Topic 10: Transformations

Unit 1: Revision of Translations, Reflections, Rotations and Enlargement covered in Book 3

• Any Transformation requires a complete description since each transformation produces a

unique image.
• Generally all parts of a transformation question are answered on the same axes.
• Any lines whose length is not stated must be at least 3 cm long.

In Table 1 below are 4 different transformations and their descriptive properties.

Transformation Descriptive Properties/Characteristics

Translation Translation vector
Reflection Axis / Line of reflection. You identify and/or
write the equation of the axis of reflection.
Rotation Centre, angle and direction of rotation.
Angle and direction are tied together and
00≤ angle ≤1800 usually.
N. B. Rotating through 900 clockwise is the
same as rotating through 2700
anticlockwise, for example.
Enlargement Centre and Scale/ Enlargement Factor. The
factor is a rational number: can be positive,
negative or fractional. The image may be
bigger or smaller than the object and it may
be inverted, depending on the sign of the
scale factor.
Revision Activity 10.1

1a) A point P has coordinates (5; -8).

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Find (i) the coordinates of point Q, the translation of point P through vector (−6 ),

(ii) the translation vector that maps P onto point R(-9; 17).

b) Using a scale of 1cm to represent 1 unit, mark and label point A at (3; 2).

(i) Point (0; 2) is the reflection of A in a certain line m. Draw the line m and write
down its equation.

(ii) Mark and label R(A), the image of A under a 900 rotation about (1; 1).
Justify your answer.

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2 Using a scale of 1cm to represent 1unit on each axis, draw the x-axis from –4 to 6 and the
y-axis from -4 to 8.

(i) Draw and label ∆ABC with vertices are A(-4; 2), B(-3; -1) and C(-1; 0).

(ii) Triangle ABC is mapped onto ∆A1B1C1 under reflection in the line x = 1.
Draw and label ∆A1B1C1.
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(iii) Draw and label T(∆ABC), the translation of ∆ABC through vector (−2 ).

(iv) Triangle ∆A2B2C2 has vertices at A2(3;7), B2(0; 6) and C2(1; 4).
a) Draw and label ∆A2B2C2.
b) Describe fully the single transformation that maps ∆ABC onto ∆A2B2C2.

3 P Q C

O 5cm 2cm E G
2cm

A B B A Fig 2 F
Fig 1

a) In Fig 1, straight lines AOQ and POB meet at O and OP = OQ = OA = OB.

Describe fully the single transformation that maps

(i) ∆ABO onto ∆PQO (ii) ∆ABO onto ∆QPO.

b) In Fig 2, BAEG and CDEF are straight lines intersecting at E. Lines BC, AD and FG are
parallel to each [Link] = 5cm and AD = FG = 2cm.

Describe fully the single transformation that makes

(i) ∆BCE the image of ∆ADE (ii) ∆GFE the image of ∆ADE

(iii) ∆BCE to be mapped to ∆GFE.

c) Write down the ratio of areas of ∆GFE: trapezium ABCD.

4 (Please insert Fig 10.1)

On a geoboard, squared paper or graph book, make a copy of the arrowhead ABCD,
shown in Fig 10.1. (If using a geoboard, use rubber bands and stickers to create and label the
shapes.)

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 (i) Draw and label A1B1C1D1, the enlargement of the arrowhead ABCD, about (2; 0),
1
factor -12.

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(ii) A2B2C2D2 is the enlargement of ABCD about (2; 0), factor 2. Draw and label
A2B2C2D2.
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(iii) A3B3CD3 is the enlargement of ABCD, factor - 2. One point, A3, is marked at (3; -3).

a) What is the centre of enlargement?

b) Draw and label A3B3CD3.

5 Using a scale of 1cm to represent 1unit on each axis, draw the x-axis from –6 to 4 and the
y-axis from -6 to 6 and draw triangle F with vertices at (2; 4), (3; 2) and (4; 2).

(i) Draw triangle F1, the 900anticlockwise rotation of triangle F about (2; 4).

(ii) Rotate triangle F about (1; 1) onto triangle F2 through 900 anticlockwise.

(iii) What single transformation maps triangle F1 onto triangle F2.

(iv) Triangle F3 is an enlargement of triangle F with centre (1; 1) and scale factor –2.
Write down the coordinates of triangle F3.

Unit 2: Reflection in slanting lines

Practical Activity 10.2

Work in pairs or groups.

On a piece of tracing/clear paper, draw any triangle and label it ABC.

(Please insert Fig 10.2)

(i) Draw a slanting line m, the fold line as shown in Fig 10.2.

(ii) Fold triangle ABC along the fold line to form its image, triangle A1B1C1. Draw this image.

(iii) Produce AC and A1C1. Where do the lines meet?

(iv) Measure and write down the size of the angle that each line makes with the fold line. How
do the angles compare?

(v) Produce AB and A1B1. Again measure and compare the sizes of the angles that each of the
lines makes with the fold line.

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(vii) How do you expect the angles between the fold line and each of the lines BC and B 1C1 to
be related?

(vii) Using a dashed line, join A and A1 or B and B1. What angle does the dashed line make with
the fold line? Comment on the distance from A to the fold line and that from A1 to the fold
line. Do the same for B and B1 or C and C1.

(viii) What transformation is mapping ∆ABC onto ∆A1B1C1?

Reflection in lines of the form y = mx + c

You must have noticed that the properties of a reflection are maintained whether the axis of
reflection is a slanting, horizontal or vertical line.

• Corresponding points are equidistant from the mirror line.

• Corresponding lines make equal angles with the mirror line.
• You may be required to find the equation of the axis of reflection, which is usually a straight
line.

Example 1

The coordinates of ∆PQR are P(4; 2), Q(5; 4) and R(7; 1).

(i) Draw and label ∆PQR.

(ii) Triangle PQR is reflected in a certain line, n, in such a way that P is mapped onto P1(1; 5)
and Q is mapped onto Q1(3; 6). Draw line P1Q1.

(iii)a) Draw and label line n. b) Find the equation of line n.

(iv)a) Hence draw and label ∆P1Q1R1. b) Write down the coordinates of point R1.

Solution

(i) & (ii) On graph (Please insert Fig. 10.3)

N. B. (iii)a) You may get the mirror line by construction. Appropriate use of the scale and
some trial-and-error may also be helpful but be cautious. Ensure that all points on the
object and their corresponding points on its image are equidistant from the mirror
line.

• The bisector of the distance between any one pair of corresponding points is the
mirror line. The corresponding points do not need to be joined.

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 b) Using y = mx + c, or getting the gradient first, we get y = x + 1.

(iv)a) You can get the point R1 by construction or, again, by making use of scale.
You drop a perpendicular from R to the mirror line. Both points, R1and R, must be on
this perpendicular and both are equidistant from the mirror line n.

b) R1(0; 8)

Activity 10.3

1 Using a scale of your choice, draw the x-axis from -6 to 8 and the y-axis from -6 to6. The
vertices of ∆LMN are L(-4; -6), M(-4; -2) and N(-2; -2).

(i) Draw and label ∆LMN.

(ii) A reflection in the line y + x = 1 maps ∆LMN onto ∆PQR.

Draw and label (a) the line y + x = 1 (b) ∆PQR.

(iii) Another transformation maps ∆LMN onto ∆ABC whose vertices are at A(5; 3),
B(1;3) and C(1; 1).

a) Draw and label ∆ABC.

b) Describe fully the single transformation that maps ∆LMN onto ∆ABC.

2 Using a scale of 1cm to represent 1unit on each axis, draw the x-axis from –4 to 2 and the
y-axis from -4 to 4.

(i) Draw and label quadrilateral PQRS whose vertices are P(0; 2), Q(2;2), R(1; 4) and
S(1; 3).

(ii) The image of quadrilateral PQRS under a reflection in the line y + x + 2 = 0 is

P1Q1R1S1. Draw and label quadrilateral P1Q1R1S1.

(iii) Draw and label quadrilateral P2Q2R2S2, the reflection of PQRS in the line y = 0.

(iv) Describe completely the single transformation for which quadrilateral P2Q2R2S2 is
the image of quadrilateral P1Q1R1S1.

3 (Please insert Fig 10.4)

On the grid, there are 3 complete triangles, F, G and H, and part of a triangle, K, with one of
1 1
its sides with end points at (2 ; 2) and (32 ; 2).

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 Make a copy of Fig 10.4 on squared or graph paper.

(i) Describe the single transformation that maps F onto G.

(ii) What single transformation maps (a) F onto H (b) G onto H?

(iii) It is given that triangle K is an enlargement of triangle F.

(a) Find the centre and the possible negative scale factor of enlargement.
(b) Complete triangle K.

4 The vertices of triangle FGH are (0; 2), (2; 4) and (1; 5) respectively. The triangle is
reflected onto triangle F1G1H through the line y = 2x + 4.

(i) Draw and label triangle FGH and the line y = 2x + 4.

(ii) Using construction, draw triangle F1G1H. (Exercise care!!)

(ii) Write down the coordinates of triangle F1G1H. (You expect decimals as well)
Which point is invariant? Explain why.

Unit 3: Shear

Definition

A shear is a transformation of the plane in such a way that all points, except those on a fixed line,
called the invariant line, move parallel to that invariant line through a distance that is proportional
to their perpendicular distance from that same fixed/invariant line. An important point to note is
that all points on the invariant line remain fixed; they are not displaced; no wonder the name
invariant line. Again, shearing always takes place parallel to some invariant line. Under a shear, the
area of any shape is preserved.

In order to describe a shear completely, you need to identify the invariant line parallel to which the
shear takes place, as well as the obtaining shear/scale factor or just called factor.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑
Shear factor = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

• The shear factor spells out the amount and direction of shearing.
• This factor can be positive or negative.
• Since a shear always takes place parallel to an invariant line, any point and its image
are the same distance from the invariant line. Consequently, the area of the resulting
image is equal to the area of the original object.
• Again note that the invariant line is a major characteristic of a shear.

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Let us closely examine Fig 10.5 below (/on the next page).

(Please insert Fig 10.5)

✓ In Fig 10,5, triangle ABC has been sheared to produce triangles AB1C and AB2C.
✓ The base, AC, is on the invariant line, y = 1.
✓ Note that points on AC have remained fixed on that line y = 1.
✓ Points B, B1 and B2 are all the same distance, d = 3, from the invariant line.
✓ The object and its images are NOT congruent but the areas are equal.
Area of ∆ABC = area of ∆AB1C = area of ∆AB2C. Note that a shear preserves area.
✓ Point B moved to the right to B1, through 6 units, (8 – 2), parallel to the invariant line y = 1.
𝐵𝐵1 6
∴ Shear factor = = 3 = 2.
𝑑

Hence the full description of the transformation that maps ∆ABC onto ∆AB1C is shear, with one
invariant line y = 1, parallel to the line y = 1, with shear factor 2.

In the same diagram, ∆ABC is sheared to the left to ∆AB2C. The calculations of the factor are the
same but because the shearing is going in the opposite direction, the shear factor is negative.

− 𝐵𝐵2 −2
∴ Shear factor = = .
𝑑 3

Let us look at the effect of the position of the invariant line on shearing.

(Please insert Figs 10.6(a) and (b), preferably adjacent to each other.)

Fig 10.6(a) is one more example of a shear. The invariant line is outside the object.

✓ When corresponding lines are produced, they meet on a section, marked PQ, of the line
y = 1. This shows that y = 1 is the invariant line for this shear.
✓ In fact, producing corresponding sides provides a way of getting the invariant line.
✓ Lines that are parallel to the invariant line preserve their lengths and remain parallel to the
invariant line.

Fig 10.6(b) is yet another case of a shear with the invariant line cutting across the object.

➢ Notice that points on opposite sides of the invariant line move in opposite directions.

Summarising a shear

For a complete description of a shear you must state that it is a shear, identify/ give the equation of
the invariant line and state the shear factor.

Remember the following facts about a shear.

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 ➢ There is one invariant line and the shear takes place parallel to that line.

The distance through which a point moves is proportional to its perpendicular distance from the
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑
invariant line. ∴ Shear factor = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

➢ Area is preserved and straight lines remain straight lines.

➢ Lines parallel to the invariant line remain parallel to the invariant line.
➢ Points on opposite sides of the invariant line move in opposite directions.

Practical Group Activity on shearing

For this activity, you will need a geoboard with stickers and rubber bands or squared/graph paper.

1 The vertices of quadrilateral PQRS are at P(-2; 2), Q(-2; 5), R(0; 4) and S(0; 2).

a) Draw and label quadrilateral PQRS.

b) Using the invariant line x = -1 and the shear factor 1, draw and label P1Q1R1S1,
the image of PQRS under the stated shear.

c) Another shear maps PQRS onto P2Q2R2S2 and the coordinates of S2 are (2; -2).
(i) Mark and label Q2.
(ii) Find the shear factor.
(iii) Hence, find the coordinates of P2, R2 and S2.

2 Draw quadrilateral PQRS given in question 1.

a) Draw quadrilateral ABCD, the image of PQRS under a shear, with the invariant
line y = 1 and shear factor 1,5.
b) Quadrilateral A1B1C1D1is the image of PQRS under a shear with the line y = 0
invariant and -1 as the factor. Draw and label the 2 quadrilaterals.

c) Referring to your answers to (a) and (b), are the sides PQ and RS still parallel?

Example 2

(i) Using the x-axis from - 2 to 4 and the y-axis from -2 to 8, draw triangle ABC with vertices at
A(2; -1), B(4; 1) and C(3; 2).

(ii) Triangle PQC has vertices at P(2; 2), Q(4; -2) and C(3; 2). Draw ∆PQC.

(iii) Describe completely the single transformation that maps ∆ABC onto ∆PQC.

(iv) Triangle ABC is sheared onto ∆LMN with the line x = 0 remaining invariant.
The coordinates of M are (4; 7).

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 Find a) the shear factor. b) the coordinates of L and of N.

(v) Triangle A1B1C1 is the image of ∆ABC under a shear, factor -2 with the line y = 0 fixed.
Draw ∆A1B1C1.

Solution

(Please insert Fig 10.7)

(i) & (ii) On graph

(iii) ∆ABC and ∆PQC are not congruent but the areas are equal since the figures are between
the same parallel lines AP and BQ. The triangles share a common point C, making C
invariant. If the transformation is a shear, the invariant line must be parallel to AP and BQ
since, for a shear, points move parallel to the invariant line.
The invariant line must be x = 3. ∆PQC must be a shear of ∆ABC.
−𝐵𝑄 −3
The factor = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥=3 = - 3. Note that points to the right of the invariant line
1
moved down, suggesting the factor is negative.

∴The answer is: Shear with x = 3 invariant and shear factor – 3.

Notice you do not have to mention that the shear is parallel to the line x = 3 but it is
necessary to state that it is invariant

(iv)a) M is the image of B and its distance from the line x = 0 is 4.

6 1
Distance BM = 7 – 1 = 6. ∴ Shear factor = 4 = 12.

𝐴𝐿 1 1
b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3 units parallel to the y-axis.
= 12. So AL = 2 x 12 = 3. So 𝐴𝐿
2
Hence, coordinates of L are (2; 2)
𝐶𝑁 1 1 1 1
Similarly, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 4 units parallel to the y-axis.
= 12. So CN = 3 x 12 = 42. Again 𝐶𝑁
3 2
1
Hence, the coordinates of N are (3; 62).

𝐵𝐵1 𝐶𝐶 1
(v) = -2. So B moves 2 units to the left to B1. Similarly, = -2. So C moves 4 units to the
1 2
𝐴𝐴1
left. = -2. However, A moves 2 units to the right to A1.
1

Activity 10.4

Remember to use the same scale on both axes where graphs are involved.

1a) A point M(5; 4) is mapped onto N(0; 4) under a shear with y = 2 invariant. Find the
shear factor.

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 b) The image of (3; 2) is (3; 6,5) under a shear with the invariant line parallel to the y- axis.
If the shear factor is 2, find the equation of the invariant line.

c) A shear maps a point L(2; -2) onto point R. The x-axis is the invariant line and the shear
factor is 0, 5. Find the coordinates of R.

2 Triangle ABC, with vertices at A(0;2), B(0; 4) and C(-3; 1), is mapped to triangle ABC1 by a
shear. The coordinates of point C1 are (-3; 4).

Describe the shear completely.

For questions 3 and 4, you may use a geoboard and then represent the answers on squared/ graph
paper.

3(a) & (b) (Please insert Fig 10.8)

Copy the figures and the invariant lines shown. Shear the figures parallel to the direction
shown and using the given shear factors.

4(a) & (b) (Please insert Fig 10.9)

In Fig 10.9, the object, P, is sheared onto Q, its image in each case. Make a copy of each of
the figures on graph/squared paper.

(i) Draw the invariant line. (ii) Find the shear factor.

(iii) Find the area of Q, giving the answer in units2.

5 Using squared/ graph paper, draw a straight line AB where A(2; -2) and B(6; 1).

a) With x = 0 as the invariant line, draw and label A1B1, the image of AB after
shearing with factor 1.

b) After a shear, AB is mapped onto AB2, where B2 is at (2; 1).

What is the invariant line? Find the shear factor.

6 The vertices of ∆ABC are A(-4; -2), B(-2; -2) and C(-2; 1).
The image of ∆ABC is ∆A1B1C1and its vertices are A1(-2; -2), B1(0; -2) and C1(-3; 1).

(i) Draw and label the 2 triangles, ∆ABC and ∆A1B1C1.

(ii) Write down the equation of the invariant line.
(iii) What is the shear factor?

Unit 4: Stretch

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A stretch is a transformation of a plane in which all the points, except those on the invariant/fixed
line, move perpendicular to that fixed line, in such a way that the distance that each point moves
from the invariant line is proportional to the point’s original distance from that same invariant line.
This constant of proportionality is called the stretch/scale factor or just factor. The factor can be
positive or negative real number.

Stretches are used quite often in cartoon making, where elongated pictures are produced.

Using the following diagram to help clarify the idea of a stretch factor, let A move to A1.

A B
A1
Fixed line

𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴1 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐵𝐴1

Stretch factor = = .
𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐵𝐴

A stretch can be one-way or two-way.

(Please insert a set of the same pictures, A and B, where B shows a 1-way stretched image. For
example:

Diagram showing a one-way stretch in general

y 3y

x A x B

Compare the lengths, widths, and areas of B: A. Comment on the answers. Why is this not a case of
enlargement?

One-way stretch in detail

Practical Activity

The activity is ideal for group work or working in pairs. You need squared paper or a geoboard plus
rubber/elastic bands.

One-way stretch with a positive scale factor

1a) On a geoboard or squared paper produce the following shape.

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 Q R R1

P S S1

You may use differently coloured rubber bands for the quadrilaterals PQR1S1 and PQRS.
𝑄1 𝑅1 𝑃1 𝑆 1
b) Find the ratio of . Compare with the ratio of . What do you notice?
𝑄𝑅 𝑃𝑆

𝑅1 𝑆 1
c) What is the ratio of 𝑅𝑆
? Compare the answer to the answers to question 2 above.

d) Notice PQ is fixed or invariant.

e) PQR1S1 is the image of PQRS under a stretch. The amount of stretching is given by the
ratio found in question 2. This is the stretch factor.

f) The stretch is perpendicular to the invariant line.

g) The example illustrates a case of a positive stretch factor, since you count in the same
direction from the invariant line to an object and to its image.

h) What is the ratio of the area of PQR1S1: PQRS? How does this ratio compare with the
stretch factor?

2 You investigate the effects of varying the shapes and/or positions of the invariant line.

One-way stretch with a negative scale factor

You need graph/squared paper or a geoboard for this activity. You may use different colours for the
object and the image to help you see the effects.

(Please insert Fig. 10.10)

1a) Copy Fig 10.10 on a geoboard or graph/squared paper.

b) Produce BA and B1A1 Where do they meet? Do the same for BC and B1C1. What do you
notice?

𝐴1 𝐵1
c) Find the ratio of . Compare with the ratios of the other corresponding sides. Also
𝐴𝐵
compare with the ratios of distances of corresponding points from the dashed line y = 3.

d) A1B1C1D1 is the stretch of ABCD perpendicular to invariant line y = 3, with factor -2,
since the invariant line is between the object and the image. In fact, in order to get the
ratio of distances of corresponding points from the invariant line we count in opposite
directions.

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 e) Corresponding lines on the object and on the image, when produced, meet on the
invariant line.

2a) Draw and label PQRS, the image of ABCD after a stretch, factor -2 and invariant line x = 5.

b) Draw and label UVWX, the stretch of ABCD with factor -2 and invariant line x = 2.

c) Draw and label EFGH, the stretch of ABCD, invariant line y = 3 and factor 1, 5.

d) In each case, (a), (b) and (c), compare area of image to area of object and comment.

A complete description of a one-way stretch entails your stating the following characteristics:

Type of Stretch: One- way stretch

Invariant Line: Equation of the invariant line
Factor: The stretch/scale factor.

Remember that a stretch is effected perpendicular to the invariant line.

Characteristics of a one-way stretch with a negative stretch factor

• The invariant line is between the object part and the image part.
• The image looks like the stretch image of a positive factor that has been reflected in the
invariant line.

Example 3

Using a scale of 1cm for 1 unit on each axis, draw the x-axis from -6 to 10 and the y-axis from -2 to 8.

a) PQRS is a kite with vertices at P(1; 0), Q(3; 1), R(6;0) and S(3; -1). Draw and label PQRS.

b) Quadrilateral P1QR1S is the one-way stretch of PQRS with factor 2.

(i) What is the invariant line? (ii) Draw and label quadrilateral P1QR1S.

c) The vertices of quadrilateral P2Q2R2S2 are P2(1; 6), Q2(3; 4), R2(6; 6) and S2(3; 8). It is given
that P2Q2R2S2 is the one-way stretch of the kite PQRS, with factor -2.

(i) Draw quadrilateral P2Q2R2S2. (ii) Find and draw the invariant line.
(iii) What is the ratio of the area of quadrilateral P2Q2R2S2: quadrilateral P1QR1S?

d) A one-way stretch, with x = 2 invariant and factor -1, 5, maps R onto R3.
(i) Find the coordinates of R3. (ii) Mark and label R3.

Solution

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a) On graph (Please insert Fig. 10.11)

b)(i) Since points Q and S are invariant, then the invariant line passes through both points.
∴ The invariant line is x = 3.

(ii) Since the factor is positive, the points P1 and P are on the same side of the invariant line.
Similarly, R1 and R are on the same side of x = 3.

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥=3 𝑡𝑜 𝑃 1 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑃 1

∴ = Stretch factor = 2. Since, = 2, then P1 is 4 units
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥=3 𝑡𝑜 𝑃 2
from x = 3. Hence, P1should be at (6; 0).

c)(i) On graph

(ii) In order to locate the invariant line, we produce corresponding lines till they meet.
The lines meet on y = 2. Hence, the invariant line is y = 2.

(iii) Area of quadrilateral P1QR1S = 2PQRS, since the factor is 2.

Similarly, the area of P2Q2R2S2 = 2PQRS, since the factor is also 2. The minus is only to show
the direction of the stretch.

∴ The area of P2Q2R2S2 = the area of P1QR1S.

d)(i) Since the factor is -1, 5, point R and R3 are on opposite sides of the invariant line x = 2.

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅 3 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥=2 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑅 3

∴ = -1, 5. Hence, = -1, 5.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 =2 4
So R3 must be 6 units from the invariant line and in the opposite direction. The coordinates
of R3 must be (-4; 0).

(ii) On the graph.

Activity 10.5

1a) Triangle PQR has vertices at P(-1; 1), Q(1; 4) and R(2; 1). On a scale of 1cm representing 1
unit on each axis, draw ∆PQR.

b) Triangle PQR is mapped onto ∆P1Q1R1by a stretch, factor 2 with the line x = 1 invariant.
Draw and label ∆P1Q1R1.

2 Quadrilateral TUVW, with vertices at T(1; -1), U(1;1), V(3; 2) and W(2; -2), is mapped onto
ABCD by a stretch, factor 0, 5 and the x-axis(line y = 0) invariant. Draw and label the 2
quadrilaterals.

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3 The vertices of quadrilateral EFGH are E(0; 1), F(1; 3), G(2; 2) and H(2; 0). On separate
axes, draw the quadrilateral and its different stretches using the stated factors and
invariant lines.

a) Invariant line x = -2 and factor 2 b) Invariant line y = 0 and factor 1, 5

c) Invariant line x = 0 and factor –2 d) Invariant line y = 3 and factor – 1, 5.

4 The vertices of ∆ABC are A(-3; 1), B(-4; 3) and C(-1; 2) and the vertices of ∆LMN are
L(4,5; 1), M(6; 3) and N(1,5; 2).

a) Draw and label the 2 triangles.

b) Describe the transformation the single transformation that maps ∆ABC onto ∆LMN.

Two-way stretch

A two-way stretch is a combination of two one-way stretches, each with its own stretch factor and
invariant line.

Practical Activity on Two-way stretch

• You have to work in groups/pairs.

• You need a geoboard plus rubber bands or squared/graph paper to investigate properties of
a two-way stretch.
• When dealing with a two-way stretch, it is best to treat one stretch at a time, in any order.

a) On a geoboard or squared/graph paper, make a plane shape, e g a rectangle and label it.

b) With the axes as the invariant lines and your own different factors, stretch the shapes.

c) Change the invariant lines, choosing lines that are perpendicular to each other and your own
different factors.

d) In each case in (b) and (c), compare the areas of the images and of the objects.

e) Investigate for cases when the factors are the same or just have opposite signs. What kind
of a transformation do you get?(Be careful!! Not a Stretch!!).

Example 4

Using a scale of 1cm to represent 1 unit on each axis, draw the x-axis from -2 to 12 and the y-axis
from 0 to 8.

a) Draw quadrilateral ABCD with its vertices at A(0; 2), B(1; 3), C(2; 3) and D(2; 2).

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b) Quadrilateral ABCD is mapped onto quadrilateral PQRS by a two-way stretch. Using the
x-axis as one of the invariant lines the stretch factor is 2 and with x = -1 as the other
invariant, the factor is 4.

Draw quadrilateral PQRS.

c) Find the ratio of the areas of the quadrilaterals, leaving the answer in the form
PQRS: ABCD.

Solution

(Please insert Fig 10.12)

a) On the graph

b) In the diagram, you notice quadrilateral A1B1C1D1 has been added in dashed lines.

• ABCD has been stretched perpendicular to the x-axis with factor 2 to form A1B1C1D1
(A1B1C1D1 has not been given in the question. It is just an in-between diagram used to help
you get the required answer. You may erase it afterwards).
• Using the invariant line x = -1 and factor 4, stretch A1B1C1D1 to produce PQRS.
• Verify that if you first stretch perpendicular to x = -1, factor 4 and then perpendicular to the
x-axis, factor 2, 5, you get the same result!!

c) Ratio of areas for PQRS; ABCD = 2, 5x4: 1 = 10: 1.

The area of the image is actually the product of the stretch factors times the area of the
object.

Summarising a two-way stretch

• A two-way stretch has 2 invariant lines, each with its corresponding stretch factor.
• When describing a two-way stretch completely, state the following characteristics:

Type of stretch: Two-way stretch

Invariant Lines: Two invariant lines
Stretch Factors: Factor corresponding to each invariant line

Please, do not confuse a stretch with shear, enlargement or any other transformation!!

Activity10.6

1 A point P(2; -1) is mapped onto a point Q under a two-way stretch. Find the coordinates
of Q when the following invariant lines and their corresponding stretch factors are given.

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a) Invariant line is the x-axis; stretch factor is 2 AND the y-axis is the invariant line; factor is 3.

b) Invariant line is the y-axis; factor is -2 AND the invariant line is y = -1; factor is 2.

c) Invariant line is x = 1 invariant; factor 1, 5 AND the x-axis is invariant with factor -2.

2 A two-way stretch maps ∆ABC, with vertices at A(2; 1), B(4; 1) and C(2; 3), onto ∆PQR.

With the x-axis invariant and the factor 3 and with the invariant line x = 1, the stretch
factor -2, draw ∆PQR.

3 Kite KLMN, with vertices at K(1; 2), L(0;4), M(1; 5) and N(2; 4), is mapped onto kite
K1L1M1N1 whose vertices are K1(-5; 2), L1(-3; 1), M1(-5; 0,5) and N1(-7; 1), by a two-way
stretch.

Using a scale of 1cm to represent 1 unit, draw the x-axis from - 8 to 2 and the y-axis from
0 to 6.

(i) Draw and label the 2 kites.

(ii)a) Explain why the line y = 2 is one of the invariant lines.

b) Hence, write down the corresponding stretch factor.

(iii) Write down a) the stretch factor

b) the equation of the other invariant line.

Unit 5: Transformations through Matrices

Introduction

Matrices can be used to transform plane shapes. Depending on the matrix used on a particular
object, a particular image is produced. Matrices that we use to bring about a transformation are
referred to as operators, since they operate/work on an object to produce an image.

We have already met translation vectors of order 2 by 1, which are special column matrices that
bring about transformations (translations) in objects.

Example 1

x D(3; 4)

C(-1; 2) x

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In the diagram, a straight line, CD, joins two points C(-1; 2) and D(3; 4). The line is mapped onto line
2
C1D1 by a translation vector T = (−2 ). Find the coordinates of C1 and D1.

Solution

We apply the operator, T, on CD to get C1D1.

T(C) = the image of C under T = C1

We first get the position vector of C1, as a column vector.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( 2 ) + (−1) = (1)

Position vector of C1 = T + Position vector of C = T + 𝑂𝐶 −2 2 0

∴The point C1 is at (1; 0).

Similarly, T(D) = D1 and the position vector of D1 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐷1 = (−22
) + (34) = (52)

∴The point D1 is at (5; 2).

Note that every point on CD has been translated by the same operator, T, to C1D1.

Using Matrices as operators

We generally deal with points in the x-y plane whose position vectors are of order 2 by 1. As such
the general matrices that we deal with are square matrices of order 2 (i. e. 2 x 2 matrices) and any 2
x 2 matrix can be used as an operator and the resulting transformations can be illustrated
geometrically.

Practical Activity

This activity is good for group work or working in pairs.

1 On a geoboard or squared/graph paper, draw quadrilateral ABCD with vertices at A(1; 1),
B(1; 2), C(3; 3) and D(2; 1).

2 Quadrilateral ABCD is mapped onto quadrilateral A1B1C1D1 by matrix H, where H=

2 −2
( ).
−1 3
3 We want to get H(ABCD) = A1B1C1D1 .

4 In order to effect the transformation, we carry out pre-multiplication by H. Since H is of

order 2 x 2, it pre-multiplies the position vectors of the coordinates of each vertex of
ABCD, which are of order 2 x 1. Thus change the coordinates to their corresponding
position vectors.

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 5 A A1
2 −2 1
For example, H(A) = ( ) (1) = (02). ∴ A1, the image of A, is located at (0; 2).
−1 3
B B1
2 −2 1
Similarly, H(B) = ( ) ( ) = (−2 ). ∴ B1, the image of B, is located at (-2; 5).
−1 3 2 5

Instead of calculating the image of each point at a time, you may combine the calculation
as follows.
A B C D A1 B1 C1 D1
2 −2 1 1 3 2
H(ABCD) = ( ) (1 2 3 1) = (02 −25
).
−1 3
Find the coordinates of C1 and of D1.

6 On the same grid, draw quadrilateral A1B1C1D1.

Special Matrix Operators

You may find that while the transformation H(ABCD) above can be illustrated geometrically, it may not
be so readily describable!!

Through Activity 10.7 below, investigate the effects of some of the following special 2 x 2 matrix
operators that are easy to describe.

Activity 10.7

Use squared/graph paper for solutions to the questions in this exercise.

For each question, make separate copies of ∆ ABC whose vertices are A(1; 1), B(3; 0) and
C(4; 4).

Investigate the type of transformation that each of the following matrix operators causes. In each
case, label the image A1B1C1. Describe the transformation completely.

2 0 −3 0 1 0
a) ( ) b) ( ) c) ( )
0 2 0 −3 0 1
−1 0 1 0 0 1
d) ( ) e) ( ) f) ( )
0 1 0 −1 1 0
0 1 0 −1 1 2
g) ( ) h) ( ) i) ( )
−1 0 1 0 0 1
1 −3 1 0 1 0
j) ( ) k) ( ) l) ( )
0 1 2 1 − 0,5 1

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 2 0 1 0 −2 0
m) ( ) n) ( ) o) ( )
0 3 0 −2 0 1
A Summary of the some of the special matrix operators and their effects

Type of Matrix Transformation caused

A 2x 1 column vector (𝐡𝐤) Translation through (𝐡𝐤)
𝐤 𝟎 Enlargement, scale factor k and centre the origin/(0; 0). No other
( )
𝟎 𝐤 centre applies.
−1 0 Reflection in the y-axis and no other axis
( )
0 1
1 0 Reflection in the x-axis and no other axis
( )
0 −1
0 1 Reflection in the line y = x
( )
1 0
0 −1 Rotation about the origin through 900 anticlockwise
( )
1 0
0 1 Rotation about the origin through 900 clockwise
( )
−1 0
1 𝑘 Shear with the x-axis invariant and scale factor k, parallel to the x-axis
( )
0 1
1 0 Shear with the y-axis invariant and scale factor k, parallel to the y-axis
( )
k 1
𝑘 0 One-way stretch with the y-axis invariant and stretch factor k,
( )
0 1 perpendicular to the y-axis
1 0 One-way stretch with the x-axis invariant and stretch factor k,
( )
0 k perpendicular to the x-axis
h 0 Two-way stretch where the y-axis is invariant and the scale factor is h
( )
0 k and where the x-axis is invariant and the scale factor is k

You do not have to memorise all these special matrices!! However, you need to appreciate their
effects on an object and be able to derive them if need be. You also need to appreciate that the
matrix operators apply on the stated lines or points.

Finding the matrix operators

You may be required to work out the matrix operator that causes a particular transformation. In
order to do this, you need at least two points and their expected images under the particular
operator. You then apply a general 2 x 2 matrix operator on the points, since you know their images.
Thereafter, you form and solve sets of simultaneous linear equations!!

Example 2

Find the matrix M that causes a reflection in the line y = - x.

Solution
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Consider using convenient points whose images under the given transformation you can easily state.

(Please insert Fig 10.13)

Under M, reflection in the line y = - x, (0; 1) → (- 1; 0) and (- 1; 1) → (- 1; 1).

M(01) = (−01) and M(−11) = (−11).

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 0 −1 −1 −1
Let M = ( ). ∴ ( )( )=( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 1 1 0 1

Multiplying out to get the simultaneous linear equations

a(0) + b(1) = - 1. So b = -1. Again c(0) + d(1) = 0. So d = 0.

Similarly, a(-1) + b(1) = -1. But b = -1, so a = 0. Likewise, c(-1) + d(1) = 1. Since d = 0, then c = -1

0 −1
∴M=( ), the matrix that is responsible for reflection in the line y = - x .
−1 0
0 −1 0 1
It is interesting that M = ( ) can be written as M = - ( ), which is -1 x the matrix that
−1 0 1 0
causes reflection in the line y = x.!!

Activity 10.8

For question 1, follow the working shown in Example 2 when finding the required matrix operator.

1a) Find the matrix operator that causes a rotation of 1800 about the origin.

b) A certain matrix, R, causes a clockwise rotation about the origin through 900. Find R.

c) Find the matrix M that causes a reflection in the line y - x = 0.

d) Matrix E causes enlargement about the origin. Find matrix E.

2 On a graph/squared paper, plot square ABCD with vertices at A(1; 3), B(3; 3), C(3; 1) and
D(1; 1). For each of the following questions, make separate copies of the square ABCD.

a) Given that operator T = (34), find and draw T(ABCD).

1 0
b) If H = ( ), find and plot H(ABCD).
−1 1
1 0
c) Transformation S is defined as S = ( ).
0 −2
(i) Find and draw S(ABCD) (ii) Describe transformation S completely.

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3 Quadrilateral JKLM has vertices at J(1; 1), K(1; 4), L(2; 4) and M(2,5; 2).

(i) Draw quadrilateral JKLM.

Quadrilateral J’K’L’M’ has vertices at J’(-3; 2), K’(-3; 8), L’(-6; 8) and M’(-7,5; 4).

(ii) Draw quadrilateral J’K’L’M’.

(iii) Find the matrix operator that maps quadrilateral JKLM onto quadrilateral J’K’L’M’.

(iv) Describe this transformation fully.

4 Using matrix R in 1(b), evaluate R2, R3 and R4. Describe the transformation that each of the
matrices causes.

Topic Assessment

1a) The vertices of triangle ABC are at A(0; -1), B(1; 2) and C(2; 0). Draw ∆ABC.

b) Point B1 is at (3; 2). Mark and label B1.

c) If B1 is the image of B under a shear, with y = 1 invariant, find

(i) the shear factor (ii) the coordinates of A1 and of C1.

d) It is given that B1 is the image of B under a one-way stretch with the y-axis invariant.

(i) What is the stretch factor? (ii) Find the coordinates of A1 and C1.

(iii) Draw ∆A1B1C1.

2 Draw the x-axis from - 8 to 8 and the y-axis from - 6 to 8. Draw ∆PQR with vertices at P(-2; 2),
Q(-2; 4) and R(0; 2).

(i) Draw ∆P1Q1R1, the image of ∆PQR under a shear, factor -2 and y =1 invariant.

(ii) ∆P2Q2R2 is the image of ∆PQR after a shear with the y-axis invariant and factor 1, 5.

(iii) ∆PQR is mapped onto ∆P3Q3R3with vertices at P3(2; - 1), Q3(2; - 5) and R3(8; - 1).
a) Draw ∆ P3Q3R3.
b) Describe completely the transformation that maps ∆PQR onto ∆P3Q3R3.

3a) The vertices of triangle EFG are at E(1; 2), F(4; 3) and G(2; 1). Draw and label triangle EFG.

b) Triangle E’F’G’ is the rotation of triangle EFG through 900 anticlockwise about (2; 2). Draw
the triangle.

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c) Under a certain transformation U, triangle EFG is mapped onto triangle E2F2G2whose vertices
are at E2(4; 2); F2(-2; 0) and G2(2; 4).
(i) Draw ∆ E2F2G2. (ii) Describe the transformation U completely.

d) A shear, parallel to the y-axis, factor -2, maps triangle EFG onto triangle EPQ. Find the
coordinates of P and of Q.

1 −2
4 Triangle UVW has vertices at U(3; 1), V(1; 2) and W(4; 4). An operator G = ( ) maps
1 0
∆UVW onto G(∆UVW) = ∆U’V’W’.

(i) Find the coordinates of the vertices of ∆ U’V’W’.

(ii) Draw ∆ U’V’W’.

(iii) Describe the transformation completely.

5 Find the matrix operator, P, that maps (1; 1) onto (-3; -3) and (0; 2) onto (4; 2).

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