism (parasite) benefits at the expense
of the other (host) without killing it (e.g., tapeworm in the human intestine).
5) What is the role of decomposers in nutrient recycling?
 Decomposers break down dead organic matter into simpler compounds, which are
then reused by producers. This process ensures the recycling of nutrients in the
ecosystem.

M)Comparison-Type Questions (Tabular Form)

1) Differentiate between an upright and an inverted pyramid of numbers.

Upright Pyramid of Numbers Inverted Pyramid of Numbers
Number of individuals decreases Number of individuals increases
upward. upward.
Example: Grassland ecosystem. Example: Tree ecosystem.
Base has the most individuals. Base has the fewest individuals.

2) Differentiate between symbiosis and parasitism.


Symbiosis Parasitism
Both species benefit mutually. One species benefit, the other is harmed.
Example: Rhizobium and leguminous Example: Tapeworm in the human
plants. intestine.
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 Symbiosis Parasitism
Mutualistic relationship. Exploitative relationship.

3) Differentiate between predation and parasitism.


Predation Parasitism
Predator kills and consumes prey. Parasite benefits without killing the host.
Example: Tapeworm in the human
Example: Lion and deer.
intestine.
Short-term interaction. Long-term interaction.

N) Detailed Questions (Marks 5)

1) Explain the concept of ecological pyramids with examples.
 Ecological pyramids are graphical representations of the trophic structure in an
ecosystem. They include:
• Pyramid of numbers: Represents the number of individuals at each trophic level
(e.g., grassland ecosystem).
• Pyramid of biomass: Represents the total mass of organisms at each trophic
level.
• Pyramid of energy: Represents the flow of energy at each trophic level.
These pyramids help understand the distribution of energy, biomass, and
numbers in an ecosystem.
2) Discuss the ten percent law and its significance in energy transfer.
 The ten percent law states that only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic
level, while the rest is lost as heat or used for metabolic processes. This law explains
why energy availability decreases at higher trophic levels, limiting the number of
trophic levels in an ecosystem. It also highlights the inefficiency of energy transfer
in food chains.
3) Describe the relationship between organisms in symbiosis and parasitism with
examples.
 Symbiosis is a mutualistic relationship where both species benefit. For example,
Rhizobium bacteria fix nitrogen for leguminous plants, and the plants provide
shelter and nutrition to the bacteria. Parasitism is a relationship where one species
benefits at the expense of the other. For example, a tapeworm derives nutrition
from the human intestine, harming the host.
4) What is the role of decomposers in maintaining ecosystem balance?
 Decomposers break down dead organic matter into simpler compounds, recycling
nutrients back into the soil. This process ensures the availability of nutrients for
producers, maintaining the balance and sustainability of the ecosystem.
5) Explain the concept of predation and its role in the ecosystem.

15
  Predation is a relationship where one organism (predator) hunts and kills another
organism (prey) for food. It helps regulate the population of prey species,
maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. For example, lions hunting deer prevent
overgrazing and promote biodiversity.

O) Fill in the Blanks

1) Decomposers are also called saprophytes.
2) In any food web in an ecosystem, producers form the base.
3) A food web is a connection of multiple food chains.
4) Ecology deals with the study of the relationship between organisms and their natural
surroundings.

PAGE-7-9
P) MCQ
1) Which of the following is an abiotic component of an ecosystem?
i) Plants
ii) Animals
iii) Soil
iv) Microorganisms
The answer is iii. Soil.
2) What is the primary role of light in an ecosystem?
i) Provides oxygen
ii) Essential for photosynthesis
iii) Regulates temperature
iv) Helps in seed dispersal
The answer is ii. Essential for photosynthesis.
3) Which of the following organisms undergo hibernation?
i) Frogs
ii) Polar bears
iii) Lizards
iv) Both ii and iii
The answer is iv. Both ii and iii.
4) What percentage of the earth's surface is covered by water?
i) 50%
ii) 60%
iii) 70%
iv) 80%
The answer is iii. 70%.
5) Which gas is essential for photosynthesis in plants?
i) Oxygen
ii) Nitrogen
iii) Carbon dioxide
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 iv) Hydrogen
The answer is iii. Carbon dioxide.
6) Which type of forest is located along the equator?
i) Temperate forests
ii) Boreal forests
iii) Tropical rainforests
iv) Deciduous forests
The answer is iii. Tropical rainforests.
7) What is the primary function of soil in an ecosystem?
i) Provides oxygen
ii) Regulates temperature
iii) Supplies water and nutrients to plants
iv) Helps in seed dispersal
The answer is iii. Supplies water and nutrients to plants.

Q) SAQ
1) What are abiotic components? Give two examples.
 Abiotic components are non-living things in an ecosystem. Examples include soil,
water, light, and temperature.
2) How does light affect plants and animals in an ecosystem?
 Light is essential for photosynthesis in plants and influences flowering and fruiting.
It also affects the reproductive cycles of animals and regulates temperature.
3) What is the significance of temperature in an ecosystem?
 Temperature affects the metabolic activities and development of organisms. It
determines the survival range of species and influences behaviours like hibernation
and aestivation.
4) What is the role of water in an ecosystem?
 Water is essential for all life processes, including digestion, excretion, and
photosynthesis. It supports aquatic life and regulates the distribution of organisms.
5) What is the importance of soil in an ecosystem?
 Soil provides water and nutrients to plants, supports microorganisms, and
determines the type of vegetation that can grow in an area.
6) What are the three types of forests mentioned in the text?
 The three types of forests are tropical rainforests, temperate forests, and boreal
forests.
7) What is the role of tropical rainforests in the environment?
 Tropical rainforests produce 40% of the earth's oxygen, absorb greenhouse gases,
and are home to half of the world's living species.

R) Marks 1 Questions
1) What is the primary role of light in photosynthesis?
 Light provides the energy required for photosynthesis in plants.
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 2) What is hibernation?
 Hibernation is a state of inactivity during harsh cold conditions, seen in animals like
polar bears and lizards.
3) What is aestivation?
 Aestivation is a state of inactivity during hot and dry conditions, seen in animals
like frogs.
4) What percentage of the earth's oxygen is produced by tropical rainforests?
 Tropical rainforests produce 40% of the earth's oxygen.
5) What are coniferous trees?
 Coniferous trees are cone-bearing trees with needle-like leaves, found in boreal
forests.

S) Marks 2 Questions
1) Explain the role of temperature in an ecosystem.
 Temperature affects the metabolic rate and development of organisms. It
determines the survival range of species and influences behaviors like hibernation
and aestivation.
2) How does water support life in an ecosystem?
 Water is essential for all life processes, including digestion, excretion, and
photosynthesis. It supports aquatic life and regulates the distribution of organisms.
3) What is the importance of soil in plant growth?
 Soil provides water and nutrients to plants through their roots. It also supports
microorganisms and determines the type of vegetation that can grow in an area.
4) What are the characteristics of tropical rainforests?

 Tropical rainforests are hot and wet forests with abundant rainfall.
 They are home to tall trees like sequoia and mahogany, as well as diverse
fauna like gorillas, snakes, and birds.
5) What is the difference between temperate deciduous and temperate evergreen
forests?
 Temperate deciduous forests have trees that shed their leaves annually (e.g.,
maple), while temperate evergreen forests have trees that do not shed all their
leaves at once (e.g., oak).

T) Marks 3 Questions
1) Describe the role of abiotic components in an ecosystem.
 Abiotic components like soil, water, light, and temperature provide the necessary
conditions for life. They influence the distribution, growth, and survival of
organisms in an ecosystem.
2) Explain the impact of light on plant and animal behaviour.

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  Light is essential for photosynthesis in plants and influences flowering and fruiting.
In animals, it affects reproductive cycles and activity patterns, such as being active
during the day.
3) What is the significance of tropical rainforests in maintaining ecological balance?

• Tropical rainforests produce 40% of the earth's oxygen,
• Absorb greenhouse gases, and
• Support half of the world's living species.
• They play a crucial role in regulating the global climate and maintaining
biodiversity.
4) How do animals adapt to extreme temperatures in different ecosystems?
 Animals adapt to extreme temperatures through behaviours like hibernation
(winter sleep) and aestivation (summer sleep). They also have physical
adaptations, such as fur in cold climates.
5) What are the characteristics of boreal forests?
 Boreal forests, or taiga, are located in cold northern regions. They are dominated
by coniferous trees like pine and fir and are home to animals like grizzly bears, deer,
and wolves adapted to harsh climates.

U) Comparison-Type Questions (Tabular Form)

1) Differentiate between tropical rainforests and boreal forests.
Tropical Rainforests Boreal Forests
Located along the equator. Located in northern cold regions.
Hot and wet climate with abundant rain. Cold climate with snow and ice.
Home to tall trees like sequoia. Dominated by coniferous trees like pine.
Diverse fauna like gorillas and snakes. Fauna includes grizzly bears and deer.
2) Differentiate between hibernation and aestivation.
Hibernation Aestivation
Occurs during harsh cold conditions. Occurs during hot and dry conditions.
Example: Polar bears and lizards. Example: Frogs.
Animals remain inactive to conserve
Animals remain inactive to avoid heat.
energy.
3) Differentiate between temperate deciduous and temperate evergreen forests.
Temperate Deciduous Forests Temperate Evergreen Forests
Trees shed leaves annually. Trees do not shed all leaves at once.
Example: Maple and birch trees. Example: Oak and fig trees.
Found in cooler temperate regions. Found in warmer temperate regions.

V) Detailed Questions (Marks 5)

1) Explain the role of abiotic components in maintaining ecosystem balance.
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  Abiotic components like soil, water, light, and temperature provide the necessary
conditions for life. Soil supplies nutrients and water to plants, water supports all
life processes, light drives photosynthesis, and temperature regulates metabolic
activities. Together, they ensure the survival and growth of organisms, maintaining
ecological balance.
2) Discuss the importance of tropical rainforests in the global ecosystem.
 Tropical rainforests are vital for producing 40% of the earth's oxygen and absorbing
greenhouse gases. They support half of the world's living species and regulate the
global climate. Their destruction would lead to biodiversity loss, climate change,
and ecological imbalance.
3) Describe the adaptations of animals in boreal forests.
 Animals in boreal forests, like grizzly bears, deer, and wolves, have thick fur to
protect against cold. They are adapted to harsh climates with behaviours like
hibernation and physical traits like needle-like leaves in trees (e.g., pine and fir) to
reduce water loss.
4) How do abiotic factors like light and temperature influence plant and animal
behaviour?
 Light is essential for photosynthesis in plants and influences flowering and fruiting.
In animals, it affects reproductive cycles and activity patterns. Temperature
regulates metabolic activities and determines the survival range of species,
influencing behaviours like hibernation and aestivation.
5) What is the role of soil in supporting terrestrial ecosystems?
 Soil provides water and nutrients to plants, supports microorganisms, and
determines the type of vegetation that can grow. It is a habitat for many animals
and plays a crucial role in nutrient cycling, ensuring the sustainability of terrestrial
ecosystems.

EXERCISE
A) Match the Following
1) Producer – ii. Green plants
2) Primary consumer – iv. Grasshopper
3) Secondary consumer – v. Frog
4) Tertiary consumer – iii. Hawk
5) Decomposer – i. Fungi

B) True or False
1) A pond is a manmade ecosystem while an aquarium is a natural ecosystem.
False.
2) Food produced by plants is used by the entire biotic world.
True.

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 3) Tertiary consumers are directly dependent on plants.
False.
4) Tropical rainforests are a habitat to bats, gorillas, snakes, jaguars, and sloth bears.
True.
5) The linear sequence of eating and then being eaten forms a food chain.
True.
6) Symbiosis, parasitism, and predation showcase interdependence in organisms.
True.

B) Choose the correct option.

1) Which one of the following shows a symbiotic relationship?
 i. pea plant-rhizobium
2) Which amongst the following is a heterotroph?
 ii. primary consumer
3) Which of the following is not a biotic component of an ecosystem?
 iv. water
4) Which one of the following is not found in the gut of man?
 i. Tapeworm
5) The trees in which of these forests shed all their leaves once a year?
 ii. Deciduous

C) Short-Answer Questions
1) Distinguish between:
i) Producers and consumers

Producers Consumers
Autotrophs that produce their own food Heterotrophs that depend on other
through photosynthesis. organisms for food.
Example: Herbivores, carnivores,
Example: Green plants.
omnivores.

ii) Parasitism and symbiosis

Parasitism Symbiosis
One organism benefit at the expense of
Both organisms benefit mutually.
the host.
Example: Rhizobium bacteria in
Example: Tapeworm in humans.
leguminous plants.

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 2) Give reasons:
i) Scavengers and decomposers are biotic components of an ecosystem.
 Scavengers (e.g., vultures) and decomposers (e.g., fungi) are living organisms that
break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.
ii) The energy flow in a food chain gradually decreases as we go higher up.
 Only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level (ten percent law),
while the rest is lost as heat or used for metabolic processes.

3) "Decomposers help keep the environment clean." Justify.

 Decomposers break down dead plants and animals into simpler compounds,
recycling nutrients into the soil. This prevents the accumulation of dead matter
and maintains ecological balance.

4) Taking the example of a tropical rainforest, explain the different components of an

ecosystem.

• Abiotic components: Soil, water, sunlight, temperature.
• Biotic components:
• Producers: Tall trees (e.g., mahogany), ferns, orchids.
• Consumers: Herbivores (sloths), carnivores (jaguars), omnivores (monkeys).
• Decomposers: Fungi and bacteria.

5) What is the ten percent law?

 Only 10% of the energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next level, while
90% is lost as heat or used for metabolic activities.

D) Long-Answer Questions
1) Describe a food chain. What is the relationship between a food chain and a food
web?

• Food chain: A linear sequence showing energy transfer from producers to
consumers (e.g., grass → deer → lion).

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 • Food web: A network of interconnected food chains, showing complex
feeding relationships (e.g., grass → deer → lion; grass → rabbit → snake →
hawk).
• A food web consists of multiple food chains.

2) What are the various abiotic factors in an ecosystem? Briefly explain each one of
them.

• Light: Essential for photosynthesis in plants.
• Temperature: Affects metabolic rates and survival of organisms.
• Water: Required for all life processes (e.g., digestion, photosynthesis).
• Soil: Provides nutrients and anchorage for plants.
• Air: Supplies oxygen for respiration and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.

3) Based on their feeding habits, what are the three categories into which consumers
are divided?

• Herbivores: Feed directly on plants (e.g., deer).
• Carnivores: Feed on herbivores or other carnivores (e.g., lion).
• Omnivores: Feed on both plants and animals (e.g., bear).

4) Write a short note on the forest ecosystem.

 Forest ecosystems are classified into:
• Tropical rainforests: High biodiversity, abundant rainfall (e.g., Amazon).
• Temperate forests: Moderate climate, deciduous trees (e.g., maple, oak).
• Boreal forests (Taiga): Cold climate, coniferous trees (e.g., pine, spruce).
Role: Regulate climate, produce oxygen, and support diverse flora and fauna.

5) How does symbiosis showcase interdependence between organisms?

 Symbiosis involves mutual dependence between species. For example:
• Rhizobium bacteria and leguminous plants: Bacteria fix nitrogen for the
plant, while the plant provides shelter and nutrients.
• E. coli and humans: Bacteria produce vitamin K, while humans provide food
and habitat.

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